SheffieldSchool ofArchitecture CoverIllustration byauthor anauto-ethnographicstudyofSheffield throughthelensofgender. WalkingtheSteelCity: RoxanneElizaNorris 190137308 Word Count:4962
Acknowledgements
SpecialthankstoAliceGrantforalloftheirhelpwiththeresearchanddeliveryofthis specialstudy.
II
1 2 3 6 7 9 27 38 III Contents Preface Introduction Theoreticalcontext TheDivideofMenandWomeninCities Walkingcities DesigningCitiesThroughWalking Conclusion PhysicalContext Methodology WalkingandWanderingasaMethodto UnderstandtheStreetscape DrawingasaMethodofRecordingaResponseto theCity TheIntendedRoute Day Night TheWanderingRoute Day Night Conclusion Figure1
Preface
IV
OurBodiesOurStreets(OBOS),aSheffield-basedcampaigngroup,aimstobringattentiontoand tacklecat-callingandsexualharassmentinthecity.Aswellascreatingamapshowinglocations ofreportedinstancesofpublicharassment,theycreatedpublicartinPonderosaparkthat highlightedthecomplexitiesofpublicstreetharassment(figure3).Withinamonththiswas deliberatelyburntdowninaviolentactagainsttheartwork’smessage,furtherreinforcingthe importanceofaddressingthisissue.
Priortothis,on3rdofMarch2021,SarahEverardwasabducted,raped,andmurderedbypolice officer,WayneCouzens.ThisactalongwiththelackofcarethattheMetropolitanPolicetook withhispreviousoffencesandtheirreactiontotheprotestinresponsetohermurder—catalysed apre-existinglackoftrustinthepoliceandtheirattitudestowardswomen'ssafety.Statistically speaking,only1in60reportedrapesareprosecuted,propagatingfurtherdistrustinthejustice system.
Thesecampaignsbroughttolighthowwidespreadtheseissuesare;whilenotsurprising,itwas certainlydishearteningtoseethatmostwomenhaveexperiencedsomeformofstreetharassment andaccepteditaspartoflife.Theviolentactofburninganinstallationrepresentingwomen’s rightswasfrightening,yetitempoweredmetoexercisemyrighttothecity.
Definitions
Auto-ethnographic:asystematicapproachtoresearchaspiringtodescribeandanalysepersonal experience.
Intendedroute:Aroutedefinedbymepriortoundertakingthewalkthatmovestowardsanend destination.
Wanderingroute:Aroutethathasnodestinationandhasnotbeenpreviouslydefined.
5JamieGrierson,"WayneCouzensCaseRaisesQuestionsOverHowPoliceOfficersAreSanctioned",The Guardian,2022<https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/04/wayne-couzens-case-how-do-you-lose-yourjob-in-the-police>[Accessed8March2022].
2BBCNews,"OurBodiesOurStreets:AppealOverPonderosaParkSculptureArson",2021<https:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-58397602>[Accessed9February2022].
6CaelainnBarrandAlexandraTopping,"FewerThanOneIn60RapeCasesLeadToChargeInEnglandAnd Wales",TheGuardian,2021<https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/may/23/fewer-than-one-in-60-caseslead-to-charge-in-england-and-wales>[Accessed15February2022].
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58746108>[Accessed17January2022].
7CarolynEllis,TonyE.AdamsandArthurP.Bochner,"Autoethnography:AnOverview",Forum:Qualitative SocialResearch,12.1(2011)<https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-12.1.1589>.
Figure2:OBOSharassmentmapping
Figure3:OBOSpublicartvandalism
1
1 4 6 7 5 2 3 1OurBodiesOurStreetsSheffield,"OurBodiesOurStreets",ArcgisStorymaps,2021<https:// storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0316180203b2456fb7a0de13fa7e285a>[Accessed1March2022].
3ibid 4BeckyMorton,"SarahEverard:HowWayneCouzensPlannedHerMurder",BBCNews,2021<https://
Introduction
2
Usingthecityasapedestrianisanimportantmeansofnavigatingtheurbanrealm.
Understandingcitiesandthosethatinhabitthemcanhelpustodesignbuildingsthatworkwith thesurroundingurbancontextandultimatelyimprovepeople'slives.However,womenare excludedfromwalkingthroughcitiesduetofearofharassment.
Myexperienceofmovingthroughcities,whetherwalkingorotherwise,hasalwaysbeentoget fromAtoBasfastaspossible,rarelyinteractingwithmysurroundingenvironmentona personallevel.Ihaveyettoconfidentlywanderthroughacitywithoutpreoccupationwithmy safety.Throughoutthisexploration,IwillchallengemyselftoslowdownandobserveSheffield whilstmitigatingtheever-presentdangersimpartedbythecityinanefforttoimprovemydesign ability.
Theinclusionofwomenincitiesdeterioratedduringtheindustrialrevolution.Awaveof diversificationbroughtarangeofclassesandnationalitiesintocities.Pre-existingprejudices againstthesegroupsmeantthatsuburbswerecreatedunderthepretencethattheywouldprotect thepurityofupper-classwomenfromtheinfluxofworkingclasspeople.Instead,thismirage— whichwascharacterisedbysegregationandcontainment—designedwomenoutofthecityand theresultantseparationstillpersiststoday.Citiesarestreamlinedtofacilitatethestereotypical malecommute.Urbanplanningdoesnotaccountforthecomplexitiesofgender,norisoururban environmentdesignedforthepedestrian.
Onaverage,womentake20%morebusjourneysand11%morejourneysonfootthanmen,with anevengreaterdisparityamongyoungeragegroups.Designersshouldaimtounderstandwhy thisisthecaseandhowourcitiescancaterforit.Tocaterforawiderrangeofpeoplewithinour cities,designingcouldbenefitfromemployingabottom-up,compassionateapproach;morewomen shouldbeinvolvedfromtheoutsetinthedesignandcreationofcities.Thisapproach,while likelytobesuccessfulonmanylevels,doesnotcomewithoutitsdifficulties,astogainadeeper understandingofcitieswomenmayhavetoriskfacingpotentiallydangeroussituationsby walkingthroughthecity.
18
Throughwalking,photographing,anddrawingmyjourneys,Iwillanalysemycomfortinrelation tothecity’sspatialqualities.Thesestudiesaimtoprovideanunderstandingofhowtobreakthe cycleofexclusionaryurbandesignandcreateafeministcity.
ItisimportanttoacknowledgethatIamnotrepresentativeofallwomen.Myexperiencesofthe cityonlyrepresentthoseinasimilarsituationtomyself.However,Icanunderstandhowmyown livedexperiencehasbeenaffectedbymyurbansurroundingsandhowthiscaninfluencethe architecturalprofession.
8LaurenElkin,Flaneuse(London:Penguin,2017),p.3.
9MelissaBruntlettandChrisBruntlett,CurbingTraffic(Washington:IslandPress,2021),pp.38-39.
10LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.11.
11Ibid,p.2.
14Ibid,p.3.
15MelissaBruntlettandChrisBruntlett,CurbingTraffic(Washington:IslandPress,2021),p.74.
16Women'sBudgetGroup,MakingDevolutionWorkForWomen(Sheffield:Women'sBudgetGroup,2019),pp. 2-3<https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ Making_Devolution_Work_for_Women_Sheffield_Report.pdf>[Accessed11March2022].
17MelissaBruntlettandChrisBruntlett,CurbingTraffic(Washington:IslandPress,2021),p.81.
18LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.11.
2
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
12Ibid 13Ibid
TheoreticalContext
3
TheDivideofMenandWomeninCities
MaryBeard’smanifesto WomenandPower showsushowdeeplyingrainedmisogynyisin Westernsociety.Althoughmanyprefertobelievetheinequalitieswomenhavefacedareno longeranissue,thatisnotthecase.Womenstillfacethreatsofrapeandmurderwhenthey speakonfeministissues,soisnotsurprisingthatwomenfeeluncomfortablemovingthrough cities.The “paradoxofwomen’sfear” isthephenomenonthatdespitethemajorityofgenderbasedviolencehappeninginprivatespaces,thepublicrealmismostfeared.Althoughinitially dismissedasirrational,thisfearwaslaterfoundtobecompletelyjustified.Whilemenfear robbery,womenfearrape.Publicactsofgender-basedviolencereceivethemostmediaattention, maintainingthefearwomenexperienceincities:onethatkeepswomenwithinmoreprivate areasto “propupaheteropatriarchalcapitalistsystem”.
Malepowerandprivilegeareupheldbykeepingwomen'smovementslimitedandtheirabilityto accessdifferentspacesconstrained.
Tohaveequityrequiresequalaccesstocities.Arguably,modernwomenneedthecitymorethan men—balancingjobsaswellasdomesticactivityrequiressophisticatedplanning.Urbandensity withhome,work,amenitiesandrecreationalspacesinrelativelycloseproximitycanfacilitate this.Necessityshouldnotbethesolereasonthatwomenshouldusecities—womenshouldbe abletospendqualitytimeincities,usingthemforpleasure.
3
19MaryBeard,Women&Power(London:ProfileBooksLTD,2018),p.21. 20Ibid,p.32. 21LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.145. 22Ibid 23Ibid,p.146. 24Ibid 25Ibid,p.147. 26Ibid,p.148. 27Ibid,p.13. 28MelissaBruntlettandChrisBruntlett,CurbingTraffic(Washington:IslandPress,2021),p.70. 29LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.30. Figure4:Artbyauthorillustratingthedividebetweentheusingthecityandthesuburbs whenhandlingdomesticactivity 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Walkingcities
Inthemostfundamentalsense, 'theactofcrossingspacestemsfromthenaturalnecessitytomove tofindthefoodandinformationrequiredforsurvival.'Overtime,astechnologieshave developed—themostrecentandprevalentexamplebeingthecar—theactofwalkingbecameless essentialandmoreexperiential.Dadaismsoughttomakewalkinganartisticpracticeby searchingforbeautyinmundanepartsofthecity.TheSurrealistsfollowedthis,treatingthecity asa ‘psychologicalinvestigation’ofthehumanencounterswiththecity.Thismorepractical approachtounderstandingplacesisparticularlyrelevanttoarchitecturalpracticeasitfocuseson theeverydayqualitiesofthecity.
Thetermflȃneurreferstoapersonwhowandersaimlessly.Theyoftenhaveadeeper understandingofthecitythanothers,havingnavigatedeverypartasapedestrian.Lauren Elkin,authorof Flaneuse:WomenWalktheCity,describesaflȃneuras ‘afigureofmasculine privilegeandleisure’ ,aprivilegeapparentevenintheworditself,asamasculinenoun. Wanderingisnotmeantforwomen—aflȃneuseistheflȃneur’sfemalecounterpart.Anotable flȃneusewouldbeVirginiaWoolf,whorecordedhermeanderingpathsthroughLondoninthe book ‘StreetHaunting:aLondonAdventure’.
Thisiswhywearecompelled,instead,topractisepsycho-geography.Wewanderalert,andpaya heavypsychictollforthatvigilance.
4
Figure5:Artbyauthorillustratingthedifferencebetween usingcarsandwalking 30FrancescoCareriandothers,Walkscapes(Ames:CulicidaeArchitecturalPress,2017),p.25. 31Ibid 32Ibid,p.67. 33Ibid,p.80. 34Ibid,p.81. 35LaurenElkin,Flaneuse(London:Penguin,2017),p.3. 36Ibid 37Ibid 38Ibid,p.7. 39VirginiaWoolf,StreetHaunting(London:Penguin,2005). 40LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.94. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
DesigningCitiesThroughWalking
Walkingasamethodofspatialresearchallowstheparticipanttounderstandaplacethrough livedexperienceandrespondtospacesthroughparticipation.Thisunderstandingisdeveloped throughwalkingwithinaplaceandcanallowarchitectstocreateaworthwhilebuiltresponse, enhancingaspaceinsteadofworkingagainstit.JanGehl’s LifeBetweenBuildings observes analyticallythewaysinwhichpeopleuseoutdoorurbanspace.Hedefinesthreeoutdooractivity types; necessaryactivity (compulsoryactivityincludingtravellingtoaworkplaceorrunning errands,whichoccurindependentlyoftheurbanenvironment), optionalactivity (noncompulsoryactivityincludingawalktogetfreshairorsittingonabenchtoread,occurringwhen theexternalenvironmentallows),and socialactivity (activitiesthatdependonothersbeingin thepublicrealmsuchaschildrenplayingorsimplyseeingorhearingothers,resultingfroma combinationofnecessaryandoptionalactivityoccurringinthesamearea).Hestatesthat ‘architectsandplannerscanaffectthepossibilitiesformeeting,seeingandhearingpeople’. Facilitatingtheseactivitiescantransformmundanecityspacesintothriving,energeticcommunal areasthatwillultimatelybesaferforwomenusingthiscity.
Conclusion
Thesethreeideasinformeachotherandwillfacilitateanacademicapproachtothisessay. Understandinghowwomenareexcludedfromcitiesandthepitfallsinurbandesignwill ultimatelyprovideagreaterunderstandingofhowarchitectscaninfluencecomfortlevelswithin cities.Walkingisanimportanttoolforthecity'sinhabitantsandcanprovideabasefromwhich wecandesignaninclusivecity.
5
41StephanieSpringgayandSarahE.Truman,WalkingMethodologiesInAMore-Than-HumanWorld(London: Routledge,2018),p.4. 42JanGehlandJoKoch,LifeBetweenBuildings(London:IslandPress,2011). 43Ibid,pp.11-12. 44Ibid,p.13. 45Ibid,p.14. Figure6:Artbyauthorillustratingsocialconnectionsonastreet 41 42 43 44 45
PhysicalContext
6
ThisstudywilltakeplaceinSheffield,acityknownforitsindustrialheritage.Whilewalkingthe edgesofthecity—whichishometo13cityparks—isrelativelypleasant,accessingthecity centreismadedifficultbytheneedtocrossaninner-cityringroad.
Thecentrehasbeenheavilyaffectedbyadeclineinhigh-streetshopping,withthepandemic exacerbatingatransitiontoonlineshoppingandleavingmanyshopsempty.Thishollowingout ofthecityhasleftSheffieldopentodangerousactivity,including‘violentorsexualoffences’, of whichanaverageof130arereporteddaily.Thiscityisfacingmanyproblemswhichrequire interventiontocreateawalkableandinclusivecity,someofwhichIaimtointegratewithinthis study.
Architecturally,albeitmostlyabovegroundfloor,Sheffieldhassomewonderfulfeatures.Neoclassicaldetailshintattheprevioussuccessofthecity,however,themodernground-levelshopfrontages—whichareoftennotinuse—createinactivespacesthatrenderstreetsasaplaceto passthroughratherthantostay.
46"Parks,Playgrounds&Walks|SheffieldDirectory",Sheffielddirectory.Org.Uk,2022<https:// www.sheffielddirectory.org.uk/kb5/sheffield/directory/service.page?id=gYP5RLNVoF8>[Accessed12March 2022].
47LikeJiang,"StrategiesForModernSchemesForTheInnerRingRoadOfSheffield",Transdisciplinary UrbanismAndCulture,2017,165–179<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55855-4_14>.
48AmyWalker,"'Everything’sLeaving':Sheffield'sHighStreetsGuttedByVacancies",TheGuardian,2019 <https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/01/everythings-leaving-can-sheffields-high-street-survive> [Accessed14April2022].
49Women'sBudgetGroup,MakingDevolutionWorkForWomen(Sheffield:Women'sBudgetGroup,2019),pp. 2-3<https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ Making_Devolution_Work_for_Women_Sheffield_Report.pdf>[Accessed11March2022].
50RuthHarmanandJohnMinnis,Sheffield(NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,2004).
6
Figure7:PhotographofFargatebyauthor 46 47 48 49 50
Methodology
7
WalkingandWanderingasaMethodtoUnderstandtheStreetscapes
Itisessentialforarchitectstounderstandhowcitiesworkand,moreimportantly,howpeopleuse them.Walkingisonemethodbywhichwecandothis—allowingustospendtimeinaplaceand observeinawaynotpossiblebyothermodesoftransport.Designinggreatcitiesbeginswith understandingexistingqualitiesanddeficienciesofurbanlifeandworkingwiththem. Theresearchmethodforthisstudywillbetocompletetwowalkingroutes.Thefirstwillbea predefinedroutethroughSheffield—fromtheareaofCrookesalongWestStreetandEasttothe trainstation(Figure8).ThesecondwillbeawanderingroutearoundSheffieldcitycentre— followingamethodusedbyRobertMacFarlaneofplacingacircleonamapandfollowingitas closelyaspossible.Thistechnique,whileofferinganeffectivemethodofdiscoveringnewpartsof thecity,canalsoposeadangertowomenduetotheunpredictabilityofthecityandthepotential toencounterdangerousscenarios.
Usingthesetwomethodswillhelptogainanunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenessential routesandwanderedroutes,howeachcancreateadifferentperceptionofcities,andhow wanderingcouldofferamoreholisticviewofthecitieswedesignfor.Bothrouteswillbewalked twice;onceintheday-timeandonceatnight.Thesetwoconditionsareimportanttounderstand. Theychangeone'sexperiencesofanenvironmentandtheurbanrealmmustfunctioninsucha waythatallthesefactorsareaccountedfor.Womenhavearighttothecity—dayandnight.
Alongthe intendedroute fromCrookestothetrainstationIinstinctivelyknowwhattolookout for.Itisoftenrushedinanattempttoreachmydestinationontime.Iwilltrytotakemoretime tounderstandthearea.The wanderingroute willbechallengingasIthinkIwillbevery preoccupiedwithkeepingmyselfsafe.
Figure8:MapshowingtworoutesthroughSheffieldbyauthor
7
51JanGehlandJoKoch,LifeBetweenBuildings(London:IslandPress,2011). 52LaurenElkin,Flaneuse(London:Penguin,2017),p.18.
51 52
DrawingasaMethodofRecordingaResponsetotheCity
Therearemanywaysofcreativelyrespondingtothecity:throughvideography,literature,and poetry,forexampleAgnesVarda,VirginiaWoolfandRobertMacFarlanerespectively.To understandSheffieldthroughthelensofarchitecture,drawingwillbeinvolvedasatoolfor explorationtounderstandthephysicalandemotionalexperienceofthecity.
Kineticdrawingwillbeamajorpartofthisstudy,allowingaquickmethodofrecordingthatwill besupportedbyphotography.Theevidencecollectedbythesemethodswillbecompiledto produceasourcethatcanbeanalysed,generatingavisualunderstandingoftheissueswomen faceincities.
Figure9:Auto-ethnographicdrawingofthetworoutesbyauthor
8
53 53LaurenElkin,Flaneuse(London:Penguin,2017),pp.16-18.
TheIntended Route
9
Day
Thisformewasperhapstheleastthreateningroute.TherewassecuritywhenIknewwhereI wasgoing,anddaylightprovidedgoodvisibility.Ihadpreviousknowledgeofhowtotravel throughtheseareassafely.IhadthechancetonoticethingsthatIhadnotpreviously.
Thisroutechosenisacommonpaththroughthecityforayoungwoman,oftenwalkedby studentsgettingfromaresidentialareathoughtoamenitiesandrecreationalspaces.Thisimage showsthetrackedroutealongsidetheOBOSdatashowinginstancesofsexualharassment.The datahighlightsWestStreetasaproblematicareaforwomen,withveryfewinstanceshappening acrosstherestofthearea.
9
54OurBodiesOurStreets,"PublicSexualHarassmentInSheffield–GoogleMyMaps",GoogleMyMaps,2022 <https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/ viewer?mid=1eIFRsEbWQIx6DW3HEfhaisbiH_7GZnRM&ll=53.38349386878442%2C-1.5037268804655524&z=1 5>[Accessed6February2022]. Figure10:Mapshowingintendedroutewithauto-ethnographicsketch OBOSharassmentdatabyauthor 54
Despitethisareabeingusedby47%full-time students,oftenpedestriansmovingtoandfrom universitybuildings,thereisobviouslyaprioritygiven tocarswhichisevidentinthecrossingpicturedinthe firstimage.Thetimeallocatedtopedestrianstosafely crossissignificantlyshorterthanthatallocatedto cars,resultinginpedestriansstoppingforlongperiods oftime.Whilewomendeservetheopportunitytostop, theyshouldnotbeforcedto.Thisputsfemale pedestriansinavulnerablepositioninwhichthey couldbesubjectedtosexualharassmentand intimidationfromthequasi-authoritative,protected positionofamovingvehicle.Thisexampleofstreet harassment,whilenotnecessarilypreventableinthis instance,couldbemadelessintimidatingbyusing fluidzebrapedestriancrossingasshowninthesecond image,allowinganeasyescaperoutefromunwanted attention.
Figure11:PhotographofcrossingbetweenCrookesValleyRoad
Figure12:Photographofcrossingon
Figure13:Diagramshowingcrossingsbyauthor
10
55WiredLtd,"InterestingInformationForCrookes,Sheffield,S101UAPostcode",Streetcheck,2022<https:// www.streetcheck.co.uk/postcode/s101ua>[Accessed14March2022]. 56AlexandraTopping,"MenWhoHarassWomenFromCarsShouldBeProsecuted,MpsSay",TheGuardian, 2021<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/10/men-harass-women-from-cars-should-prosecuted-mpssay>[Accessed3April2022]. 57MCrabtree,CLodgeandPEmmerson,AReviewOfPedestrianWalkingSpeedsAndTimeNeededToCross TheRoad(©TransportResearchLaboratory2014TransportResearchLaboratory,2022),p.31<https:// www.livingstreets.org.uk/media/1796/review-of-pedestrian-walking-speeds-report-v4b-280814-docx-2.pdf> [Accessed3April2022].
andCrookesmoorRoadbyauthor
CrookesValleyRoadbyauthor
55 56 57
Figure14&15:
11 Externally,thisenvironmentdoesnotappearinviting.Itisdarkandthecolourfullightsdonot looklikeasincereattemptatmakingthisspacemoreappealing.However,delvingdeeperinto thelightdesign,insteadofcreatingaverybrightspacemostlylightingthefloor,itfocusesthe lightingatheadlevel,allowingpeopletoseeeachother’sfacialexpressionsandconcludetheir perceivedsafety.Despitethis,itsunapproachabilitycreatesaboundarythatwomenmustcross tousethecity. 58DanLister,"Lighting:Comfort",2022. 59KristineBMiranneandAlmaHYoung,GenderingTheCity(Lanham,Md.:Rowman&Littlefield,2000),pp. 1-3.
Photographs ofthe concourse byauthor 58 59
Manybuildingsalongthisroutedonotprovidenatural,unpolicedsurveillanceofthestreet. Blankwallsanddisconnectedfacadescreatestreetsisolatedfromtheactivityoccurringattheir edges.Thisdisconnectpreventsnaturalsurveillancebycommunitymembers,insteadcreatinga relianceonpolicesurveillance,whichcanbeintimidatingtoawomannavigatingacityand,as seeninthecaseofSarahEverard,undependable.
Possibilitiesofnaturalsurveillance–externalvisibility–shouldbefactoredintoallurban architecture,streetplanningandlandscaping.
ThefacadeinFigure17showslittleinteractionwithWestStreet,anareawithhighcrime statistics.Thewindowsareelevatedfromthestreetwhichmakesconnectiontothestreet difficult.Instead,itisorientedinwardstowardsHollyStreetandSheffieldCityHall.Evenif dangerousactivitywasnoticeditisunlikelythatmuchcouldbedoneaboutit.
Similarly,inFigure16thefacadedoesnotfacilitateinteractionbetweeninternalandexternal spaces,creatinganisolatedanduncomfortablerouteforfemalepedestrians.Introducing transparencybetweeninsideandoutsidecancombatthis.
62TheGuardian,"TheGuardianViewOnUrbanInsecurity:BuildAFeministCity",TheGuardian,2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/16/the-guardian-view-on-urban-insecurity-build-afeminist-city>[Accessed14March2022].
Figure11:Crossingon
63WiredLtd,"LocalCrimeInformationForWestStreet,Sheffield,S14FD-February2022",Streetcheck,2022 <https://www.streetcheck.co.uk/crime/s14fd>[Accessed14April2022].
64AmyFleming,"WhatWouldACityThatIsSafeForWomenLookLike?",TheGuardian,2018<https:// www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/13/what-would-a-city-that-is-safe-for-women-look-like>[Accessed28 March2022].
12
60LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.93. 61BeckyMorton,"SarahEverard:HowWayneCouzensPlannedHerMurder",BBCNews,2021<https:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58746108>[Accessed17January2022].
CrookesValleyRoad Figure16:Photographof TheInformationCommonsbyauthor Figure17:Photographof Slug&Lettuceon WestStreetbyauthor 60 61 62 63 64
Thesespaces,permanentandimpermanent,createahostileandfrighteningurbanenvironment. Thetunnel-likespacesareuncomfortabletowalkthroughasthereisonlyonepathwithlittle optionforescapeandnarrowprospect,meaningyoucannotseepotentialdanger.Italsocreates dangerwhenwalkingpasttheseareasasitprovidesspacefordangertohide.Itisnotthat womenbelievethatwithineverydarkspaceliesimminentdanger,butthefactisthatifthere wasdangerinthesespacestherewouldbeverylittlechanceofescapingit.Thiscreatesyet anotherboundarythatwomenmustgothroughoravoidaltogether.
13
65Ibid 66Ibid 67LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.70. Figure18: Photographof BlackSwanWalk nearFargateby author Figure19: Photographof WestStreetby author Figure20: Diagramsshowing sightlinesand escaperoutesin different circumstances Byauthor 65 66 67
Figure21:Photographof BlackSwanWalk nearFargatebyauthor
Figure22:Photographof emptyshoponFargate byauthor
Throughoutthecitytherearemanyemptyshopfronts,meaninglessreasontojourneyintothe citycentre.Thiscreatesinactiveareasoutsidepeaktimesofessentialtravel.EventsCentral willattempttocombatthis,byinitiallyaddressingasinglebuildingwiththeexpectationthat thiswillspreadcity-wide.Themostimportantinterventiontocreateacomfortablecityisto haveactive,mixed-use,spacesatground-floorlevel.
Mixed-usespacesareespeciallyimportantforwomeninthecity–havinga‘
16
porous’citywherethe divisionbetweenhome,work,commercialandleisurespacemeansthatwomenare‘lessexcluded fromeconomiclife.’ 68MelissaBruntlettandChrisBruntlett,CurbingTraffic(Washington:IslandPress,2021),p.74. 69TheUniversityofSheffield,"£15MPlansTo'Future-Proof'Covid-HitSheffieldShoppingStreetWithEvents Hub,HundredsOfFlatsAndPocketParks.",TheUniversityOfSheffield,2022<https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/cityregion/news/ps15m-plans-future-proof-covid-hit-sheffield-shopping-street-events-hub-hundreds-flats-and-pocket> [Accessed27March2022]. 70Ibid 71LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.93. 72SusannaRustin,"IfWomenBuiltCities,WhatWouldOurUrbanLandscapeLookLike?",TheGuardian,2014 <https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/05/if-women-built-cities-what-would-our-urban-landscape-looklike>[Accessed14March2022]. Figure23:PhotographofemptyshoponFargatebyauthor Figure24:PhotographofemptyshoponWestStreetbyauthor 68 69 70 71 72
JanGehl’s ‘LifeBetweenBuildings’ statestheimportanceofhavingavarietyofpeopleinpublic space.Optionalactivitiessuchassittingonabenchreadinggivesthestreetvibrancyandallows peopletodwellinpublicspace,makingseatinganimportantadditiontotheurbanrealm.The positioningofbenchesiscrucialyetoftennotthoughtthrough.Whenpoorlyplaced,benchesare leftunusedandbecomeanobstacleratherthanapositiveaddition.
Figure28showsbenchesthatarealmostunusableastheyareorientedtowardsabusyroad, thereforeusedinfrequentlybecauseoftheundesirableview.
Figure29showsseatingthatisrarelyinuse,aspositionedwhereoptionalactivitydoesnotoccur andthereforethereisnoreasonforpeopletodwellinthisarea.
Figure30showsanimprovedpositioningofabench,allowingpeopletodwellinactiveplaces, increasingsocialinteractions.Theplacement,however,isnotperfect.Beingplacedinthemiddle ofthispublicspacedoesnotoffersecurityoranonymitywhensittingalone.Thisreinforcesthe femaleboundaryofnothavingtheopportunitytomovethroughthecityindependentlyand comfortably.
Theseexamplesareinsincereattemptsatcreatingcomfortablespacesforinformalsocialactivity.
17
73JanGehlandJoKoch,LifeBetweenBuildings(London:IslandPress,2011),p.11. 74Ibid,p.155. 75Ibid 76Ibid,p.159. 77Ibid 78Ibid,p.163. 79KristineBMiranneandAlmaHYoung,GenderingTheCity(Lanham,Md.:Rowman&Littlefield,2000),pp. 1-3. Figure25:Diagramof benchfacingroad byauthor Figure28:Photographof benchesonArundel Gatebyauthor Figure29:Photographof benchesonHowardStreet byauthor Figure30:Photographof BenchonFargate byauthor Figure27:Diagramof benchwithnoprotected Backbyauthor Figure26:Diagramofbenchin spaceusedfornecessary activitybyauthor 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Night
Althoughawalkthroughthecitycentreatnightmightnotsoundsafe,Ifeelrelativelysecure.I knowthatmostoftherouteisactive.ThereisalotmoresecuritywhenIknowthearea.
Thisexperimentismeanttochallengethetimelimitthatwomentendtofacewhenexploring cities.Atcertaintimesofday,womenmusteithertravelwithothersorcheckinreligiouslywitha friendincasesomethingweretohappen.
‘Mendonottelltheirfriendstotextthemwhentheygethome’
Darknesscreatessignificantlimitationsforwomeninthecity.Thisbecameparticularlyprevalent duringtheCovid-19pandemic.Recreationalspacessuchasgymswereclosedandtheonlyoption forexercisewasoutdoors.Whilethiswasunpleasantforall,therewasaparticulardisadvantage forwomen,whofearedharassmentandthereforefeltunsafeparticipatinginexerciseatnight. Regardlessofthepandemic,therehasalwaysbeentheunspokenneedtopayfortransportor walkingroupstofeelsafeatnight,resultinginadditionalcostimplicationsandreducedfemale accesstorecreationalspaces.
18
80LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.70. 81Ibid,p.71. 82Nuffieldhealth,"WomenDon'tFeelSafeExercisingOutdoorsInTheDark|NuffieldHealth", Nuffieldhealth.Com,2022<https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/article/almost-three-quarters-of-british-women-dontfeel-safe-exercising-outdoors-in-the-dark>[Accessed14April2022]. 83LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.35. Figure31:Mapshowingintendedroutewithauto-ethnographicnightsketch OBOSharassmentdatabyauthor 80 81 82 83
Figure32:PhotographofCrookesValleyRoadbyauthor
19 CrookesValleyRoadisakeyroutebetweenstudenthousesanduniversitybuildings.Duringthe daythewalkispleasantwithgoodviewsintotheparksoneitherside,butatnightitbecomes uncomfortable.Thelightingstrategydoesnotprioritisepedestriancomfort.Thelightthatdoes hitthepedestrianrouteisincidental,withthestreetlampsmainlyfocusingontheroad.The parksoneithersidehaveminimallighting,creatingadarkabysssurroundingthepath,reducing thevisiblecontext,andcreatingahidingplaceforpotentialoffenders.Thisagaincreatesa tunnel-likeuncomfortablespace,perpetuatinginequalitybetweenstudentsaswomenmaynot feelcomfortableenoughtotraveltoandfromuniversitybuildings,thusreducingtheirabilityto accessvaluableresources.TheUniversityofSheffieldhastriedtoaddressthisbycreatingthe women’sminibusroutedbetweenlibraries. 84SFotios,JUnwinandSFarrall,"RoadLightingAndPedestrianReassuranceAfterDark:AReview", LightingResearch&Amp;Technology,47.4(2014),449-469<https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587>. 85AmyFleming,"WhatWouldACityThatIsSafeForWomenLookLike?",TheGuardian,2018<https:// www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/13/what-would-a-city-that-is-safe-for-women-look-like>[Accessed28 March2022]. 86LornaColwill,"EverythingYouNeedToKnowAboutTheWomen'sBus",TheSheffieldTab,2017<https:// thetab.com/uk/sheffield/2017/01/29/everything-need-know-womens-bus-20219>[Accessed14March2022].
Figure33:Diagramofroadlightingbyauthor 84 85 86
Figure34:Photographof ArtsTowercarpark byauthor
Thisspaceisacontrasttomostscenarios.Wheremostspacesfeelmoredangerousatnight,the lightingstrategyoftheconcoursemakeswhatisquiteadarkspaceindaylightfeelveryopen, comfortableandvisible.Thisareaislitsignificantlybetterthanotherspacesonuniversity campus,suchasaroundtheInformationCommons,potentiallybecausethishaspreviouslybeen identifiedasaproblemarea.
87
Figure35:Photographoftheconcoursebyauthor
Figure36:Photographof LeavygreaveRoadbyauthor
Figure37:Photographof TheInformationCommonsbyauthor
21
87DanLister,"Lighting:Comfort",2022.
Figure38:Photographof TheInformationCommons byauthor
Figure39:Photographof UniversityofSheffield Tramstopbyauthor
Figure39isapositiveexampleofwell-litpublicspace.Theambientlightingprovidesgoodlight distribution,allowinggoodvisibilityandfewpointstohideforpotentialaggressors.Itreduces thefeelingofisolationoftenexperiencedatnightasitpermitsothermembersofthepublicto observe.Asthelightisnottooharshitmeansthatasanindividualyouarenotseentoomuch andit ‘increasesthedistanceatwhichwecanseeanythingsuspicious.’ Thisspacebeing comfortablylitisespeciallyimportantasitoffersbetteraccesstothecitybyaregulartram.On otheroccasionsalongtheroutespacesthatinthedaytimeseemvibrant,suchastheareaoutside ofthecathedral,feelhostileatnightduetoalackoflighting. 88 89 90
Figure40&41: Photographof SheffieldCathedral byauthor
24
88SFotios,JUnwinandSFarrall,"RoadLightingAndPedestrianReassuranceAfterDark:AReview", LightingResearch&Amp;Technology,47.4(2014),449-469<https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587>. 89Ibid 90Ibid
Thisareahaspositiveaspectssuchasaprotectivebarrierfromthebusyroadintheformofthe steelwallimplementedin2006.Thecascadingwatercreatesacomfortingbackgroundnoisethat allowsambientchattertobeheard.However,thelightingstrategyinthisareacreatespoor visibilityandthepoorly-litboundariesmakeitchallengingtoregisterescaperoutes.
Conclusion
Theintendedrouteofferedagoodopportunityforanalysis.Itwasmucheasiertounderstandthe problemareaswithinaspacewhenthejourneywasknownandpartofaregularroutine. Interestinglynotallspacesaremoreuncomfortableatnight.Thisillustratesthepossibilityof creatingspaceswomenfeeltheycantravelthroughregardlessofthetimeofday.
Figure42:PhotographofSheafSquarebyauthor
25
91UrbanDesignAndTheBritishUrbanRenaissance(Oxon:Taylor&FrancisGroup,2009),p.93. 92Ibid 93SFotios,JUnwinandSFarrall,"RoadLightingAndPedestrianReassuranceAfterDark:AReview", LightingResearch&Amp;Technology,47.4(2014),449-469<https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587>.
91 92 93
Figure43:Photographof SheafSquare byauthor
TheWandering Route
27
Day
Thiswasaninterestingwaytoexplorethecity.Itallowedmetogainafreshperspectiveand travelthroughnewareasofSheffield.Theunfamiliarityoftherouteallowedmetonoticehowmy comfortlevelschanged. Inthisauto-ethnographicsketchstudyofthejourney,themostimportantobservationwasofthe emptyareasofSheffieldthatseemdeserted.Thesespacesfeelthemostuncomfortable.Another observationwasthediscomfortfeltwhenexploringareasthatwereunknownandthedifficulty whenanalysingaspacethathadnotbeenvisitedbefore.Thisisnotacommonpathtakenby people,thereforetheOBOSharassmentmapshowsfewinstancesofsexualharassmentwere reportedalongthisroute.Thesestatisticsdifferfromthereportedviolentandsexualoffences whichareshowntobemuchhigheraroundNetherthorpeRoad.
27
94OurBodiesOurStreets,"PublicSexualHarassmentInSheffield–GoogleMyMaps",GoogleMyMaps,2022 <https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/ viewer?mid=1eIFRsEbWQIx6DW3HEfhaisbiH_7GZnRM&ll=53.38349386878442%2C-1.5037268804655524&z=1 5>[Accessed6February2022]. 95CrimeRate,"SheffieldCrimeOverview",Crimerate,2022<https://crimerate.co.uk/south-yorkshire/ sheffield?fbclid=IwAR1vv01s44iP48Z5Hzc8C7vnV3shDqSGlkOwq6xQruJTB9HzHzbWNMIAtKY>[Accessed6 April2022]. Figure44:MapofwanderingroutewithOBOSdataandauto-ethnographicstudybyauthor 94 95
ThePeaceGardens,atleastonarelativelydryday,arefullofmusicandlightconversationthat spilloverintoFargate,makingthisareafeelrelativelycomfortable.Thegoodprospectsallow clearobservationofsafetylevelsofthearea.Therearemanyopportunitiestositandobserve, andwhilesomeseatingisplacedwithoutaprotectedbacktherearemanythatincludethis.The outdoorseatingprovidedforcafesaroundtheedgeofthePeaceGardenscreateavibrant atmosphereingoodweather.
Thisroundaboutpicturedclearlyplacesvehiclesatthetopofthetransporthierarchy.The pedestriancrossingdoesnotevenhavelightsindicatingwhentocross.Thismakesitdifficultto navigatearelativelyunpredictablestreamoftraffic,creatinganinaccessibleroutefor pedestrians.Itplacestrafficinanauthoritativepositionandpedestriansinoneofvulnerability.
Figure45:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
Figure47:PhotographofWestBarroundaboutbyauthor
Figure46:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
97
28
96FranKlodawskyandColleenLundy,"Women'sSafetyInTheUniversityEnvironment",JournalOf ArchitecturalAndPlanningResearch,11.2(1994),128-136<https://www.jstor.org/stable/43029116>[Accessed2 April2022]. 97JanGehlandJoKoch,LifeBetweenBuildings(London:IslandPress,2011),p.11.
96
Figure48:Photographof PeaceGardens byauthor
Alongtherouteweremanydesertedspaces.Theseareas,suchasaroundstudentaccommodation inNetherthorpe,tendtoonlycaterforasmallamountofactivity.
Thestudentareaexclusivelyprovidesstudentaccommodation,ofwhichthereisfartoomuchin Sheffield.Thisresultsintheareabeingalmostemptywhenstudentsarenottravellingtoand fromuniversity,orwhentheyleaveforsummer.
Theseareasmademefeelparticularlyanxious.Therewasnooneelsetobeseenanditwas impossibletomakehumanconnections,nofriendlysmileoreyecontact,makingmefeeluneasy. 98
30
98PhilHubbard,"GeographiesOfStudentificationAndPurpose-BuiltStudentAccommodation:Leading SeparateLives?",EnvironmentAndPlanningA:EconomyAndSpace,41.8(2009),1903-1923<https://doi.org/ 10.1068/a4149>. Figure49:PhotographofUpperAllenStreetbyauthor
Night
Thisrouteisfrightening.BeforewalkingthecircleImadesuretohavesomeonewalkingitwith meandthatotherpeopleknewwhereIwasgoing.TheprecautionsItookindicatetheanxietiesI hadgoingintothis. Similartothepreviousnighttimeroute,thiswasmeanttochallengemyperceptionsofsafety whenwalkingthecityatnight.Thisrouteaddsanextralayerofexperimentationasthereis anotherconcernofunfamiliarity.
31
Figure50:MapofwanderingroutewithOBOSdataandauto-ethnographicnightsketchbyauthor
Figure51:Photographof FigTreeLane byauthor
Manyoftheminorstreetsthatthisroutewentthroughwereverypoorlylit.Thismadethearea feelveryuncomfortable.Therewerepoorprospectsandthelightpresentmadecertainareastoo visiblewhileleavingotherspacesinthedark.Unfortunately,thisisthecaseinmanycitiesas therearesimplynotthefundstotacklemattersofsafetyineverystreet,leavingsmallstreets neglected.
InadditiontothelowactivitylevelsinthestudentaccommodationareanearNetherthorpeRoad, thebadly-designedstreetlightingcreateslotsofdark,hiddenareas,creatingahostile atmospherethatisunsafeformanypeople,particularlythosemostvulnerabletoverbaland physicalharassment.Asthepopulationinthisareaismostlystudents,theproblemsthatexist aredetrimentaltoavulnerabledemographic,particularlyyoungwomenwhomustpassthrough thisareawhentravellingtoandfromuniversitybuildings.
Figure52&53:PhotographsofNChurchStreetbyauthor
Figure54:PhotographsofShepherdStreet byauthor
Figure55:PhotographsofUpperAllenStreet byauthor
33
99SFotios,JUnwinandSFarrall,"RoadLightingAndPedestrianReassuranceAfterDark:AReview", LightingResearch&Amp;Technology,47.4(2014),449-469<https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587>.
99
TheDevonshireQuarteristhemostdangerousneighbourhoodforviolentandsexualoffences. DevonshireGreeninparticularhasnolightingstrategyand,asillustratedhere,hasmanyspots thatarecompletelyinthedarkandopentodanger.Thisalsomakesithardtoseewhenthese crimesareoccurring.
Figure56:PhotographofDevonshireGreenbyauthor
34
100CrimeRate,"SheffieldCrimeOverview",Crimerate,2022<https://crimerate.co.uk/south-yorkshire/ sheffield?fbclid=IwAR1vv01s44iP48Z5Hzc8C7vnV3shDqSGlkOwq6xQruJTB9HzHzbWNMIAtKY>[Accessed6 April2022].
100
ThewalkablespacesofthePeaceGardensarerelativelywell-lit.Theedgelightingenablesoneto easilymakeoutthepathways,andtheoverheadlightingdoesnotcausetoomuchcontrast betweenlightanddarkspaces.Thegreenspacearoundtheedge,however,hasnolighting,which createsanareawherepotentialdangerisunknowntothosemovingthroughit,resultingin discomfort.
Figure57:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
35
Figure58:Photographof FurnaceHillatwhichthe routechangedbyauthor
Conclusion
Thisroutewasmuchhardertoanalysethan‘theintendedroute’.Beingunfamiliarwiththespace meanttherewasnotpre-existingknowledgetoallowthemajorityofmyfocustobeonthe physicalaspectsofthejourney.Instead,Iwaspreoccupiedwithmyownsafety.Whilstnavigating thisrouteatnightIhadtomakejudgementsbasedonmycomfortlevels,changingtheroutein ordertoprotectmyself.
Figure59:Auto-ethnographicstudyofwandering routeatnightbyauthor
37
Conclusion
38
Throughoutthecourseofthisspecialstudy,Ihaveusedwalkinganddrawingasamethodof understandingmycomfortlevelsandthephysicalqualitiesthatinfluencethis.Toimprovemy understandingofwhatinfluencedmycomfortlevelsIcreatedfourdifferentsetsofcircumstances; aknownrouteinthedaytimerepeatedatnightandanunknownrouteinthedaytime,again repeatedatnight.Theintentionwastoallowmetonotonlyanalysephysicalaspectsofspacebut alsohowcomfortlevelsandtheabilitytoanalysespacechangedinunfamiliaranddark environments.
WalkingtheseroutesheightenedmyawarenessofthediscomfortIfeltwhentravellingthrough spacesthatwereunfamiliartome.Thisfeelingcanlimitwomentoonlyusingaverysmall sectionofthecity(onewhichtheyfeelmostfamiliarwith)reducingtheirabilitytoexplorenew areas.Toimprovethis,architectsandurbanplannersshoulddesigncitiesthatcanbeeasily navigatedusingsignageandlandmarkstogiveapedestrianfamiliaritywithinunfamiliarspaces. ThroughoutmyowntimeinSheffieldIhaveoftenusedtheArtsTowerasapointofreference fromwhichIcannavigatealargeproportionofthecity.Iwasalreadyawarebeforestartingthis researchofthelimitationswomenfacewhenmovingthroughcitiesatnight:preventingtheir abilitytoparticipateinrecreationalandleisureactivitiesthatcitiesofferintheevening.
ThephysicalaspectsInoticedoneachroutecould,ifchanged,alleviatetheinequalitiesthat womenfacewhenmovingthroughthecity.MuchofthearchitectureinSheffielddoesnotconnect tothestreet.Thispreventstherebeing eyesonthestreet,creatingafluidconnectionbetween indoorsandoutdoors.Theadditionofbenchesinpublicareascanalsohelptoincreaseactivityas longastheyareplacedthoughtfully.Puttingpedestriansfirstcanhelpincreaseageneralsenseof safety.Totacklethelackofsafetyfeltatnightitisimportanttocreategoodvisibility.Reducing darkspotswherepotentialoffenderscanhide,aswellasmakingsurethoseinvulnerable positionsarenottooharshlylit,canmakeanareafeelsafer.Creatingmixed-useareas,atleast atground-floorlevel,canencourageactivityatalltimesofday,increasingcomfortlevelsand alleviatingthe‘timelimit’womenfacewhenusingthecity.
Furtherresearchisrequiredtobeabletoinformdesignersonhowtodesignforwomenfromall backgroundsandabilitiesastheresearchundertakenisfrommyownlimitedpointofview.The studydoesnottakeintoaccounthowcitiesfeelforwomenofotherethnicities,sexualidentityor orientationanditdoesnotacknowledgeissuesexperiencedbywomenwithdisabilities,ofwhom therearemany.Theseissuesdidcrossmymindwhenwalkingtheroutes,butIamawarethat myexperiencedoesnottakeintoaccounttheseinter-sectionalexperiences.
Clearly,socialchangeisakeycomponentinmakingcitiessafer,however,architecturecanplaya partinmakingspacescomfortableforeveryone.Itisimportantthatthereisadiverserangeof voiceswithinthedesignindustrytocreateequitywithinourcities.Womenindesign,including myself,mustcourageouslygooutintocitiesandcombatthephysicalaspectsthatcreate discomfortthatexcludesthem.Designingwithcompassionisanintegraltoolforcreatingcities andimprovingthearchitecturalprofession.
101SFotios,JUnwinandSFarrall,"RoadLightingAndPedestrianReassuranceAfterDark:AReview", LightingResearch&Amp;Technology,47.4(2014),449-469<https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587>.
102LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.70.
103Ibid,p.168.
104Ibid,p.93.
105Ibid,p.172.
106LeslieKern,FeministCity(London:Verso,2020),p.168.
107SusannaRustin,"IfWomenBuiltCities,WhatWouldOurUrbanLandscapeLookLike?",TheGuardian, 2014<https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/05/if-women-built-cities-what-would-our-urban-landscapelook-like>[Accessed14March2022]. 101 102 103 104 105
38
106 107
Listof Figures
39
Figure1:Auto-ethnographicstudyofthetworoutesbyauthor.
Figure 2:OBOSharassmentmappingfrom
OurBodiesOurStreets,"PublicSexualHarassmentInSheffield–GoogleMyMaps",GoogleMyMaps,2022 <https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/ viewer?mid=1eIFRsEbWQIx6DW3HEfhaisbiH_7GZnRM&ll=53.38349386878442%2C-1.5037268804655524&z=15> [Accessed6February2022]
Figure3: OBOSpublicartvandalismfrom
Beardmore,Ellen,"CampaignersLaunchBidToCreatePermanentSculptureInSheffieldAfterArsonAttack", Thestar.Co.Uk,2021<https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/people/campaigners-launch-bid-to-create-permanentsculpture-in-sheffield-after-arson-attack-3374703>[Accessed16April2022]
Figure4: Artbyauthorillustratingthedividebetweentheusingthecityandthesuburbswhenhandlingdomestic activity
Figure5: Artbyauthorillustratingthedifferencebetweenusingcarsandwalking
Figure6: Artbyauthorillustratingsocialconnectionsonastreet
Figure 7:PhotographofFargatebyauthor
Figure8:MapshowingtworoutesthroughSheffieldbyauthor
Figure9:Auto-ethnographicdrawingofthetworoutesbyauthor
Figure10:Mapshowingintendedroutewithauto-ethnographicsketchOBOSharassmentdatabyauthor
Figure11:PhotographofcrossingbetweenCrookesValleyRoadandCrookesmoorRoadbyauthor
Figure12:PhotographofcrossingonCrookesValleyRoadbyauthor
Figure13:Diagramshowingcrossingsbyauthor
Figure14:Photographsoftheconcoursebyauthor
Figure15:Photographsoftheconcoursebyauthor
Figure16:PhotographofTheInformationCommonsbyauthor
Figure17:PhotographofSlug&LettuceonWestStreetbyauthor
Figure18:PhotographofBlackSwanWalknearFargatebyauthor
Figure19:PhotographofWestStreetbyauthor
Figure20:DiagramsshowingsightlinesandescaperoutesindifferentcircumstancesByauthor
Figure21:PhotographofBlackSwanWalknearFargatebyauthor
Figure22:PhotographofemptyshoponFargatebyauthor
Figure23:PhotographofemptyshoponFargatebyauthor
Figure24:PhotographofemptyshoponWestStreetbyauthor
Figure25:Diagramofbenchfacingroadbyauthor
Figure26:Diagramofbenchinspaceusedfornecessaryactivitybyauthor
Figure27:DiagramofbenchwithnoprotectedBackbyauthor
Figure28:PhotographofbenchesonArundelGatebyauthor
Figure29:PhotographofbenchesonHowardStreetbyauthor
Figure30:PhotographofBenchonFargatebyauthor
Figure31:Mapshowingintendedroutewithauto-ethnographicnightsketchOBOSharassmentdatabyauthor
40
Figure32:PhotographofCrookesValleyRoadbyauthor
Figure33:Diagramofroadlightingbyauthor
Figure34:PhotographofArtsTowercarparkbyauthor
Figure35:Photographoftheconcoursebyauthor
Figure36:PhotographofLeavygreaveRoadbyauthor
Figure37:PhotographofTheInformationCommonsbyauthor
Figure38:PhotographofTheInformationCommonsbyauthor
Figure39:PhotographofUniversityofSheffieldTramstopbyauthor
Figure40:PhotographofSheffieldCathedralbyauthor
Figure41:PhotographofSheffieldCathedralbyauthor
Figure42:PhotographofSheafSquarebyauthor
Figure43:PhotographofSheafSquarebyauthor
Figure44:MapofwanderingroutewithOBOSdataandauto-ethnographicstudybyauthor
Figure45:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
Figure46:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
Figure47:PhotographofWestBarroundaboutbyauthor
Figure48:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
Figure49:PhotographofUpperAllenStreetbyauthor
Figure50:MapofwanderingroutewithOBOSdataandauto-ethnographicnightsketchbyauthor
Figure51:PhotographofFigTreeLanebyauthor
Figure52:PhotographsofNChurchStreetbyauthor
Figure53:PhotographsofNChurchStreetbyauthor
Figure54:PhotographsofShepherdStreetbyauthor
Figure55:PhotographsofUpperAllenStreetbyauthor
Figure56:PhotographofDevonshireGreenbyauthor
Figure57:PhotographofPeaceGardensbyauthor
Figure58:PhotographofFurnaceHillatwhichtheroutechangedbyauthor
Figure59:Auto-ethnographicstudyofwanderingrouteatnightbyauthor
41
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