Rep of cases

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Ghana

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Organiz ation

Contact person

location

Position

UDS

Alidu Abdul Fatahi

Tamale, Northern region

Lecturer

Etnorny o Agbeko

Tamale, Northern region

CSIR water research institute

Ghana Environ mental Manage ment Project

CEEDA

Hariatu Moro

Adam Azabre Abugbila

Tamale, Northern region

Upper West region

Research scientist

Assistant programme officer

Project officer Enterprises under the Access to Credit and Traction Inputs for viable farming

Email adress

Project

project aim

What are the communit y characteri stics?

What are the main economic structures? Farmers (peasant), petty traders, livestock raising in social scales

Local market s

Who controls land or the distributio n there of in the area?

Who controls water?

In case there is water pollution, whom do people turn to report it?

Are unsustain able practices (use of pesticides, tree felling or farm burning) sanctioned ?

Are people punished for unsustain able practices, and if so, by whom and how?

Please give a brief description of the intervention

By whom was the interventi on funded?

If any, who were the other implement ing partners of the interventi on?

What issue did the intervention seek to address?

Who were the intended beneficiaries of the intervention

What resource is being (re)distributed by the intervention and how is it being redistributed?

Which groups were not targeted but were affected by the intervention? How were they affected?

What were the expected outcomes of the intervention?

What were the actual outcomes of the intervention?

What were the unexpected outcomes, or unintended consequences of the intervention?

Which other user groups make use of the natural resources at the centre of the intervention (as indicated above)

How has the use of the natural resource central to the intervention changed as a result of the intervention?

What are the most significant relationships /networks that exist beyond the target group – in terms of the natural resources that has been changed as a result of the intervention?

How does the intervention exacerbate conflicts/contestations between groups within the social landscape?

Were there any existing conflict prior to the interventi on? Please select what is applicable

Which groups are in conflict?

What are they competing over?

What did the intervention do to strengthen trust between groups?

What did the intervention do to facilitate collective action (between which goups/communit ies/livelihoods)?

Did the intervention explicitly attempt to strengthen linkages between target groups and local governments or other authorities? How?

abdulfat ahialidu @gmail. com

Zero tillage and residue retention: conflicts between sedentary farmers and livestock owners and conflicts between men and women, since women collect crop residue for firewood. Also, conlfict between farmers, women and hunters who set fire to the bush

The project was aimed to enhance soil fetility to improve crop farming. The long and short term aims were to improve household food secuity and nutrition. It was also to improve the economy of farmers

Ethnic majority: Farming

Main occupation of men: Crop culture (farming) Main occupation of women: Petty trading Main subsistence: crop Maize, cowpea Main cash crop: Vegetables (formal) Migration patterns During the dry season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Casual in southern Ghana

Jirapa/la wra market

Chiefs

community members

chiefs

No

No

Zero tillage and residue retention as a climate change intervention along the Volta basin (Daggoh and Banpari

CCAFS/ICRI SAT

CSIR=SARI Wa Station

1. Improve upon dry season vegetable production along the Volta basin

1. Men (vegetable farmers)

1. Land along the Volta basin

1. To increase vegetable production during dry season in order to improve the life of the beneficiaries

1. Lives of beneficiaries were improved

1. Conflict between livestock farmers and crop farmers 2. Men and women

1. Livestock owners 2. Women in the community

Crop farmers were now interested in residue which was formerly freely used by livestock and women as firewood. As a result of the project the crop residue became input for vegetable production

1. Dry season vegetable farm and livestock owners 2. Dry seasonvegetable farm and women

Beause crop residue according to the intervention was not supposed to be used by anyone

No prior conflict

1. Vegetable crop farmers and livestock owners 2. Vegetable farmers and women

Crop farmers

nothing

nothing

nothing

etornyo @yahoo .co.uk

Conflicts over water resources and accessibility mentioned, but no specific example is described.

Enhancement of fish production and water conservation in dugout for climate change adaptation in part of Yendi Municipal Area and To increase fish available while enhancing water conservation, employment and livelihood opportunities of project communities

Ethnic majority Dagombas Ethnic minorities Gonjas Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men Crop farming Main occupation of women Trading (petty) Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop yam Migration patterns Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming

Yendi Market

Chiefs

Chiefs

chiefs

No

No, unless the practice is dangerous to life and the offender caught, then punish by the chief

To increase fish available while enhancing water conservation, employment and livelihood opportunities of project communities.

Community Livelihood improveme nt Programme (CLIP)

CSIR-water Research Institute and the district assembly

1. To promote fish culture-based fisheries practices for food security and livelihood enhancement 2. Conservation of water in dugout and soil moisture

Crop farmers including women, men and youth of the community

Fishery resources in the dugout and through communal harvesting of the resource for the community. Each household took 1kg fish harvested as shares which want directly to women in each household

1. Both livestock owners and women were not targeted but were affected. In many places grazing rights are protected by the community memebers who rear ruminants and protecting rodents on the field from free roaming animals from exercising their common grazing rights 2. Men and women had conflict Migrant fishermen-they could not harvest all the fishery resources as they use to do in the past. In the process, the community learns about sustainable fishing in the wake of climate change. Each community participant had a share of the fish harvested.

1. Conservation of the dugout for more water

1. More fish for community 2. Good water conservation practices were adhered to after the project 3. Household balance diet improved 4. Fish farming skills acquired

1. Conflict between migrant fishermen and farmers who can do fishing by their own 2. Animals grazing on the trees planted to create buffer zones for the dugout water resources

1. Animals drinking from the dugout (herdsmen directly benefited)

1. It has improved water conservation and availability of fish in a more sustainable way

1. Indigenous fishermen and he migrant fishermen who used to fish harvest the dugout on behalf of the community members

1. Increased the awareness of the community to the ways in which other migrant fishermen are cheating them over their fishery resources

Intraconflict

1. Two communitie s sharing the same dugout for water use 2. Indigenous crop farmers (now trained fishermen and the hired migrant fishermen from other community) and cattle herders

1. The fish caught in the dugout and the value of the fish 2. The fodder produced from trees planted to save a buffer zones for the dugout protection

1. To resolve the possible conflict between the two communities by engageing them in a stakeholder meeting on site 2. Call for a meeting with the chief and opinion leaders of the community

1. A demonstration of possible outcome if they collaborate 2. Provide some incentives (food, drinks) to be shared among project members

Re-vegetation of Nazia, Bongo Scred groves and sustainable livelihood for moshie fong widows group

Re-vegetation of Nazia, Bongo Scred groves and to create opportunity to women to access cultivate land for sustainable livelihood for moshie fong widows group

Ethnic majority Mamprusi Ethnic minorities Moshie/Gur uni Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men farming Main occupation of women farming Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop vegetables Migration patterns Seasonal migration of youth (dry season) to cities Main occupation of seasonal migrants No information

Walewal e Market

Currently people are not punished for unsustainab le practices

1. The establishment of multipurpose tree plantation within and around a sacred grove 2. The drilling of bore hole to provide water for plantation 3. The establishment of a nursery to raise seedlings 4. Support for women in dry season gardening/farming

Global Alliance Canada (CIDA)

1. The Environmen tal protection Agency (EPA) 2. Forestry Commission 3. Agricultural Apartment

1. Revegetation degraded land within and around the Nazia Bongo sacred grove 2. Promote natural regeneration around the grove to enhance the emergences of new and indigenous species of plants and animals 3. Provide alternative and sustainable livelihood for women-mainly widows

women (widows) and community members

Land is being redistributed to women (widows) in the community who do not own or control land. Through the support to the women for farming, the chief demarcated large tract of land within the sacred grove to the women for farming. Originally, they can not access to land for farming except on their sons or husbands farms which is not sustainable.

Menspecifically, men were not targeted but they have been affected because they easily go into the plantation to cut the trees for roofing their homes

1. Increased vegetation within the Nazia and Bongo sacred groves 2. Provide sustainable livelihood for women 3. Emergence of new and indigenous species

1. Multipurpose plantation have been established 2. Women have sustainable livelihood (dry season farming) 3. New species emerged through plantation

1. Pressure/comp etition over the use of the bore hole by the women groups for farming and community members for domestic activities 2. Power/influenc e over the gains/use of the plantation 3. Redistribution of land to women

1. The land was allocated by the chief to women for farming but the land/sacred grove is also used by the following people 1. Hunters, fuel wood processors, harvesting of wood for roofing of houses 2. Bore hole which was constructed for women for farming and plantation was intended only to help them nurse seedlings, water their plants

1. Bore hole is not only used by women but now been used by men in the community for domestic activities and farming 2. On the land/sacred grove allocated to the women for farming the men are now advocating to farm on the sacred grove because it is more fertile 3. Women have access to land for farming and make their own decisions regarding control of their farms and incomes

1. The men have more control over decisions and the use of the land sacred grove by the above relationship men go into the plantation to cut down the trees without any permission from the women

1. The fact that women had access to fertile land for farming served as source of conflict. The men want to also farm on the Same land knowing that they have more influence/power over the women 2. The fact that the bore hole was purposely constructed to catered for the needs of the plantation and of women excluding men from it use whereas there is scarcity of water in the community. 3. Additionally, know agreement/documentatio n has been made on how resources from the plantation would be used or its benefit to the community members or users of the sacred grove

We were not aware of any conflict

Land owners and women beneficiarie s

Land

1. No action was taken. The conflict emerged at the later part of the implementation. The project had no clear action to prevent conflict

1. Proposed a community documentation on sanctions for people who engage in unsustainable practices especially in the sacred grove

hariatu. alidu@e pa.gov. gh

aadama zabre@y ahoo.co m

ACTIV-FARM

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UDS

Fadilah Moham med,

Tamale, Northern region

Lecturer

moham med.fad ilahgh@ yahoo.c om

micro finance and environmental sustainability; the case of shea butter processEnhanc ement of fish production and water conservation in dugout for climate change adaptation in part of Yendi Municipal Area

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PARED

Assani Suleman a Moses Tampuri

Nalerigu, West Mamprusi District, N/R

Programme Coordinator

tampuri 2002@y ahoo.co m

Adaptation Learning Project in Zambulugu and Yuntoranyiri between which youth conflicts exists over community boundaries, development projects, bush burning and electrification projects. ALP negiotiated the conflicts with success.

7

Departm ent of Agricult ure (MOFA)

Mavis Bulnuo

Upper East, Bawku

Staff

Dry Farmers farming close to dam instead of (50m away)Buffer zone

8

CSIRFORIG

Stephen Edem Akpalu

Upper East, Bolga

Staff

207392 105

Introduction of edible austration acacias towards reduction of food insecurity

9

East Mampru sis District Assembl y

Iddris Kelly

East Mamprusi,

Policy officer

iddrisuk elly@gm ail.com

Resiliency in northern Ghana (RING)

1. Active-farm is designed by CEEDAGhana currently being impemented in Lambusie. The intervention is to gve access to credit and training for women whose livelihoods is farming in the community. 80 women were targedted to be trained and given assistance in tractors and plough services for early cropping and also to support them on compost preparation. By whom was the intervention funded? It was self-funded initially but created small micro-finance group (VSLA) has enabled women to finance their activities If any, who were the other implementing partners of the intervention? MOFA, through AEAs 1. Microfinance institutions give loans to rural women to improve on the livelihood activities. Most of these women are agro processors who depend on the natural resources in carrying out the activities which leads to depletion of natural resources

Ethnic majority Dagaabas Ethnic minorities Fulanis sisala Dominant religion Christianity

ALP was implementedto build community resilence and prepare them adequately to adapt to the imapcts of climate change on their livelihoods through various interventions models including VSLA, CAAPs, PSP etc.

1. Education of farmers along the white Volta dam to farm 50 m away from the river banks (buffer zones) to prevent silting of river drying up

To support women of reproductive age to build their resilience to improve their income and livelihood activities

The community chief Over lord of the traditional area

Ethnic majority Dagombas Ethnic minorities Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men 1. Farming Main occupation of women 1. Shea butter processing Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop Rice production Migration patterns: No answer provided Main occupation of seasonal migrants: no answer provided

Bonzali market

Chiefs

Ghana Water Company

The chief

No

Ethnic majority: Mamprusis Ethnic minorities: Kusasis, Fulanis, Bisas Dominant religion: Traditional

Main occupation of men is Crop farming Main occupation of women is Crop farming Main subsistence crop is maize Main cash crop Groundnut, soya beans Migration patterns Movement of young people especially girls to urban centers during dry season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Cities/town head porters, bar attendants

Nagboo

Chiefs and land owners mostly men

Entire community led by chiefs and elders. The water and sanitation committees are a late developmen t (they control water too)

Chiefs and water and sanitation committees

Not sanctioned but somehow these are done with impunity

Water users association

Tindaana of the area

No sanction enacted or document to curb unsustainab le practices

Lambusi e market

Tindanas (traditional land owners)

Tindaana of the area

District Assembly Department of Agriculture, District unit

Main occupation of men Crop Farming Main occupation of women Crop Farming Main subsistence crop maize Main cash crop Cotton, soya beans Migration patterns Immigration of Fulani, other relatives who maybe sacked from elsewhere out of migration Main occupation of seasonal migrants Crop farming and animals rearing

Ethnic majority Kusal Ethnic minorities Bisa Dominant religion Traditionalis t

Tindaana of the area

The community

Water resource commission

No There are reasons why culprits are not punished or left to go free

No strict sanctions for unsustainab le practices

No

1. Active-farm is designed by CEEDA-Ghana currently being impemted in Lambusie. The intervention is to give women and men access to credit and also train women whose livelihoods are agriculture/farmin g related. 800 women were targeted to be trained and given assistance such as tractors and plough services for early cropping and compost making

It was selffunded initially but created small microfinance group (VSLA) has enabled women to finance their activities

Not sure

1. Microfinance institutions give loans to rural women to improve on the livelihood activities. Most of these women are agro processors who depend on the natural resources in carrying out the activities which leads to depletion of natural resources

The intervention s are financed by micro finance and NGOs

None

1. Seeks to address the poverty situation of women in the operational areas of the NGOs

Women

1. Financial resource has been distributed to women to improve on the livelihood activities

Sometimes by the chiefs and elders, other times by the community developmen t committees

Jawani community (teanoba) being part developed community adaptation action plan which spelt out a number of actions. They sort to achieve within the next 10-20 years. Electrification was one of them fortunately the district assembly accepted to extend electricity to them. However, Teanoba was not considered when the project began, resulting to strained relationship between the two communities increasing tension in both communities

The community adaptation action plan was funded by the ALP project through Care internationa l

PARED, District Assembly, MOFA, National Disaster manageme nt Organizatio n

The development of community adaptation action plans (CAAPs) sort to empower communities to assess their situation and take action (develop strategies/plan) for future adaptation needs. Subsequently they will facilitate the implementation of the action plan (CAAPs). The electricity which was one of the issues captures in the CAAP was to boost local entrepreneurial skills and industry for climate change adaptation.

Members of the two communities including women, men and youth

Through community meetings, trainings and workshops stakeholders are sensitized on the need to support these vulnerable groups with land on temporal bases.

1. Site or location of dams 2. Destruction of farmlands during flooding 3. Prevent the encroachment of buffer zones 4. Water resource availability for dry season farming

1. Farmers who farm along the river banks and the dams within the community

No punishment is metted out to culprits of unsustainab le practices

1. Education of farmers along the white Volta dam to farm 50 m away from the river banks (buffer zones)

MOFA, through AEAs

MOFA,

1. Specifically, issue of traction was a problem to women after the on-set of rain. The project basically created such interventions supplying donkeys and plough for women groups for to have access to early ploughing.

1. Women of reproductive age in particular were target. The benefit reaped aided them to take good care of their children in terms of good nutrition and payment of other household bills.

Farm land

1. Water along the white Volta for irrigation farming 2. Farmers use water through water pumping machines to irrigate their farms 3. Dam construction for dry season farming

Fulani nomads, as well as men group who got interested and even started to prepare compost heaps for sale to women. Fulanis were also consulted constantly to supply cow dung which aid in the preparing compost

2. Awareness of climate change impact on water resources and their role as human beings

1. Only 50 women had access to early ploughing 2. Women were able to form micro finance groups to mobilize funds for their activities and even pay other bills 3. It brought cooperation between Fulani nomads and the community 4. Women were able to cultivate variety crops enough and good interests

1. Sale of compost by in the community 2. Men who are household leads became afraid their women were taking over their responsibilities and that undermined their authority. 3. Women who were seasoned migrants were interested

1. Men farmers se the community land portion 2. Fulanis grace their animals on the lands 3. Settlers (sisalas) are also given the crop stocks as fuel 4. Widows women who were involved in violence

Men and children not targeted

1. The outcome of the intervention was to improve upon the livelihoods of women

1. The intended outcomes are the depleting of the natural resources (tree plants) and the atmosphere

1. Other users of the natural resources are farmers and herbalists

1. A lot of trees have been cut down and used by these agroprocessors which has made some tree plants go extinct

1. The most significant relationships that exist beyond the target group are relations between farmers, herbalists, forest guards, pastoralists fuel wood sellers charcoal burning etc

1. Most rural women depend on the natural resources for their livelihoods. Agroprocessors eg shea butter processors depend much on fuel wood in undertaking their processing activities which depletes the environment in terms of lost of some tree species, erosion and soil degradation. As a resulted in fertility cultivated lands are lost, tree plants use for medicinal purposes are also lost. This led to conflict between the women users groups of natural resources.

Inter-ethnic

The groups that can be conflict are the farmers, shea butter processors herbalists and pastoralists

Infact the people Teanoba were targeted by the electfication in the paln but when it as implemented they did not benefit from it.

The expected outcome was to have electricity connedted to the Jawani community including Teanoba community

1. The actual outcome of the intervention is that it has really improved the livelihood of women in terms of income but has also resulted into unintended outcome of depleting the environment since the women depend so much of natural resource for the livelihoodthe use of fuel wood and the emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere Some issues of the CAAP have been implemented, notably extension of the national grid to Jawani. Electricity is now extended to Jawani excluding Teanoba

Tension/conflict /disagreement between Jawani and Teanoba over the electricity project

1. Dunni 2. Kpalraka 3. Tunni Dag-Zio 4. Zandua are communities that around Jawnai and male use of electricity for example, the wielding shops in Jawani may create jobs for people. Communities can now charge their mobile phones and women have express service when they process grains for grinding and sheanut for butter. On the other hand, these communities are also jealous and may cause damage to electric poles.

The use of electricity in Jawani is increasing by the day because of the ties the people have with neighbouring communities.

The chiefs and elders of these neighbouring communities continue to interact with the chief of Jawani. Farmland in all the communities are used by all.

Before ALP Jawani and Teanoba co-existed peacefully and had interacted in all sphere of social life. ALP improved this relationship further leading to the joint community action plan development. It was however, the extension of electricity to Jawani through eraction of light poles without same done in Teanoba sparked contention. This was exacerbated when the electrification was commissioned in Jawani leaving Teanob out

No prior conflict

Basically it the entire Teanoba community which is in conflict situation with Jawani. This is mainly led by the community leaders and youth of Teanoba against Jawani

1. Pastoralists user the resource for animal watering 2. Sand winnowers

No response to this question

1. Destruction of farmlands along the river banks minimized 2. Sufficient water for dry season irrigation to enhance all year round farming

1. Water availability for farming crops such as vegetable productions to enhance household nutirition and income

1. 50m away practices are not adhere to by farmers 2. Buildings being constructed on irrigable lands

There is more demand for the electricity because other neighbours come into Jawani to process shea butter nuts, also wielding. This has improved the patronage of the market as a result increase patronage by neighbouring communities

Main occupation of men Farming, artisan during the minor season Main occupation of women Farming and petty trading Main subsistence crop Millet, maize, sorghum Main cash crop Onion Migration patterns Frequent migration especially the youth during the dry season Main occupation of seasonal migrants Head pans (kayaye), manual labor at construction sites or resturants

Binaba market

Ethnic majority Talen, Dominant religion: christianity

Farming and small scale mining

Tongo Market

Tindana

Not well defined

Assembly member

No

No

Introduction of edible Australian acacias for the improvement of nutrition, soil improvement and fuel wood production

World Vision Australia

CSIRForestry Research Institute of Ghana

1. Nutrition to supplement the protein requirement of households 2. Soil improvement to replenish poor soil with nutrients through nitrogen fixation and biomas decomposition 3. Fuelwood and pole production or fast growing tree species that produces quantity wood for energy production and housing

Women and farmers

Land-farmlands used for the establishment of lots on farmlands as agroforestry practices-they are considered to be competing with field crops

For the inclusion in food to improve the nutritional value, women were the target groups but men and children also benefit. Non-farmers

1. Improved nutrition 2. Soil improvement on farmlands 3. Improved availability of tree resources and reduced premise on forests resources

1. Re-greening of the environment 2. Improved availability of tree resources

1. Regreening and shade provision in and around homes 2. Conflict between farmers and miners for land

1. Miners, 2. livestock farmers

1. Reduced availability of farming land due to woodlot establishment 2. Farming has become more sedentary due to improved soil that can support continuous cropping

Ethnic majority Mamprusi Ethnic minorities Dagombas Dominant religion Islam

Main occupation of men 1. Food production Main occupation of women 1. Farming and petty trading Main subsistence crop Maize Main cash crop Rice and soya bean Migration patterns Seasonal migration Main occupation of seasonal migrants Farming

Garu

Chiefs and opinion leaders

Community committee

Traditional leaders and district assembly

No. But farm burning are strictly not allowed. Culprits are fined in kind or cash equivalence of what was destroyed

No but in case of bush burning if ones farm produced is destroyed culprit is fined to pay for what has been destroyed

1. This is a USAID intervention which is spanning from 2014 to 2019. This intends to reduce stunting in under 5 and improving maternal health. It is also meant to sustain the economic gains of beneficiaries through Village Savings and Loans Association (VSLA) concept

United Nations Agency for Internation al Developme nt (DFID)

Global Communitie s and the East Mamprusis District Assembly

1. To reduce stunting in under 5 while providing the health of women of reproductive age 2. Also meant to encourage the culture of savings among the beneficiaires 3. Above this, is hoped to be achieved through the following interventions (activities) 1. Soya bean cultivation, 2, supply of ruminants, 3 VSLA

1. Women of reproductive age and children under 5 years

1. Soya bean cultivation through the allocation of land to women by family members and spouses 2. Distribution of small ruminants to target beneficiaries groups 3. Two areas of land were ploughed for each of the 25 women in 4 communities. Also 3 female sheep to the target population

Men were not targeted affected in the sense that they have to release arable lands for the women to cultivate. Men also catered for the ruminants

1. To reduce stunting and anaemia in children under 5 2. To maintain soil fertility to enable beneficiaries to grow cereals without apply chemical fertilizers 3. To encourage saving savings among beneficiary groups

1. Improved nutrition among women and children under 5 2. Women target 3. Restoration of soil fertility 4. Encouraged savings within target beneficiaries

1. Exclusion of men in the process of implementation ie husbands, relatives

1. Other women within the household that benefits other than the selected beneficiaries ie. From the arable lands

1. Land which is central here is now released to women to freely engage in farming activities

1. Wifehusband relationship 2. Landlordssettlers relationships 3. Fulanilandlord/chief relationship 4. Nephewslandlord relationship

People in Jawani farm in other communities and the vice versa. This shows the extend of relationshipthere is interdependenc y in the use of farmlands in Jawani and neighbouring communities

1. Farmers have a cordial relationship with pastoralists that have settled in the communities for long. However, more pastoralists are beginning to troop into the communities and farmers are not in agreement because their animals would destroy crops and farm lands. 2. There are factions (one chief agrees the pastoralists stay while the other chief doesn’t agree) 1. Land availability for expansion of the project us reduced due to mining activities 2. Nonbeneficiaries within the same community learn from beneficiaries and also adopt the intervention 3. In other case some nonbeneficiaries get jealous and destroy the plots of the beneficiaries

1. Men who have multiple wives and in a case where one is a beneficiary faces challenges in supporting the beneficiary wife in the implementation process 2. Notwithstandin g other cereals cultivated on the same land prevent soya bean which is rich in crop nutrient from growing well

1. It has exerbated issues around the people where they try to define who have rights to ownership and use of lands for farming

yes there was an Intra-ethnic conflict

1. Men and women in VSLA 2. Women and women in VSLA 3. Men and targeted VSLA women 4. Landlords and women

1. Farm lands 2. Stock or crop residue

1. Yes, with and through the involvement of the district assemblymen and the assistant fishery officers in the community

1. Briefing on project aims and objectives 2. Involvement of their opinion leaders in the community and chief 3. Active engagement of the youth in the project 4. Community chose good leaders

No comment

Yes it did by instituting a local structure which links to the district level and to the regional level

1. The involvement and willingness of the chief strengthened cooperation 2. Continuous education and sensitization also strengthened cooperation before the implementation , the institutionalizat ion of community environmental management committee helped to reduce conflict

No comment

1. Land ownership mapping exercise 2. Land usage mapping exercise 3. Conflict mapping of the area

No comment

The structure at the community was community environmental management committee (CEMC) which is a sevenmember body including the chief, women and youth leaders, a teacher in the community, religious leader, opinion leaders and assembly person.

No comment

Inter-ethnic (farmerspastoralists )

1. Crop farmers and pastoralist 2. Conflict within the water users association because some farmers do not pay dues for the maintenanc e of dams

The DEMC also reports to The Regional Environmental Management Committee (REMC) where feedback is taken from down level (CEMCREMC). Yes. The groups are trained in marketing and bargaining skills and because of that they involved the assembly members who were able to collaborate with food crop buyers to come and purchase food stuff in their community directly at good price.

The intervention did not anticipate rise of such conflicts at the beginning of the project. However, the women themselves saw the need to contact their Fulani settlers and arrange for mutual assistance where crop residue was given to the Fulani animals in excharge for dung for the prepariong of compost VSLAs meeting visits gave us the rather change to encourage the women to rather allow their husbands to prepare the compost for them. This way the men would feel part of the process to lower tension between and among households and VSLA members

1. It increased the number of VSLAs to include more women 2. There are also men groups currently ready to formed VSLA 3. Settlers are being encourages tonuse their microincome to diversify to other farming livelihood other then crop farming. This will lessen their demand for large usage

They are competing for the scare tree plants in their environmen t from their various environmen t activities

1. Micro-finance institutions need to factor in environmental sustainability aspect in their service so as to prevent the depletion of forest resources 2. They also need to create us awareness level of their beneficiaries through advocacy programme. 3. Beneficiaries should be encouraged to engage in environmental sensitive livelihood activities

no entry

no entry

no entry

This case has met been undertaken. It is a project which I intend to research into to find out how micro-finance interventions to women can enhance environmental sustainability and climate change.

They are competing over the distribution and or allocation of social amenities. In this case, it is access to the electricity through the national grid

The intervention (ALP) itself did not have any component to address the stated conflict situation between the two communities (Jawani and Teanoba).

Again the ALP project did nothing. However the Teanoba community leadership and the youth including women were mobilizing and delegation of people sent to the district assembly to lobby for the extension of the project to them

Yes Initially during the implementation of the ALP interventions, the two communities had strong linkages with the district assembly and its decentralized agencies including MOFA and NADMO. This was done through their involvement in community planning processes rolling out of some of the interventions like the annual participatory scenario planning event where MOFA, NADMO and PARED leading the process alongside meteorological agency

Actions taken might have included:

Jawani now has electricity while Teanoba has not been connected to the national grid. I don’t really know why but the people of Teanoba believe it is political

The intervention was under the ministry of MOFA so therefore farmers were linked to the ministry through the AEAs in the operational areas where these farmers are located. However, with the current decentralization target groups are linked to the District assembly

1. No action was taken

However the implementation partner still engages the communities in dialogue, Teanoba community was encouraged to approach the district assembly to include thir community as beneficiaries too. They did just that through the assembly member to the contractor and the district chief executive-all failed. Now Teanoba community is accusing the assembly member he is residents of Jawani.

1. The intervention exacerbated conflict between crop farmers and pastoralists especially dry season farmers animals of pastoralists tried to compete for the available water for dry season production. Pasture lands are reduced because farmers have water to go into dry season cultivation. Lands are not left fallow for animals to graze on.

Additional comments or notes

The CEMC reports to the District Environmental Management Committee at the district. This committee constitute various heads of departments at the district level involved in the environmental issues.

1. Good nutrition for women and their children in term of food availability and in various varieties 2. Women are able to cart their food from farms early enough to prevent paost harvest losses 3. They had good bargaining skills for their farm produce at the market place

1. Pastoralists (sensitization or education activities seem not to include the pastoral habitants living within such communities. Pastoralists have less water resource for their cattle as a result of sitted portions 2. Sand winnowers tend to destroy arable lands

1. There are more strict rules to gaining access to farmland now then before landlords now prefer sharecropping or other valuable 2. There is clear decision of the people and this has made them ownershipsensitive

What kind of actions might have been undertaken prior to implementing the project which might have further strengthened cooperation/ collective action or avoided risk of conflict/conte station during the project? Nothing

1. They are competing over land for food cropping and pasture for animals to graze 2. Competing over water resources for animals watering and food crop culture

1. The intervention registered farmers under associations. Farmers felt belonging where they meet to take collective decisions, to residue conflicts among members

1. The formation of water users associations where farmers are put into organized groups with elected or appointed executives, organize regular meetings, seek the assistance of the agriculture extension agents for training.

Almost all groups have been on mobile money to help them receive and send cash at meeting days with a mobile money ventdor without going to the bank.

1. Carry out an assessment of the district or review an assessment of the district profile if available 2. Do a comprehensive baseline studies of the target areas 3. Carry out an assessment of the settlement patterns and the interconnections that exist between same groups, the different ethnic groups and the minority groups.

The presence of electricity in Jawani has improved lives tremendously through the setting up of more local industries like wielding shops, grain processing plants and all of which use electricity. The incomes of some people in Jawani have increased while the people of Teanoba have remained poorer. The social lives of Jawani residents have appreciated. They have light for entertainments (playing radio and types) charging their mobile phones etc.

Climate change interventions should engage target groups involved in order to minimize conflicts that might arise in future. Lessons learnt from projects that were not conflict sensitive should be incorporated into planning of interventions. Stakeholders should be sensitized to take up pragmatic measures in resolving conflicts. Hitherto, when pastoralists were not on an issue in agricultural production or activities today, conflicts are generated quite often between arable crop farmers and pastoralists. Lands could be demarcated for pastoralists do manage for pasture grazing and perhaps integrate crop and livestock production

Due to the tradition where livestock are allowed to be kept free range in the off cropping season, animals break or destroy the trees planted during this period. This affects the survival rates of the trees. However, the success of the nutrition improvement component of the project depends on the level of seed production as a source of protein to augument nutrition value of food. There is therefore a conflct between the farmers and livestock herdsmen who live together in the same community. Ironically the same people who are crop farmers keep the livestock which destroy the trees 1. The intervention required land for cultivation whose focus is on women, most men do not really support this and they turn to be barren land to women to cultivate the soy bean.

Intraconflict

Livestock farmer and crop farmers in the same community

The survival of their respective enterprises

1. To select and introduce tree species that are browsed by livestock 2. To select beneficiaries based on expression of interest

1. To facilitate collective action the tried to introduce activities that will embrace a wide range of groups of beneficiaries eg 2. Crop farmerssoil fertility improvement 3. Householdsnutrition enhancement 4. Women and processorsfuelwood production All these groups are centred around the same intervention

Yes During training workshops including the launch of the intervention, the district assembly is informed and a representative made to attend to give a better appreciation of the intervention

1. Cross visits to locations where the intervention has been practised to learn from their success and failure stories 2. Workshop to create awareness on the possible benefit of the intereaction 3. The selection of beneficiaries based on their needs and interest

To compare the intervention in the commitment with a standard a demonstration plot was established which was fenced. It was obvious that in order to prevent conflict and to ensure success there will be the need to ensure for beneficiaries to improvise protection methods for their tree seedlings

No prior conflict

?

?

1. Before implementation, stakeholders meetings comprising chiefs, opinion leaders, youth group leaders were sensitized 2. Again criteria for selectin was also had to reached communities and poor households 3. Communities without basic amenities such as portable water, schools, health centers were considered

1. The intervention sensitized men and women who were not directly benefiting from the specific livelihoods linked the soy bean farmers to VSLA, small ruminants on community wide intervention. 2. These ones are drilling of bore holes, community led total sanitation (CLTS) for the communities

1. Meetings such as annual preimplementation review meetings are organized 2. Also end of year review of implementation work plan and budget meetings are organized Note: participants always included chiefs, youth, beneficiaries and other NGOs implementing partners and community leaders

1. Stakeholder sensitization 2. Developed selection criteria (community based targeting), poor households, women of reproductive age and children under 5)

The intervention is respond to climate change variability which has left small holder farmers disadvantaged in terms of games


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