Rep of cases

Ghana

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2

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Organiz ation

Contact person

location

Position

UDS

Alidu Abdul Fatahi

Tamale, Northern region

Lecturer

Etnorny o Agbeko

Tamale, Northern region

CSIR water research institute

Ghana Environ mental Manage ment Project

CEEDA

Hariatu Moro

Adam Azabre Abugbila

Tamale, Northern region

Upper West region

Research scientist

Assistant programme officer

Project officer Enterprises under the Access to Credit and Traction Inputs for viable farming

Email adress

Project

project aim

What are the communit y characteri stics?

What are the main economic structures?

Farmers (peasant), petty traders, livestock raising in social scales

Local market s

Who controls land or the distributio n there of in the area?

Who controls water?

In case there is water pollution, whom do people turn to report it?

Are unsustain able practices (use of pesticides, tree felling or farm burning) sanctioned ?

Are people punished for unsustain able practices, and if so, by whom and how?

Please give a brief description of the intervention

By whom was the interventi on funded?

If any, who were the other implement ing partners of the interventi on?

What issue did the intervention seek to address?

Who were the intended beneficiaries of the intervention

What resource is being (re)distributed by the intervention and how is it being redistributed?

Which groups were not targeted but were affected by the intervention?

How were they affected?

What were the expected outcomes of the intervention?

What were the actual outcomes of the intervention?

What were the unexpected outcomes, or unintended consequences of the intervention?

Which other user groups make use of the natural resources at the centre of the intervention (as indicated above)

How has the use of the natural resource central to the intervention changed as a result of the intervention?

What are the most significant relationships /networks that exist beyond the target group – in terms of the natural resources that has been changed as a result of the intervention?

How does the intervention exacerbate conflicts/contestations between groups within the social landscape?

Were there any existing conflict prior to the interventi on? Please select what is applicable

Which groups are in conflict?

What are they competing over?

What did the intervention do to strengthen trust between groups?

What did the intervention do to facilitate collective action (between which goups/communit ies/livelihoods)?

Did the intervention explicitly attempt to strengthen linkages between target groups and local governments or other authorities?

How?

abdulfat ahialidu @gmail. com

Zero tillage and residue retention: conflicts between sedentary farmers and livestock owners and conflicts between men and women, since women collect crop residue for firewood. Also, conlfict between farmers, women and hunters who set fire to the bush

The project was aimed to enhance soil fetility to improve crop farming. The long and short term aims were to improve household food secuity and nutrition. It was also to improve the economy of farmers

Ethnic majority: Farming

Main occupation of men: Crop culture (farming) Main occupation of women: Petty trading Main subsistence: crop Maize, cowpea Main cash crop: Vegetables (formal) Migration patterns During the dry season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Casual in southern Ghana

Jirapa/la wra market

Chiefs

community members

chiefs

No

No

Zero tillage and residue retention as a climate change intervention along the Volta basin (Daggoh and Banpari

CCAFS/ICRI SAT

CSIR=SARI Wa Station

1. Improve upon dry season vegetable production along the Volta basin

1. Men (vegetable farmers)

1. Land along the Volta basin

1. To increase vegetable production during dry season in order to improve the life of the beneficiaries

1. Lives of beneficiaries were improved

1. Conflict between livestock farmers and crop farmers 2. Men and women

1. Livestock owners 2. Women in the community

Crop farmers were now interested in residue which was formerly freely used by livestock and women as firewood. As a result of the project the crop residue became input for vegetable production

1. Dry season vegetable farm and livestock owners 2. Dry seasonvegetable farm and women

Beause crop residue according to the intervention was not supposed to be used by anyone

No prior conflict

1.

Vegetable crop farmers and livestock owners 2.

Vegetable farmers and women

Crop farmers

nothing

nothing

nothing

etornyo @yahoo .co.uk

Conflicts over water resources and accessibility mentioned, but no specific example is described.

Enhancement of fish production and water conservation in dugout for climate change adaptation in part of Yendi Municipal Area and To increase fish available while enhancing water conservation, employment and livelihood opportunities of project communities

Ethnic majority Dagombas Ethnic minorities Gonjas Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men Crop farming Main occupation of women Trading (petty) Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop yam Migration patterns Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming

Yendi Market

Chiefs

Chiefs

chiefs

No

No, unless the practice is dangerous to life and the offender caught, then punish by the chief

To increase fish available while enhancing water conservation, employment and livelihood opportunities of project communities.

Community Livelihood improveme nt Programme (CLIP)

CSIR-water Research Institute and the district assembly

1. To promote fish culture-based fisheries practices for food security and livelihood enhancement 2. Conservation of water in dugout and soil moisture

Crop farmers including women, men and youth of the community

Fishery resources in the dugout and through communal harvesting of the resource for the community. Each household took 1kg fish harvested as shares which want directly to women in each household

1. Both livestock owners and women were not targeted but were affected. In many places grazing rights are protected by the community memebers who rear ruminants and protecting rodents on the field from free roaming animals from exercising their common grazing rights 2. Men and women had conflict Migrant fishermen-they could not harvest all the fishery resources as they use to do in the past. In the process, the community learns about sustainable fishing in the wake of climate change. Each community participant had a share of the fish harvested.

1. Conservation of the dugout for more water

1. More fish for community 2. Good water conservation practices were adhered to after the project 3. Household balance diet improved 4. Fish farming skills acquired

1. Conflict between migrant fishermen and farmers who can do fishing by their own 2. Animals grazing on the trees planted to create buffer zones for the dugout water resources

1. Animals drinking from the dugout (herdsmen directly benefited)

1. It has improved water conservation and availability of fish in a more sustainable way

1. Indigenous fishermen and he migrant fishermen who used to fish harvest the dugout on behalf of the community members

1. Increased the awareness of the community to the ways in which other migrant fishermen are cheating them over their fishery resources

Intraconflict

1. Two communitie s sharing the same dugout for water use 2.

Indigenous crop farmers (now trained fishermen and the hired migrant fishermen from other community) and cattle herders

1. The fish caught in the dugout and the value of the fish 2. The fodder produced from trees planted to save a buffer zones for the dugout protection

1. To resolve the possible conflict between the two communities by engageing them in a stakeholder meeting on site 2. Call for a meeting with the chief and opinion leaders of the community

1. A demonstration of possible outcome if they collaborate 2. Provide some incentives (food, drinks) to be shared among project members

Re-vegetation of Nazia, Bongo Scred groves and sustainable livelihood for moshie fong widows group

Re-vegetation of Nazia, Bongo Scred groves and to create opportunity to women to access cultivate land for sustainable livelihood for moshie fong widows group

Ethnic majority Mamprusi Ethnic minorities Moshie/Gur uni Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men farming Main occupation of women farming Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop vegetables Migration patterns Seasonal migration of youth (dry season) to cities Main occupation of seasonal migrants No information

Walewal e Market

Currently people are not punished for unsustainab le practices

1. The establishment of multipurpose tree plantation within and around a sacred grove 2. The drilling of bore hole to provide water for plantation 3. The establishment of a nursery to raise seedlings 4. Support for women in dry season gardening/farming

Global Alliance Canada (CIDA)

1. The Environmen tal protection Agency (EPA) 2. Forestry Commission 3.

Agricultural Apartment

1. Revegetation degraded land within and around the Nazia Bongo sacred grove 2. Promote natural regeneration around the grove to enhance the emergences of new and indigenous species of plants and animals 3. Provide alternative and sustainable livelihood for women-mainly widows

women (widows) and community members

Land is being redistributed to women (widows) in the community who do not own or control land.

Through the support to the women for farming, the chief demarcated large tract of land within the sacred grove to the women for farming.

Originally, they can not access to land for farming except on their sons or husbands farms which is not sustainable.

Menspecifically, men were not targeted but they have been affected because they easily go into the plantation to cut the trees for roofing their homes

1. Increased vegetation within the Nazia and Bongo sacred groves 2. Provide sustainable livelihood for women 3. Emergence of new and indigenous species

1. Multipurpose plantation have been established 2. Women have sustainable livelihood (dry season farming) 3. New species emerged through plantation

1.

Pressure/comp etition over the use of the bore hole by the women groups for farming and community members for domestic activities 2.

Power/influenc e over the gains/use of the plantation 3.

Redistribution of land to women

1. The land was allocated by the chief to women for farming but the land/sacred grove is also used by the following people 1.

Hunters, fuel wood processors, harvesting of wood for roofing of houses 2. Bore hole which was constructed for women for farming and plantation was intended only to help them nurse seedlings, water their plants

1. Bore hole is not only used by women but now been used by men in the community for domestic activities and farming 2. On the land/sacred grove allocated to the women for farming the men are now advocating to farm on the sacred grove because it is more fertile 3. Women have access to land for farming and make their own decisions regarding control of their farms and incomes

1. The men have more control over decisions and the use of the land sacred grove by the above relationship men go into the plantation to cut down the trees without any permission from the women

1. The fact that women had access to fertile land for farming served as source of conflict. The men want to also farm on the Same land knowing that they have more influence/power over the women 2. The fact that the bore hole was purposely constructed to catered for the needs of the plantation and of women excluding men from it use whereas there is scarcity of water in the community.

3. Additionally, know agreement/documentatio n has been made on how resources from the plantation would be used or its benefit to the community members or users of the sacred grove

We were not aware of any conflict

Land owners and women beneficiarie s

Land

1. No action was taken. The conflict emerged at the later part of the implementation. The project had no clear action to prevent conflict

1. Proposed a community documentation on sanctions for people who engage in unsustainable practices especially in the sacred grove

hariatu. alidu@e pa.gov. gh

aadama zabre@y ahoo.co m

ACTIV-FARM

5

UDS

Fadilah Moham med,

Tamale, Northern region

Lecturer

moham med.fad ilahgh@ yahoo.c om

micro finance and environmental sustainability; the case of shea butter processEnhanc ement of fish production and water conservation in dugout for climate change adaptation in part of Yendi Municipal Area

6

PARED

Assani Suleman a Moses Tampuri

Nalerigu, West Mamprusi District, N/R

Programme Coordinator

tampuri 2002@y ahoo.co m

Adaptation Learning Project in Zambulugu and Yuntoranyiri between which youth conflicts exists over community boundaries, development projects, bush burning and electrification projects. ALP negiotiated the conflicts with success.

7

Departm ent of Agricult ure (MOFA)

Mavis Bulnuo

Upper East, Bawku

Staff

Dry Farmers farming close to dam instead of (50m away)Buffer zone

8

CSIRFORIG

Stephen Edem Akpalu

Upper East, Bolga

Staff

207392 105

Introduction of edible austration acacias towards reduction of food insecurity

9

East Mampru sis District Assembl y

Iddris Kelly

East Mamprusi,

Policy officer

iddrisuk elly@gm ail.com

Resiliency in northern Ghana (RING)

1. Active-farm is designed by CEEDAGhana currently being impemented in Lambusie. The intervention is to gve access to credit and training for women whose livelihoods is farming in the community. 80 women were targedted to be trained and given assistance in tractors and plough services for early cropping and also to support them on compost preparation. By whom was the intervention funded?

It was self-funded initially but created small micro-finance group (VSLA) has enabled women to finance their activities If any, who were the other implementing partners of the intervention?

MOFA, through AEAs 1. Microfinance institutions give loans to rural women to improve on the livelihood activities.

Most of these women are agro processors who depend on the natural resources in carrying out the activities which leads to depletion of natural resources

Ethnic majority Dagaabas Ethnic minorities Fulanis sisala Dominant religion Christianity

ALP was implementedto build community resilence and prepare them adequately to adapt to the imapcts of climate change on their livelihoods through various interventions models including VSLA, CAAPs, PSP etc.

1. Education of farmers along the white Volta dam to farm 50 m away from the river banks (buffer zones) to prevent silting of river drying up

To support women of reproductive age to build their resilience to improve their income and livelihood activities

The community chief Over lord of the traditional area

Ethnic majority Dagombas Ethnic minorities Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men 1. Farming Main occupation of women 1. Shea butter processing Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop Rice production Migration patterns: No answer provided Main occupation of seasonal migrants: no answer provided

Bonzali market

Chiefs

Ghana Water Company

The chief

No

Ethnic majority: Mamprusis Ethnic minorities: Kusasis, Fulanis, Bisas Dominant religion: Traditional

Main occupation of men is Crop farming Main occupation of women is Crop farming Main subsistence crop is maize Main cash crop Groundnut, soya beans Migration patterns Movement of young people especially girls to urban centers during dry season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Cities/town head porters, bar attendants

Nagboo

Chiefs and land owners mostly men

Entire community led by chiefs and elders. The water and sanitation committees are a late developmen t (they control water too)

Chiefs and water and sanitation committees

Not sanctioned but somehow these are done with impunity

Water users association

Tindaana of the area

No sanction enacted or document to curb unsustainab le practices

Lambusi e market

Tindanas (traditional land owners)

Tindaana of the area

District Assembly Department of Agriculture, District unit

Main occupation of men Crop Farming Main occupation of women Crop Farming Main subsistence crop maize Main cash crop Cotton, soya beans Migration patterns Immigration of Fulani, other relatives who maybe sacked from elsewhere out of migration Main occupation of seasonal migrants Crop farming and animals rearing

Ethnic majority Kusal Ethnic minorities Bisa Dominant religion Traditionalis t

Tindaana of the area

The community

Water resource commission

No There are reasons why culprits are not punished or left to go free

No strict sanctions for unsustainab le practices

No

1. Active-farm is designed by CEEDA-Ghana currently being impemted in Lambusie. The intervention is to give women and men access to credit and also train women whose livelihoods are agriculture/farmin g related. 800 women were targeted to be trained and given assistance such as tractors and plough services for early cropping and compost making

It was selffunded initially but created small microfinance group (VSLA) has enabled women to finance their activities

Not sure

1. Microfinance institutions give loans to rural women to improve on the livelihood activities. Most of these women are agro processors who depend on the natural resources in carrying out the activities which leads to depletion of natural resources

The intervention s are financed by micro finance and NGOs

None

1. Seeks to address the poverty situation of women in the operational areas of the NGOs

Women

1. Financial resource has been distributed to women to improve on the livelihood activities

Sometimes by the chiefs and elders, other times by the community developmen t committees

Jawani community (teanoba) being part developed community adaptation action plan which spelt out a number of actions.

They sort to achieve within the next 10-20 years.

Electrification was one of them fortunately the district assembly accepted to extend electricity to them.

However, Teanoba was not considered when the project began, resulting to strained relationship between the two communities increasing tension in both communities

The community adaptation action plan was funded by the ALP project through Care internationa l

PARED, District Assembly, MOFA, National Disaster manageme nt Organizatio n

The development of community adaptation action plans (CAAPs) sort to empower communities to assess their situation and take action (develop strategies/plan) for future adaptation needs.

Subsequently they will facilitate the implementation of the action plan (CAAPs). The electricity which was one of the issues captures in the CAAP was to boost local entrepreneurial skills and industry for climate change adaptation.

Members of the two communities including women, men and youth

Through community meetings, trainings and workshops stakeholders are sensitized on the need to support these vulnerable groups with land on temporal bases.

1. Site or location of dams 2. Destruction of farmlands during flooding 3. Prevent the encroachment of buffer zones 4. Water resource availability for dry season farming

1. Farmers who farm along the river banks and the dams within the community

No punishment is metted out to culprits of unsustainab le practices

1. Education of farmers along the white Volta dam to farm 50 m away from the river banks (buffer zones)

MOFA, through AEAs

MOFA,

1. Specifically, issue of traction was a problem to women after the on-set of rain. The project basically created such interventions supplying donkeys and plough for women groups for to have access to early ploughing.

1. Women of reproductive age in particular were target. The benefit reaped aided them to take good care of their children in terms of good nutrition and payment of other household bills.

Farm land

1. Water along the white Volta for irrigation farming 2. Farmers use water through water pumping machines to irrigate their farms 3. Dam construction for dry season farming

Fulani nomads, as well as men group who got interested and even started to prepare compost heaps for sale to women.

Fulanis were also consulted constantly to supply cow dung which aid in the preparing compost

2. Awareness of climate change impact on water resources and their role as human beings

1. Only 50 women had access to early ploughing 2. Women were able to form micro finance groups to mobilize funds for their activities and even pay other bills 3. It brought cooperation between Fulani nomads and the community 4. Women were able to cultivate variety crops enough and good interests

1. Sale of compost by in the community 2. Men who are household leads became afraid their women were taking over their responsibilities and that undermined their authority.

3. Women who were seasoned migrants were interested

1. Men farmers se the community land portion 2. Fulanis grace their animals on the lands 3. Settlers (sisalas) are also given the crop stocks as fuel 4. Widows women who were involved in violence

Men and children not targeted

1. The outcome of the intervention was to improve upon the livelihoods of women

1. The intended outcomes are the depleting of the natural resources (tree plants) and the atmosphere

1. Other users of the natural resources are farmers and herbalists

1. A lot of trees have been cut down and used by these agroprocessors which has made some tree plants go extinct

1. The most significant relationships that exist beyond the target group are relations between farmers, herbalists, forest guards, pastoralists fuel wood sellers charcoal burning etc

1. Most rural women depend on the natural resources for their livelihoods. Agroprocessors eg shea butter processors depend much on fuel wood in undertaking their processing activities which depletes the environment in terms of lost of some tree species, erosion and soil degradation. As a resulted in fertility cultivated lands are lost, tree plants use for medicinal purposes are also lost. This led to conflict between the women users groups of natural resources.

Inter-ethnic

The groups that can be conflict are the farmers, shea butter processors herbalists and pastoralists

Infact the people Teanoba were targeted by the electfication in the paln but when it as implemented they did not benefit from it.

The expected outcome was to have electricity connedted to the Jawani community including Teanoba community

1. The actual outcome of the intervention is that it has really improved the livelihood of women in terms of income but has also resulted into unintended outcome of depleting the environment since the women depend so much of natural resource for the livelihoodthe use of fuel wood and the emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere Some issues of the CAAP have been implemented, notably extension of the national grid to Jawani.

Electricity is now extended to Jawani excluding Teanoba

Tension/conflict /disagreement between Jawani and Teanoba over the electricity project

1. Dunni 2.

Kpalraka 3. Tunni Dag-Zio 4.

Zandua are communities that around Jawnai and male use of electricity for example, the wielding shops in Jawani may create jobs for people.

Communities can now charge their mobile phones and women have express service when they process grains for grinding and sheanut for butter. On the other hand, these communities are also jealous and may cause damage to electric poles.

The use of electricity in Jawani is increasing by the day because of the ties the people have with neighbouring communities.

The chiefs and elders of these neighbouring communities continue to interact with the chief of Jawani.

Farmland in all the communities are used by all.

Before ALP Jawani and Teanoba co-existed peacefully and had interacted in all sphere of social life.

ALP improved this relationship further leading to the joint community action plan development.

It was however, the extension of electricity to Jawani through eraction of light poles without same done in Teanoba sparked contention. This was exacerbated when the electrification was commissioned in Jawani leaving Teanob out

No prior conflict

Basically it the entire Teanoba community which is in conflict situation with Jawani. This is mainly led by the community leaders and youth of Teanoba against Jawani

1. Pastoralists user the resource for animal watering 2. Sand winnowers

No response to this question

1. Destruction of farmlands along the river banks minimized 2. Sufficient water for dry season irrigation to enhance all year round farming

1. Water availability for farming crops such as vegetable productions to enhance household nutirition and income

1. 50m away practices are not adhere to by farmers 2. Buildings being constructed on irrigable lands

There is more demand for the electricity because other neighbours come into Jawani to process shea butter nuts, also wielding.

This has improved the patronage of the market as a result increase patronage by neighbouring communities

Main occupation of men Farming, artisan during the minor season Main occupation of women Farming and petty trading Main subsistence crop Millet, maize, sorghum Main cash crop Onion Migration patterns Frequent migration especially the youth during the dry season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Head pans (kayaye), manual labor at construction sites or resturants

Binaba market

Ethnic majority Talen, Dominant religion: christianity

Farming and small scale mining

Tongo Market

Tindana

Not well defined

Assembly member

No

No

Introduction of edible Australian acacias for the improvement of nutrition, soil improvement and fuel wood production

World Vision Australia

CSIRForestry Research Institute of Ghana

1. Nutrition to supplement the protein requirement of households 2. Soil improvement to replenish poor soil with nutrients through nitrogen fixation and biomas decomposition 3. Fuelwood and pole production or fast growing tree species that produces quantity wood for energy production and housing

Women and farmers

Land-farmlands used for the establishment of lots on farmlands as agroforestry practices-they are considered to be competing with field crops

For the inclusion in food to improve the nutritional value, women were the target groups but men and children also benefit.

Non-farmers

1. Improved nutrition 2. Soil improvement on farmlands 3. Improved availability of tree resources and reduced premise on forests resources

1. Re-greening of the environment 2. Improved availability of tree resources

1.

Regreening and shade provision in and around homes 2. Conflict between farmers and miners for land

1. Miners, 2. livestock farmers

1. Reduced availability of farming land due to woodlot establishment 2. Farming has become more sedentary due to improved soil that can support continuous cropping

Ethnic majority Mamprusi Ethnic minorities Dagombas Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men 1. Food production Main occupation of women 1. Farming and petty trading Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop Rice and soya bean Migration patterns Seasonal migration Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming

Garu

Chiefs and opinion leaders

Community committee

Traditional leaders and district assembly

No. But farm burning are strictly not allowed.

Culprits are fined in kind or cash equivalence of what was destroyed

No but in case of bush burning if ones farm produced is destroyed culprit is fined to pay for what has been destroyed

1. This is a USAID intervention which is spanning from 2014 to 2019. This intends to reduce stunting in under 5 and improving maternal health. It is also meant to sustain the economic gains of beneficiaries through Village Savings and Loans Association (VSLA) concept

United Nations Agency for Internation al Developme nt (DFID)

Global Communitie s and the East Mamprusis District Assembly

1. To reduce stunting in under 5 while providing the health of women of reproductive age 2. Also meant to encourage the culture of savings among the beneficiaires 3. Above this, is hoped to be achieved through the following interventions (activities) 1. Soya bean cultivation, 2, supply of ruminants, 3 VSLA

1. Women of reproductive age and children under 5 years

1. Soya bean cultivation through the allocation of land to women by family members and spouses 2. Distribution of small ruminants to target beneficiaries groups 3. Two areas of land were ploughed for each of the 25 women in 4 communities.

Also 3 female sheep to the target population

Men were not targeted affected in the sense that they have to release arable lands for the women to cultivate.

Men also catered for the ruminants

1. To reduce stunting and anaemia in children under 5 2. To maintain soil fertility to enable beneficiaries to grow cereals without apply chemical fertilizers 3. To encourage saving savings among beneficiary groups

1. Improved nutrition among women and children under 5 2. Women target 3. Restoration of soil fertility 4. Encouraged savings within target beneficiaries

1. Exclusion of men in the process of implementation ie husbands, relatives

1. Other women within the household that benefits other than the selected beneficiaries ie.

From the arable lands

1. Land which is central here is now released to women to freely engage in farming activities

1. Wifehusband relationship 2. Landlordssettlers relationships 3. Fulanilandlord/chief relationship 4. Nephewslandlord relationship

People in Jawani farm in other communities and the vice versa. This shows the extend of relationshipthere is interdependenc y in the use of farmlands in Jawani and neighbouring communities

1. Farmers have a cordial relationship with pastoralists that have settled in the communities for long.

However, more pastoralists are beginning to troop into the communities and farmers are not in agreement because their animals would destroy crops and farm lands.

2. There are factions (one chief agrees the pastoralists stay while the other chief doesn’t agree) 1. Land availability for expansion of the project us reduced due to mining activities 2. Nonbeneficiaries within the same community learn from beneficiaries and also adopt the intervention 3. In other case some nonbeneficiaries get jealous and destroy the plots of the beneficiaries

1. Men who have multiple wives and in a case where one is a beneficiary faces challenges in supporting the beneficiary wife in the implementation process 2.

Notwithstandin g other cereals cultivated on the same land prevent soya bean which is rich in crop nutrient from growing well

1. It has exerbated issues around the people where they try to define who have rights to ownership and use of lands for farming

yes there was an Intra-ethnic conflict

1. Men and women in VSLA 2. Women and women in VSLA 3. Men and targeted VSLA women 4.

Landlords and women

1. Farm lands 2. Stock or crop residue

1. Yes, with and through the involvement of the district assemblymen and the assistant fishery officers in the community

1. Briefing on project aims and objectives 2. Involvement of their opinion leaders in the community and chief 3. Active engagement of the youth in the project 4. Community chose good leaders

No comment

Yes it did by instituting a local structure which links to the district level and to the regional level

1. The involvement and willingness of the chief strengthened cooperation 2. Continuous education and sensitization also strengthened cooperation before the implementation , the institutionalizat ion of community environmental management committee helped to reduce conflict

No comment

1. Land ownership mapping exercise 2. Land usage mapping exercise 3. Conflict mapping of the area

No comment

The structure at the community was community environmental management committee (CEMC) which is a sevenmember body including the chief, women and youth leaders, a teacher in the community, religious leader, opinion leaders and assembly person.

No comment

Inter-ethnic (farmerspastoralists )

1. Crop farmers and pastoralist 2. Conflict within the water users association because some farmers do not pay dues for the maintenanc e of dams

The DEMC also reports to The Regional Environmental Management Committee (REMC) where feedback is taken from down level (CEMCREMC).

Yes. The groups are trained in marketing and bargaining skills and because of that they involved the assembly members who were able to collaborate with food crop buyers to come and purchase food stuff in their community directly at good price.

The intervention did not anticipate rise of such conflicts at the beginning of the project. However, the women themselves saw the need to contact their Fulani settlers and arrange for mutual assistance where crop residue was given to the Fulani animals in excharge for dung for the prepariong of compost VSLAs meeting visits gave us the rather change to encourage the women to rather allow their husbands to prepare the compost for them.

This way the men would feel part of the process to lower tension between and among households and VSLA members

1. It increased the number of VSLAs to include more women 2. There are also men groups currently ready to formed VSLA 3. Settlers are being encourages tonuse their microincome to diversify to other farming livelihood other then crop farming.

This will lessen their demand for large usage

They are competing for the scare tree plants in their environmen t from their various environmen t activities

1. Micro-finance institutions need to factor in environmental sustainability aspect in their service so as to prevent the depletion of forest resources 2. They also need to create us awareness level of their beneficiaries through advocacy programme.

3. Beneficiaries should be encouraged to engage in environmental sensitive livelihood activities

no entry

no entry

no entry

This case has met been undertaken. It is a project which I intend to research into to find out how micro-finance interventions to women can enhance environmental sustainability and climate change.

They are competing over the distribution and or allocation of social amenities.

In this case, it is access to the electricity through the national grid

The intervention (ALP) itself did not have any component to address the stated conflict situation between the two communities (Jawani and Teanoba).

Again the ALP project did nothing. However the Teanoba community leadership and the youth including women were mobilizing and delegation of people sent to the district assembly to lobby for the extension of the project to them

Yes Initially during the implementation of the ALP interventions, the two communities had strong linkages with the district assembly and its decentralized agencies including MOFA and NADMO. This was done through their involvement in community planning processes rolling out of some of the interventions like the annual participatory scenario planning event where MOFA, NADMO and PARED leading the process alongside meteorological agency

Actions taken might have included:

Jawani now has electricity while Teanoba has not been connected to the national grid. I don’t really know why but the people of Teanoba believe it is political

The intervention was under the ministry of MOFA so therefore farmers were linked to the ministry through the AEAs in the operational areas where these farmers are located. However, with the current decentralization target groups are linked to the District assembly

1. No action was taken

However the implementation partner still engages the communities in dialogue, Teanoba community was encouraged to approach the district assembly to include thir community as beneficiaries too.

They did just that through the assembly member to the contractor and the district chief executive-all failed.

Now Teanoba community is accusing the assembly member he is residents of Jawani.

1. The intervention exacerbated conflict between crop farmers and pastoralists especially dry season farmers animals of pastoralists tried to compete for the available water for dry season production. Pasture lands are reduced because farmers have water to go into dry season cultivation. Lands are not left fallow for animals to graze on.

Additional comments or notes

The CEMC reports to the District Environmental Management Committee at the district. This committee constitute various heads of departments at the district level involved in the environmental issues.

1. Good nutrition for women and their children in term of food availability and in various varieties 2. Women are able to cart their food from farms early enough to prevent paost harvest losses 3. They had good bargaining skills for their farm produce at the market place

1. Pastoralists (sensitization or education activities seem not to include the pastoral habitants living within such communities.

Pastoralists have less water resource for their cattle as a result of sitted portions 2. Sand winnowers tend to destroy arable lands

1. There are more strict rules to gaining access to farmland now then before landlords now prefer sharecropping or other valuable 2. There is clear decision of the people and this has made them ownershipsensitive

What kind of actions might have been undertaken prior to implementing the project which might have further strengthened cooperation/ collective action or avoided risk of conflict/conte station during the project?

Nothing

1. They are competing over land for food cropping and pasture for animals to graze 2.

Competing over water resources for animals watering and food crop culture

1. The intervention registered farmers under associations.

Farmers felt belonging where they meet to take collective decisions, to residue conflicts among members

1. The formation of water users associations where farmers are put into organized groups with elected or appointed executives, organize regular meetings, seek the assistance of the agriculture extension agents for training.

Almost all groups have been on mobile money to help them receive and send cash at meeting days with a mobile money ventdor without going to the bank.

1. Carry out an assessment of the district or review an assessment of the district profile if available 2. Do a comprehensive baseline studies of the target areas 3. Carry out an assessment of the settlement patterns and the interconnections that exist between same groups, the different ethnic groups and the minority groups.

The presence of electricity in Jawani has improved lives tremendously through the setting up of more local industries like wielding shops, grain processing plants and all of which use electricity.

The incomes of some people in Jawani have increased while the people of Teanoba have remained poorer.

The social lives of Jawani residents have appreciated. They have light for entertainments (playing radio and types) charging their mobile phones etc.

Climate change interventions should engage target groups involved in order to minimize conflicts that might arise in future.

Lessons learnt from projects that were not conflict sensitive should be incorporated into planning of interventions. Stakeholders should be sensitized to take up pragmatic measures in resolving conflicts.

Hitherto, when pastoralists were not on an issue in agricultural production or activities today, conflicts are generated quite often between arable crop farmers and pastoralists.

Lands could be demarcated for pastoralists do manage for pasture grazing and perhaps integrate crop and livestock production

Due to the tradition where livestock are allowed to be kept free range in the off cropping season, animals break or destroy the trees planted during this period. This affects the survival rates of the trees. However, the success of the nutrition improvement component of the project depends on the level of seed production as a source of protein to augument nutrition value of food. There is therefore a conflct between the farmers and livestock herdsmen who live together in the same community.

Ironically the same people who are crop farmers keep the livestock which destroy the trees 1.

The intervention required land for cultivation whose focus is on women, most men do not really support this and they turn to be barren land to women to cultivate the soy bean.

Intraconflict

Livestock farmer and crop farmers in the same community

The survival of their respective enterprises

1. To select and introduce tree species that are browsed by livestock 2. To select beneficiaries based on expression of interest

1. To facilitate collective action the tried to introduce activities that will embrace a wide range of groups of beneficiaries eg 2. Crop farmerssoil fertility improvement 3. Householdsnutrition enhancement 4. Women and processorsfuelwood production All these groups are centred around the same intervention

Yes During training workshops including the launch of the intervention, the district assembly is informed and a representative made to attend to give a better appreciation of the intervention

1. Cross visits to locations where the intervention has been practised to learn from their success and failure stories 2. Workshop to create awareness on the possible benefit of the intereaction 3. The selection of beneficiaries based on their needs and interest

To compare the intervention in the commitment with a standard a demonstration plot was established which was fenced.

It was obvious that in order to prevent conflict and to ensure success there will be the need to ensure for beneficiaries to improvise protection methods for their tree seedlings

No prior conflict

?

?

1. Before implementation, stakeholders meetings comprising chiefs, opinion leaders, youth group leaders were sensitized 2. Again criteria for selectin was also had to reached communities and poor households 3. Communities without basic amenities such as portable water, schools, health centers were considered

1. The intervention sensitized men and women who were not directly benefiting from the specific livelihoods linked the soy bean farmers to VSLA, small ruminants on community wide intervention.

2. These ones are drilling of bore holes, community led total sanitation (CLTS) for the communities

1. Meetings such as annual preimplementation review meetings are organized 2. Also end of year review of implementation work plan and budget meetings are organized Note: participants always included chiefs, youth, beneficiaries and other NGOs implementing partners and community leaders

1. Stakeholder sensitization 2. Developed selection criteria (community based targeting), poor households, women of reproductive age and children under 5)

The intervention is respond to climate change variability which has left small holder farmers disadvantaged in terms of games

10

Departm ent of Agricult ure

Ibrahim Jamaldeen

Upper East Region

Staff

242550 446

Rice sector support project

1. Development of lowland for rice production 2. Created water management structures 3. Redistribution of land farmers 4. Facilitate farmers access to inputs 5. Built capacity of farmers 6. Expand land for rice production

Ethnic majority Kusasis, Bimobas, pounsangas Ethnic minorities Dominant religion Traditional

Main occupation of men 1. Food crop farming, 2. vegetable farming, 3. livestock production, 4. petty trading) Main occupation of women 1. vegetable farming 2. petty trading Main subsistence crop Maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut, Bambara beans Main cash crop Rice, soy, cowpea, onion Migration patterns Seasonal migration from December to April Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming food crop Main occupation of men farming Main occupation of women farming Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop yam Migration patterns Youth migranting to southern Ghana during season but return durin rainy season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming

Outside commun ity

Clan heads The land is held by family or clan heads for or behalf of the people

Chief

Chief

No, the community prevent people from felling trees

Yes The chief fines the culprit

1. Development of lowland for rice production 2. Created water management structures 3. Redistribution of land farmers 4. Facilitate farmers access to inputs 5. Built capacity of farmers 6. Expand land for rice production

Ghana government , Africa Developme nt Bank

No

1. To improve inadequate access to land for rice production 2. To increased farmers’ income through rice production 3. To enhance extension service 4. To enhance farmers access to inputs 5. Improve low income of farmers 6. Improve water conservation for rice production

1. Small holder farmers 2. Men, women and youth

11

UDS

Cuthbert Kaba Nabilse

Northern Region

Senior research assistant

cuthbert kaba@g mail.co m

Conflict between communities involved in forest management communities and nonbenefitted communitites.

Furthermore, conflicts between communities and hunters that contribute to bush fires.

1. Protection of a community grove or forest which protects a dam which is the source of water for the community by preventing cutting of trees and burning.

2. Also, prevention of farm burning and promotion of SLM practices so as to conserve soil fertility and ensure availability of thatch for community members to harvest

Ethnic majority Dagombas Ethnic minorities Gonjas and mamprusi Dominant religion Islam

Tamale market

The community chiefs

The community chief together the forest protection committee

The community chief together the forest protection committee

Yes. Tree felling and farm burning disallowed in the community and anyone who fells trees or burn farm without permission is fined or reported to police

Yes. The chief and community forest protection committee are responsible for punishing culprits.

Punishment is usually is the form of a fine which could be in cash or livestock or farm produce

1. Protection of a community grove or forest which protects a dam which is the source of water for the community by preventing cutting of trees and burning.

2. Also, prevention of farm burning and promotion of SLM practices so as to conserve soil fertility and ensure availability of thatch for community members to harvest

Mainly by the community chief and contribution s by community members

UDS and UNEP-these institutions recognized the community initiative and sought to strengthen and promote the intervention for upscaling and out scaling to other communitie s.

1. It sought to stop bush burning which affects soil fertility on farmlands and reducing the availability of thatch for the community members 2. It also sought to prevent the community groves or forests which protected community dam and prevent it from dying up and also make sure that the available medicinal plants in the grove of forest were not lost

The beneficiaries were all members of the community but particularly women (so that they don’t travel long distances to get water and firewood) and men (so that they don’t travel long distances to get thatch or spend money in purchasing it)

To support farmers build their capacity in GAP, seed and input support as well as links farmers to structure market

Ethnic majority Kasenas Ethnic minorities Frafra Dominant religion christianity

Main occupation of men 1. Food crop farming, Main occupation of women 1. Wild collection of fruit and fuel wood Main subsistence crop Millet Main cash crop Groundnut Migration patterns Dry season migration to south of Ghana Main occupation of seasonal migrants Work on farms in southern Ghana and head porters

Paga

Tindaanas, family heads

The government officials and communitie s

EPA, and village heads

No

No

Support farmers build their capacity in GAP, seed and input support as well as linking farmers to structure market

SNV and NRGP

Chambisi Fara project and NACEDA in Walewale and Chereponi

1. Increase income of farmers especially female farmers

1. Small holder farmers 2. Women farmers

1. Land access to female farmers 2. Quality sesame seed 3. Farm inputs

1. Other land users had low access to area previously was not cultivated 2. Other crops had farmers shifted from those crops to Sesame farming

Different ethnic groups

1. Farming and petty trading

Garu

Chiefs and opinion leaders

Community committee

Community sub chief

Yes

Culprits are first advised and warned by the chief, and later to the police when the crime is committed again

1. Ghana Social opportunity project (GSOP) is one of the climate change intervention agencies which is focusing on tree planting. They are into mango plantation in rural areas of their selected district

World Bank through the local government

The District Assembly

1. Seeks to address the problems of climate change 2. It is a labour intensive programme that seeks to put money into the pockets of the poor in rural areas 3. Fruits availability

1. Unskilled rural poor 2. Targeting 70% women

1. The resources include their payments after a completion of every task (money) 2. Cutlases-given to individual beneficiary 3. Wellington boots 4. Wheel barrows (I per community) 5. Manago seedlings (given according to the size of the land) 6. Bore holes

No

1. WABEP-Ghana monitors and picked signals of rising tension between community and nomadic Fulanis. It then held focus group discussions for more informed action by entering into dialogue at the community level and the information use as part of early warning signal brief.

The Regional Office of WANEP

None

1. There was increased tension between community members especially crop farmers and Fulanis over the destruction of farm produce, hardening of the earth as a result of the movement of cattle through farms and the pollution of water bodies by the animals.

1. Crop farmers 2. Women who use pond/stream water 3. Cattle owners 4. Fulani nomads and settlers Fulanis

1. Community dialogue initiated led to the understanding and guided movement of cattle, nonfelling of economic trees, and designated pond for cattle to drink from

Some of the community members did not appreciate the project the first time it was introduced, thus low turnout for registration of beneficiaries.

Those who took the advantage of the project have established personal businesses (petty trading) using the money gained as capital whereas those who failed to register are not benefiting 1. Women were targeted but the decisions and education resulted in non=felling of economic trees which benefited the women.

Suspicion among the stakeholders has reduced

The project was meant to control water pollution, thus, the community get their water from the stream where animals also drink from so we try to educate them to boil water before drinking and farmers should avoid using chemicals

Methodist Developme nt Fund (USA)

The regional community water and sanitation office (upper west region)

1. Educate community members on how to make stream water portable for home use 2. Let farmers understand the dangers of using chemicals in their farms which affects the water body 3. Make animal rearers (Fulanis) to have a specific place for their animals to drink

1. Women 2. Community members

no response given

1. Ministry of Environmen t science, technology and innovation (MESTI)

1. MOFA 2. EPA 3. Forestry Commission (FC)

1. Strengthen capacities of the community for micro-watershed and land use planning 2. Promote sustainable land and water management 3. Implementation sustainable land and water management in micro-watershade 4. Management of riparian biological corridors 5. Provision of livestock interventions (small ruminants) 6. Establishment of rangeland/pastoral field

All adults in the community who express interest and develop subproject proposals

1. Pastoral land developed are being used by the community and its being regulated by the community members and the committee instituted

Nearby community members and some herdsmen who have large flock could not benefit

UDS, SARI, MOFA, Municipal Assembly, Sumbrungu community GMET

1. To ensure that the straw that the women use as the major material to weave the basket are available at their doorsteps.

The Vetiver grass which is the source of straw for weaving their basket is gradually becoming endangered. As at now the women use the straw from the southern part of Ghana, Kumasi.

2. The intervention was aimed at consciously and deliberately cultivating the vetiver grass just like any other crop to serve as the source of from which the women could get their straw to weave their basket 1. It sought to stop bush burning which affects soil fertility on farmlands and reducing the availability of thatch for the community members 2. It also sought to prevent the community groves or forests which protected community dam and prevent it from dying up and also make sure that the available medicinal plants in the grove of forest were not lost

1.

Women (basket weaving group)

1. land is being redistributed, traditionally women do not own land I the Sumbrungu area.

They therefore have to appeal to their men folks (land owners) to get them the land to grow the vetiver grass

1.

The men and hunters, but were affected by the intervetions because they own cattle and small ruminants that graze on the same land used to cultivate the grass.

12

ORGIIS

Julius Awaregy a

Upper East Region

Staff

No contact given

Sesame value chain

13

Departm ent of Agricult ure

Rita Akparib o

Upper East Region

Upper East

247345 57

Climate change mitigation (GSOP)

14

WANEP Ghana

Albert Yelyang

Tamale, Northern region

National Network Coordinator

ayelyan g@wane pghana. org ayelyan g@gmail .com

Conflict cases mentioned across Ghana, some of which focused on conflicts and insecurity between communities and corporations in the extractive industry. No specific interventions are elaborated on, but many research projects are mentioned.

Also, conflict between farmers and pastoralists over cropland and grazing field

monitoring of farmerpastoral meeting and dialogue to promote peaceful co-existence between farmers and pastoralists in Ghana

1. Ethnic majority Dagomba 2. Ethnic minorities Fulanis 3.

Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men: Crop farming Main occupation of women: Crop farming Main subsistence crop: Maize Main cash crop: Yams, maize Migration patterns: Immigration by nomads Migration into hinterlands Main occupation of seasonal migrants: Animal husbandry

Yendi Market

Family heads and chiefs

Not well defined: community heads

Assembly person, chief and family heads

No

Bulay Kuong Ghana

Linda Nyaama h Anaabah

Upper West region

Program manager

024678 0511/05 071223 33 nyaama hla@gm ail.com

Programme Manager/Fundr aising

The project was meant to control water pollution, and also use best practices in water use such as boiling suspected polluted water or water shared with livestock and avoidance of chemical use near water bodies

Ethnic majority Dagaabas (lobis) Ethnic minorities Walas Dominant religion Traditional/i slamic

Main occupation of men Farmers/hunters Main occupation of women Traders, farmers and pito brewer Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop Soy, groundnut Migration patterns most young move to Banakwate (galamsey) young women move seasonally Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming and head porters Main occupation of men Farming Main occupation of women Farming Main subsistence crop maize Main cash crop soya beans Migration patterns Move tosouthern Ghana Main occupation of seasonal migrants farming

Peesi Market

Chiefs and opinion leaders

Chiefs

chiefs

yes

Wa

Tindaana/c hiefs

Entire community

1. Ministry of Food and Agriculture 2.

Environmen tal Protection Agency 3. District Assembly

No

No

1.

To improve the livelihoods of the Kpalinye community and its component households through comprehensive and integrated natural resurces management

1. Farming and basket weaving, petty trading.

2.Main crops: millet, groundnut, 3. Youth in particular moving the south between November and march in search of work

Sumbru ngu market (every 3 days)

The chiefs, the tindanas and clan and family heads

The chiefs and the tindanas

The chief, assembly Member

No

No

1. Assisting the women folk in to increase their income evel basket weaving business through business development training, market access and growing of vetiver grass to provide straw a lower cost at their doorsteps to enhance their basket weaving business

15

16

MoFA

Kwasi Wih

Upper West region

Staff

kwasiwi h1966@ gmail.co m

Integrated Soil Fertility Management

1. To improve the livelihoods of the Kpalinye community and its component households through comprehensive and integrated natural resurces management 2. To sustainably use existing natural resources to optimize the use of untapped potentials in already degrded areas as well as degraded prone and undegraded areas within Kpalinye community

Ethnic majority Waalas/Dag aabas Ethnic minorities Fulanis Dominant religion Christianity

17

Tradeaid integrat ed

Simon Nchor Amoah

Upper East Region

Coordinator CC adaptation project

amoahsi mon60 @yahoo .com

Intervention aimed at cultivation of vetiver grass for basket weaving, increasing opportunities for women.

Conflicts arise over land and grazing cattle.

Sustainable women’s livelihood through enhancing basket weaving business

1. Ethnic majority Grunness 2. Ethnic minorities Fulanis sisala 3.

Dominant religion: traditional

18

UDS

Cuthben t Kuba Nabilse

Northern Region

Lecturer

249743 266

community forest/grove protection and non-burning farming practice

The project was aimed to enhance soil fetility, vegetation cover and promote non burning practices

Ethnic majority Dagombas Ethnic minorities Gonjas and mamprusi Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men farming Main occupation of women farming Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop yam Migration patterns Youth migranting to southern Ghana during season but return durin rainy season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming

Tamale market

The community chiefs

No, people are not punish

The community chief together the forest protection committee

The community chief together the forest protection committee

Yes. Tree felling and farm burning disallowed in the community and anyone who fells trees or burn farm without permission is fined or reported to police

Yes. The chief and community forest protection committee are responsible for punishing culprits.

Punishment is usually is the form of a fine which could be in cash or livestock or farm produce

1. Protection of a community grove or forest which protects a dam which is the source of water for the community by preventing cutting of trees and burning.

2. Also, prevention of farm burning and promotion of SLM practices so as to conserve soil fertility and ensure availability of thatch for community members to harvest

The developmen t of foreign affairs, trade and developmen t of the Canadian government feed the children (CFCTC) Mainly by the community chief and contribution s by community members

UDS and UNEP-these institutions recognized the community initiative and sought to strengthen and promote the intervention for upscaling and out scaling to other communitie s.

The beneficiaries were all members of the community but particularly women (so that they don’t travel long distances to get water and firewood) and men (so that they don’t travel long distances to get thatch or spend money in purchasing it)

1. Plots of land for rice cultivation 2. Land distribution by land owners 3. After the development of the lowland it was handed over to the landowners for redistribution 4. Land owners gave land to people deem reliable 5. Land given to farmers interested in rice production

?

1. Cattle and small ruminants’ owners 2. This land was fallow so cattle ad small ruminants used to graze on the land. After the development there was no fodder for the animals to feed on 3. Animals have to move further distances to graze

Surrounding village were not targeted but were affected positively because they got to harvest thatch from Zoborgu and also got to fetch water from Zoborgu when their dams dried up in dry season.

Game hunters took advantage of the protection of the forest to hunt for game within it

Herdsmen and farmers were not targeted but they were affected in that their animals were allowed to drink from a particular spot of the stream.

This sometimes cannot be controlled.

Surrounding village were not targeted but were affected positively because they got to harvest thatch from Zoborgu and also got to fetch water from Zoborgu when their dams dried up in dry season.

Game hunters took advantage of the protection of the forest to hunt for game within it

1. More small holder farmers to access land for rice production 2. Increased area under rice cultivation in the district 3. Increased income of smallholder farmers through rice production 4. Enhanced farmers access to credit

1. Not all land developed was put into into rice production 2. Less farmers than expected accessed land for rice production 3. Less farmers accessed credit for production

1. Some farmers who before the intervention could have access to land no longer had access to such lands after the land development 2. Low rice cultivation 3. Parts of developed land not used for rice cultivation 4. Inadequate fodder for livestock 5. Women not getting fuel wood

1. Large scale rice farmers 2. Migrant farmers

1. All-year round water availability in the dam protected by the grove 2. Preservation and protection of important and medicinal plant species 3. Improved soil fertility 4. Stoppage of burning of farm residue after harvest 5. Available roofing material (thatch and rafters) every season

1. The protection of community forest drew the attention of wild game hunters who sometimes set fire to the forest 2. Conflict with neighbouring communities over harvesting of thatch and fetching of water from Zoborgu dam during dry season when almost all dams in the area have dried out 3. Spread of intervention to neighbouring communities

1. Neighbouring communities who harvest thatch and get water from Zorborgu dam 2. Game hunters from tamale and Yendi who target the community to hunt for game 3. Nomads who occasionally come to graze their livestock in the community 4. Sheikina Clinic which comes to harvest some medicinal leaves/plants from the forest

1. Improve capacity of farmers and AEAs 2. Improve yields of Sesame production 3. Improve income of smallholder’s farmers 4. Market access to small holder farmers

1. Farmers and AEAs capacity built on Sesame production 2. Local consumption of Sesame increased 3. High quality Sesame produced

1. Lack of market access 2. Yields exceeded the expected quality

1. To improve the standard of living of the rural poor

1. Poor women in this community can now make small savings out of their payment and diversify their livelihood 2. Beneficiaries testify that they are able register for National Health Insurance and accessed quality health care that improved their health

1. Continuous water availability allyear round because of the protection of the dam 2. Preservation of important trees and grass species that were of medicinal value 3. Preservation of soil fertility 4. Readily available roofing material (thatch) 5. Protection of habitat for game

1. Reduced tension between the farmers and nomadic 2. Consensus reached on the use of land resources to the benefit of parties

1. Community understood the dangers water of borne diseases 2. Farmers understood the dangers of using chemicals on environment 1. Improved soil fertility resulting in increase in crop yields 2. Availability of permanent source of water for dry season farming and livestock

1.

To provide straw at the doorsteps for basket weaving

1. Continuous water availability allyear round because of the protection of the dam 2. Preservation of important trees and grass species that were of medicinal value 3. Preservation of soil fertility 4. Readily available roofing material (thatch) 5. Protection of habitat for game

1. Some natives not able to access land for rice production 2. Some land users were displaced 3. Farmers shifted from other crops such as millet, maize to rice production 4. Farms sizes of user groups changed. Many farmers increased the land size from 0.25ha to 0.4ha 5. More farmers now cultivate rice 6. The value of land enhanced 1. Use of water from the dam has increased especially during dry season when other dams dried out 2. Livestock are brought to the dam to be watered. This has resulted in increased recognition of the water resource by the community members and other users resulting in increased efforts to protect it

1. Relationship between land owners and land users.

Land users abide by their tenancy agreements 2. Extension agents pay more attention to the needs of farmers 3. Financial institutions willing to give credit to farmers

2.

Also, other women outside the target beneficiaries turn to unnecessarily turn to demand from their for piece of land to cultivate even though they hitherto did not need to. Note: in multiple wives’ concept.

No prior conflict

1. Families and communitie s-the land tenure system is by family ownership so this explain why the conflict is between families and communitie s 2. People support their families members or community members in land dispute

1. The groups are competing over a piece of land that was developed for rice production

1. Sensitization of communities 2. Stakeholder consultation to foster cooperation among users 3. Involvement of local government authority (district chief executive)

1. Community networking in control water and expand lowland to increase access

1. Community dialogue meetings

1. Mapping of land owners 2. Expansion of land development to take into consideration the need for commercializati on 3. Detailed stakeholder engagement before signing MOUs

1. The conflict affected the project outcome 2. Extension agents were careful not to get involved in the conflict so limited extension services were provided to farmers

1. The forest commission of Ghana has linked up with the community to promote the initiative so as to achieve its objectives by supporting them to plant trees in the forest and also setting up a teak plantation in the community 2. The link with UDS has created awareness about the initiative and efforts have been made to help promote the initiative

1. Increased tensions between Zoborgu and neighbouring communities. Some fires started by neighbouring communities sometimes swept through the community members farms.

2. The focus game hunter on the community forest led to arming in order to drive hunters away from the forest. The community is arresting hunters hence protracted conflict. Police service was once called upon to support the community to protect the forest from hunters.

3. Also the prevention of bush burning has made available thatch which is sometimes harvested by members of other communities and this always results in tension

Inter-ethnic Intra-ethnic

1. Zoborgu community is against game hunters and neightbouri ng communitie s which sometimes set bush fire that go to effect farms owned by residents of Zoborgu

1. The thatch and farm residue which is not burned 2. Wild game in the community forest 3. Bush fires that are started for the purposes of hunting for rats (beera)

1. The intervention by UDS and UNEP is recognizing the community initiative sought to strengthen and promote dialogue within members of the community (men, women, youth) and dialogue between communities so as to allow for cooperation in sustaining the initiative

1. The intervention sought to facilitate dialogue within Zoborgu and between it and its neighthbours.

Frequent community meetings and the provision of a sign board helped create awareness an allowed other community to visit and adopt what was happening Zoborgu.

Zakarayili has actually adopted the initiative and there is no burning in that community.

Also there are planting trees to protect their dam 2.

1. Yes. There were efforts at linking that forestry commission in Tamale with Zakarayili and other communities over Zoborgu which were interested in such SLM initiative. The assembly member for the area was made part of all meetings and discussions and he was encouraged to mention the initiative to mention the initiative to his colleagues at the Assembly meetings

1. If the intervention had considered all and actually included all surrounding communities from the start, cooperation would have been strengthened and efforts would have been more concreted.

Awareness would have been more and adoption of the initiative would have been faster.

The intervention described here was part of a large project called strengthening community initiative for sustainable land management (SCI-SLM). It was implemented in Ghana, Uganda, Moroco and South Africa and was managed by UNEP. The initiative was started by the community and the intervention sought to give recognition to the initiative by promoting it and strengthening existing structures so as to sustain the initiative.

Also it sought to stimulate other communities to adopt the identified initiative.

1. Fulani pastoralist 2. Hunters 3. Fuel wood collectors 4. Fisher folks 5. Dry season farming

1. Fulani livestock destroy crops, hence farmers asked them to move from the area

1. There is good relationship between hunters, fisher folks, and fuel wood collectors but between them and the herdsmen is not good enough

1. Expansion of farms reduce the land size for pastoralists as well as land clearing reduced fuel wood and charcoal burners. This affected the conservation area hence reduced water availability for agriculture and home use

No prior conflict

1. Per their nature, pastoralists do not respect the right of farmers so in every agricultural season, there is some form of conflict between farmers and pastoralists

1. Land, pastoralists want grazing land while farmers crop consumed by livestock.

Water is also a competing resource that farmers and pastoralists compete for

1. We sensitized and recommended punishment for law breakers in the community especially livestock pastroralists who allowed their livestock to go destroying crops

1. Farmers watch over each other’s farms in return. If one farmer is the farm he/she watches over other farms near by and often prevents animals from entering to destroy crops of his/her farm or others (they are each other’s keeper)

1. We organize meeting, field days and invite government officials to participate as well as market linkage activities generated revenue to government from the produce buying companies

1. It is good and very important to do holistic approach to development but we have to be very careful not to try to build relationship that you cannot predict the behaviours of others. However, we can help communities develop 2. Bye-laws that can help regulate behaviours in the social environment that create conflict situation 3. Farmers and pastoralists should define roles that govern their behaviours and activities 4. There should resource sustainability management plan among farmers and pastoralists

1.

Misunderstandi ng between communities opinion leaders and beneficiaries

1. Dry season farmers nurse seedling inside the plantation 2. School children drink from the plantation bore hole 3. Crop farmers cultivate vegetables and legumes in the plantation

1. The land used for is now controlled over erosion, hence developed the side suitable for the cultivation of other cover crops 2. Crop farming 3. Used as nursery for vegetables because the plantation is fenced animals don’t disturb.

1. People from the nearby communities have replicated the idea and formed farmer groups, 2. Also part of the plantation is used for vegetable production 3. These groups beneficiaries can now have access to extension service 4. Connected to financial institutions for credit

1. The issues occurred between the land owners and the beneficiaries of the project 2. The agreement before the establishment of mango plantation was that the plantation would be divided into 3 at the start of fruition between the land owner, community and district Assembly. But the land owners later went against this agreement sparking of conflict

No prior conflict

1. They were both farmers and members of the community

1. They were competing over the mango fruit (plantation and land)

1. The district assembly as partners with GSOP build relationship with opinion leaders, chiefs and the beneficiaries groups by bringing them together and explained issues 2. The parties’ capacity was built on community development. This brought about peaceful co-existence among the people in the community

1. The intervention continued to bring stakeholders together to discuss community development and way forward for the sustainability of the programme 2. Both groups and opinion leaders were brought together to plan for the way forward of the project in the community

1. There was an MOU signed between local government and the target groups 2. The community facilitators also served as liaison between the local government and the target groups 3. Extension officers monitoring the project also linked the target groups with the local government

1. The awareness creation, 2. Community leaders engagement to disseminate information to entire community through their leaders about the project and the benefit to be driven by local people when they contribute to it success.

3. Sensitization also led to pastoralists redefining their grazing plan especially during crop production period 1. The owners of the land released lands formerly used for the cultivation of food crops.

Only one farm land should have been used for the project to allow food crop production to continue.

2. Land could be leased for the community projects

1. Tension reduced 2. There was increased knowledge about interdependenc e and mutual benefits of each other’s activities in terms of food, security and nutritional needs 3. Parties sledged to sustained dialogue

1. Request by community members for the relocation or evacuation of nomadic Fulanis or that chief should be provided 10 cows

youth, women, men

Animals destruction of farm crops has reduced, reduced tension.

Peaceful coexistence between Fulanis and farmers

Fulanis feel unwelcome in the community

Intraconflict and interconflict between community members over land use and Fulanis on the other hand over grazing land

men, youth, Fulani/cattl e owners, women

for farm and grazing land and water bodies

the intervention facilitated dialogue between community members and fulanis herders

Facilitated dialogue between the contesting groups

Yes,

No action was taken

1. Women boiled water before using it in their homes 2. Some farmers have stopped using chemicals 3. Two-bored holes were provided for the community

1. Community had 2 bore holes 2. Fulani men and their animals were given restrictions to the water sources

1. Women bodies are now divided between the farmers and Fulanis 2. Women now have boreholes (source of clean water) 3. Farmers are growing organic substance instead of chemicals

1. Farmers were not happy about the idea of change of farming methods 2. Women still leave boreholes to fetch water from the stream 3. There are disagreements between the community and Fulanis

1. There are disagreement on how part of the stream is divided and allocated to Fulanis among community members 2. Their animals also destroy other peoples farms on their way to the stream 3. Community members are now skeptical about the ownership of the land

No prior conflict

1. Dry season farmers are in conflict with the Fulanis long before the intervention was implemente d

1. They are competing over the stream (source of water). Dry season farmers who rely on the stream for irrigation purpose feel threatened

Negotiation and dialogue is ongoing to resolve the conflict between the groups

Community forum and durbars are being organize to include both groups

Traditional leaders are being involve in resolving the conflict/issues

1. Sensitization of both groups would have help a lot but it was just one way at the beginning only the local community members were consulted

It is difficult to get secure funding continuously for this project and the organization is hoping to run an extended project that will cover five more communities

1. Substantial increase in crop yields 2. Appreciable level of feed for livestock during dry season 3. Revegetation of degraded fields

The natural resource use at the center of intervention is residue for soil improvement

The residues that were sometimes used as fuel by women are now being used to prepare compost The manure that was used by women to fertilize their vegetables gardens now being controlled by the men.

The land that is being used to establish plantations is difficult to come by women and settlers (Fulanis)

The residues that were sometimes used as fuel by women are now being used to prepare compost The manure that was used by women to fertilize their vegetables gardens now being controlled by the men.

The land that is being used to establish plantations is difficult to come by women and settlers (Fulanis)

1. There has been conscious education on effective utilization of the natural resources to avoid conflict 2.

Alternative/effi cient use of improved technologies have also been produced (eg improved storage)

1. Everybody is looking for residue to develop manure for soil improvement 2. Women, migrants and herdsmen unable to get access to land to establish plantations 3. Thoses groups unabe to get their sub-projects approved sometimes hamper smooth implementation of the animals to destroy the crops/trees planted

farmerpastoralist

1. Land owners 2. Migrants 3. Groups which are not directly benefiting from the project

1. Land 2. Residues 3. Payment of environmen t service 4. Water

1. Development of community watershade management plan involving always all the community members. The plan was used to develop most of the interventions that were implemented by the groups in the community

There was a community management committee selected from key members and sections of the community that facilitated their common interest.

The watershade development plan which took almost one week to complete invoved major stakeholders which included 1. District assembly (planning officers, community development officer) 2. Forestry commission (wildlife department, forestry department) 3. MOFA 4. EPA This enabled the district assembly to know some of the challenges that could be handed by the project and taken into their plans

The watershade development plan which took almost one week to complete invoved major stakeholders which included 1. District assembly (planning officers, community development officer) 2. Forestry commission (wildlife department, forestry department) 3. MOFA 4. EPA This enabled the district assembly to know some of the challenges that could be handed by the project and taken into their plans

No comment

1. The grass cultivation was not successful 2. The women were not able to get the straw at their doorsteps for vetiver farms 3. Hunters set fires to enable them get game thereby destroying vetiver farms 4. Owners of cattle and small ruminants left their animals to graze on the vetiver farms thereby destroy it

1. Hunters and owners of cattle and small ruminants also felt that they have the rights to use the same resources (land) for their livelihood.

2. The vetiver farms were burnt annually by fires set by hunters 3. The long drought season affected the growth of the grass

1. Hunters also make use of the land which is at the center of the intervention 2. Owners of cattle and small ruminants also make use of the land which is the center of this intervention

1. The other users of the natural resource are the owners of cattle and small ruminants and hunters who felt that their livelihood too is threatened as a result of this intervention.

As a result, their actions and inactions are adversely affecting the proper growth of the vetiver farm

1.

The women groups are not feeling fine because the fires set by hunters to get their bush meat is destroying their vetiver farm.

1. The intervention has brought about conflict between the women and cattle owners and hunters. The women vetiver grass farm is being destroyed by bushfire which are initiated by hunters and also by cattle/small ruminants that belong to mostly men in the same community.

2. The three category of people-the women, hunters and cattle/small ruminants owners and the hunters are all competing for the same natural resource hence the conflict

No prior conflict

women groups

basketing weaving grasses

Actually, the intervention did not analyse the social landscape before the project was designed.

It was through this TICCI project that important and critical issues of conflict and cooperation emerged as very necessary.

1.

The intervention is planning to organize a forum whereby the key stakeholders to discuss on the need foe the key users of the natural resource (land) to cooperate among themselves and reduce conflict to the bearest minimum in the use of natural resource (land)

The intended forum of key stakeholders to find ways of cooperation in the use of the land would include local government authority, officials such assembly members, unit committees’ members and area council.

1.

Right from the onset there should be careful analysis of the situation with regard to potential conflict on the use of the land by the various

The TICCI concept is indeed a very innovative and sustainable approach to development especially in this era of implementing climate change interventions from now onward, trade integrated would ensure that conflict and cooperation and inclusiveness issues will be incorporated into the project designed and implemented to the later to promote upon cooperation and prevent conflict during the implement of the project.

1. The protection of community forest drew the attention of wild game hunters who sometimes set fire to the forest 2. Conflict with neighbouring communities over harvesting of thatch and fetching of water from Zoborgu dam during dry season when almost all dams in the area have dried out 3. Spread of intervention to neighbouring communities

1. Neighbouring communities who harvest thatch and get water from Zorborgu dam 2. Game hunters from tamale and Yendi who target the community to hunt for game 3. Nomads who occasionally come to graze their livestock in the community 4. Sheikina Clinic which comes to harvest some medicinal leaves/plants from the forest

1. Use of water from the dam has increased especially during dry season when other dams dried out 2. Livestock are brought to the dam to be watered. This has resulted in increased recognition of the water resource by the community members and other users resulting in increased efforts to protect it

1. The forest commission of Ghana has linked up with the community to promote the initiative so as to achieve its objectives by supporting them to plant trees in the forest and also setting up a teak plantation in the community 2. The link with UDS has created awareness about the initiative and efforts have been made to help promote the initiative

1. Increased tensions between Zoborgu and neighbouring communities. Some fires started by neighbouring communities sometimes swept through the community members farms.

2. The focus game hunter on the community forest led to arming in order to drive hunters away from the forest. The community is arresting hunters hence protracted conflict. Police service was once called upon to support the community to protect the forest from hunters.

3. Also the prevention of bush burning has made available thatch which is sometimes harvested by members of other communities and this always results in tension

Inter-ethnic and intraethnic conflict

1. Zoborgu community is against game hunters and neightbouri ng communitie s which sometimes set bush fire that go to effect farms owned by residents of Zoborgu

1. The thatch and farm residue which is not burned 2. Wild game in the community forest 3. Bush fires that are started for the purposes of hunting for rats (beera)

1. The intervention by UDS and UNEP is recognizing the community initiative sought to strengthen and promote dialogue within members of the community (men, women, youth) and dialogue between communities so as to allow for cooperation in sustaining the initiative

1. The intervention sought to facilitate dialogue within Zoborgu and between it and its neighthbours.

Frequent community meetings and the provision of a sign board helped create awareness an allowed other community to visit and adopt what was happening Zoborgu.

Zakarayili has actually adopted the initiative and there is no burning in that community.

Also there are planting trees to protect their dam

1. Yes. There were efforts at linking that forestry commission in Tamale with Zakarayili and other communities over Zoborgu which were interested in such SLM initiative. The assembly member for the area was made part of all meetings and discussions and he was encouraged to mention the initiative to mention the initiative to his colleagues at the Assembly meetings

1. If the intervention had considered all and actually included all surrounding communities from the start, cooperation would have been strengthened and efforts would have been more concreted.

Awareness would have been more and adoption of the initiative would have been faster.

The intervention described here was part of a large project called strengthening community initiative for sustainable land management (SCI-SLM). It was implemented in Ghana, Uganda, Moroco and South Africa and was managed by UNEP. The initiative was started by the community and the intervention sought to give recognition to the initiative by promoting it and strengthening existing structures so as to sustain the initiative.

Also it sought to stimulate other communities to adopt the identified initiative.

1. All-year round water availability in the dam protected by the grove 2. Preservation and protection of important and medicinal plant species 3. Improved soil fertility 4. Stoppage of burning of farm residue after harvest 5. Available roofing material (thatch and rafters) every season

1. Some farmers have gone into different methods of farming 2. More Fulanis are in the in the community because they are sure their animals would get water from the stream to drink. The community allocated portion of the stream for Fulanis and their animals

No comment

Burkina Faso Organi zation

Contact person

locatio n

Positio n

Email adress

Project

project aim

What are the communit y characteri stics?

What are the main economic structures?

Farmers (peasant), petty traders, livestock raising in social scales

Local market s

Who control s land or the distribu tion there of in the area?

Who controls water?

In case there is water pollution, whom do people turn to report it?

Are unsust ainable practic es (use of pesticid es, tree felling or farm burning ) sanctio ned?

Are people punish ed for unsust ainable practic es, and if so, by whom and how?

Please give a brief description of the intervention

By whom was the interve ntion funded ?

If any, who were the other implem enting partner s of the interve ntion?

What issue did the intervention seek to address?

Who were the intended beneficiari es of the interventi on

1

REGISER (ONG)

Proper OUATTA RA

Commu ne of Barsalog ho, CentreNorthen region

Respons ible for natural resource s compon ent

pros.oua ttara@g mail.co m

local convention :a means of sustainable manageme nt and concerted use of natural resources

the project aims at concerted management and equitable access to the natural resources of the municipality

Ethnic majority: Mossi ethnic minority: Peulhs, Foul, Marka, Sonraïr dominant religion: Islam

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: main agriculture subsistence crop: sorghum, millet main cash crop: sesame, arachode, maraicher-culture

Barsalog ho Market

landown ers and the town hall

community members

chiefs, village developmen t committee, mayor, service in charge of environmen t

yes

yes, by the populati on itself accordin g to the rules defined in the local conventi on

the local convention is to inventory all natural resources objectives of current or potential conflicts and the actors involved. The community then defines, after wide consultation, consensual rules and less conflictual management

USAID

the interven tion is impleme nting by REGISER

(1) concerted management of the natural resources of the Municipality of Barsalogho (2) equitable access to natural resources, (3) reduction of conflicts related to the exploitation of natural resources

Users of the Natural Resources of Barsalogho Municipality

2

SP/PAGI R (ministè re de l'eau)

Pierre ZOUGRA NA

Banffora commun ity (Cascad es Region)

Cadre du SP/PAGI RE

zoungra na_pierr e@yaho o.fr

concerted and conflictsensitive manageme nt of Comoé river water resources

the aim of the initiative is to significantly reduce the conflicts related to the use of water resources of the Comoé river by the different actors

majority ethnic group: Gouins Minority economy: Turkas dominant religion: Islam

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: main agriculture subsistence crop: Maize main cash crop Cotton, cashew

Banfora Market

landown ers for rural lands and the administ ration for manage d farmlan d

Comoé's water resources are under the manageme nt of the Ministry of Water.

Rural water points are controlled by communitie s

the technical services of the State

Yes

by applying the penaltie s provided by the laws in force

the different actors involved and the state)

the sugar compan y, the water board and the commun ities

(1) seeking consensus on stakeholder needs (2) concensual prioritization of water use, (3) developing consensus rules for managing latent or explicit conflicts

The identified beneficiarie s are the market gardeners of the Tingrela Plain, the Comoé Sugar Company, the farmers of the Tingrela Rice Plain and the Banfora National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA).

all the natural resources of Barsalogho water resources

The urban populations of Banfora were not directly targeted but the intervention affected them. Since the intervention , the distribution of drinking water has improved a lot in the Banfora villa.

3

SP / CPSA (Ministr y of Agricult ure)

Mme Collette BASSON O

frame

c.basso no@spc psa.bf

promoting a less conflictual access to rural lands

the initiative aims at securing the agriculture of rural farmers

Majority ethnicity: variable according to locality (But generally) minority ethnicity: variable according to localities

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: main agriculture subsistence farming: cereals (Sogho, corn and millet) main cash crop Sesame, Cotton, peanut

local markets

local authoriti es and landown ers

State technical services and local water committees

Yes

State services in applicati on of the laws in force

the US govern ment

local authoriti es, farmer organiza tions and the Burkina be State

(1) to limit conflicts over access to land and (2) to secure investment in the agricultural sector,

rural people

land by land deeds (certificate of land ownership)

breeders

the ministry in charge of water and the community

The diversity of actors and their often diverging interests are at the root of more and more conflicts related to the use of Comoé's water resources. The initiative undertaken in recent years aims to establish a sustainable and less confrontational management of water through a wide consultation of all user groups. initiative aims to secure farmland for smallholders

4

The Minister of Agricult ure

Polycarp e BATION O

National level province of Ganzour gou

framewo rk of the Ministry of Agricult ure

bationop oly@yah oo.fr

conflict manageme nt related to land grabbing

the project aims to create dialogue between actors to avoid land grabbing and thus reduce conflict.

Majority Ethnicity: Mossi Minority Ethnicity: Peulh Dominant Religion: Islam

main occupation of men: agriculturelivestock main occupation of women: trade main subsistence crop: cereals (Sogho) main cash crop: cotton type of migration: temporary migrations to cities or vegetable sites

Local market at 5 km

the state in develop ed areas and landown ers in rural areas

the state and local water committees

the state structures in charge of these issues

Yes

accordin g to the gravity, by the commun ities themsel ves or the services of the State in applicati on of the rules in force

The Minister of Agricult ure

farmers' organiza tions

The intervention consisted in settling a conflict between the uses (land resource) and thus preventing the spoliation of the resource of one group by the other.

the beneficiarie s targeted by the intervention were the occupiers of the lands managed by the State

Land resources

The natives were affected by the intervention who are seen to share their lands with others from other localities

5

INERA (Ministr y of Researc h)

André KIEMA

province of Tapoa

Master of Researc h

andre_ki ema@ya hoo.fr

improve the transhuman t system based on the knowledge of herders' adaptation strategies to the effects of climate change

reduce conflicts between breeders and farmers

Majority Ethnicity: Gourmantc hé Ethnic Minority: Hausa Dominant Religion: Animism

main occupation of men: agriculturelivestock main occupation of women: agriculturelivestock main crop subsistence: cereals main cash crop: groundnut and cowpea type of migration: transhumance and seasonal rural migration

5 km

chef de terre

Different native families, land owner

The administrati on (prefect, mayor, technical department s, etc.

Yes

accordin g to the texts in force or accordin g to the customa ry law if it is sacred sites

INERA and its partners

breeder s associati ons, state technica l services and local authoriti es

reduce the risk of animal malnutrition and conflicts over access to pastoral resources

Regional producers and technical services

capacity building through training, forage resources

6

REGISER (ONG)

Pamous sa Frédéric KAFAND O

Sidogo (privinc e du Sanmat enga, CentreNord)

Respons able du volet élevage

pfrederi ckafand o@yaho o.fr

Integrated or less adversarial strategy or tactics for herd rebuilding and increased productivity of small ruminants

the aim of the project is to popularize an integrated and participative approach to goat farming

Majority Ethnicity: Mossi Minority Ethnicity: Fulani and Marans dominant religion: Christianity

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: main agriculture subsistence farming: sorghum and millet main cash crop: rice migration types: transhumance and temporary rural exodus

market at 30-1h walk

Landow ners

Water User Associations (AUE) for drinking water points such as boreholes

People report to the village developmen t council (CVD) board and / or city councilors who in turn report to the city president and state technical services.

Yes

by the village land service which verbalis es them by applying the laws in force concerni ng the rational and sustaina ble manage ment of the natural resource s containe d in the local conventi on

This intervention is part of the dynamic improvement of the transhumant system. This intervention makes a diagnosis of the transhumance situation and proposes ways of improving the adaptation of transhumance in the management of natural resources. the goat is a ruminant both prolific and devastating natural resources. The intervention aims to increase the resilience of women by allowing them to acquire farmed goats while using an integrated breeding approach to minimize the impact of animals on resources and thereby reduce conflict.

USAID

the interven tion is impleme nted by REGISER and the commun ities at the base

the intervention aims to increase the resilience of vulnerable populations, particularly women

the women

7

TICAD V Sahel.

Fiacre BASSON

Goroom Goroom (Privince de l'Oudala n)

framewo rk

basson_ fiacre@y ahoo.fr

promotion of sustainable manageme nt and conflict resolution related to the use of natural resources

Majority ethnic group: Fulani ethnic minority: Songhai, Gourmantc hé ,, Haoussa and Mossi dominant religion: Islam

main occupation of men: agropastoralism, main occupation of women: agropastoralism subsistence culture: millet main cash crop: cowpea

local market at 20 km

Land manage ment is the responsi bility of each lineage or family leader

Water manageme nt is the responsibilit y of local authorities and state services

village developmen t councils (CVD), municipal authorities and state technical services

Yes

by the applicati on of the laws in force by the compete nt technica l services

partner structur es: local authoriti es, technica l services and commun ity organiza tions at the grassroo ts level

concerted management of natural resources and conflict reduction

CONED D (ministè re de l'environ nement)

Do Etienne TRAORE

province s de Sissili et Ziro

CONED D framewo rk

doetienn etraore @yahoo .fr

conflict resolution related to land grabbing

majority ethnic group: Gourounsi ethnic minority: peul dominant religion: Christianity

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: main agriculture subsistence crop: sorghum, maize main cash crop: Sesame, Tuber (yams, potatoes, cassava) and Cotton type of migration: Transhumance

variable accordin g to the locality

Landow ners in collabor ation with the tradition al chiefs and the service in charge of the land of the local authorit y

Local Water Committees (CLE) and Water Users Associations (AUEs)

The service in charge of water

Yes

in accorda nce with the texts in force (environ mental code, forest code, health code)

the intervention was part of an overall goal of natural resource conflict prevention in the context of climate change. this has been to: (i) strengthen formal systems and capacities for conflict prevention and mediation; and (ii) improve the conflict mediation capabilities of local and traditional authorities. the intervention aims to peacefully reinforce and reduce conflicts over agricultural land grabbing in the WestCentral region through inclusive dialogue to define areas for particular activities and a platform Regional Office was created to accompany the process

PNUD

8

the intervention was part of an overall goal of natural resource conflict prevention in the context of climate change. this has been to: (i) strengthen formal systems and capacities for conflict prevention and mediation; and (ii) improve the conflict mediation capabilities of local and traditional authorities. reduce conflict due to land grabbing

Minister of the Environ ment

peasant organiza tions, state technica l services and local authoriti es

resolution and reduction of land access conflicts

in accorda nce with the texts in force (environ mental code, forest code, health code) but generall y the laws are not applied

the intervention aims to develop the forest of 33102ha to supply the urban cities of the country, in this case Ouagadougou wood energy to increase farmers' incomes while ensuring the safeguarding of the forest managed

it is a commun ity initiative under the supervis ion of the Ministry of the Environ ment

the town hall and farmers' organiza tions

By the sworn agents in the matter on the basis of texts (forest code, environ mental code

The land issue in rural areas, despite the existence of new laws and laws governing land in Burkina Faso since 2009, remains worrying. It is about anticipating conflicts by putting in place participatory mechanisms and approaches to foster dialogue between the different actors.

TreeAid

The project was meant to control water pollution, thus, the community get their water from the stream where animals also drink from so we try to educate them to boil water before drinking and farmers should avoid using chemicals

Methodi st Develop ment Fund (USA)

9

CAF de Cassou (intitiati ve commu nautaire )

Omar DJIGUM IDE

Province du Ziro

Directeu r du CAF

10

TreeAid (ONG)

Mme Patricia YAMEOG O

Zounwe oogo ( Commu ne de Nobéré)

Gestion naire de projet

15

Bulay Kuong Ghana

Linda Nyaama h Anaabah

Upper West region

Program manage r

caf_cass ou@yah oo.fr

024678 0511/05 071223 33 nyaama hla@gm ail.com

Sustainable and community manageme nt of the Cassou forest for current and future generations

the project aims for peaceful management and inclusive and fair distribution of forest products

majority ethnic group: Nouni Gourounsi minority ethnic group: Wala peul dominant religion: animism

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: household work and main agriculture subsistence crop: sorghum, maize main cash crop: cotton type of migration: rural exodus

10-15 Km walk

Learning about transparent regulatory mechanism s for land transactions

Programme Manager/Fu ndraising

Landow ners made up of families within the village

The municipality through the CLE (local water committee) or AUE (other users of water)

The municipal authorities and the technical services of the State

Yes

Intervention aims to reduce conflicts over access to agriculture through participatory mechanisms and approaches

Majority Ethnicity: Mossi Minority Ethnicity: Fulani dominant religion: Islam

main occupation of men: agriculture, main occupation of women: main agriculture subsistence farming: Sorghum main cash crop cotton type of migration: livestock transhumance

local market 1 hour walk

Custom ary authoriti es and landown ers

The town hall and the ministry in charge of water through CLE (local committee and WUA (other water users)

To the agents of the town hall and those in charge of the water

Yes

The project was meant to control water pollution, and also use best practices in water use such as boiling suspected polluted water or water shared with livestock and avoidance of chemical use near water bodies

Ethnic majority Dagaabas (lobis) Ethnic minorities Walas Dominant religion Traditional/i slamic

Main occupation of men Farmers/hunters Main occupation of women Traders, farmers and pito brewer Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop Soy, groundnut Migration patterns most young move to Banakwate (galamsey) young women move seasonally Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming and head porters

Peesi Market

Chiefs and opinion leaders

Chiefs

chiefs

yes No, people are not punish

What resource is being (re)distribute d by the interventi on and how is it being redistribut ed?

Which groups were not targeted but were affected by the interventi on? How were they affected?

What were the expected outcomes of the intervention?

What were the actual outcomes of the intervention?

What were the unexpected outcomes, or unintended consequences of the intervention?

Which other user groups make use of the natural resources at the centre of the intervention (as indicated above)

How has the use of the natural resource central to the intervention changed as a result of the intervention?

What are the most significant relationships/networks that exist beyond the target group – in terms of the natural resources that has been changed as a result of the intervention?

How does the intervention exacerbate conflicts/contest ations between groups within the social landscape?

Users of Natural Resources shared between several municipaliti es. These users often have to submit to rules of a municipality where they do not reside and of which they did not participate in the elaboration of the rules.

(1)consensual access and use of natural resources in the communal territory , (2) involvement of people in the sustainable management of natural resources, (3) contribution to democratization and good governance of natural resources, (4) a consensual tool for conflict prevention and management as well as reducing the degradation of natural resources, (5) possibility for each actor in the Barsalogho area, without exclusion, access to natural resources for the satisfaction of its vital needs without compromising the interests of others Water management is improved; Conflicts between users are mitigated

(1) The concertation between stakeholders for consensus decision making has become more frequent in the different villages of Barsalogho municipality, (2) links were strengthened among users of natural resources and reduce the risk of conflict between them (3) profits from natural resources are better shared between different social groups. There are more social inclusion and equity, (4) the different communities are more interested in the preservation of natural resources as they are now seeing the benefits.

The problem of resources shared between several communes has been quickly understood and has favored a rapid understanding of values promoted by the local convention

Migrants, transhumants and the communities of neighbor communes where the resources are shared with Barsalogho commune

The approach is always in implementation and assessment, however the natural resources are not exploited anarchically. Through the different rules of management and sanctions elaborated by the communities themselves, natural resources use follows some norms in order to preserve them and reduce the conflicts

communication and concertation between different groups of natural resources user and the surveillance of the zones with a high risk of intensive degradation have been strengthened. Collaboration with technical services is improved

The project approach allowed to minimize conflicts, however some misunderstandings appear often about the shared resources with others communes which are not sufficiently informed of the new rules edited by the local convention

(1) Communication between stakeholders has improved (2) Water resources management has improved; (3) The conflicts between the actors are practically nonexistent

the need for each actor to contribute to the functioning of the structure by an annual contribution agreed upon

In addition to the big users who are at the heart of the initiative, there are the breeders fishermen, the companies of Buildings and Public Works (BTP) and a Mining Companies.

The Haute Comoé initiative has changed the use of water resources in Haute Comoé. It has rationalized the use of water, limiting waste and conflicts.

Beyond the target groups for which the initiative was put in place, the success of this initiative in Haute Comoé is an example for other regions who come on a study tour to share this experience

(1) Establishment of local land management structures (rural land services at the level of rural communes, village land commission, village land reconciliation commission) (2) The issuance of land acts (1) Resolve conflicts related to access to land (2) Restore social peace (3) Allow a good exploitation of the land;

(1) Setting up structures in 47 municipalities in the MCA intervention zone - (2) Implementation of the law 034/2009 on rural land tenure through projects and programs with land components (PNGT, NEER TAMBA, PACOF, ect ...)

(3) Issuance of land acts (men, women)

(1) Misunderstanding of the law, (2) poor restitution of information to grassroots people, and (3) the birth of other types of conflicts especially with customary leaders

The agro bumesman, the townspeople and especially the breeders

the intervention has improved (1) more equitable access to land, (2) Investment security and (3) Increased investment in rural lands

(1) Soothing of land conflicts (2) Restoration of social peace (3) Rational exploitation of the land.

(1) Access for vulnerable groups (women and youth) to the land; (2) Better intervention of rural land services (LICOs).

Breeders

farmers, affected by the opening of livestock tracks

1. Understanding anthropological, socio-economic, and physical factors of transhumance 2. Existence of decision support tools based on the assessment of natural resources and climate variability 3. Building the capacity of users / partners to use these tools and to reduce the risk of conflict and better manage resources

A better understanding of the perceptions of climate change (CC) by producers and local adaptation options of transhumants to Climate Change

the greatest interest is of breeders

animals

Men and young people.

The benefits of the intervention will benefit several vulnerable households and therefore men and young people in households affected by the activity

adaptability to the effects of change and the rewards of 140 vulnerable women are improved through goat rearing

After 13 months of intervention, about 100 animals were given to menges who started the activity with success and enthusiasm

• Deconcentr ated state services.

• Local people, who are the main users of natural resources.

• Administrati ve, customary and religious authorities.

soils, water and pasture

nomadic populations are not properly supported in training programs while they are important users of natural resources

i). formal systems and capacities for conflict prevention and mediation are strengthened; (ii) advocacy by civil society and coalitions for peacebuilding and good governance are strengthened; (iii) .The conflict mediation capabilities of local and traditional authorities are improved

Farmers, breeders and forester

The land

Migrants arriving after the start of the process when they are highly concerned with access to land issues

(1) Improvement / Establishment of (coordinated and decentralized) sustainable management systems for agrosilvo-pastoral lands

(2) promotion and dissemination of land use and soil regeneration techniques based on local knowledge and innovative practices

(3) Establishment or revitalization of consultation frameworks to ensure effective participation of stakeholders.

(1) safeguard the forest through management; (2) reduce conflict through sound management and equitable and inclusive distribution of forest products.

The populations living near the forest

local commun ities and grassroo ts commun ities

conflicts over access to land

The regional commun ity water and sanitatio n office (upper west region)

1. Educate community members on how to make stream water portable for home use 2. Let farmers understand the dangers of using chemicals in their farms which affects the water body 3. Make animal rearers (Fulanis) to have a specific place for their animals to drink

Were there any existin g conflict prior to the interve ntion?

Please select what is applica ble yes, there were conflicts

Which groups are in conflict?

What are they competing over?

What did the intervention do to strengthen trust between groups?

What did the intervention do to facilitate collective action (between which goups/communities/li velihoods)?

Did the intervention explicitly attempt to strengthen linkages between target groups and local governments or other authorities?

How?

Farmersfarmers; Farmersminers; Farmerspastoralists; Farmers-public administration (forestry services for example); minerspastoralists;

natural resources

a large concertation and information through local workshops and meetings

a large commication to involve at beginning, all the natural resources users and all the local and adminsitrative structures

all the actors are involved in all the steps of the processus (planification, restitution, validation,…) through meetings, workshops, etc.

This intervention did not exacerbate the conflicts, on the contrary, it helped to mitigate conflicts

yes, there were conflicts

Farmers (Maraîchers) were in conflict with the SNSOSUCO (sugar company), ONEA (the water board) was in conflict with SN / SOSUCO.

access to water resources

Interference established an assessment of the water resources in the reservoirs (dams and bodies of water) at the end of each rainy season. The available is presented to the actors in general assembly. Then a participatory and consensual adaptation of the needs of users is made

The intervention was based on the principle of participation and communication. To do this, it was necessary to sensitize the actors, to explain to them the process of the mobilization of the water, the available and the needs of the different speculations. This necessitated consultations and training to get everyone to understand the merits of rationalizing management.

The setting up of the various consultation frameworks such as the village commissions have made it possible to create a functional network between the villages and between the village communities and the administration.

intervention has sometimes exacerbated conflicts between customary authorities and the administration

yes, there were conflicts

agropastoralists; indigenousmigrants

for access to land

by the Concertations, information and sensitization, setting up local structures of land management, harmonization of the interventions of the structures in the field of the rural land

By the participation and the strong implication of the community concerned, the participatory identification of the areas of the beneficiary by the whole of the community and participative lute against the property speculation

The use of the natural resource at the heart of the intervention is done in a peaceful way without conflict

There are networks of traditional leaders and political leaders who have been strengthened by the intervention. From now on all its leaders collaborate better in the management of the resource "earth".

The intervention did not exacerbate the conflicts. It aimed to resolve a conflict already born and not to sanction by repression a target group

yes, there were conflicts

Conflict between customary landowners and legal occupants (those to whom the state has allocated developed land).

The land

(1) Establishment of a framework for consultation among the populations; (2) Involvement of deconcentrated authorities (prefect, mayors, high commissioner, governor) to defuse conflicts.

The intervention facilitated consultation frameworks between the customary landowners and the legal occupants of the lands managed by the State.

Gold miners and traders

breeders make better use of available resources

networks are woven between pastoralists and farmers resulting in grazing contracts between pastoralists and sedentary farmers; and animal husbandry between transhumant pastoralists and farmers

The intervention of projects on transhumance suggests to farmers that technical services and administration work for pastoralists to their detriment.

The opening of cattle tracks is a source of frustration for many landowning farmers

yes, there were conflicts

(1) Agriculteurséleveurs (2)propriétaires terriensadministration concernant l’ouverture des pistes à bétail, l’exploitation du fourrage ligneux

l'accès aux ressources naturelles

(1)la mise à disposition des cartes de transhumance aux pasteurs ; (2) l’intensification de la sensibilisation sur les techniques d’exploitation des ressources ; sur l’utilisation des pistes à bétail.

Le projet a travaillé avec deux autres pays Bénin et Niger pour une meilleure organisation transfrontalière de la transhumance

le projet a travailler à améliorer la circulation de l’information à travers un cadre de dialogue entre tous les acteurs intéressés par la question.

Goats can cause adverse effects on the environment if the size of the goat herd becomes very important in the area

Farmers use land, therefore pastures, as well as livestock, and men compete with livestock for water resources.

• Improved digital productivity; • Improving the contribution of small ruminant farming to the incomes of rural households and women in particular

Because of different training, mowing and conservation of natural fodder have become routine activities beyond targeted beneficiaries. The goat staffing system has also created a large network of partners

In the event of non-compliance with the clauses that is to say, where some beneficiaries refuse to pay the donation, this can be a source of conflict.

yes, there were conflicts

agropastoralists; Nativemigrants

For access and control of natural resources

The follow-up committee made up of representative resource persons from the different socioprofessional categories and officiating as arbitrator between the first beneficiaries and the second beneficiaries reinforced the trust between the two (2) groups of beneficiaries.

The intervention serves as a stepping stone to the emergence of a community-managed savings and credit strategy (SECCA).

• the establishment of a conflict management committee in the communal area and a legal support system.

• Sensitization of Deconcentrated Technical Services on good practices of prevention and sustainable management of natural resource conflicts • Training of 34 Ombudsmen / Conflict Negotiators

the need to take into account nomadic populations

Mining companies, public works companies for the use of water

the establishment of the Conflict Management Committee helps to promote better resource management in the context of climate change and hence peaceful coexistence

The intervention has significantly strengthened relations between state institutions, civil society organizations and customary and religious authorities to promote dialogue on peace and the peaceful governance of natural resources.

The intervention was part of a conflict prevention objective.

However, conflicts have sometimes resulted from the identification of the beneficiaries of capacity building actions

yes, there were conflicts

religious conflicts; Farmerpastoralists; farmersfarmers; pastoralists, pastoralists

for access to natural resources (land, water, pasture)

the wide-ranging consultation that led to the establishment of the Conflict Management Committee to promote peace and better management of natural resources has strengthened public confidence in the relevance of the intervention

(1) the emergence of a spirit of partnership and synergy of action around land management through the establishment and operationalization of a regional partnership platform for sustainable land management; (2) the initiation of a system for disseminating sustainable land management technologies and technologies through the training and networking of farmers' extension educators; (3) the existence of local rural land management structures; (4) the existence of regulatory tools for planning and decentralized and equitable management of natural resources (CAMP / TDM, PAIC / SLM), (5) the emergence of local socio-professional organizations, conscious and active in land management.

(1) Sustainability of the existence of managed forest compared to unmanaged forests (2) Creation of rural jobs (logging jobs) (3) reduction of the rural exodus of young people from villages affected by (4) Increased Carbon Sequestration (5) involvement of local (communal) communities in forest management (6) changes in people's attitudes about the economic role of the forest (7) high participation of women in forestry activities (exploitation and regeneration)

despite the efforts of intervention in favor of integration of action, sectoral visions of development remain

Loggers who see their areas violated by pastoralists or farmers

(1) the establishment and development of a framework favorable to land management (SLM) applied at different levels;

The establishment of a regional platform to promote: (1) The participation / empowerment of the different actors (2) The dialogue and the negotiation between all the actors around the Earth management (3) Gender mainstreaming to ensure equitable benefits through secure and equitable access for all stakeholders, including disadvantaged groups, to land resources and decision-making

The lack of willingness of the actors to change their modes of action has sometimes frustrated the services responsible for carrying out the activities.

yes, there were conflicts

User groups of agro-silvopastoral resources such as farmers and pastoralists

Access and control of natural resources

Wholesalers who are now transporting wood -An increased enthusiasm of local communal authorities to take an interest in the management of the forest - Interest of universities, research institutions, consultants and schools professional - Unions of forest management groups (UGGF) have been set up in all forest management projects, which themselves are made up of the different village forest management groups (GGF), - A National Federation of Unions of Forest Management Groups (FENUGGF) was created at the national level. These networks born from forest management are frameworks for exchange and sharing of experiences and good practices of sustainable and concerted management of village forests The partnership between the user groups of these resources and the technical services of the state. A very interesting tandem is being installed for the great happiness of all and for a better management of these resources.

Result of this partnership: 2 local conventions developed and validated by the communities.

The communal strategy of decentralized management of forest resources elaborated and validated by the municipal council.

Land-related conflicts are perceptible: indeed, the demographic pressure makes that more and more the fields are found within the limits of the managed forest

yes, there were conflicts

conflicts between producers / breeders and forest services; conflicts between farmers and herders

the intervention did not exacerbate the conflicts; however, breeders are often frustrated by rules they have not taken part in

yes, there were conflicts

1. Farmers were not happy about the idea of change of farming methods 2. Women still leave boreholes to fetch water from the stream 3. There are disagreements between the community and Fulanis

1. There are disagreement on how part of the stream is divided and allocated to Fulanis among community members 2. Their animals also destroy other peoples farms on their way to the stream 3. Community members are now skeptical about the ownership of the land

No prior conflict

(2) promotion and dissemination of landuse and soilregeneration techniques based on local knowledge and innovative practices;

The regional community because the communes did not exist at the beginning of the intervention

(1) Sustain the existence of the managed forest

Local elected officials, representati ves of farmers' organizatio ns, agents of municipal technical services and customary

natural resources, including lands and forest resources

Some breeders, because of their displaceme nt. They came to find local rules to apply for which they did not participate in the elaboration

peaceful mechanisms inspired by local realities are defined for an inclusive access to the land and forest resources of the village area

An action plan has been drawn up for this purpose with the aim of strengthening the local rules of forest management with local rules of land security

A quick collective awareness of the population on the land issue in their locality. This facilitates the process of developing local forest resource conventions that integrate the land dimension

In addition to farmer groups, there are groups of breeders, wildlife operators (hunters, restorers ...) ....

1. Women 2.

Community members

no response given

Herdsmen and farmers were not targeted but they were affected in that their animals were allowed to drink from a particular spot of the stream.

This sometimes cannot be controlled.

1. Community understood the dangers water of borne diseases 2. Farmers understood the dangers of using chemicals on environment

1. Women boiled water before using it in their homes 2. Some farmers have stopped using chemicals 3. Two-bored holes were provided for the community

1. Community had 2 bore holes 2. Fulani men and their animals were given restrictions to the water sources

1. Some farmers have gone into different methods of farming 2. More Fulanis are in the in the community because they are sure their animals would get water from the stream to drink. The community allocated portion of the stream for Fulanis and their animals

(3) Fix young people in the village soils concerned by the development

Additional comments or notes

The initiative has focused on strengthening links between farmers, SN-SOSUCO, technical services and local authorities who are now acting as partners.

Above all, it is important from the beginning to hold awareness sessions on the availability of water resources. inform all the actors about the climatic hazards (droughts, floods) and the arrangements to be taken in the face of these hazards.

We have learned that in natural resource management issues, communication is very important. The intervention showed that in the face of the interests, each group of actors is intransigent.

However, when the situation is well explained and understood, the actors are ready to make sacrifices to save the situation

Yes, by involving all the local authorities, the NGOs and the populations from the beginning of the above, to reach a consensus on the issuance of land acts, building on existing practices and customs.

The intervention strengthened the links between target groups and local governments or other authorities by creating a permanent framework for dialogue

Strengthen information and awareness on the 034 law, Promote refunds at the base and Establish effectively legal structures before start-up

To envisage the reading of the law 034.

Find an intermediate solution for the delivery of the land documents pending the effective implementation of the local structures of land management in all the rural communes where they do not exist yet

(1) Sensitization and information of the populations (autochthones, migrants) on the project; (2) Consideration of indigenous populations in the allocation of developed lands; (3) Establishment of consultation frameworks between local customary and religious leaders to prevent conflict (1) Actions de sensibilisation (1) Actions de renforcement des capacités et surtout organisationnelles des pasteurs

The intervention we analyzed did not in fact involve the use of law enforcement to repress those who committed acts contrary to sustainable development. Rather, it was a gentle intervention to calm the tensions between the local populations of the village concerned over the use of the land.

The regulation of the contractual clauses by the monitoring committee strengthened the bonds of cohabitation and solidarity between, on the one hand, the first beneficiaries and the second beneficiaries and, on the other hand, between all the populations of the village.

raising awareness, securing mobility by opening access corridors and promoting pastoral hydraulics are essential and pragmatic actions to ensure the success of such an intervention.

Livestock is an activity that is highly sensitive to the effects of climate change but allows people to increase their resilience. its practice is however a source of conflicts related to access to natural resources

• sensitization of the members of the Water Users' Associations • Training on conflict causes and mediation techniques with community, traditional and religious leaders • support for initiatives to strengthen local dispute resolution mechanisms, including disputes over water, livestock and land

specific training aimed at strengthening the conflict prevention and mediation capacities of local authorities

• identification of good local practices for natural resource conflict management and prevention.

• sensitization of populations on the evolution of the main natural resources.

• Sensitization of local actors on climate risks likely to be a source of conflict

The intervention resulted from the implementation of the Regional Project of Peace Consolidation and Governance in the Sahel or TICAD V Sahel.

Administered by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), it is funded to the tune of 2 million 520 thousand US dollars

(1) the development of a local network of people for the diffusion of techniques and technologies for sustainable and integrated management of natural resources (2) the setting up of a regional platform for exchange and sharing of experience

(1) Training of natural resource developers on the application of good practices in sustainable land management, (2) the development of five control microwatersheds through the application of several combinations of techniques and technologies for the conservation management of water and soil, the restoration of natural resources and the services and functions of ecosystems

Yes, by promoting multi-sectoral approaches at various geographical scales by involving local governments systematically (municipal and customs authorities)

(1) minimizing trade-offs and maximizing synergies with development and conservation objectives to avoid unanticipated negative social and environmental impacts; (2) integration of the best available science and local knowledge into the local planning process, and promotion of knowledge generation and dissemination

This area of Burkina hosts many migrants in search of more fertile farmland and pastures. The resulting heavy pressure on natural resources is causing many conflicts between different users. The multi-stakeholder platform creates a framework for dialogue between different users to avoid or mitigate conflicts

for access and control of natural resources

Organize the space so that breeders and farmers, each practice its activity in its identified area during the growing season

Establishment of forest management groups in all villages riparian to the managed forest -the establishment of a union regrouping all these groupings -The establishment of rural resource centers that are in fact innovation platforms in each of the communes of the forest, to serve as a framework for learning and sharing knowledge.

Through the process of ranking the managed forest for the benefit of the regional community.

The involvement of local authorities in innovation platforms helps strengthen links between target groups (village communities) and governments

Secure the forest in its limits by classifying it to the benefit of the regional community

The management and exploitation of forests has fundamentally changed the perceptions of rural populations, NGOs and governments on the socio-economic potential of forests. this pilot intervention has become a popularized case study at the national level to involve local populations in the participative and less confrontational management of village forests. The success of this process, however, requires the exhaustive identification of the actors involved, the sometimes divergent interests and a good key to the distribution of the benefits obtained.

agropastoralists;

for access to natural resources (land, pasture)

the intervention Engaged village and inter-village consultations and with all the social groups to elaborate the local rules of land security

The creation of spaces for dialogue between communities on the themes of resource management (Law 034, regulatory text on the management of natural resources, organization and operation of management structures).

This helps to forge the minds to define common goals and to unite efforts to achieve them

Yes; This through the spaces of dialogue creates with the involvement and participation of local governments or other authorities. Ex. The network of municipalities on forest governance.

The Action Group on Forest Governance

Mapping in the possible details all the actors concerned by the resource (vulnerable groups including gender, sedentary, nomadic ...)

The land issue is very complex and multistakeholder. The consultation must be permanent and as inclusive as possible to take into account the concerns of each specific group.

1. Dry season farmers are in conflict with the Fulanis long before the intervention was implemented

1. They are competing over the stream (source of water). Dry season farmers who rely on the stream for irrigation purpose feel threatened

Negotiation and dialogue is ongoing to resolve the conflict between the groups

Community forum and durbars are being organize to include both groups

Traditional leaders are being involve in resolving the conflict/issues

1. Sensitization of both groups would have help a lot but it was just one way at the beginning only the local community members were consulted

It is difficult to get secure funding continuously for this project and the organization is hoping to run an extended project that will cover five more communities

(3) Exchanges of experiences in the transfer of land management technologies between Burkinabe actors and other partners

(1) woody and nontimber resources derived from the forest and (2) monetary income according to a distribution key between producers, village funds, reinvestme nt funds and the State.

(2) Create rural jobs

What kind of actions might have been undertaken prior to implementing the project which might have further strengthened cooperation/coll ective action or avoided risk of conflict/contesta tion during the project?

It is essential before elaborating local convention, to well identify the actors concerned by each resource and the interests of each group of users including the marginalized groups. It is also essential to take account of resources shared between several communes. This allows anticipating a communication to target actors outside the commune covered by local convention

(1) occupation of the forest by crop fields (2) Breeders do not contribute to forest management

Breeders and users of pharmacopoeia

(1) Logging is rational now

(2) There is a strong involvement of women in forest management

(3) the sense of conserving the forest has become a reality

Consultations in each riparian village to elaborate the local rules of land security are organized by the populations with the accompaniment of the town hall. The management of forest and land resources is increasingly made according to local rules developed by community stakeholders on the basis of consensus; which makes it possible to better secure these resources and to have sustainable and less confrontational management 1. Women bodies are now divided between the farmers and Fulanis 2. Women now have boreholes (source of clean water) 3. Farmers are growing organic substance instead of chemicals

The spirit of local convention aims to establish the principle of sustainable and participatory management of natural resources. Its fundamental principle must be based on the principle of dialogue and mutual understanding of common interests

avec les effets des changements climatiques, la transhumance devient de plus en plus uns tratégie majeure d'adaptation qui mérite d'être prise en compte dans les stratégies nationales d'adaptation

Kenya Organizati on

Contact person

location

1

KWS

Senior Warden

Narok

2

Narok County Govrenmn et

Chief Officer, Environmen t and natural resources

Narok/Enoo supukia

3

ILEPA Kenya

Executive Director

Maji moto

4

ILEPA Kenya

Executive Director

Maji moto

Email adress

N.A

info@ilepa. org.ke

Project

project aim

Desscription of the case

What are the communit y characteri stics?

What are the main economic structures?

Farmers (peasant), petty traders, livestock raising in social scales

Local market s

Who control s land or the distribu tion there of in the area?

Who controls water?

In case there is water pollution, whom do people turn to report it?

Are unsustainable practices (use of pesticides, tree felling or farm burning) sanctioned?

Are people punished for unsustainable practices, and if so, by whom and how?

Please give a brief description of the intervention

By whom was the intervention funded?

Building water pans and rehabilitations of degraded areas in Amboseli ecosystem

To create an accessible water point for the wild animal to reduce the conflict between local pastoralist and the KWS agency in accessing the water point

To create an accessible water point for the wild animal to reduce the conflict between local pastoralist and the KWS agency in accessing the water point

It’s a pastoral dominated community in loitokitok

Most are pastoralist who do livestock trading

Not Clear

Its both the govern mnet of Kenya and the local commun ity

Its handled at both the community and at the legal procedure where KWS wil institute prosecution in order to protect the wild animals

Since this is a protected area, the feeling of trees is not allowed as wel use of pesticides

The legal procedure appy

The building of the water dam in order to reduce the competition of the water between the wild animals and the domestic animals

KWS internal funds as reported

Rehabilitation and afforestation of Enoosupukia Water Tower forest

Planting of 120,000 indeginous trees seedling and 47,000 bamboo seedling and protection of the forest for the next 5 years

Re-afforestation of the project delapidated area to control soil erosion and increase the forest cover within the county. The case is also yrying to understand and block further encroachmnet of the forest by the local and adajacent comunities inm Enoospukia

local pastoralist maasai community and a few migrant kikuyu community

Subsistance farming the local cooomunity blended with livestock keeping round te year

Mael and Suswa Centre

The Narok County Govern mnet and the local commun ity thruogh thrier leadersh ip

Both KWS and the local community.

Those one outside the park are owned by the community in form of group ranches the local community thruogh local governance structure

Water is a very scarce commodity in this case and the streams have dried up

No

not mentioned.

This is claimed to be a public untility and no one has the righ to punish anyone

To incerase the forest cover within the Enoosupukia water tower.

Build community resielnce by protecting the resources for better utlisation in the future

The Governmnet of kenya thruogh the ministry of energy and petroleum and the narok county governmnet

The local contractors who was awarded the tender and the local community in kind

Resources mapping in enkutoto Grupo Ranch

Mapping of the natural and common pooled resources

Mapping of the common natural resources that are communianly owned by the community. Eg. Water sources, extractive indutries (Sand), Some protected trees species,

agro/pastorl aist from the local maasai community.

Agro-pastorlaist with both livestock keeping and irrigation. Also, those who are pure pastoralist, pettey traders dong on cattle trading, farm produce sellers, beadwork for women, ecotuorism,

Enkutot o local centre, Naroosu ra, and far off Narok Town

The group racnhes land manage mnt committ ee in trust of all the member s

The cummynity elders, local leaders in administrati on eg.

Chief, Cultural leaders, and sometimes under the local group ranches officials

The cummynity elders, local leaders in administration eg. Chief, Cultural leaders, and sometimes under the local group ranches officials

Tree harvesting is controled local admistration structure including the local elders who are th ecustodian of the local forest jointly with others in leadeship.

Though rare, but cultral setteps allows for punishmnet and especially given the presence of provincial admistration thruogh the office of the area chief.

To reduce conflict by mapping out the natural resources that can flare up competing claims that may escalate to intracommunity conflicts

ILEPA Kenya and Tebtteba Foundation in Philipines

Local cooomunity who helped in identifying the available reources.

The lands departmnet in Kind, Group racnhes officials

the tragedy of the spilting of the commons and recollectivisation of land for conservatiosn pruproses by the private developers within the group ranch.

The community of maji moto is both pastoralis and agropastoralist.

They also have a few migrants practicing small scale businesses in the local trading centre

Most the people are livestock keepers hence practices the livestock trading amogest themselves with other with external. Also those practising agropastorlism are in tarding venture thruogh their farm produce like selling of perichable goods like onions, tomatos and vegetables of all kinds

Majimot o Centre, Wauso Ngiro Centre, and Narok

the land mange mnet committ ee ( the chairma n of the gruop ranch with other officials)

the water is controlled by the majimoto water committee that oversees the managemnt of the water dams

the water committee has all the rights to punish the pulatants culprits including withdrwaing the irrigation or acces to water for irrigation for some times.

Also, the larger community leadeship has the right to institute the water managemnt righst

Yes, tree feeling is not allowed arround the water cathcmnet area reniforced by several attempts to do tree planing thruogh several programme initiatives. The use of pesticides is harmful and members are allowed to spray their farms but not anywhere near the water sources.

the water committee has all the rights to punish the pulatants culprits including withdrwaing the irrigation or acces to water for irrigation for some times. Also, the larger community leadeship has the right to institute the water managemnt righst

The water dam is a project started to enhance water acces by both the pastoralist and the local farmers (sedentirized pastoralist).

This was to allow local instittuions like the local dispencasy and the local learning institution to have unlimited access of teh reosurce.

This was funded from several initiatives including the UNDP GF project, ILEPA, 19% community funds, among others.

local community, the bussines community, the Governmen t of Kenya thruogh relevant department s

Land parcelling/or subdivision to individuals members of the group ranches

If any, who were the other implement ing partners of the interventi on?

What issue did the interventi on seek to address?

Who were the intended beneficiari es of the interventi on

What resource is being (re)distribute d by the interventi on and how is it being redistribut ed?

Water and pasture

Which groups were not targeted but were affected by the interventi on? How were they affected?

What were the expected outcomes of the intervention?

What were the actual outcomes of the interventi on?

conflict over the use of the water among variuos stakeholder s

the wild naimals within and outside the park

to increase forest cover within the resources and to act as a thermo coler for the geoatherma l exploration wells within the adajacent area of naivasha Migatigation of future conflicts

the scaricty of the resource and reduce competition among the livestock keepers and the farmers.

Also making the water accessibiity to far flug areas more accessible thruogh the piping to the nearest point of collection

The local community segmented into four levels: The agropastorlalist, The pastoralist, and bussines community and local institutiosn like primary, secondary and local dispensary.

What were the unexpecte d outcomes, or unintende d consequen ces of the interventi on?

Stocking and exacebation of more conflict

Which other user groups make use of the natural resources at the centre of the intervention (as indicated above)

How has the use of the natural resource central to the intervention changed as a result of the intervention?

The local community

Less conflct between the pastoralist and the conservationist (Kenya Wildlife service)

More conflict as the demand for the sdtrategicca ly placed water dams have had a traction to livestock use

The local villages proximity to the resource

It’s a project under piloting stage

the local community.

The project is targeting both wo/men.

Specificcaly giving an opportunity for labour for the youth and women in particular

Land and forest thruogh the rehabiliatio ne efforts.

none

This expected to enhance rainfall within the area, open up the area water sources that diminshed as a result of over explotation of the forest

Labour relation as a source of income, community cohesivness in working as group on alternate days of the week or as er villages

1. Animals grazing on the protected and planted area of enoosupuki a dugout water resources

Local farming community from Maela Centre who cut and carry grass to feed their animals

This is still an ongoing project and the impact is yet to felt.

the local community

The Water.

Its being disctrubute d thruogh the building of the dam to enhance collection into distributabl e volumes.

This is then accessed by forrowing to reach the inteded farms Land

women, youth and the disables as the resources were mapped and categorised for equal sharing in future reaching to all clustered grupings

Clearly mapped resources and quantification in term volumes and specificty in location

Clearly mapped resources and understadni ng fo what the resources entails and how the community can protcet and manage them

coomunity enhanced knowledge of the reources, potentiality of the unkown and un classified resources.

Women, and the youths in supprt of their eco-tourism ventures, Sand harvesting for economic activity/gains

It has not chnaged the result only further confirming the available resources and how best to be managed

The women who at large became the biggest beneficaries . Ehance households income thruoghteh sale of farm produce

Accessed water for all. Both animal and for domestic and farming use

Ehnaced or uptake of the irrigation intrevantion as a result of ehnaced water volumes.

sevral dyanmic affecting both economic and social cultural perspective.

Eg. Seduinteris ation of farmers adopting to practice both livestyles in keeping animals and growing crops

Other include the mobile pastoralist who use the are as a transit point, local bussines community, and tourist establishments

What are the most significant relationships/network s that exist beyond the target group – in terms of the natural resources that has been changed as a result of the intervention?

How does the intervention exacerbate conflicts/contest ations between groups within the social landscape?

Were there any existing conflict prior to the intervention?

Please select what is applicable

Which groups are in conflict?

What are they competing over?

What did the intervention do to strengthen trust between groups?

What did the intervention do to facilitate collective action (between which goups/comm unities/livelih oods)?

Did the intervention explicitly attempt to strengthen linkages between target groups and local governments or other authorities?

How?

What kind of actions might have been undertaken prior to implementing the project which might have further strengthened cooperation/collective action or avoided risk of conflict/contestation during the project? more consultation between various stakeholders and different users groups

accessibilty of the water at given times and hours has further stocked conflict due to restricted access for livestock use

The damand for water acces in alternate times was a pointer of tension bween the wild animals who have unregulated time as oposed to livestock use

The wild animals, livestock and herders, and game rangers

Use and access to the water points

nothing but kind of brought mutual undrestanding on how and when to access the water point between different users

Not clearly documented

The desired results was to mitigate conflict and engage the community in conservation efforts

Intervillages governace structure for solving conflict over competitions for the

1. Increased the awareness of the community to the ways in which other migrant fishermen are cheating them over their fishery resources

Intra-conflict

1. Two communities sharing the same dugout for water use 2. Indigenous crop farmers (now trained fishermen and the hired migrant fishermen from other community) and cattle herders

1. The fish caught in the dugout and the value of the fish 2. The fodder produced from trees planted to save a buffer zones for the dugout protection

1. To resolve the possible conflict between the two communities by engageing them in a stakeholder meeting on site 2. Call for a meeting with the chief and opinion leaders of the community

1. A demonstration of possible outcome if they collaborate 2. Provide some incentives (food, drinks) to be shared among project members

1. Yes, with and through the involvement of the district assemblymen and the assistant fishery officers in the community

1. Briefing on project aims and objectives 2. Involvement of their opinion leaders in the community and chief 3. Active engagement of the youth in the project 4. Community chose good leaders

due tpo oenhance knowdle of the reources, relatiosnhip have been strthen given the knowledge to the local leadeship and the community at large coming into on perspective on how to mange the resource for instance clear documentation of what the resources entalis eg.

Wildlife, tarditional valuable tree species used in cultural practices.

Before the intervention, little was known about and it hard the portentiality of exacerbating conflict due to allocation among the group official and infuentail citizens

very minor.

Only the competition for prime lands where the abudance of the reources.

Eg tourism sites

The local officials and the community members

Land, prime reources eg.

Potential sites for tourism establishments and prime lands for both rangelands formation and irrigations

the intervention in term of resources mapping has brought enhanced trust of the community towrds the gruo ranches officials with full view of informed members

Several consultative meetings betwwen the community, ILEPA/Tebteba foundation, the group racnhes officials, he lands offices, the chief office

Its presumed that given the informed knowledge of the available resources, it will strethen linkages on coperatiosn between various stakeholders within the group ranches.

Not better than the mapping that is done

The land fragmentation is an emotive process that exacebate conflicts in mnay ways. This inlcude allocation of prime land for the politically correct individuals/membe rs. This conflcts leads to both interpersonal conflict between members and the general public

Yes, confilct was there but at different perspective.

This was largely due to managemnet impropriety by the group officials then.

Members verses the group ranches officials

Land is the key resources

lands dermrcation has stocked disperanging contravesy hence stocking suspicion within the group members and the leadeship of the group ranch.

Due to glarring misrepresentati on of th egruop members, and the fight for membres rights, the demand fro transparency has bruoght like minded individual to look for