ITC on Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Heritage - The historic centre of Napoli

INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE (ITC) ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 2019 Ritsumeikan University

The historic centre of Napoli (Italy) Roy Giamporcaro Vesuvius, Andy Warhol

Napoli, Mimmo Jodice

THE GRAECOValues (based on authenticity, integrity, ROMAN CENTRE sustainability, uniqueness)

S. LORENZO CHURCH AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA

High Historical Urban Social Medium Architectural

Values (based on authenticity, integrity, sustainability, uniqueness) High Historical, Architectural Medium Social, Religious PIO MONTE DELLA MISERICORDIA COMPLEX

Values (based on authenticity, integrity, sustainability, uniqueness) High Historical, Artistic Medium Social

Irpinia earthquake, 1980

Vesuvius’eruption, 1944

SCENARIO

VULNERABILITIES

Primary hazards Earthquake Seconday hazards Local explosions / fires

Historical buildings Structural weaknesses, lack of maintenance / conservation interventions, high residential density

In December the centre cent is crowded with many tourists.

The shops and business activities are open and the roads are stuck by the traffic jam.

An earthquake (M6.4) struck in mid morning.

Serious damages to the old buildings (overcrowded and affected by illegal building activities).

Many narrow streets in the centre are blocked by debris.

A large la number of movable cultural heritages are stuck inside historical buildings.

Gas leaks cause explosions within the historic centre.

Immovable cultural heritages Architectures Collateral damages due to other buildings proximity, weak parts Movable cultural heritages Risk of be impacted/trapped by buildings’ damages and collapses Urban fabric High density of human activities

Buildings collpased or partially collapsed Streets obstructed Gas explosions

CONSIDERABLE LOSS OF LIVES AND MANY INJURED

MAIN TRANSPORTATION MEANS DAMAGED

EARTHQUAKE GAS LEAKS / EXPLOSIONS

BUILDINGS DAMAGED AND / OR COLLAPSED

POWER AND WATER SUPPLY DAMAGED

HISTORICAL BULDINGS SERIOUSLY DAMAGED AND / OR COLLAPSED WEAKER PARTS OF HISTORICAL CHURCHES COLLAPSED

ARCHITECTURAL VALUE

URBAN VALUE

HISTORIC VALUE MOVABLE CH STUCK INSIDE HISTORICAL BUILDINGS MOST OF THE SHOPS / ACTIVITIES ARE SERIOUSLTY DAMAGED MANY RESIDENTIAL UNITS ARE HEAVILY DAMAGED / COLLPASED

SOCIAL VALUE

ARTISTIC VALUE

ATTRIBUTES AND VULNERABILITIES THE SOCIAL COMPONENT Total

Economic migrants

INDEX OF SOCIAL UNREST

11.10 - 25.00 (min. -23.70 - max. 64.59)

Employed

24,10%

Seeking for first employment Unemployed Housemaids

24,23% 6,88% 7,84%

Total unemployed

38,95%

ATTRIBUTES AND VULNERABILITIES THE SOCIAL COMPONENT

3,7 M/y

Economic/Institutional activities: Staff/Employees: Volunteers:

3.489 14.819 7.561

Activities/1000 in:

72,57

ATTRIBUTES AND VULNERABILITIES SOCIAL COMPONENT RISK ANALYSIS Vulnerabilities Low class people + Economic migrants

Loss of residential units

Social disruption caused by disaster

Difficult recovery of physical and financial assets

Migration of local population to other areas

Loss of the social component which produces and keeps the intangible cultural heritage

Loss of activities Increasing offer of BnB/tourism activities

Impact of financial crisis on commercial/manufactorial activities

(Reduced incomes)

Vulnerabilities Increasing interest of middle class in living in the historic centre Gentrification Vulnerabilities Increasing tourism demand

Increasing of housing costs

STAKEHOLDERS / ACTORS MAP

54

Residents 4

411

Fire brigade

Ministry of CH

Priests 53

2

Government

Church Institutions

4

Volunteers

6

Civil Protection Tourists

UNESCO

13

311

Private foundations / Institutions

122

Shops’ owners

Shops staff

2

3

NGOs 41

RISK ANALYSIS DURING Due to the narrowness of the streets many evacuation routes are blocked

Vulnerabilities* - High density - Lack of maintenance - Illegal building Many historical activities buildings are seriusly damaged and many of them collapse Earthquake Some heritage buildings are damaged in the weaker parts (apse, high freestanding walls, roof)

The damages of the public infrastructures and the buildings collapsed affect the gas pipes and some explosions may occur Some churches and/or monuments impacted by the damages of the surrounding buildings

Vulnerabilities** - Structures not resistent to EQ - Previous conservation interventions - Lack of new conservation interventions *Historic building (Example) The high density of people living in one building and the lack of control on the building activities, caused the increasing number of additional parts (balconies, stairs, mezzanines, partitions) mostly done in concrete without a proper design. The main structure of the building may not bear all these loads under dynamic actions.

Social activities are disrupted (shops, offices, markets, tourism) Many movable CH are stucked inside damaged historical buildings Vulnerabilities*** - Objects in historical buildings - Complex and narrow urban layout; - Absence of structural protection measures

**San Lorenzo Maggiore The main walls of the nave have been damaged by the 80’ EQ and a concrete curb was added on the main two walls of the nave. The roof has been also replaced (wich contains some concrete parts). For these reasons the nave’s walls are visibly displaced and a dynamic action will trigger their collapse.

***Pio Monte della Misericordia The Foundation host on of the most important Caravaggio’s painting. The painting has big dimensions (390x260cm) and is not protected by a reinforced case. The way to access the room are narrow and an emergency evacuatin of the painting will be difficult without a preliminary detailed plan.

RISK ANALYSIS - PREVENTION/MITIGATION PATH DURING Due to the narrowness of the streets (via Anticaglia, via Fico al Purgatorio, etc.), many evacuation routes are blocked.

Vulnerabilities* - High density - Lack of maintenance - Illegal building activities Many historical

Earthquake

The damages of the public infrastructures (mainly roads) and the collapse of buildings damaged also the gas pipes and some explosions may occur.

buildings are damaged and many of them collapse Some heritage buildings are damaged in the weaker parts (apse, high freestanding walls, roof)

Because of the high density and the proximity of the historical buildings, some churches and/or monuments, will be impacted by the damages of the surrounding buildings.

Vulnerabilities** - Structures not resistent to EQ; - Previous conservation interventions; - Lack of new conservation interventions. *Historic building (Example) The high density of people living in one building and the lack of control on the building activities, caused the increasing number of additional parts (balconies, stairs, mezzanines, partitions) mostly done in concrete without a proper design. The main structure of the building may not bear all these loads under dynamic actions.

Social activities are disrupted (shops, offices, markets, tourism).

Many movable CH are stuck inside damaged historical buildings.

Vulnerabilities*** - Objects in historical buildings - Complex and narrow urban layout - Absence of structural protection measures

**San Lorenzo Maggiore The main walls of the nave have been damaged by the 80’ EQ and a concrete curb was added on the main two walls of the nave. The roof has been also replaced (wich contains some concrete parts). For these reasons the nave’s walls are visibly displaced and a dynamic action will trigger their collapse.

***Pio Monte della Misericordia The Foundation host on of the most important Caravaggio’s painting. The painting has big dimensions (390x260cm) and is not protected by a reinforced case. The way to access the room are narrow and an emergency evacuatin of the painting will be difficult without a preliminary detailed plan.

RISK ANALYSIS AFTER

**CH designation (Example) In many cases, the designation of such buldings is partial and does not consider the entire building (portal, a staircase, oldest sectors). This does not allow the protection of the building before and after disaster

The engineers corp of FB starts the damage assessment and first shoring operations

Fire brigade support the evacuation of people Civil Defense activates the emergency procedures

CD establish HQ and coordination units nearby the site

Vulnerabilities** - Absence of a CH designation (single or typological)

Traditional (historical) buildings (not designated) will not be considered by the CH experts team

Min. Of CH establish a unit for damage assessment of CH Loss of people’s activities (physical, economical and social losses) and lack of a social recovery system

Evacuation and rescuing of people

CD establish the safe areas for the relocation of people

First rescuing of movable CH

Min. of CH establish a safe deposit for the movable CH

Lack of information on many movable CH objects

Vulnerabilities Movable CH (not designated) belong to different private/public entities that don’t have inventory systems

Vulnerabilities* - Social inequalities: different economic situations, different civil rights *Social inequalities (Example) In the historic centre cent the majority of the population belongs to people below the middle class, poor people and economic migrants (often unrecognized migrants) with few economic capacity or civil rights (migrants).

In the past years, due al to tourism, many professionals and mid-class people started to move to the centre, with considerable differente economic capacities

RISK ANALYSIS - PREVENTION/MITIGATION PATH **CH designation (Example) AFTER

In many cases, the designation of such buldings is partial and does not consider the entire building (portal, a staircase, oldest sectors). This does not allow the protection of the building before and after disaster The engineers corp of FB starts the damage assessment and first shoring operations

Fire brigade, in coordination with CD support the evacuation of people

Civil Defense activates the emergency procedures

CD establish HQ and coordination units nearby the site

Vulnerabilities** - Absence of a CH designation (single or typological)

Traditional (historical) buildings (not designated) will not be considered by the CH experts team

Min. Of CH establish a unit for damage assessment of CH, in coordination with CD and FB

Loss of people’s activities (physical, economical and social losses) and lack of a social recovery system

Evacuation and rescuing of people

CD establish the safe areas for the relocation of people

First rescuing of movable CH

Min. of CH in coordination with the CD establish a safe deposit for the movable CH

Lack of information on many movable CH objects

Vulnerabilities Many movable CH (not designated) belong to different private/public entities that don’t have inventory systems

Vulnerabilities* - Social inequalities: different economic situations, different civil rights *Social inequalities (Example) In the historic centre cent the majority of the population belongs to people below the middle class, poor people and economic migratns (often unrecognized migrants) with few economic capacity or civil rights (migrants).

In the past years, due al to tourism, many professionals and mid-class people started to move to the centre, with considerable differente economic capacities

FORMULATING MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES Heritage attributes

Description of mitigation measure

Scale of intervention

Vulnerabilities reduced

Stakeholders/Actors involved

Urban and architectural integrity of the historic centre

Strict controls on new residents arrival and on building activities

Region / City

- High density - Illegal building activities

- Region - City government - Residents community - Police

CH built environment and architectural integrity of the historic centre

Elaborate CH typological designation for traditional historical buildings in the historic centre

City Neighborhood

Lack of heritage expert control (absence of CH designation)

- Ministry of CH - City government

Architectural integrity of the fabric with all its authentic stratifications

Conduct an assessment of structures and previous interventions. Design and implement consolidation interventions that take into account the EQ

Attribute level

- Previous bad interventions - Instability of the main nave’s walls - Lack of maintenance / new conservation interventions

- Ministry of CH - Church institution - S. Lorenzo church - Potential donors

Movable CH (designated and not) heritage integrity

Promote identification and inventory for non-designated movable CH Provide structural and non-structural measures for movable CH

Attribute level City

- Absence of structural and non-structural measures - No inventory for non-designated CH

- Ministry of CH - Owners - City

FORMULATING MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES AREAS OF INTERVENTION Many historical buildings are damaged or collapsed. Many of them are not designated CH

Vulnerabilities - High density - Lack of maintenance - Illegal building activities - Absence of CH designation

- Establish a strict control on new residents arrivals - Reinforce the controls on building activities - Elaborate a typological CH designation for traditional buildings in the historic centre - Implement consolidation interventions for the buildings close to CH site

Residential building (designated CH) Residential building (NOT designated CH)

22.733 (5,17 kmq) 4.397 in/kmq

40.393 (2,71 kmq) 14.905 in/kmq

53.422 (1,42 kmq) 37.621 in/kmq

Monument (designated CH)

1 Control on illegal building activities (assess their impact on the surroudings, taking into account EQ actions)

FORMULATING MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES EVACUATION PLAN AND MITIGATION MEASURES First evacuation areas (people) Evacuation routes

Retrofitting of the main evacuation routes

Courtyards potentially usable as emergency shelters

2 Elaborate a typological CH designation for the traditional historical buildings within the historic centre

1 2

3

Assessment, design and implementation of consolidation interventions

3 Evacuation plan for movable CH Design and implement structural measures to protect the important movable CH

FORMULATING MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE COMPONENT Some heritage buildings are damaged in the weaker parts (apse, high freestanding walls, roof)

Vulnerabilities - Previous conservation interventions; - Lack of new conservation interventions.

Residential building (designated CH) Residential building (NOT designated CH) Monument (designated CH)

- Improve the maintenance and conservation process - Design and implement consolidation interventions for the weaker parts - Design and implement consolidation interventions for the surrounding buildings as a ‘protection measure’

BEFORE

DURING

RECOVERY PLANNING DAMAGE AND RISK ASSESSMENT

Establishment of a CH expert team for the damage and risk assessment. Team composition: conservation architect, engineer, geologist, art historian, owners/residents representative rep

Assessment mission on the field, in coordination with CP and FB, supported by the ministerial forms for damage assessment (buildings, churches, movable CH)

Cost estimation of emergency priority interventions and permanent conservation interventions

Prioritization of the interventions based on: technical needs, functional needs, social needs

Actions planning

RECOVERY PLANNING SUGGESTIONS FOR SOCIAL RECOVERY

Promote and improve a subsidy system for the local resident to maintain / recover their houses (incentivates seismic mitigation measures).

Implementation time: Short / Medium Stakeholders: National government, City, Municipality, Private donors, Local residents Promote and improve a subsidy system for the local commercial / business activities to maintain / recover part of the physical / financial assets lost during the disaster.

Implementation time: Short / Medium Stakeholders: National government, gove City, Municipality, Private donors, Local residents Establish and promote an association of the local commercial / business activities, which could provide some help in the recovery phase.

Implementation time: Medium / Long Stakeholders: Chamber of Commerce, City, Municipality, Local businesses’owners Limitate the BnB diffusion inside the historic centre by establishing a fixed number per inhabitant and, if necessary, raise the BnB tax.

Implementation time: Medium / Long Stakeholders: City, Municipality, Tourism agencies, Local residents Improve and promote the social cohesion by involving the local residents and the economic migrants for neighborhood useful activities.

Implementation time: Medium / Long Stakeholders: City, Municipality, Private donors, Resident community

PILOTE PROJECT

Hold a presentation about the topic at the University of Naples, School of Architecture

2 MONTH

Involve: representative from engineering faculty and from other universities; representative of the municipalities; representative of the city (on behalf of the mayor); representative from the local resident community; representative from the Ministery of Cultural Heritage 2 MONTH

Raise awareness among the local commercial activities

12 MONTH

Raise awareness among the professional firm working on conservation and construction

5 MONTH

INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE (ITC) ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 2019 Ritsumeikan University “Fate presto”, Andy Warhol, Terrae motus

The historic centre of Napoli (Italy) Roy Giamporcaro