HISTORY OF DESIGNED LANDSCAPE SKETCHBOOK
ABPL20039 HISTORY OF DESIGNED LANDSCAPE HONGBO YU 784127 TUTOR: ANNA HOOPER TUTORIAL TIME: FRIDAY 1PM
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Lingering Garden
01-02
Endnotes, Bibliography and List of Figures of Chapter 1
03
CHAPTER 2 Shalimar Garden
04-05
Endnotes, Bibliography and List of Figures of Chapter 2
06
CHAPTER 3 Daitokuji Temple
07-09
Endnotes, Bibliography and List of Figures of Chapter 3
10
CHAPTER 4 Giardino Giusti
11-12
Endnotes, Bibliography and List of Figures of Chapter 4
13
CHAPTER 5 Carlton Garden
14-15
Endnotes, Bibliography and List of Figures of Chapter 5
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CHAPTER 1 LINGERING GARDEN Location and Significance Lingering Garden is located at 338 Liuyuan Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China. It is a representative of Suzhou Garden which is an essential part of Chinese Classical Garden1.
Fig. 1： Buildings
History The construction of Lingering Garden was started in 1593 (Ming Dynasty) and it was called East Garden at that time. It was a personal garden owned by Xu Taishi who was an official. Stonework that designed by Zhou Shichen who was a master of stonework design is an important part in Lingering Garden2. In this garden, the main purposes of using stonework are decoration and creating the artistic conception. For example, using stonework and water to create the landscape like natural mountain and river. This is similar with the Lawrence Halprin’s style. Halprin likes using concrete and water to create a “natural landscape” in city. It can be seen that “Natural” is a key idea of the design of Lingering Garden. Lingering was becoming deserted after Xu Taishi died. In 1794 (Qing Dynasty), the owner of this garden changed to Liu Shu and it was rebuilt and finished in 17983. In 1860, wars happened often in Suzhou. Many buildings were destroyed but Lingering Garden was kept well. In 1873, a man from Changzhou City bought the garden and repaired it in 18764. After 1930s, the garden was becoming deserted again. In 1953, it was rebuilt by Suzhou government. In 1997, the garden was recorded by UNESCO as World Heritage Site with other Suzhou classical gardens5. Fig. 2： Rocks and Pavilion
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Layout and Design Features The 23310 square meters garden is divided into three parts; west, central, east. People can enjoy four different styles of view in Lingering Garden. “Mountain and forest” view in west area; Countryside view and “Mountain and water” view in central area; the combination of buildings and garden in east area6. 6
The different areas are divided by walls and connected by over 670m long corridor. There are over 200 ornamental perforated windows for viewing. When the building faces only one open space with designed landscape, the wall on that side is removed. When the building is surrounded by different landscapes, the designer put few ornamental perforated windows on different sides7. In addition, the designer used spatial relationship, the change of light and orientation to create amazing experience8. The view and people’s feeling keeps changing even they are walking in a narrow corridor.
Fig.3： Pavilion and Buildings
Fig. 5：Rocks Fig. 4：Plan
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1 "Suzhou Lingering Garden, Suzhou Liu Garden, Suzhou Liu Yuan", Chinahighlights, 2018, https://www.chinahighlights.com/suzhou/attraction/ lingering-garden.htm. 2 "Suzhou Gardens: The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan), A Marasztalรกs Kertje (Vagy Megmaradt Kert)", Terebess.Hu, 2018, https://terebess.hu/kert/ magankert/garden4.html. 3 Ron Henderson, Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012) 21. 4 Ron Henderson, Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012) 23. 5 "Suzhou Gardens: The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan), A Marasztalรกs Kertje (Vagy Megmaradt Kert)", Terebess.Hu, 2018, https://terebess.hu/kert/ magankert/garden4.html. 6 "Suzhou Lingering Garden, Suzhou Liu Garden, Suzhou Liu Yuan", Chinahighlights, 2018, https://www.chinahighlights.com/suzhou/attraction/ lingering-garden.htm. 7 Ron Henderson, Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012) 31. 8 Ron Henderson, Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012) 31.
Bibliography Henderson, Ron. Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p.43-51. "Suzhou Gardens: The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan), A Marasztalรกs Kertje (Vagy Megmaradt Kert)". Terebess.Hu, 2018. https://terebess.hu/kert/magankert/garden4.html "Suzhou Lingering Garden, Suzhou Liu Garden, Suzhou Liu Yuan". Chinahighlights, 2018. https://www.chinahighlights. com/suzhou/attraction/lingering-garden.htm.
List of Figures Figure 1: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 12, 2018. https://blog.aifsabroad.com/2018/08/10/top-5-gardens-suzhou-china/. Figure 2: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 12, 2018. https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/524176844117164585/?lp=true. Figure 3: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 12, 2018. https://www.gardenclinic.com.au/how-to-grow-article/the-lingeringgarden. Figure 4: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 12, 2018. https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/524176844117164585/?lp=true. Figure 5: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 12, 2018. https://gopackup.com/tours/show/day-tour-lingering-garden-and-tongliwater-town.
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CHAPTER 2
ShalimarGarden was built in 1641 by ShahJahan, the king of the mughal dynasty
SHALIMAR GARDEN Location: in Lahore, Pakistan Scale: 258 meters wide from east to west and 658 meters long from north to south
In 1981, it and LahoreFort were listed as world cultural heritage by UNESCO1
Fig. 1：Plan Left part was reserved for the Emperor’s harem, central area was reserved for the Emperor and the right part was occasionally open to the public.
Key factors informing the design & Important design characteristics Shalimar Garden is an imperial garden built by Shah Jahan in 1642 in the form of Persian garden architecture2. In their barren surroundings, the Persians longed to create gardens which were isolated from their surroundings and laden with fruit and flowers3. Therefore, the Shalimar Garden was built under the influence of climate, religion and national character so water has become the most important factor in the garden. The reservoir, ditch and fountain play
Key Elements Garden: The Shalimar Garden is small in area and is divided into four parts by two parkways, each of which is of equal size. The garden is 520 meters long, 230 meters wide and surrounded by high walls4. Channels: There are wide and narrow channels in the middle of the park road, where the water flows into a larger shallow pool at the junction of the park road, some with a fountain on the pool5.
Fig. 2：Front rview 4
Related places The buildings in Shalimar Garden are usually on one side of the courtyard, surrounded by high walls with watchtowers at four corners. The Charlemagne garden is divided into a series of small enclosed courtyards, which are only connected by small doors and can sometimes be dimly seen through screens and Windows on the partition wall. The ornaments in Summer Palace garden are very few, limited to small birdbath and several benches. The size is in harmony with the space. In respect of adornment colour, the application of coloured pottery and porcelain brocade brick is very extensive, make park colour is in dispute6. Fig. 3ďźšShallow pool and Pavilion
Plant materials
Fig. 4ďźšView through the window
The Shalimar Garden is flanked by trees and planted with flower boats. The Persians loved flowers. They regarded the garden as a paradise on earth7. Tall trees are generally planted in rows, while fruit trees being planted in pieces, completely planting different natural features in the garden, thus creating a state of elegance and strangeness.
Features that best embody the history and philosophy of the garden Religion: Ancient Persian Zoroastrianism holds that the kingdom of heaven contains splendid courts, fruits and flowers, and pavilions with diamonds and pearls. When the Arabs ruled Persia, the Persians built gardens in accordance with the heaven described by the Quran8. Therefore, Shalimar Garden cultivated a large number of fruit trees, set up alcoves for people to have a rest, which is connected with several small gardens.
Symbolic aspects The above features of the Shalimar Garden are easily reminiscent of ancient Egyptian gardens. Due to the similar geographical conditions and ecological environment, the two types of gardens have great similarities, that is, to use as much water as possible in the garden, and as many tall trees as possible to provide a cool, sheltered environment, which is also an option for people to adapt to the environment.
Fig. 5ďźšShallow pool without water
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1 S., I. A. Gilani Mubin, and W. Hasan, "Mughal gardens in the city of Lahore-A case study of Shalimar Garden," Pakistan Journal of Science 65,no.4 (2013): 511. 2 James Dickie, "The Hispano–Arab garden its philosophy and function," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 31,no.2 (1968): 238. 3 Nida Rehman, "Description, display and distribution: cultivating a garden identity in late nineteenth-century Lahore," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 34,no.2 (2014): 179. 4 Mubin and Hasan, "Mugal gardens," 512. 5 Mubin and Hasan, "Mugal gardens," 518. 6 Dickie, "Hispano-Arab," 247. 7 Rehman, "Description,display," 178. 8 Rehman, "Description,display," 183.
Bibliography Dickie, James. "The Hispano–Arab garden its philosophy and function." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 31,no.2 (1968): 237-248. Mubin, S. I. A. Gilani, and W. Hasan. "Mughal gardens in the city of Lahore-A case study of Shalimar Garden." Pakistan Journal of Science 65,no.4 (2013): 511-519. Rehman, Nida. "Description, display and distribution: cultivating a garden identity in late nineteenth-century Lahore." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 34,no.2 (2014): 176-186.
List of Figures Figure 1: Photo. Accessed October 03, 2018. https://www.thehistoryhub.com/shalimar-gardens-lahore-facts-pictures.htm. Figure 2: Photo. Accessed October 03, 2018. https://www.thehistoryhub.com/shalimar-gardens-lahore-facts-pictures.htm. Figure 3: Photo. Accessed October 03, 2018. https://www.gossipmint.com/shalimar-garden-lahore/. Figure 4: Photo. Accessed October 03, 2018. https://www.thehistoryhub.com/shalimar-gardens-lahore-facts-pictures.htm. Figure 5: Photo. Accessed October 03, 2018. https://www.gossipmint.com/shalimar-garden-lahore/.
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CHAPTER 3
Design scale: Approximately 5 acres
The Temple was built in the 14th century
Country: Japan
DAITOKUJI TEMPLE
Garden address: The northern district of Kyoto, Japan
It was burned down during the civil war yet was later revived and rebuilt by a buddhist monk named yishu
The temple was also known as purple field during the Pingan period
In the first year of Jialli (1326), the temple was completed, which was then known as Daitokuji Temple, and became the official temple of the two dynasties1
After the removal of the "five mountains", Daitokuji Temple was still maintains its own zen style as a buddhist temple in the wild
After entering the Muromachi era, due to a series of wars such,Daitokuji Temple was burned to the ground. Yet with the assistance of several figures back then, it was restored2 Fig. 1: Temple Building
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Fig. 2: Plan
Fig. 3: Dray Landscape
Important design characteristics
Key factors informing the design
Dry Landscape
Pure: Daitokuji Temple is famous for its pure and natural style. It focuses on reflecting and symbolizing the natural landscape and avoids the mark of artificial interference so to create a realm that is simple and tranquil.
Japan has been influenced by the profound Chinese culture since the Han dynasty4 . But combined with Japan's natural conditions, like advantaged natural environment of the island, the warm wet weather, clear four seasons, lush forests, rich and beautiful natural landscape and cultural background, it has formed its unique style and its own system.
Japanese gardens often express nature with freehand symbolism, which is generally illustrated by "dry landscape" garden6 .
Nature: When presenting nature, Daitokuji Temple pays more attention to the extraction and concentration of nature, and creates a mind feeling that can make people quiet and calm3. Compact: The highlight of Daitokuji Temple is its compact and delicate, silent and mysterious, abstract and profound. It’s key lying on using tiny little elements to achieve a great effect.
Features that best embody the history and philosophy of the temple
In its unique environmental atmosphere, it looks like carefully harrow made of white sand paved the ground, a few pieces of stonepiled up, can reflect the great rivers and seas, islands, mountains and rivers, which can express profound philosophy and reflect the features of nature and people’s aesthetic interest.
Affected by Buddisism, Japan started to put aside the pool spring garden but use some as green trees, mosses, static, constant elements such as sand, gravel, build dry landscape garden and avoided any flowering plantsin order to achieve the goal of self cultivation5.
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Fig. 4: Tea Pavillion
Tea Pavilion
Bamboo Fence
The tea Pavilion is just like the garden of Chinese garden, but the space change is not as rich as Chinese garden. The atmosphere is a rugged mountain trail symbolized by bare stepping stones, dense forest implied by pine leaves on the ground and the solemn silence of ancient temple shrines imitated by the walls of temple and stone lanterns.
Bamboo fence is an essential element in Japanese courtyard, mainly used as a screen. In addition to raw bamboo, aluminum and plastic bamboo have been widely used in recent years for their non-perishable properties.
Plant materials Three quarters of the greatness temple consists of plants, rocks and water. The selected materials are mainly evergreen trees, with less flowers and more special meanings, such as pine for longevity, cherry blossom for perfection, and iris for purity, etc7. Fig. 5: Path with bamboo fence
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1 Mark Macwilliams, "Daitokuji: the Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery – By Gregory P. A. Levine," Religious Studies Review 33,no.1(2010):89. 2 Yukio Lippit, "Daitokuji: The Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery (review) ," Monumenta Nipponica 63,no.1(2008):198. 3 Macwilliams, "Daitokuji," 86. 4 Lippit, "Visual Cultures," 198 5 Miyuki Katahira, "Approaching Zen Gardens: A phenomenological-anthropological approach," Gardens and the Passion for the Infinite. Springer, Dordrecht, (2003):73. 6 Lippit, "Visual Cultures," 202. 7 Katahira, "Approaching Zen," 81.
Bibliography Katahira, Miyuki. "Approaching Zen Gardens: A phenomenological-anthropological approach." Gardens and the Passion for the Infinite. Springer, Dordrecht, (2003):69-84. Lippit, Yukio. "Daitokuji: The Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery (review)." Monumenta Nipponica 63,no.1(2008):198203. Macwilliams, Mark. "Daitokuji: the Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery – By Gregory P. A. Levine." Religious Studies Review 33,no.1(2010):88-89.
List of Figures Figure 1: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2017. Figure 2: 2009, Photo. Accessed Septemeber 27, 2018. https://www.flickr.com/photos/lao_ren100/3516171506. Figure 3: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2017. Figure 4: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2017. Figure 5: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2017.
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CHAPTER 4 GIARDINO GIUSTI The Location: East of Verona
Agostino Giusti, the owner of the garden, was a 16th-century Italian aristocrat, a knight of the republic of Venice and Lord of the principality of Tuscany. In 1570, Agostino Giusti built his mansion in Verona, and the garden was only part of it1
Since its completion, the garden has undergone several renovations, especially after the Second World War, when many vegetation was damaged and the garden underwent a major renovation
The garden we see today is a garden that follows a geometric structure in the late Italian Renaissance style
Country: Italy
Important design characteristics Layout Giardino Giusti is an outward-looking layout with a characteristic of taking the building as the key element and decorating gardens afforest around it2. The way it is laid out is related to the western art of landscape gardening as well as its geographical location. In the case of mountain as the base, the line of sight has the characteristics of centrifugal and diffusion, which means the designer, should choose an outward-looking layout. The garden has adopted a strict pattern of symmetry. It is enough to make the axis of the building serve as the principal axis of the garden. At the same time, the flowerbed, fountain and patio of Giardino Giusti have obvious vertical intersection of the secondary axis and the principal axis.
Fig. 1: View of part of front garden with fountain
Fig. 2: Plan with sections and sketches 11
Key factors informing the design Water: The water body in Giardino Giusti mainly consists of fountains, springs and waterfalls. It can be seen from the form that in Giardino Giusti, the water body is only considered as a scenic spot 3. The layout is dominated by points and lines, which is often the visual core of scenic spots. In form, the garden highlights artificial style, mainly to stimulate the vitality of scenic spots.
Plant materials The main emphasis of the garden plant is on its structure. You can see it on the plan and sketches. The main forms of plants in Giardino Giusti are tree array and regular hedges. Italian gardeners regard plants as a hard structure, which is necessary for the shaping of plants4. The plantings are actually an extension of the building, and the floor plan of Giardino Giusti shows us really a geometrical composition of the building expanding outward.
Features that best embody the history and philosophy of the garden & Symbolic aspects Fig. 3: Front view with buildings
Fig. 4: Door to connect different areas
Most of the sculpture's contents are derived from religious themes, reflecting the Renaissance's pursuit of classical beauty. It also potentially maintains the medieval religious culture legacy and conveys the religious formal beauty with a sense of mystery5.
Fig. 5: Entrance 12
1 Cazzato Vincenzo,"The rediscovery of the Villa Gamberaia in images and projects of the early 1900s," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 22,no.1(2002):87-91. 2 John Bagnell. Bury, "Some early literary references to Italian gardens," The Journal of Garden History 2,no.1 (1982): 18. 3 Bury, "Some Early," 23. 4 V, Marzi and A. Ventrelli. "[The Giusti Garden [artistic garden, in Italy]]. [Italian]," Giardino Fiorito (1981):215 5 Marzi and Ventrelli, "Giusti Garden," 221.
Bibliography Bury, John Bagnell. "Some early literary references to Italian gardens." The Journal of Garden History 2,no.1 (1982): 17-24. Marzi, V, and A. Ventrelli. "[The Giusti Garden [artistic garden, in Italy]]. [Italian]." Giardino Fiorito (1981): 215227. Vincenzo Cazzato. "The rediscovery of the Villa Gamberaia in images and projects of the early 1900s." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 22,no.1(2002): 80-98.
List of Figures Figure 1: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 27, 2018. https://www.villeveneteforyou.com/en/giardini/giardino-giusti/. Figure 2: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 27, 2018. http://www.ilparcopiubello.it/index.php/park/dettaglio/19 Figure 3: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 27, 2018. https://www.villeveneteforyou.com/en/giardini/giardino-giusti/. Figure 4: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 27, 2018. https://www.villeveneteforyou.com/en/giardini/giardino-giusti/. Figure 5: Photo. Accessed Septemeber 27, 2018. https://www.villeveneteforyou.com/en/giardini/giardino-giusti/.
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CHAPTER 4
The garden was specially designed for the grand international exhibition to be held in Melbourne from 1880 to 1888
In 2004, it was listed in a world heritage site along with the royal exhibition hall
CARLTON GARDEN Garden address: 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Fig. 2: Royal Exhibition Building
Important design characteristics & Key factors informing the design The royal exhibition hall was designed by architect JosephReed for the Melbourne international exhibition and was completed in 1880. The whole exhibition hall and garden is made of brick, wood, steel and stone, and the style is a combination of Byzantine, Roman, Lombardy and Italian Renaissance style. Carlton garden is a typical city garden with a veritable garden shape as a place where you can feel the pastoral atmosphere everywhere1.
Fig. 1: Plan 14
Fig. 3: Water Area
Fig. 4: Fountain
Key elements
Plant materials
Bench:
The Carlton garden has inherited the European classicism's regular atmosphere and is more solemn, but it also has the common landscape and sketch elements in Australian gardens, such as the big lawn and iron art decoration. With a wide view of the forest and grassland, flowers are dotted with houses, with winding paths surrounding them, which abandons the classical regular geometric composition and restores the garden as the most natural and approachable landscape4. The lawn is a very important element in Carlton Garden. The large area of grassy slope, randomly placed benches and wild flowers give off a warm and romantic atmosphere.
The common elements in Carlton Garden include all kinds of iron arts, such as benches, railings and so on. The decorative patterns are exquisitely carved, and they are relatively common in black and white. Besides, they provide a rest space with a certain ornamental value. Fountain: In Carlton garden, besides plant landscape, fountain is also an important landscape. It is a kind of waterscape art, reflecting the combination of movement and static, forming a clear and lively atmosphere and giving people a beautiful enjoyment2. At the same time, it can also increase the content of negative ions in the air, and play a role in purifying the air, increasing the air humidity and reducing the environmental temperature. The royal hall: The iconic rotunda of the royal hall was inspired by the basilica of the virgin Mary in Florence. The royal exhibition hall is modeled after the London crystal palace in 1851, but it is different from the crystal palace in that it is not a permanent building, but mainly made of steel and glass, which is convenient for construction and short-term use3.
Features that best embody the history and philosophy of the gardens The royal exhibition hall is the crystallization of the optimism, enthusiasm and vitality of Melbourne people in the late 19th century. When the cornerstone was laid in 1879, Melbourne was a city that thrived from the global gold rush. International exhibitions were organized and organized to better publicize the achievements and opportunities achieved by the Victorian colonies5.
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1 Sue‐Anne Ware, "Contemporary anti‐memorials and national identity in the Victorian landscape," Journal of Australian Studies 28,no.81 (2004): 125. 2 Anne-Marie, Hede, "World Heritage listing and the evolving issues related to tourism and heritage: Cases from Australia and New Zealand," Journal of Heritage Tourism 2,no.3 (2008): 137. 3 Ware, "Contemporay anti-memorials," 131. 4 Yehuda Kalay, Thomas Kvan, and Janice Affleck, eds. New heritage: New media and cultural heritage. (Routledge, 2007), 168. 5 Ware, "Contemporay anti-memorials," 133.
Bibliography Hede, Anne-Marie. "World Heritage listing and the evolving issues related to tourism and heritage: Cases from Australia and New Zealand." Journal of Heritage Tourism 2,no.3 (2008): 133-144. Kalay, Yehuda, Thomas Kvan, and Janice Affleck, eds. New heritage: New media and cultural heritage. Routledge, 2007. Ware, Sue‐Anne. "Contemporary anti‐memorials and national identity in the Victorian landscape." Journal of Australian Studies 28,no.81 (2004): 121-133.
List of Figures Figure 1:Image. Accessed September 24, 2018. https://www.melbournepoint.com.au/attractions/parks/carlton-gardens/. Figure 2: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2018. Figure 3: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2018. Figure 4: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2018. Figure 5: Photo took by Hongbo Yu, 2018.
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END
ABPL20039 HISTORY OF DESIGNED LANDSCAPE HONGBO YU 784127 TUTOR: ANNA HOOPER TUTORIAL TIME: FRIDAY 1PM