B,S&S: E-Portfolio

BACH E LO R O F A RT S ( HO NS ) I N I N TE R I O R A R CH I T EC T UR E

S E M E S T E R 3 (MAR - JU LY 2021)

BLD 62304

PHUAH RU SHEN 0343669

TABLE OF

CONTENTS ASSIGNMENT 1: LIGHTING DESIGN & VAC DESIGN FOR COMFORT

- PAGE 3

ASSIGNMENT 2: INDOOR COMFORT DESIGN & "INVENTION"

- PAGE 42

FINAL PROJECT: BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN IN KITCHEN

- PAGE 83

BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE BLD62304 BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES (SEMESTER: MARCH - JULY 2021)

ASSIGNMENT 1: LIGHTING DESIGN & VAC DESIGN FOR COMFORT

NAME: PHUAH RU SHEN ID NUMBER: 0343669 TUTOR: MS SHARON

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TABLE OF

CONTENT 1. From Old to New 1.1 Site Analysis 1.1.1 An Introduction to Room Layout………………….

1.1.2 Dissatisfactory Issues….…………………………….

3-5 6-8

1.2 Reintroducing Comfort 1.2.1 An Introduction to New Room Layout ………………. 9-13 1.2.2 Highlighted Changes for Human Comfort…………. 13-20

1.3 Energy Consumptions 1.3.1 Specifications…….…………………………………. 21-29 1.3.2 Energy Calculations…………………………………. 30-34

2. Re-Sources 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Bill of Quantities…………………………………………… 35 Pictorial/Graphical References in BQ……………………. 36-37 Old Bedroom Layout Plan………………………………… 38 New Bedroom Layout Plan………………………………… 39

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1.1 Site Analysis 1.1.1 An Introduction to Room Layout The selected site/ space is the master bedroom, the most private space in the house. The clients live in this house for about 25 years and only do minor renovations once a decade. Thus, their bedroom design is very basic and old-fashioned.

According to their beliefs, the clients are considerably superstitious, especially in the Feng Shui context which results in no proper positions for the bed, wardrobe and storage area.

Thus, a change of position would take place once in a while in the past. Nevertheless, they have a fixed position now but the human comfort level is not well-achieved as the fixtures that were previously installed is not well-synchronized with the current position.

The interior layout is very basic as it is mainly used as a sleeping space along with wardrobes and a plenty of storage area. The house/room is facing at the South direction (As shown in Figure 1.1). Hence, the strongest sun rays will flow through the South-facing windows from late morning to mid-afternoon, which rarely affects the clients as they are not around at this timeframe. Based on the layout plan (Refer to Page 38 for Old Layout Plan), there are two double casement windows which provides sufficient daylight during daytime, with approximately 100-130 lux (As shown in Figure 1.2). A pair of silk and sheer curtains are also installed to decrease the transparency and for heat absorption. (As shown in Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.1 The compass shows the room is facing at the South direction.

Figure 1.2 The Lux Meter app measured the lux in the room with South-facing windows at daytime.

Figure 1.3 All the double casement windows are installed with silk and sheer curtains.

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As we dive into the reflected ceiling plan, there are only two light fixtures, a ceiling fan and a wall-mounted air-conditioner for a 19.64m2 room. The whole room is mainly illuminated by a fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight) (As shown in Figure 1.4 & Figure 1.5) which is located above the bed.

Figure 1.4 A 1200mm long fluorescent tube light was installed above the bed.

Figure 1.5 The fluorescent tube light illuminates the room in a cool daylight illumination.

The other light fixture is a circular ceiling light, along with a fluorescent triple tube (3U) light bulb (Warm White) (As shown in Figure 1.6, Figure 1.7 & Figure 1.8) which only switches on before sleeping at night.

Figure 1.6 An old-fashioned circular ceiling light was installed at the dressing table area.

Figure 1.7 The light bulb is replaced into a fluorescent 3U light bulb which was originally a circular fluorescent tube light.

Figure 1.8 The circular ceiling light illuminates the room in a warm white illumination.

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In addition, the wall-mounted air conditioner is positioned in that particular wall as the bed used to be located there. (As shown in Figure 1.9) Recently, during the Movement Control Order (MCO), the client has just changed their air conditioner to the latest Daikin R32 wall mounted air-conditioner model which provides 1.5 horsepower. Before that, it was an old-dated air conditioner, National brand which provides 1 horsepower only. (As shown in Figure 1.10) The old-dated air-conditioner was unable/ took longer time to cool the spacious room.

Figure 1.9 Daikin R32 wall-mounted air conditioner was installed during MCO.

Figure 1.10 This National-brand air conditioner was being replaced due to its inability to cool the room.

Lastly, the three-blades ceiling fan is still functioning well despite serving the clients for more than 20 years (As shown in Figure 1.11 & Figure 1.12). The speed of the fan is rotating well which provides good air flow but it is not aesthetic pleasing as it is just powder coated with white finishes.

Figure 1.11 A National-brand ceiling fan with three blades still working well.

Figure 1.12 The National-brand ceiling fan wall regulator controller along with other switches.

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1.1.2 Dissatisfactory Issues Human comfort is the main consideration for the room as it is mainly housed for the clients’ sleeping space. However, it is not well-achieved as mentioned earlier. There are a few problems to tackle in terms of aesthetic, comfort and convenience to meet the criteria of the space and the clients’ needs.

First and foremost, the client has some habits that need to be taken in consideration for the design. She is an avid-reader who loves reading a book before sleeping. However, there is no lamp or wall light beside her bed. There is light fixture above her bed (As shown in Figure 1.13) but the fluorescent tube light above the bed is too bright which affects one’s sleep and eyes when switching it on while her partner is using it or vice versa. Based on the Lux meter, the brightness of the light fixture in the sleeping area at night is approximately 120 lux (As shown in Figure 1.14), which is not suitable for eye comfort level, especially in sleep.

Figure 1.13 Fluorescent light tube illuminates strong cool daylight above the bed.

Figure 1.14 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the sleeping area at night.

Furthermore, the dressing table is often not well-lit at night. Based on Figure 1.15, the dressing table area has approximately 1-4 lux only when switching on the fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight). On the other hand, the other light fixtures, the circular ceiling light (Warm White) which mainly illuminates the dressing table area has about 20-23 lux only (As shown in Figure 1.16). Thus, every time when the client is doing her skincare routine at night, she has a hard time seeing herself in the mirror.

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Figure 1.15 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the dressing table area when switching on the fluorescent tube light only.

Figure 1.16 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the dressing table area when switching on the circular ceiling light only.

There is also a beam structure which gives constraint for casting out the light, thus many shadows can be seen on the plaster ceiling. (As shown in Figure 1.17). However, it acts as a good night light as it does not affect the sleeping area. According to the Lux meter, the sleeping area would be 0 lux after switching on the circular ceiling light only. (As shown in Figure 1.18).

Figure 1.17 The casting of warm-white illumination was restricted by the beam.

Figure 1.18 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the sleeping area when switching on the circular ceiling light only.

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The area for the door entrance of the room and the access route to the toilet is not welllit when all light fixtures were switched on. Based on the Lux Meter, there is only about 9-11 lux at that particular area. (As shown in Figure 1.19). This is because there is a cupboard in between the entry door and the bed to split the section area into two, as a result in blocking the distribution of light. (As shown in Figure 1.20)

Figure 1.19 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the entrance area when switching on all the light fixtures.

Figure 1.20 The cupboard act as a divider for the space segregation which deliberately dimmers that area.

At night, the married couple will experience a huge contradiction towards the air conditioner as the woman will feel hot and sweltering while the man will be cold and freezing.

This is due to the position of air conditioner which results in different air flow as the cold air blows directly facing towards the man. (As shown in Figure 1.21 & Figure 1.22) Moreover, due to the Chinese customs, as the saying goes, “the left is for males, the right is for females”, they are not willing to switch their sleeping places (left and right side). Thus, it occurred two individuals facing thermal comfort issues.

Figure 1.21 The air conditioner is not well-placed and caused imbalance ventilation in the room.

Figure 1.22 The air flow of the air conditioner is facing directly towards the man which makes him very cold at night.

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1.2 REINTRODUCING COMFORT 1.2.1 An Introduction to New RCP Plan The new room layout is mainly introducing the new changes/repositions in light fixtures, HVAC and ceiling fan. (Refer to Page 39 for New Layout Plan) Most of the furniture positions/basic activities are fixed as the clients are determined to remain their bed and wardrobe positions. Hence, the main priority is to achieve human comfort more than the aesthetical aspects.

Upon entering the room, we will have a built-in cabinet all the way up till the ceiling, like a foyer. It is used for storage purposes and also acts as a divider for the entrance/toilet area and the sleeping area. (As shown in Figure 2.1) There is also wall switches in the built-in cabinet area with placement fulfilling the ergonomic height.

Figure 2.1 The built-in cabinet serves as a divider and storage purposes, as well as home to the room switches.

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Based on the new room layout plan, the right side is fully utilized as cabinetry for wardrobe and storage purposes, along with a dressing table. (As shown in Figure 2.2) Most of the storage area is hidden by making more room space for the interior to create that clean and seamless look. Before that, there are many storage boxes or drawers all over the room, which is not aesthetically-pleasing, especially for a room which serves its purpose for relaxation. (As shown in Figure 2.3)

Figure 2.2 The right side of the room is fully utilized as storage/ wardrobe area, extending all the way to the ceiling.

Figure 2.3 Many storage boxes scatter all over the room, for instance on top of the existing wardrobe which is messy.

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All the light fixtures are replaced and more lights were added in for a better light distribution throughout the room, especially at night. (As shown in Figure 2.4) New ceiling fan was installed to replace the 26-year-old ceiling fan and has move further away from the sleeping area due to the client experience cold feet at night as the fan was blowing directly towards her feet. It also moved further away from the wardrobe to avoid blades hitting it which originally is near/overlapped above the wardrobe. (As shown in Figure 2.5)

Figure 2.4 Noticeable light fixtures were removed and replaced, along with the changes in position of the ceiling fan.

Figure 2.5 The previous ceiling fan blade was near and slightly overlapped with the wardrobe area.

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The ceiling height level in the dressing table area is lower down to hide the beam structure for aesthetic and functional purpose. (As shown in Figure 2.6 & Figure 2.7) The new addition of soffit light, downlight (Cool Daylight) as a replacement for the round ceiling light in the dressing table area. This light has a higher wattage compare to the previous fluorescent 3U tube light bulb, which gives more brightness to the area.

Figure 2.6 The original beam structure obstructed the light distribution and is not aesthetically pleasing.

Figure 2.7 The original beam structure and the ceiling height level is at the same level now.

This wall-mounted non-inverter air conditioner is upgraded to the newest model to the Daikin inverter series air conditioner. It is also repositioned to the dressing table area in order to solve the issue regarding different thermal comfort faced by the clients. (As shown in Figure 2.8) The cold air circulation is better as all parts of the room can have an even distribution of cold air from the air conditioner. There is a ceiling fan which provides diversion of cold air to different parts of the room when switching it on. (As shown in Figure 2.9)

Figure 2.8 The repositioning of the new wall-mounted air conditioner to the dressing table area.

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Figure 2.9 The cold air circulation from the new position of the air conditioner is improved with the aid of the ceiling fan for diverting the cold air.

1.2.2 Highlighted Changes for Human Comfort 1. Light Fixtures To achieve better human comfort, the fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight) is removed although it illuminates the whole room, the light does not distribute evenly. (Refer to Page 3 for Site Analysis) Thus, the two additions of downlights, Opple 6” Slim Downlight (As shown in Figure 2.10) are able to achieve a better comfort for the eyes and they offer the same brightness as in the tube light and they are more energy efficient as they are LED lights. (Refer to Page 21 for Specifications) According to the calculations, the net savings after switching to these downlights compared with the fluorescent tube light is RM 0.74 (Refer to Page 31 for Energy Calculations)

Figure 2.10 Two Opple 6” Slim Downlights are replacing the fluorescent tube light.

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However, we opt for the Cool White illumination (4000K) apart from the original illumination as the level intensity of the brightness in the Cool Daylight is unbearable and uncomfortable for a sleeping space. (As shown in Figure 2.11 for illumination comparison)

Figure 2.11 From left to right: Cool White (4000K), Daylight (6000K), Warm White (3000K).

Moreover, the dressing table area has also replaced the Fluorescent 3U tube light (Warm Yellow) with this downlight (Cool White) too. Although the wattage (12W) is higher than the previous one (8W), it clearly illuminates the whole area brighter than the older one.

(As shown in Figure 2.12) The significant change is the illumination from Warm White to Cool White as the client is hard to do its skincare routine/ make up previously.

Figure 2.12 The dressing table area is illuminated with Cool White (4000K) downlight now.

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In addition, one more newly addition of light fixture, downlight (Warm white) is added in the entrance and the toilet area to solve its lack of light distribution at night when all light fixtures were switched on. (As shown in Figure 2.13) The addition of this downlight can now act as a night light as it has a built-in cabinet in between to divide the sleeping and entrance area. The disruption incurred for sleep users would be minimized as the light distribution is blocked and placed within the built-in cabinet area.

Figure 2.13 The entrance/toilet area is now well-lit at night with the addition of downlight.

Apart from that, the sleeping area has installed track lighting above the bed, act as an alternative for wall light or table lamp. (As shown in Figure 2.14) This track light is important for the client as she likes to read before sleeping. The switch for this light fixture is placed near the side table for easy accessibility. (As shown in Figure 2.15)

Figure 2.14 There are 3 track lights being installed above the bed/sleeping area as the client loves to read before sleeping.

Figure 2.15 Wall switch for track lights is installed beside the bed/at the side table for easier access.

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This track light is installed as a recessed lighting which is hidden in the ceiling. There is a total of three track lights, HAG LED 12W Track Light (As shown in Figure 2.16), along the track rails (As shown in Figure 2.17) which provide natural light illumination (4000K).

(Refer to Page 22 for Specifications)

Figure 2.16 The HAG store offers different lengths of track lights rail, from 1m, 1.5m to 2m.

Figure 2.17 The HAG store sells 12W track lights in two different colours, black and white.

Furthermore, the bedroom has installed a few motion sensor light sticks, Yeelight Motion Sensor Light Stick, specially used during night hours. It is placed near the bed, entrance and the toilet area. (As shown in Figure 2.18 & Figure 2.19) Another motion sensor light stick is being placed in the built-in cabinet for easier reach out to the wall switches. (As shown in Figure 2.20) This is significant for the clients’ age (in their near 60s), they are more concern with their movements at night, considering if the room is in pitch dark. For instance, they worried they might fall in the dark while walking to the toilet without any lights companion. Hence, this motion sensor light stick act as a walk guide for them at night. It has an intelligent sensor which ensures the operation functioning only at night/dark times. (Refer to Page 24 for Specifications)

Figure 2.18 The motion sensor light stick is being installed near the bed.

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Figure 2.19 The motion sensor light stick is being installed at the entrance/toilet area.

Figure 2.20 The motion sensor light stick is being installed in the built-in cabinet.

2. VAC Equipment As the current ceiling fan is old and squeaky, we opt for the new Deka Ceiling Fan as a replacement. (As shown in Figure 2.21) First and foremost, it is operated with DC inverter motor which is well-known for its energy efficiency, compact and lightweight motor as well as its quiet sound. (Refer to Page 26 for Specifications) Based on the calculations, the net savings after switching is RM 3.53 (Refer to Page 33 for Energy Calculations), as the new ceiling fan is rated with 5 stars for its energy savings due to its DC motor. (As shown in Figure 2.22) The power used in new ceiling fan is also much lesser than the previous AC Motor Ceiling Fan, which is 35W (without LED) and 80W respectively. (As shown in Figure 2.23)

Figure 2.21 Deka LED Ceiling Fan as a replacement for old ceiling fan.

Figure 2.22 The average energy consumption for Deka ceiling fan is 107.7 kWh per year.

Figure 2.23 The details/ brief info taken from the old ceiling fan.

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Also, this ceiling fan comes with an LED which is able to switch into 3 different light modes, from daylight (8000K), mix tone (4000K), to warm light (3000K). (As shown in Figure 2.24, Figure 2.25 & Figure 2.26) This is suitable for the clients as they can adjust the light brightness or mode based on their preferences or daily activities in the room. It is also one of the prominent lights at night. If we switch on this LED, we do not need to switch on the downlights or vice versa. Based on the calculations, the net savings after just switching on this LED to illuminate the room is RM 1.05. (Refer to Page 31 for Energy Calculations)

Figure 2.24 LED ceiling fan in daylight illumination mode (8000K).

Figure 2.25 LED ceiling fan in mix tone illumination mode (4000K)

Figure 2.26 LED ceiling fan in warm light illumination mode (3000K).

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Most importantly, instead of using a wall regulator switch, it has a remote control. (As shown in Figure 2.27) The clients find it annoying to wake up just to walk all the way to the room switches to change the fan speed in the middle of the night. It has 6 different fan speeds which is more than enough. With the remote control, the clients are able to make adjustments with ease. All they need is to press the button for switching on/off and changing speed/mode for the fan and LED lights.

Figure 2.27 The LED ceiling fan remote control is easy to carry and has all the functions needed.

For better energy-efficiency, the switching from the current air conditioner to the newest Daikin R32 Inverter Wall-Mounted FKTU Series Air Conditioner (As shown in Figure 2.28) took place despite the old one was being purchased last year. We have chosen 1.5 Horsepower (HP) air conditioner after comparing the old and the new Daikin air conditioner.

(Refer to Page 30 for Sizing of Air Conditioner) The new air conditioner has a durable PCB Voltage Shield which can easily handle large variations of voltage (130V – 415V), therefore ensuring longer life span. Based on the calculations, the net savings after switching to this inverter series air conditioner is RM 5.06. (Refer to Page 34 for Energy Calculations).

Figure 2.28 The new Daikin Deluxe Inverter Series FKTU-A air conditioner.

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Based on Figure 2.29, the energy consumption of the previous air conditioner is only rated with 2 stars which consumes an average of 1957kWj per year. Although it is stated that it consumes less energy than other appliances which were rated 2 stars, it is still not eco-friendly wise. On the contrary, the new one is rated with 5 stars energy rating labelled by the Energy Commission of Malaysia (ST), along with a recognition as an eco-friendly appliance. (As shown in Figure 2.30) It also has Eco+ Mode for energy saving, an intelligent feature which has its power saving through limiting outdoor power input and running current while fulfilling the basic human comfort needs.

Figure 2.29 The energy rating labeled by ST for the old air conditioner is only 2 stars.

Figure 2.30 The energy rating labeled by ST for the new air conditioner has 5 stars.

Moreover, in comparison with the new air conditioner, the new one is quieter and more efficient as the DC inverter air conditioner has a smooth rotation, with the swing compressor decreases friction and vibration. It also prevents the leakage of refrigerant gas during compression. These advantages allow users to have a peaceful sleep with a quieter and more efficient operation which is important for the client needs as she is a light sleeper who cannot sleep through loud, thud noises or disruptions. The client also has running nose issues who always sneeze whenever the air is dusty or cold. Thus, with this new air conditioner, the air purification consists of Green Tea Filter which traps air borne particles such as dust particles effectively, deactivates captured bacteria, virus and unpleasant odours, thus providing better Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). (Refer to Page 27 for Specifications)

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1.3 ENERGY COMSUMPTIONS 1.3.1 Specifications 1. Light Fixtures (A) Opple LED 6” Slim Downlight

Figure 3.1 The specifications of Opple Slim Downlight (4000K) in detail.

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The Opple LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) has a slim, stylish body that gives this luminaire a modern aesthetic that brings beauty to any space. Its dimension is 6inches.

(Dimensions: Height × Depth= 23mm × 162mm) It has a beam angle of 120° which is able to illuminate wider area, compared with the conventional downlights.

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Moreover, it is up to 50% energy saving compared to conventional downlight and lasts 3 times longer than conventional downlight, which is up to 30000 hours lifetime.

Figure 3.2 The highlighted features in the Opple LED Slim Downlight.

(B) HAG 12W LED Track Light & 2m Track Light Rail

Figure 3.3 The specifications of HAG LED Track Light and HAG Track Light Rails.

Type text here

HAG 12W LED Track Light has an aluminum body with dimensions of 110mm(L) x 60mm(D). It uses COB type LED light and has super low power consumption with maximum brightness, at the same time it has high energy saving for better efficiency. There is no harmful UV light/ radiation. Its smart thermal design enables to improve air circulation for heat dissipation. It is easy to install just with a clip-on installation method.

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Subsequently, the HAG 2m Track Light Rail has two different colours, in Black and White.

The weight for this 2m Track Light Rail is about 0.3 kg, made from polypropylene. It is also compatible with most type of track lights which is ideal for switching other latest energyefficient technology track lights. This rail has two options, Type A and Type B which are different in terms of the cost, thickness, materials and durability.

Figure 3.4 Some highlighted features in the HAG track light rail and track lights.

HAG LED Track Lights • •

•

Wattage: 12W Light Colour: Yellow Light (Warm White) 3000k / Natural Light 4000k / White Light 6500k Body Colour: Black/ White

HAG Track Light Rail • • • • •

Colour: Black / White Length: 1m / 2m Weight: 2m (0.3 kg) / 1m (0.1 kg) Material: Polypropylene Compatibility: Most track lights

Figure 3.5 The light illumination in HAG LED track lights.

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(C) Yeelight LED Motion Sensor Light

Figure 3.6 The specifications of Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light.

Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light (20cm) is as thin as 0.9cm, made from high-grade metal texture, minimal design with black industrial style. This multi-purpose lamp has a builtin precise human body sensor. For instance, the light will only switch on when there is motion, thus making it easy and hands-free. Furthermore, the cabinet light also has a built-in photosensitive sensor, which only lights up in a dark environment. This function enables the light to save power and causes less disruption to others.

In addition, this cabinet light is not connected with the switches to generate the power.

It has a large-capacity battery built inside the light, which supports USB Type-C charging with an anti-overcharged protection. After charging, it can be used for about 4-6 months, which provides energy-saving and environmental protection.

To install this light is very easy, it is installed via mounting magnetic structure with 3M paste on. However, this adhesive of the device cannot be reused, hence tearing it off may cause damage to the paste surface of the object. Therefore, it is advisable to confirm the exact position or location before pasting it.

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Figure 3.7 The highlighted features in Yeelight LED Sensor Cabinet Light.

Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light Series • • • • • • • • • • • •

Product Size: 20cm x 3.9cm x 0.9cm Rated Power: 1.2W Battery Capacity: 900mAh Life Time: 3 hours Colour Temperature: 4000K Rated Input: 5V=-=lA Charging Method: USB-C (with the cable provided) Charging Time: about 2 to 4 hours Induction Time: 4-6 months (Induction lights 3 times a day) Working Temperature: -10℃～+40℃ Working Humidity: 0%～85%RH Body Material: Aluminium alloy + ABS

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2. VAC Equipment (A) DEKA 54” LED DC Decorative Ceiling Fan

Figure 3.8 The catalogue of Deka LED Decorative Ceiling Fan.

Deka 54” LED DC Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L) has two colour options for the fan blades, either in Walnut or in Black. There is a total of five blades made from A.B.S Polymer and the structure is assembled according to a high air-flow design. This ceiling fan runs with the DC Inverter Motor, which is efficiently known as a silent-quiet motor. This brand also has a local-based factory; thus, it is easy to find spare parts. With the 5 years Motor Warranty, it gives an assurance and guarantee to the customers. Also, its sub-feature is the LED light which has 3 modes to switch according to own preferable ambience. The brightness level is able to illuminate the whole room.

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Deka 54” LED DC Decorative Ceiling Fan • • • • • • • • • • • •

Model: DC2-509L Colours: Walnut/ Black Measurement: 54 Inch Diameter Speed: 6 Speeds Timer: 1.3.6 Hour Timer Blades: 5 Blades A.B.S Polymer Design Remote Control: Radio Frequency (R.F) Full Function Remote Control Watt: 53W (Fan Power: 35W, LED Power: 18W) Volt/ Hz: 240V/ 50Hz Gross Weight:10.5 kg (2 unit per carton) Bluetooth/LED: 18W LED Light with Mix Tone, Day Light and Warm Light Motor: DC Motor

(B) Daikin R32 Inverter Wall-Mounted FKTU Series Air Conditioner

Figure 3.9 The specifications of Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner in detail.

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Daikin R32 1.5 HP Inverter Wall-Mounted FTKU Series Air Conditioner (FTKU35AV1LF/RKU35FV1D) is under deluxe inverter series in the Daikin Wall-Mounted air-conditioner. With the application of the latest technology, 3D Air Flow, it generates an excellent air modulation to the room with a rectangular motion of air. Thus, it gives a whole coverage of cold air throughout the room. With the breeze airflow design, it will coordinate the air flow at different strengths and speed in order to mimic the natural breeze. (As shown in Figure 3.10)

Figure 3.10 The natural pattern of gentle breeze in Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner.

To achieve human comfort and energy saving, it has Eco+ Mode which adjusts temperature automatically to fulfill human comfort needs and environmentally friendly. (As shown in Figure 3.11) Also, it incorporated the iPlasma Technology along with the Green Tea Filter which effectively purifies and sterilize the air; removing airborne contaminants, harmful bacteria.

Figure 3.11 The energy-saving features of Daikin Inverter FKTU Series Air Conditioner.

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Figure 3.12 The highlighted features of Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner.

Figure 3.13 The remote control of the Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner.

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1.3.2 Energy Calculations Sizing Air Conditioner： Area of the room (m2) = [(1.145 x 2.04) + (2.135 x 3.235) + (2.26 x 4.6)]m2 = 19.63825m2 =19.64m2 Estimated heat of the room, multiply 700

= 19.64 m2 x 700 = 13,748 btu/hr

No. of Occupants, multiply with 500 = 2 x 500 = 1,000 btu/hr Total Wattage from electrical equipment = LED Downlights + LED Track Lights + Motion Sensor Light Stick + Ceiling Fan + Essential Oil Diffuser = (12W x 4) + (12W x 3) + (1.2W x 3) + 53W + 12W = (48+ 36 + 3.6 + 53 + 12) W = 152.6 W Estimated heat from electrical equipment, multiply with 3.5 = 152.6W x 3.5 = 534.1btu/hr Total Heat Calculation (Btu/hr)

= 13,748 + 1,000 + 534.1 = 15,282.1btu/hr

⸫ Air-conditioner Sizing (horsepower, hp) = 15,282.1÷ 9,800 = 1.559hp = 1.6 hp = 1.5 HP (Selected horsepower)

Before changing, the clients feel very cold after switching on the air conditioner for only 2 hours although it is also 1.5 HP. After adding/ changing the light fixtures and VAC equipment, the comfort level would be achieved due to more coolants need to combat with the rising heat.

Based on the air conditioning sizing, the actual horsepower needed is approximately 1.6HP (more than 1.5HP). Hence, the option is either opting for a 1.5HP or 2HP air conditioner.

However, according to the cooling capacity of the two models of air conditioner (old and new), the new model for 1.5HP has 12100 btu/hr for cooling capacity whereas the old model, which is 1.5 HP has 12000 btu/hr for its cooling capacity. The slight difference here is 100btu/hr but it gives so much impact in cooling the area/room. Moreover, not all electrical equipment will be switch on at the same time, especially the light fixtures. Hence, Daikin R32 1.5 HP Inverter FKTU Series should be enough to cool the whole room as opting for a 2HP would be such a waste in consideration with the money value and energy efficiency.

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Bill Costing for Master Bedroom: (A) Light Fixtures

Old Design Item

Product Name

1200mm Philips Fluorescent Tube Light (TL-D 36W/54-765 1SL/25) Illumination: Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 36W = 0.036 kW Per Day = 0.036 kW x 6 hours = 0.288kWh Per Month = 0.288 kWh x 30 days = 8.64 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 8.64 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 1.76

New Design 1 Item

Product Name

Opple 6” LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) x2 Illumination: Cool White (4000K)

Calculations Power = 12W = 0.012 kW Per Day = 0.012 kW x 6 hours = 0.072 kWh Per Month = 0.072 kWh x 30 days = 2.16 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing for 2 Downlights = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = (2.16 kWh x RM0.218) x 2 = RM 0.94

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching (New Design 1) = RM 1.76 – RM 0.94 = RM 0.82

New Design 2 Item

Product Name Deka DC 54” DC Motor LED Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L) Illumination: Day Light (8000K), Mix Tone (4000K), Warm Light (3000K)

Calculations Power (LED) = 18W = 0.018 kW Per Day = 0.018 kW x 6 hours = 0.108 kWh Per Month = 0.108 kWh x 30 days = 3.24 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 3.24 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 0.71 31 | P a g e

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching (New Design 2) = RM 1.76 – RM 0.71 = RM 1.05 *Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

According to the above calculations, the original fluorescent tube light cost about RM 1.75 per month, with its 36W power. To opt for a better resolution, we have two new design choices as a replacement to illuminate the room. New Design 1 opt for 2 Downlights which cost about RM 0.94 per month, with its 12W power each. The total savings per month will be RM 0.82.

On the other hand, New Design 2 opt for 1 ceiling fan-based LED which cost about RM 0.71 per month, with its 18W power. The total savings per month for this design will be RM 1.05, which saves RM 0.23 (RM 1.05 - RM 0.82) more than New Design 1.

To clarify, both new design 1 & 2 is implemented in the new layout plan. It is vital to have both light fixtures despite either one can light up the room. This is due to the consideration of limited spare parts for the Deka LED Ceiling Fan. As the rapid advancement of technology, it might be hard to find the original spare parts for the LED to fit in the ceiling fan. To avoid unforeseen circumstances, downlights play the important role as they are easier to find better replacement as they are less restricted in technical aspects.

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(B) VAC Equipment

Old Design Item

Product Name

National 60” AC Motor Ceiling Fan with three blades (Type F-150Y)

Calculations Power (*) = 80W = 0.08 kW Per Day = 0.08 kW x 12 hours = 0.96 kWh Per Month = 0.96 kWh x 30 days =28.8 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 28.8 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 6.28

New Design Item

Product Name

Deka DC 54” DC Motor LED Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L)

Calculations Total Power= 53W (18W LED) Power (Fan) = 35W = 0.035 kW Per Day = 0.035 kW x 12 hours = 0.42 kWh Per Month = 0.42 kWh x 30 days =12.6 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 12.6 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 2.75

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching = RM 6.28 – RM 2.75 = RM 3.53

*Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

Based on the above calculations, the net savings after switching is RM3.53 per month. It is noticeable that this switching is worth it as the old ceiling fan (25-year-old) consumes much more power than the Deka Ceiling Fan which is 80W and 35W (fan only) respectively. Old products often use consumes more electricity as its technology is lack behind and they need more energy to run as they are using an old motor.

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(C) VAC Equipment

Old Design Item

Product Name

Daikin 1.5HP R32 NonInverter FKTV Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner (FTV35PV1L9/ RV35FV1R9

Calculations Average Power = 1135W = 1.135 kW Per Day = 1.135 kW x 5 hours = 5.675 kWh Per Month = 5.675 kWh x 30 days = 170.25 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 170.25 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 37.11

New Design Item

Product Name

Daikin 1.5HP R32 Inverter Wall-Mounted FKTU Series Air Conditioner (FTKU35AV1LF/ RKU35FV1D)

Calculations Average Power = 980W = 0.98 kW Per Day = 0.98 kW x 5 hours = 4.9 kWh Per Month = 4.9 kWh x 30 days = 147 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 147 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 32.05

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching = RM 37.11 – RM 32.05 = RM 5.06 *Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

The calculations above indicated the net savings per month after switching the air conditioner is RM 5.06 although they are both Daikin products. Their main difference is inverter and noninverter which inadvertently affects their energy consumption, 980W and 1135W respectively.

(Refer to Page 27 for Specifications) It is significant that air conditioner has the most consumption of power in the electricity bill as they are needed to take higher load capacity for their compressor, which is highly power-consuming during the cooling process.

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2.1 Bill of Quantities BQ1: Light Fixtures in the Room Item

Unit

Qty

Opple 6" LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round)

nos

3

38.00

114.00

L-2-1

HAG LIGHT LED 12W Track Light in Black

nos

3

35.00

105.00

L-2-2

HAG 2M Track Light Rail Frame Fitting in Black (Type A)

nos

1

34.00

Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light Series in Black (20cm)

nos

3

69.00

L-1

L-3

Description

Rate (RM)

Total

Total (RM)

Note

The price does not include the shipping fee.

The price does not include 34.00 the shipping fee.

Included Type-C USB 207.00 cable for charging.

460.00

BQ2: VAC Equipment in the Room Item

Description

Unit

Qty

Rate (RM)

V-1

Deka LED 54" DC Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L)

nos

1

499.00

V-2

Daikin R32 1.5 HP Inverter Single Split Wall-Mounted FTKU Series Air Conditioner (FTKU35AV1LF/RKU35FV1D)

nos

1

2,080.00 Total

Total (RM)

Note Ceiling fan comes 499.00 with LED light in 3 modes and a remote control.

The price does not include 2,080.00 the installation fee.

2,579.00

BQ3: Summary of the Total Cost for the Room No. BQ1 BQ2

Description Total Cost for Light Fixtures in the Room Total Cost for VAC Equipment in the Room Grand Total

Sub Total (RM) 460.00 2,579.00 3,039.00

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2.2 Pictorical/ Graphical References in BQ Item

References

Sources

L-1

SJ Lightings 41 & 41-1, USJ 10/1G, USJ Taipan, 46720 Subang Jaya, Selangor.

L-2-1

SH8-6-0, Phase 4, Jalan Penampang, Taman Suria, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

HAG Store

Official Shopee Store Track Lights: https://shopee.com.my/-High-QualityHAG-LIGHT-LED-12W-Track-Lightin-Black-White-bodyi.31071742.2633591842

L-2-2

Track Light Rail: https://shopee.com.my/HAG-TrackLight-Rail-Frame-Fitting-Black-White1m-1.5m-2m-Track-Rail-JointConnector-i.31071742.1850864478

Yeelight Malaysia Official Shopee Store L-3

https://shopee.com.my/Yeelight-LEDMulti-Purpose-Lamp-Light-withMotion-Sensor-Wardrobe-BedroomKitchen-Cabinet-Cari.369267580.3976439752

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V-1

HLK (Chainstore) Sdn. Bhd. (Taipan Branch) No. 31 & 33, Jalan USJ 10/1A, USJ Taipan, 47620 Subang Jaya, Selangor.

Daikin Website https://www.daikin.com.my/daikin_pro ducts/ftku-series/

Pana Corner Lazada Store V-2

https://www.lazada.com.my/products/d aikin-r32-15hp-inverter-wall-mountedftku-series-ftku35av1lf-rku35fv1dsmart-control-delivered-by-selleri498210013s915906928.html?search=store?search =store&spm=a2o4k.storeSpmB.promot ionWhatYouSee_1185459756.0

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5840

1445

2135

2260

DRESSING TABLE CH 3000

2'-FLUORESCENT-TUBE

P3

CH 2660

2040

WARDROBE

LEGEND

P2

SYMBOL

REMARKS

FLUORESCENT TUBE LIGHT

1

COOL DAYLIGHT

LENGTH 1200MM

CIRCULAR CEILING LIGHT

1

WARM WHITE

FLUORESCENT 3U TUBE LIGHT BULB

CEILING FAN

1

-

3 METAL BLADES W/ WHITE POWDER COATING

WALL-MOUNTED AIR CONDITIONER

1

-

DAIKIN R32 NON-INVERTER

ONE WAY SWITCH

4

-

EXISTING BEAM

1

-

PLUG POINT

1

-

P2

1195 STORAGE

CUPBOARD

P3 P4

1365

HANGER RACK TO TOILET

NOTE:

ILLUMINATION

P1

P1

P4

BOL PL

QTY

2'-FLUORESCENT-TUBE

4600

QUEEN BED

CH 3000

STORAGE

DESCRIPTION

BEDROOM OLD FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BEDROOM OLD FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

DATE:

12 MAY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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5840

1445

2135

2260

DRESSING TABLE CH 2660 WARDROBE

L1

L3

L1

2040

V2

LEGEND SYMBOL

QUEEN BED

DOWNLIGHT

4

COOL WHITE

RECESSED TRACK LIGHTS

1

WARM WHITE

2M TRACK LIGHT RAIL W/ 3 LED TRACK LIGHTS

LED MOTION SENSOR LIGHT STICK

3

4000K

LENGTH 200MM

LED CEILING FAN

1

COOL LIGHT, MIX TONE, WARM WHITE

5 METAL BLADES, DC MOTOR

WALL-MOUNTED AIR CONDITIONER

1

-

DAIKIN R32 INVERTER

ONE WAY SWITCH

6

-

EXISTING BEAM

1

-

RECESSED CEILING

1

-

PLUG POINT

1

-

L2

L2

1195

L3

CH 3050

1365

L3 BUILT-IN CABINET

L3

REMARKS

V1 V2

TO HIDE THE TRACK LIGHTS

L1

TO TOILET

NOTE:

ILLUMINATION

CH 3200

L1

BNL PL

QTY

L1

4600

V1

CH 2950

DESCRIPTION

BEDROOM NEW FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BEDROOM NEW FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

DATE:

12 MAY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE BLD62304 BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES (SEMESTER: MARCH - JULY 2021)

ASSIGNMENT 2: INDOOR COMFORT DESIGN & “INVENTION”

NAME: PHUAH RU SHEN ID NUMBER: 0343669 TUTOR: MS SHARON

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TABLE OF

CONTENTS PART 1 Record & Measure 1.1 Site Analysis………………………………………………

1.2 Heat Transfer Calculations • • • • • •

3

An Introduction to Heat Transfer ……………….

4 List of R-Values in Table for References……………. 5-7 Wall 1………………………………………………. 8-10 Wall 2………………………………………………. 11-12 Wall 3………………………………………………. 13-15 Wall 4………………………………………………. 16-17

1.3 Summary

18

PART 2 Passive/ Green Insulation Product Development 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

Problem Statement ……………………………………

Introduction to Design/Inspirational Ideas………….

Prototype Developments & Analysis………………

Final Prototype Analysis ………………………………

Pictorial Procedure/ Guide……………………………

Materials Cost……………………………………………

Commercial Cost Analysis ……………………………

Reflection ………………………………………………

19-20 21-22 23-25 26-27 28-33 34-38 39 40-41

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PART 1 Record & Measure 1.1 Site Analysis The selected site/ space is the kitchen area, which is separated into dry and wet kitchen (As shown in Figure 1.1). It the most utilized area in the house to prepare our daily needs, food & drinks. The dry and wet kitchen are separated in between with a wall which comes along with a stainless-steel door and louvre glass windows. It functions as a distribution of the space to indicate the space programming/ dry and wet activities in the kitchen.

Figure 1.1 The layout plan of the kitchen, consisting of wet and dry kitchen area, along with colour-highlighted walls to be observed for this project.

Our main subject/ site to observe is the kitchen area. However, the calculation for heat transfer is only applicable for the dry wet kitchen as it is bounded with walls, doors and windows. On the contrary, the wet kitchen does not fulfil the requirement for calculation as it has big openings with grills for ventilation purposes. It is hard to determine the heat transfer/ air flow based on the nature environment as it is varied from time to time. Hence, for Assignment 2 Part 1, our main subject and topics covered will only be focusing on the layout/ walls of dry kitchen.

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1.2 Heat Transfer Calculations Heat transfers from hot to cold places through a series of process. The three processes for heat to move around are Conduction, Convection, Radiation.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects, such as the ceilings, walls, and floors of a home. Insulation (and multiple layers of glass in windows) reduces conduction losses. The direction of heat flow is from hot to cold/ from a warm interior to a cooler outdoors.

•

The higher the temperature difference, the higher the heat transfer (gain/loss)

•

The higher the resistance (thicker solid surface, higher R of material) the lower the heat transfer

Convection is the flow of heat by currents of air. (As shown in Figure 1.2) Air currents are caused by pressure differences, stirring fans, and air density changes as it heats and cools. As air becomes heated, it becomes less dense and rises; as air cools, it becomes denser and sinks.

Figure 1.2 The heat flows by the currents of air which is affected by the density of air.

Figure 1.3 The radiant heat travels from warm objects (inner pane) to cooler objects (outer pane).

Radiation is the movement of energy in waves from warm to cooler objects across empty spaces, such as radiant heat traveling from the inner panes of glass to outer panes in doubleglazed windows in winter. (As shown in Figure 1.3) Source from: Mod 1-2 - Thermal Control (Slide 37-With Extra R-cal example), notes from Ms Sharon, lecturer for Building, Science & Services module (BLD62304)

Formula: The formula for heat transfer calculation (R-Value) •

Temperature = Fahrenheit

•

Area = ft2

•

Thickness = inch

•

Q = Btu/hr 4|P a ge

List of R-Values in Table for References:

Material Construction Materials Concrete Block 4" Concrete Block 8" Concrete Block 12" Brick 4" common Brick 4" face Poured Concrete Soft Wood Lumber 2" nominal (1 1/2") 2x4 (3 1/2") 2x6 (5 1/2") Cedar Logs and Lumber Sheathing Materials Plywood 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" Fibreboard 1/2" 25/32" Fiberglass (3/4") (1") (1 1/2") Extruded Polystyrene (3/4") (1") (1 1/2") Foil-faced Polyisocyanurate (3/4") (1") (1 1/2") Siding Materials Hardboard (1/2") Plywood (5/8") (3/4") Wood Bevel Lapped Aluminium, Steel, Vinyl (hollow backed) (w/ 1/2" Insulating board) Brick 4" Interior Finish Materials Gypsum Board (drywall 1/2")

R/ Inch hr·ft2·°F/Btu

R/ Thickness hr·ft2·°F/Btu 0.80 1.11 1.28 0.80 0.44

0.08 1.25 1.88 4.38 6.88 1.33 1.25 0.31 0.47 0.63 0.77 0.94 2.64 1.32 2.06 3.00 4.00 6.00 3.75 5.00 7.50 5.40 7.20 10.80 0.34 0.77 0.93 0.80 0.61 1.80 0.44 0.45

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(5/8") Panelling (3/8") Flooring Materials Plywood (3/4") Particle Board (underlayment) (5/8") Hardwood Flooring (3/4") Tile, Linoleum Carpet (fibrous pad) (Rubber pad) Windows Single Glass w/storm Double insulating glass (3/16") air space (1/4" air space) (1/2" air space) (3/4" air space) (1/2" w/ Low-E 0.20) (w/ suspended film) (w/ 2 suspended films) (w/ suspended film and low-E) Triple insulating glass (1/4" air spaces) (1/2" air spaces) Addition for tight fitting drapes or shades, or closed blinds Doors Wood Hollow Core Flush (1 3/4") Solid Core Flush (1 3/4") Solid Core Flush (2 1/4") Panel Door w/ 7/16" Panels (1 3/4") Storm Door (wood 50% glass) (metal) Metal Insulating (2" w/ urethane)

0.56 0.47 1.25 0.93 1.31 0.82 0.91 0.68 0.05 2.08 1.23 0.91 2.00 1.61 1.69 2.04 2.38 3.13 2.77 3.85 4.05 2.56 3.23 0.29 2.17 3.03 3.70 1.85 1.25 1.00 15.00

Table 1.1 Source from: https://coloradoenergy.org/procorner/stuff/r-values.htm

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Table 1.2 Source from: https://www.windsor-csd.org/Downloads/R-ValueDensitiesChart2.pdf

Table 1.3 Source from: http://www.buildtestbuildtest.com/building-science-basics-i.html

The above tables (As shown in Table 1.1, Table 1.2 & Table 1.3) show the R-values in Imperial Units; the insulation value for selected materials is highlighted in orange fill/border.

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Heat Transfer Calculations: Wall 1: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.1 & Figure 2.2) is facing at the North and the North West.

Hence, the hottest temperature obtained will be from 12pm till 6pm as the sunset is at the west.

This wall will be even hotter during the evening hours as the furnace being used for cooking will heat up the area. The washing machine and the water dispenser machine is also located beside Wall 1 and Wall 2; thus the heat energy being produced will be relatively higher when appliances are in use.

Figure 2.1 The 3D perspective view of Wall 1 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.2 The interior view of Wall 1 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W1), R11

= 0.125 + 0.8 +0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.05

Area of the Wall (W1), A11 = (Wall Length x Wall Height) – (A12 + A13) = (3,085mm x 2,900mm) – (17.64 ft2 + 23.74 ft2) = (10.12 ft x 9.51 ft) – 41.38 ft2 = 96.2412 ft2 – 41.38 ft2 = 54.8612 ft2 = 54.86 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 27/80.6 24/75.2 5.4

12pm 32.7/90.86 24/75.2 15.66

5pm 32.5/ 90.5 24/75.2 15.3

Heat transfer through brick wall, Q11: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q11= (A11 x ΔT) ÷ R1 = (54.86 x 5.4) ÷ 1.05 = 282.14 btu/hr

Q11= (A11 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (54.86 x 15.66) ÷ 1.05 = 818.20 btu/hr

Q11= (A11 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (54.86 x 15.3) ÷ 1.05 = 799.39 btu/hr

Door 1, D1: Door Layers Metal, Stainless Steel

R Value Exterior 0.123 x 2” = 0.246 Interior

Total R of the Door (D1), R12 = 0.246 Area of the Door (D1), A12 = 780mm x 2,100mm = 2.56 ft x 6.89ft = 17.6384 ft2 = 17.64 ft2 9|P a ge

Heat transfer through Door (D1), Q12: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q12 = (A12 x ΔT) ÷ R12 = (17.64 x 5.4) ÷ 0.246 = 387.22 btu/hr

Q12 = (A12 x ΔT) ÷ R12 = (17.64 x 15.66) ÷ 0.246 = 1,122.94 btu/hr

Q12 = (A12 x ΔT) ÷ R12 = (17.64 x 15.3) ÷ 0.246 = 1,097.12 btu/hr

Window 1, W1: Window Layers

R Value Exterior 0.91 Interior

Single Glass

Total R of the Window (W1), R13 = 0.91 Area of the Window (W1), A13

= (1,380mm x 1,500mm) + (780mm x 300mm) = (4.52 ft x 4.92 ft) + (2.55 ft x 0.98ft) = 22.2384 ft2 + 2.499 ft2 = 23.7374 ft2 = 23.74 ft2

Heat transfer through Window, Q13: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q13 = (A3 x ΔT) ÷ R3 = (23.74 x 5.4) ÷ 0.91 = 140.87 btu/hr

Q13 = (A13 x ΔT) ÷ R13 = (23.74 x 15.66) ÷ 0.91 = 408.54 btu/hr

Q13 = (A13 x ΔT) ÷ R13 = (23.74 x 15.3) ÷ 0.91 = 399.15 btu/hr

⸫Total Heat Transfer for W1, Q1: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 = 282.14 + 387.22 +140.87 = 810.21 btu/hr

Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 = 818.20 +1,122.94 + 408.54 = 2,349.68 btu/hr

Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 = 799.39 + 1,097.12 + 399.15 = 2,295.66 btu/hr

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Wall 2: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.3 & Figure 2.4) is facing at the North East and the East side.

Hence, the hottest temperature should be in the morning hours. However, it is a linked doublestorey terrace house. In other words, the wall is connected with the neighbour’s kitchen wall.

Less sun is traced or shines in through the premises as both houses is neither at the end lot or the corner lot. To clarify, the temperature obtained for the exterior wall is an estimation based on the neighbour’s status. The neighbour is mostly consisted with working adults. Hence, they do not use the kitchen often as it is a rented space and the rooms are rented individually. Since Movement Control Order (MCO), some travel back to their respective places, so less/none activities are conducted in the kitchen, thus heat produced from the next door is relatively lesser.

Figure 2.3 The 3D perspective view of Wall 2 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.4 The interior view of Wall 2 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

1/2” Ceramic Tile Cement Mortar Plaster/Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W2), R2 Area of the Wall (W2), A2

= 0.025 + 0.1 + 0.125 + 0.8 + 0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.3

= Wall Length x Wall Height = 4,285mm x 2,900mm = 14.06 ft x 9.51 ft = 133.71 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 26/78.8 24/75.2 3.6

12pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

5pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

⸫Total Heat transfer for W2, Q2: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q2 = (A2 x ΔT) ÷ R2 = (133.71 x 3.6) ÷ 1.3 = 370.27 btu/hr

Q2 = (A2 x ΔT) ÷ R2 = (133.71 x 7.2) ÷ 1.3 = 740.55 btu/hr

Q2 = (A2 x ΔT) ÷ R2 = (133.71 x 7.2) ÷ 1.3 = 740.55 btu/hr

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Wall 3: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.5 & Figure 2.6) is mainly facing at the South East and the South side. It is also cool for the whole day as the wall is linked to the dining room area. This is because the dining room area has less daylight to shine in due to the pitch roof in the car porch. The application of marble tiles in the flooring of that area also affects the temperature readings and the thermal comfort.

Figure 2.5 The 3D perspective view of Wall 3 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.6 The interior view of Wall 3 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

Plaster/Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W3), R31 = 0.125 + 0.8 +0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.05

Area of the Wall (W3), A31 = (Wall Length x Wall Height) – (A32) = [(2,480mm x 2,900mm) + (1,370mm x 2,900mm) + (560mm x 2,900mm)] – 30.94 ft2 = [(8.14 ft x 9.51 ft) + (4.49 ft x 9.51 ft) + (1.84ft x 9.51 ft)] – 30.94 ft2 = 137.61 ft2 – 30.94 ft2 = 106.67 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 25/77 24/75.2 1.8

12pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

5pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

Heat transfer through brick wall, Q31: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q31= (A31 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (106.67 x 1.8) ÷ 1.05 = 182.86 btu/hr

Q31 = (A31 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (106.67 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 731.45 btu/hr

Q31= (A31 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (106.67 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 731.45 btu/hr

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Door 2, D2: Door Layers

R Value Exterior 0.91 Interior

Single Glass

Total R of the Door (D2), R32 = 0.91 Area of the Door (D2), A32 = 1,370mm x 2,100mm = 4.49 ft x 6.89ft = 30.9361 ft2 = 30.94 ft2 Heat transfer through Door (D2), Q32: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q32= (A32 x ΔT) ÷ R32 = (30.94 x 1.8) ÷ 1.05 = 53.04 btu/hr

Q32 = (A32 x ΔT) ÷ R32 = (30.94 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 212.16 btu/hr

Q32 = (A32 x ΔT) ÷ R32 = (30.94 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 212.16 btu/hr

⸫Total Heat Transfer for W1, Q3: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q3 = Q31+ Q32 = 182.86 + 53.04 = 235.9 btu/hr

Q3 = Q31 + Q32 = 731.45 + 212.16 = 943.61 btu/hr

Q3 = Q31 + Q32 = 731.45 + 212.16 = 943.61 btu/hr

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Wall 4: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.7 & Figure 2.8) is facing at the North West and the West side. The wall is shared with the dry kitchen area and the bathroom. It is significantly hot in the bathroom during the evening hours when the sun sets down as there is a louvre window installed for ventilation, which is facing the north west side. However, the bathroom is tiled/ having hard surfaces which reflects the cold and hard surfaces like tiles do not store heat. The bathroom also has the water element Thus, the temperature readings is not relatively high compared to the other rooms.

Figure 2.7 The 3D perspective view of Wall 4 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.7 The interior view of Wall 4 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

1/2” Ceramic Tile Cement Mortar Plaster/Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W4), R4 Area of the Wall (W1), A4

= 0.125 + 0.8 +0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.05

= Wall Length x Wall Height = 2,765mm x 2,900mm = 9.07 ft x 9.51 ft = 86.2557 ft2 = 86.26 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 23/73.4 24/75.2 -1.8

12pm 26/78.8 24/75.2 3.6

5pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

⸫Total Heat transfer for W4, Q4: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q4 = (A4 x ΔT) ÷ R4 = [86.26 x (-1.8)] ÷ 1.05 = -147.87 btu/hr

Q4 = (A4 x ΔT) ÷ R = (86.26 x 3.6) ÷ 1.05 = 295.75 btu/hr

Q4 = (A4 x ΔT) ÷ R4 = (86.26 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 591.5 btu/hr

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1.3 Summary In a nutshell, these extensive observation/ calculations showcase the relationship of heat transfer between the interior and exterior walls to achieve thermal comfort. To obtain a more precise calculation values for the heat transfer of the walls, it is important to select a site/ space/ area which has a bounded region. This is to minimize the error of the values, which will indirectly affect one’s selection in terms of finding ways to achieve a better human and thermal comfort.

Based on the observations and calculations, Wall 1 has the highest heat transfer gained occurring during the day, with an amount of 2349.68 btu/hr in its peak time. It is also obtained the highest heat transfer during different timeframe among the others. (Refer to Page 8 for Heat Transfer Calculations: Wall 1) This is due to its direct exposure to sun and its functionality.

On the contrary, Wall 4 achieves heat transfer loss during the morning, at 7 am, with -147.87 btu/hr (Refer to Page 16 for Heat Transfer Calculations: Wall 4). However, during the other hours, it will still obtain heat transfer gained, which is reasonable due to the tropical weather in Malaysia. The reason it obtained loss in the morning is because bathroom has a much harder and colder materials to achieve waterproof usage which contributes to the low temperature in the morning.

In other words, morning session will have a lower temperature/ heat transfer overall due to the fact that cooling is cumulative. The longer an object emits more energy than it receives, the more it will cool. This is the cycle of circulation.

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PART 2 Passive/ Green insulation product Development 2.1 Problem Statement The main problem that my family and I have encountered in the kitchen is mostly at the wet kitchen area. (As shown in Figure 3.1) The wet kitchen area has the one of the main functions for daily activities, for instance preparing, cooking and dish washing. This affected area/wall is significant with the problem which also arose in Wall 1 (As Mentioned in Part 1) as both are facing the same direction (North and North West) and both are correlated as they interfere one another indirectly.

Figure 3.1 The main problem to be resolved in the kitchen area is highlighted in orange border in the layout plan.

However, the wet kitchen area is more critical in terms of thermal comfort. This is because it is an open space area with no glass windows enclosing the area. (As shown in Figure 3.2) It has a low wall, enclosed with steel grills only for security purposes and it provides a better ventilation as it tends to be hot and sweltering during cooking. This open space for ventilation is good but due to the tropical weather/climate in Malaysia, we often experience direct hot wind during the afternoon hours when it is extremely hot and vice versa. Hence, it is vital to find passive green solutions to tackle this issue.

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Figure 3.2 The exterior view of the wet kitchen wall area, with large openings.

Figure 3.3 The hot and scorching sun affects the users during the afternoon and evening hours.

In addition, the scorching sun in the afternoon and evening hours, especially sun set hours will cause much glare. (As shown in Figure 3.3) The location of the wet kitchen is also prone to heavy rain, and the floor/fittings gets wet often despite having roof overhang extended.

(As shown in Figure 3.4) Also, Thus, in order to tackle the issue, we opt for a curtain to covered the grills but it is too not avail as it gets wet easily during the rainy days and it only filters the sun rays but did not resolve the hot wind issue.

Figure 3.4 The grills, floors and interior racks were all wet after a heavy rain, pics taken in 19 June 2021.

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2.2 Introduction to Design/ Inspirational Ideas The design/ ideation to tackle the problem (Refer to Page 19 for Problem Statement) is focusing in achieving thermal comfort, but at the same time it meets the criteria for a wellfunctioning panel which adopts all the needs for the users.

The first main idea for the design is the panel is crucial to have greeneries surround the grill openings as these lush greens are well-known for cooling and lowering down the temperature of the surroundings. (As shown in Figure 3.5) This is because plants undergo a process, called transpiration which they lose their water (sweating) through pores or stomata in its leaves after water being drawn up through the roots. As this sweat evaporates, heat is removed from the air, which provides a cooling effect and leaves the air purified and fresh too.

(A) Retractable Plant Shelf

(B) Wood Plant Shelf

(C) Hanging Shelving Plants Unit

(D) Hanging grow bag plants

Figure 3.5 The design ideas for solutions to plant greenery vertically on panel/ hanging on panel.

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This idea is solid and practical in terms of function as my family, especially my parents have a knack to do gardening during this Covid-19 pandemic, especially in the Movement Control Order (MCO) timeline. Moreover, our current backyard is covered with a variation of vegetables/ fruits. Due to limited backyard space/ fully occupied with plants, it is best to opt for vertical planting at the surroundings. Hence, the idea for having plants on the panel is to opt for hanging unit.

In response for the aesthetic and functionality, the main panel design will be based on the louvre glass windows and the curtain venetian blinds (As shown in Figure 3.6). Both share the similarities to control the blade/panel/slat angle for the air flow. When the blades/ panels/ slats are opened, each opens at an angle that allows sunlight and fresh air to come in. It also keeps the rain from coming in. Materials wise (glass/wood), they can also keep direct, harsh sunlight out, only allowing indirect sunlight in.

Figure 3.6 The elements/ form of louvre windows and venetian blinds inspired the design prototype.

To relate more to the current site/ aesthetic, this design suits more/ blend into the environment as the rear of the house has louvre windows. The design concept will be incorporating the design elements of both louvre windows and plants shelves as one to achieve a better outcome, both aesthetically and functionality.

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2.3 Prototype Developments & Analysis After the ideations/ inspirations from the web and surroundings, the prototype development has listed down into 3 phases, the rough, the experimental, the outcome. These three phases showcase an in-depth development The rough phase is in a more indecisive mode, which is basically trying to do a rough mock-up model based on initial ideas. The experimental phase is in a more certain direction mode, but tiny parts/ problems are left to discover/ develop even further.

For the rough phase (1st Phase), rough prototype/ mock-up model was created using recycle boxes to see the overview and acknowledged the mechanism and functionality before proceeding using the actual materials. (As shown in Figure 3.7). It is an important phase where ideas will start to develop even further despite the design is amateur.

Figure 3.7 A rough mock-up prototype using recycled card box for a better observation to think of solid solutions to tackle the underlying issues.

Figure 3.8 A rough draft sketch on the idea for the panel of having plants on panel.

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The initial idea of the rough prototype/ mock-up model was having plants on the slat/ panel which is inspired from the hanging slanted plant shelf. (As shown in Figure 3.8). It is great to have plants on the panel so the air can be filtered when flowing in / out, which will indirectly decrease the heat. However, the main issue here is it is hard to change/ tilt the angle of the panel if needed. This will only allow the panel to be fixed, thus it did not achieve the main criteria needed, which is having the flexibility to switch its functions, for example a rack or a window.

Apart from that, the next phase: the experimental phase is the main and highlighted phases because this is where all the creative ideas and solutions are slowly turning into something more solid and achievable. (As shown in Figure 3.9) This phase has determined the exact materials that are needed to be used after an in-depth consideration. For instance, the main material being used throughout the model is plywood. It is important to opt for this sort of material as this prototype/ model is being used at outdoors. Hence, materials, like paper, cardboard is not applicable to withstand the extreme weather, especially in rain. To prolong its longevity and also waterproofing it, it is vital to paint a coating on it, for instance, varnish etc.

Figure 3.9 A prototype using card box while experimenting and observing the underlying issues.

There are also 3 ideas for the extension part for the extended frame to add on more panels. It is either opting for a slide up/down mechanism, or a robotic arm/ scissors mechanism or opting for a basic mechanism which is bolt in/out. The final outcome was using bolt and nuts to fasten it as it is more convenient and detachable which is significant with our objective, to offer flexibility to the product.

The other consideration is ways for the panels to connect with the frame structure. The initial idea in phase 1 was to have dowel joints to connect one another as its surface is rounded so it will be easy to turn/ tilt the panels. However, the fact that plywood is not that thick which the thickness is only 6mm, thus dowel joints were no longer an option. The new idea was cancelled out too as the idea was opting for an iron clip to clip the panel and attach to the frame, which is complicated. Hence, to simplify the idea, L brackets were used to connect the frame and panel with the help of bolts and nuts to fasten it. (As shown in Figure 3.10) This method is easier to install or to remove.

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Figure 3.10 An on-going process of the prototype, using L brackets to fasten the panels to the frame.

Grow bag is one of the main highlights in the design as it is attachable/ detachable to the panel, hanging or unhanged. This method was not workable at first as the struggling part was the position for the bag to be placed in. It is ether placing interior or exterior of the panels.

At the end, the bags were placed facing outwards to the sun due to the fact that we want to reduce the heat transfer n purify/ filter the hot air before entering into the premises.

The final phase of the prototype is the outcome of the end-product. The panels are able to hang on the door grill or the window grill (As shown in Figure 3.11) It will not be a final product as the ideas will continue to be developed from time to time, thus improvements will be made. Plants/ Vegetable sprouts were added in the grow bag so it will achieve the desired output, which is purifying the hot air. However, due to some of the plants are still growing as most of them are still babies, the plants would not achieve the outcome as for now. Hence, it may take a longer time to make it fully functionable.

Figure 3.11 The Final Outcome of the Prototype, left with plants, right with bags only.

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2.4 Final Prototype Analysis

Figure 3.12 The Final Prototype is hanged on the grills with S Hook on the window grills.

Specifications: Plywood Panel Size = 6in x 20in Plywood Frame = 2in x 15in Plywood Extended Frame = 2in x 13in Grow Bag = 10.5 cm (W) x 12.5cm (L) x 10.5cm (D) Rope Length = 2m each (left and right), can add up to 5 panels + 5 extended frames.

Hanging/ Pulley Mechanism:

The mechanism is based on the pulley method with the application of ancient way, which is using the rope and tie the knot at the panel ends. (As shown in Figure 3.13) This allows the panels to move according to the strength of the users and the desired angled position. Pulley is advisable to be included to reduce the friction of rope and the steel rod, thus damaging both objects.

Figure 3.13 The pulley/hanging mechanism is formed by rope with knots to control the movement of panels.

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Main Materials: 1. Plywood Plywood is used as the main structure for the prototype. This is because the prototype is used in outdoors which is vital to have sustainable materials to avoid tearing apart or being too fragile when encountering with extreme weather. It is also lightweight than most of the solid hardwood which is suitable to use for hanging. To improve/enhance the strength and durability, many layers of Varnish were applied to make the panels more resistance to moisture and mold.

In addition, the plywood panel’s main function was to block the sun from glare if it is sunny and to block the rain penetrating through the grills. Hence, plywood as a solid material is able to block the glare entirely as I did not need much sunlight to enter.

2. Canvas Cotton Linen Fabric: Grow Bag Grow Bag, especially fabric grow bags are breathable and allow for excellent drainage, thus problems like overwatering are alleviated. Also, problems like root rot facing in containers/ pots, are not a common cause for concern when using grow bags. The grow bag is also good for the plants’ root as the root’s sensitivity to heat and moisture naturally begin the process of “air pruning”, which developed a robust root system.

Moreover, the use of fabric grow bag is lightweight and it takes up less space in your yard, patio or home, ideal for congested house or yard. By incorporating the egg carton as the base of the grow bag, it provides nutrients for the plants too and also a good bed for vegetable sprouts.

3. Steel: Bolts and Nuts, L Brackets Bolts/ Screws and Nuts were used extensively in the model to fasten all the connectors. It is easy to be fastened/unfastened with just a twist, thus the panels/ extended frames were able to add on or remove freely. It is also used to lock the position of the knot when the panels angled position is confirmed. (As shown in Figure 3.14) All these fasteners made from steel is advisable as they are strong and sturdy which is can take up load and they are not prone easily to corrosion.

Figure 3.14 Knot were tied around the bolt and the nuts will spin in to locked the knot from moving.

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2.5 Pictorial Procedure/Guide Due to the restriction of FMCO, most of the stores were all closed down but hardware shop was allowed to operate. It is encouraged to shop online for materials but it is hard to find plywood or the delivering date takes too long. Hence, I went to a nearby shop to buy 6mm thick plywood as part of the panel design. (As shown in Figure 3.15) I was blessed with the workers that are willing to help cutting the massive plywood according to my measurements despite paying them the labour fees. (As shown in Figure 3.16) I strongly encourage to find the experts to do the wood work as they have all the machines to work with, thus the woodcutting was a smooth and easy process.

Figure 3.15 Kong Lek Hardware Trading in Subang Jaya sells massive plywood (8ft x 4ft) in various thickness.

Figure 3.16 The workers gave a helping hand on measuring and cutting the plywood according to my measurements.

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After having a more in-depth consideration in the structure, I was forced to cut the plywood for the panel frame. It was a tough job to cut the plywood into smaller bits as I did not have the tools to carve/ cut them. (As shown in Figure 3.17) Hence, to cut the plywood plank into even smaller pieces, I used the blade cutter knife to try to cut them. Fortunately, it was a success despite needing more energy and time to complete it.

Figure 3.17 A hard job to cut the plywood without having the exact tools to cut wood at home.

Without a driller at home, I opted the other way to make a hole for my bolts and nuts to fasten the panel and the frame. I used hammer and nails to make a hole on the panel and the frame first. Later, I used screwdriver to enlarge the hole in accordance to the size of the bolt.

(As shown in Figure 3.18) It is vital to have all the indication marks where to have holes in advance to avoid redundant work in future.

Figure 3.18 Drilling process was replaced with hammering process to make holes on plywood.

Next, preparing the rope to mimic certain parts of the Venetian blind/ Louvre window mechanism. (As shown in Figure 3.19) It is attached throughout the panels via holes and tied with knots on each panel’s front and back, as well as fixing the rope on top of the structure 29 | P a g e

(recycled metal rod) with pulley on top for a better pulling experience, especially during changing the angle of the panels. The initial idea was having a container (plastic bottle) to store the rope as the process for adding the panels will use the maximum length of the rope with approximately 5 panels. However, it was discarded for not able to blend in with the environment or materials. (As shown in Figure 3.20)

Figure 3.19 Rope is needed as a replica for the mechanism of louvre windows.

Figure 3.20 These plastic bottles were initially used to store the addition ropes into it but were discarded later as it is not aesthetically pleasing.

The next step is using the L brackets to connect the frame and the panel with bolts and nuts. (As shown in Figure 3.21) This provides convenience to install or remove the panel based on preferences and needs. After assembling the plywood and attached the frame to a recycled metal rod which is hanging on a steel S bracket, as well as the rope, the whole panel is good to function. (As shown in Figure 3.22)

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Figure 3.21 Bolting in the L brackets to connect the panel and frame.

Figure 3.22 The completion of panel structure and mechanism but not the end product.

After the completion of the plywood structure and panels, it is time to work on the grow plant bags. Instead of buying online, I decided to sew my own grow plant bag in accordance to the size that I need and the design that I want to achieved. This is also due to the fact that my house has many textile that my mom once bought and it is also suitable for planting. It was a long process to sew, starting from measuring, cutting, annotating, sewing, joining. (As shown in Figure 3.23) Thankfully and gratefully, my mom provided me guidance for using the sewing machine which is so much faster than using hands and even offer help to sew so she could further enhance her sewing skills. (As shown in Figure 3.24)

Figure 3.23 The long process of sewing the grow bag. From left till right, measuring, cutting, annotating.

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Figure 3.24 The complicated sewing process with the sewing machine demonstrated by mom.

At the end, a total of 6 grow bags were sewn which will be provided for each set for commercial purposes and to fit in the main and initial ideation. Egg cartons was added to form the base for the grow bag so that the bag would not be too flimsy or out of shape. (As shown in Figure 3.25) According to research, egg carton also provides good nutrients for plants/ soil when they decomposed. However, as egg carton decomposed easily, it is advisable to make changes from time to time.

Figure 3.25 All six grow bags were sewn and egg cartons were added into the bag to form their base.

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Last but not least, I reused the recycled curtain rod pocket cloth for the hanging part of the grow bag to tie on the panels. Thus, I was able to have a bamboo chopstick to serve as the hanging structure and rope will tie on the stick itself. (As shown in Figure 3.26) Then, connect/hang the rope to the panel which has holes on it for the rope to tie through. After hanging it, it is ready to use. (As shown in Figure 3.27)

Figure 3.26 Adding the bamboo chopsticks serve as a hanging structure

Figure 3.27 All six grow bags are now all set to be used in the kitchen.

Important Additions/ Disclaimer: Add nice and suitable plants in the grow bag. (As shown in Figure 3.28) It is better to plant lightweight plants/ vegetables sprouts on it, make use of the egg carton. Less/ don’t fill up the soil is highly encouraged to avoid the mass heavier than the structure.

Figure 3.28 Adding/ planting suitable plants/ vegetables sprouts in the grow bag.

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2.6 Materials Cost List of Cost of Materials being used: 1. 6MM Thick Plywood Description/ Calculations Plywood (4 ft x8ft) = RM40.00 (RM35 + RM5) Area of Plywood = 4ft x 8ft = 32ft2 =4,608 in2 Price of Plywood per square inch (RM) = RM40.00 ÷ 4,608 in2 = RM 0.0087

Pictorial References/ Evidences

Area of one Panel= 6 in x 20 in = 120 in2 Price per Panel (RM) = 120 x 0.0087 = RM 1.044 = RM 1.04 per panel ⸫Total Price of Panel per Set (2 Panels) = RM1.04 x 2 = RM 2.08 Area of Panel Frame Used (Including 2 Extendable Frame) = 4 in x 28 in = 112 in2 ⸫Total Price of Panel Frame Used = 112 x RM0.0087 = RM 0.9744 = RM0.97 ⸫Total Price of Plywood Used = RM 2.08 + RM0.97 = RM3.05 2. Bolts & Nuts Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

Price of Bolts and Nuts (5MM x 20MM) per Packet (5pcs) = RM1.60 Price of Bolts and Nuts per Piece = RM 1.60 ÷ 5 = RM 0.32 ⸫Total Price of Bolts and Nuts per set (10pcs) = RM0.32 x10 = RM3.20 34 | P a g e

3. L Brackets Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

L Brackets (50MM x 50MM) per Packet (4 pcs) = RM15.50 Price of L Brackets per Piece = RM 15.50 ÷ 4 = RM 3.875 ⸫Total Price of L Brackets per set (4pcs) = RM3.875 x 4 = RM15.50

4. Cloth (Canvas Cotton Fabric) Description/ Calculations This cloth has long existed in my house for about 5-8 years and it was bought during sales with RM5 per meter as mentioned by mom. The below price listing is based on online price, difference in pricing may occurred.

Pictorial References/ Evidences

Price of Cloth (1/4 yard= 45x75cm) = RM7.50 Price of Cloth per cm2 = RM7.50 ÷ (45x75) = RM 0.0022 Area of Cloth Used for Grow Bag per piece = (14.5cm x 16.5cm) + (14.5 cm x 50cm) = 964.25 cm2 Total Area of Cloth Used for Grow Bags (6 pcs) = 964.25 cm2 x 6 = 5,785.5 cm2 ⸫Total Price of Cloth for Grow Bag per set (6pcs) = RM0.0022 x 5,785.5 = RM12.73

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5. Drying Clothes Nylon Rope Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

This rope has long abandoned at the backyard as we mainly dry our clothes in the front yard now.

Thus, reusing and repurposing this rope caused zero amount.

6. Bamboo Chopsticks Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

These chopsticks were given free when buying along with take-away food, thus it is zero costing too.

7. Recycled Curtain Rod Pocket Cloth Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

This cloth was taken/ cut out from an old thorn curtain which had been recycled, thus it is zero costing too.

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8. S-shaped Steel Hook （Large） Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

This hook is available at my house since many years ago. Hence, the price is unknown thus taking a reference price from Shopee. ⸫Total Price of S-Hook per set (2pcs) = RM6.50

9. Steel Rod Description/ Calculations

Pictorial References/ Evidences

This rod was originally a rod to hang clothes in the wardrobe but was bend and broke after withstanding heavy objects from hanging. It is found in the storeroom. Thus, it is zero costing too.

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Table Summary of Cost of Materials: Item

Rate (RM)

Plywood Bolts and Nuts L Brackets Cloth (Canvas Cotton Fabric) S-shaped Steel Hook Others: Recycled/ Reused Materials

3.05 3.20 15.50 12.73 6.50 0.00

⸫Total Cost of the Materials

43.98

The total cost of the materials is just an estimation of the total cost for the product. Most of the materials, new or old were sourced from home which has been existing for long time ago. However, the price for those materials which were bought when they were cheaper was still cited in for calculations as it will be more realistic and it can reflect more to the current market price. For certain materials, adhesive or finishing like glue, varnish etc was not recorded and calculated in the cost because they were all used in a minimal amount and for liquid materials is hard to estimate.

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2.7 Commercial Cost Analysis (By Audience) Table List of Marketing Buying Price by Audience:

Audience

Price (RM)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

30 20 50 50 25 15 20 20 50 30 38 40 60 45 15 25 70 40 25 50 Ʃ= 718

Average Marketing Buying Price from Audience = RM 718 ÷ 20 = RM 35.90 ⸫Profit/Loss of the Passive/ Green Insulation Product = Average Marketing Buying Price – Total Cost of Materials = RM 35.90 – RM 43.98 = - RM 8.08

After collecting the marketing buying price from the audience, the average market price of the model is RM 35.90 based on 20 audience. However, it reflected a loss in the product after deducting the cost of the materials which the market price is unable to cover the cost as well as gaining profit for the business.

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2.8 Reflection The whole passive/ green insulation product is an immersive and overwhelming experience to be able to think of green designs and solutions to curb the problem that we were facing in the house which happens to be affecting our daily activities, causing much disturbance in terms of human and thermal comfort.

As mentioned earlier that the ‘final’ prototype will continuously be developed as long as new ideas are continue developing or inspirations are kicking in. A night before the presentation, I realized I could opt for an aluminum foil sheet overlaying on top of the plywood panel to reflect the sun’s direct emission, thus reducing heat transfer and also the sunlight can be reflected to the plants which provides warmth and encourage the plants’ growth. The aluminum foil can also be placed in the grow bag which helps the soil in the bag to retain its moisture and helps to warm and cool down the soil to make plants prosper. Although, it is too late to improve the model but it gives me more insight about the potentials that can be obtained/ improved. Thus, I added the aluminum foil sheet on the panel after presentation. (As shown in Figure 3.29)

Figure 3.29 Adding the aluminium foil on one panel to try out the effectiveness.

Apart from that, based on the presentation and the output of the model, the average market buying price by the audience is only RM35.90 which is unable to recuperate my cost for the materials. However, I am still being optimistic about it as the estimation of the cost in reality is lower than the calculations. This is because most of the materials were bought back in the olden days when the price is significantly lower, for instance the cloth in reality will not cost that high if shop in store. Also, I could source a cheaper L brackets but I was confined with the timeline, thus I opt for a faster route.

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On the other hand, the buying price given by the audience is also due to the fact that the context is not very relatable to most of their situation as they are focusing more in the interior but mine was more into considering both interior and exterior. I could also sense that the rope mechanism might be a bit confusing or not convenient as the modern society prefer a fast and convenient function instead of wasting time to tie the knots.

In a nutshell, this assignment and prototype making has imparted new knowledge in me to seek for thermal comfort solutions while designing a space/ interior/ object.

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BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE BLD62304 BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES (SEMESTER: MARCH - JULY 2021)

FINAL PROJECT: BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN IN KITCHEN

NAME: PHUAH RU SHEN ID NUMBER: 0343669 TUTOR: MS SHARON

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TABLE OF

CONTENTS 1.

From Old to New

1.1 Site Analysis 1.1.1 An Introduction to Kitchen Layout…………………. 3-9 1.1.2 Dissatisfactory Issues….……………………………. 10-14

1.2 Reintroducing Kitchen Design 1.2.1 An Introduction to New Kitchen Layout …………… 15-21 1.2.2 Highlighted Changes………………………………. 22-28

1.3 Energy Consumptions 1.3.1 Specifications…….…………………………………. 29-48 1.3.2 Energy Calculations…………………………………. 49-50 2.

Integrated Building Services in Drawings

2.1 Old Kitchen Layout Plan……………………………………

2.2 New Kitchen Layout Plan………………………………….

2.3 New Kitchen Elevation 1…………………………………

51 52 53

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1.1 Site Analysis 1.1.1 An Introduction to Kitchen Layout The selected site/ space of this project is the kitchen area, the most utilized space in the house, especially during the Movement Control Order (MCO) timeline. Every member is now staying at home all-day and avoid going out from the premise to curb the spread of Covid-19. Thus, the kitchen is heavily traffic with footprints during the morning, afternoon and evening to prepare the daily meals to cater for the family of six.

Apart from that, this house is for about 25 years and minor renovations are only conducted once a decade. Thus, the design for aesthetic and the division of space in the kitchen is considered old and outdated, especially in the usage of materials and technologies.

The interior layout of the kitchen (Refer to Page 51 for Old Layout Plan) is divided into two sections, the wet area and the dry area. The wet kitchen is facing at the North-West and North direction (As shown in Figure 1.1) which has the most sufficient daylight due to the openings surrounding the enclosed region. According to the lux meter, the daylight illumination is approximately 120-300 lux in the wet kitchen. There is a huge difference in the lux figures as the area is heavily relying on the sun intensity/ based on the weather. (As shown in Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.1 The compass shows the wet kitchen is facing at the North direction (347°N).

Figure 1.2 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the wet kitchen at daytime without switching on lights.

As for the dry kitchen, it is mostly enclosed/ bounded with walls but there is a louvre glass window in between the dry kitchen and wet kitchen. (As shown in Figure 1.3) Hence, the illumination of daylight shines in from the wet kitchen openings, next to the dry kitchen through the louvre glass window which is a frosted glass (As shown in Figure 1.4), thus decreasing the harshness of the sun rays which often brings in harsh and strong glare.

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Nevertheless, the bounded walls have darkened the area despite having louvre windows. As shown in Figure 1.5, the lux meter app indicated that the dry kitchen has only approximately 17 lux during daytime. It will be even darker if it is much further away from the windows, especially the countertops. Thus, lights are needed to switch on when there are activities going on.

Figure 1.3 Louvre glass windows installed in between the wet and dry kitchen with grills for security purposes.

Figure 1.4 Frosted louvre glass window filters the strong sun rays into a more comfortable daylight.

Figure 1.5 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the dry kitchen at daytime without switching on lights.

There is also a stainless-steel door to close up/ blocked the air in the wet kitchen, especially when frying/ cooking to prevent the strong aroma from flowing out till the entire house. (As shown in Figure 1.6) The door originally is made up from wood (single flush door) but it was replaced into stainless steel as wood is prone to fire which is dangerous for the wet kitchen as the stove is located near to these openings.

Figure 1.6 The stainless-steel door is important for its fire resistance, security and ventilation purposes.

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In the wet kitchen area, it is considered crowded or cramped which can only allow less people working in that particular area. The main furniture and fixtures provided are sink and stoves (2+1), as well as a movable dish rack. (As shown in Figure 1.7) It is noticeable that the sink and stove area have ceramic tiles as the material for the counter top, walls and flooring for its durability, easy cleaning/ to shrug off stains and its water resistance properties. (As shown in Figure 1.8) There is an addition of stove movable rack in stainless steel too (As shown in Figure 1.9) as the stove with 2 burners is not enough to cater for mom who loves to cook. Thus, the max limit to be involved in the wet kitchen area is only 2-3 person and ideally will be just one person.

Figure 1.7 The interior view of the wet kitchen with cabinetry, rack and appliances.

Figure 1.8 Ceramic tiles are used extensively in the wet kitchen due to its material properties.

Figure 1.9 An addition of stainless-steel movable rack for the stove in the wet kitchen.

On the contrary, in the dry kitchen area, it is much significantly more spacious. All the walls are used up entirely for/ surrounded with kitchen cabinets, island (breakfast counter/ table counter), appliances (washing machine, refrigerator, oven etc.) and storage area. (As shown in Figure 1.10) The kitchen cabinets were all made up of solid hardwood in an old design which were under budget constraints back in the olden days. (As shown in Figure 1.11) The space is fully utilized but the insufficient of storage, making many things are exposed which is not aesthetically pleasing.

Figure 1.10 The interior view of the dry kitchen with kitchen cabinetry and appliances.

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Figure 1.11 The original plan/ draft for the kitchen cabinet by the designer.

As we dive into the reflected ceiling plan, there are only two light fixtures illuminating the kitchen area. Both of the wet kitchen and the dry kitchen are mainly illuminated by a fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight) (As shown in Figure 1.12) respectively which is installed at the centre of the room/ area. Both of the light fixtures were originally Philips T8 Fluorescent Tube Light (20W) but the one in the dry kitchen was replaced into Philips Ecofit LED tube light (Cool Daylight) (As shown in Figure 1.13) during the MCO timeline. This is because the old light fixture often has a buzzling sound when switching it on and the light takes a longer time to lit up. With the LED tube, the kitchen is also brighter compared to the fluorescent tube which is good for working area, like preparation of meals etc.

Figure 1.12 The fluorescent tube light installed in the wet kitchen and only illuminates at night.

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Figure 1.13 A 1200mm long LED tube light was installed in the centre of the dry kitchen.

According to the lux meter, the LED tube light is approximately 110 lux for the dry kitchen area at night. (As shown in Figure 1.14) As for the fluorescent tube light in the wet kitchen is approximately 209 lux (As shown in Figure 1.15), due to its small and confined space, thus resulting in brighter than the LED Ecofit tube light.

Figure 1.14 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the dry kitchen at nighttime.

Figure 1.15 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the wet kitchen at nighttime.

On the other hand, there is no HVAC units in the kitchen area, for instance ceiling/ wall fan, exhaust fan and air conditioning units. However, the kitchen is not fully-bounded with walls, which the wet kitchen has large openings that are only covered in grills (As shown in Figure 1.16), thus there is ventilation for the air flow in the kitchen, making it not too suffocating to be in the kitchen.

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Figure 1.16 Large openings covered with grills in the wet kitchen area for ventilation.

For the plumbing and piping system, the kitchen is much needed in order to distribute water and remove waterborne wastes. These piping are used to cater the needs for the kitchen sink, washing machine, and drinking water dispenser machine. For the kitchen sink and washing machine, there are two pipes to be connected to the faucets, a water supply pipe and a waste pipe (As shown in Figure 1.17 and Figure 1.18), whilst the drinking water dispenser machine just need a water supply, which will go through filtration then to the machine.

Figure 1.17 The sink plumbing system which consists of a water supply pipe and waste pipe.

Figure 1.18 The waste pipe from the washing machine outlet were built in which direct the waste water to underground.

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Based on the observation for living in the same household for about 18 years, the water supply in the kitchen area comes from the direct piping, thus if water disruption occurred, there will not be any water supply as the piping is not linked to the water tank. Moreover, the distribution of the water supply from the main directly to the kitchen taps is important as the water must be fresh as it is used for cooking and drinking which will be consumed by us. Thus, connecting the kitchen taps to the water tank is highly not recommended as the water tends to be stagnant and less hygiene than the direct pipe which water is being treated from the plant.

There is also valve located in the washing machine and drinking water dispenser machine piping area to control the water supply direct in. (As shown in Figure 1.19) The control valve is diverted into two valves, one connected directly to the washing machine (See Grey tube/pipe), whereas the other one will connect to filter, then to the drinking water dispenser machine. (See White tube/pipe) All these direct piping is all mounted inside the wall

Figure 1.19 Red indicates the control valve for the washing machine, whereas yellow indicates the control valve for the drinking water dispenser machine.

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1.1.2 Dissatisfactory Issues Kitchen plays a huge role in our daily lives, especially in the midst of the pandemic outbreak.

The main consideration for the kitchen design is the space programming as There are a few problems to tackle in terms of aesthetic, comfort and convenience to meet the criteria of the space and the clients’ needs especially in the pandemic context First and foremost, the insufficient of plug points in the kitchen area was encountered, especially during the MCO timeline when there is more free time to cook/ bake at home. The insufficient of plug points waste a lot of time as one need to take turns to use the appliance.

Based on the layout plan, there is only five plug points in the whole kitchen area, where three of them is fixed and used only for the washing machine, drinking water machine and refrigerator (As shown in Figure 1.20), whereas the other two are more flexible to provide for the other appliances, for instance oven, rice cooker, pressure cooker, bread maker, blender and much more. (As shown in Figure 1.21)

Figure 1.20 The plug points are fixed and used only for the washing machine and drinking water dispenser machine (left), and for the fridge (right).

Figure 1.21 The other 2 plug points to cater for the other kitchen appliances.

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Furthermore, it is noticeable that the plug points are scattered all over the place in a fixed position but it is still not enough, thus introducing the extension wire to increase the plug points (As shown in Figure 1.22), which is not very safe. This is because the increasing usage of extension on extension/ using all appliances together at the same time at the same plug point will eventually overload the outlets, then overheating on the cable and unfortunate events will happen like fire hazard if the plug points are not used wisely/ in considerate.

Figure 1.22 Extension wire is used to add more plug points for the other appliances.

Other than that, the insufficient of storage space makes the whole kitchen very messy.

This can be seen in Figure 1.23 which most of the kitchen appliances, are all placed directly on the countertop. Many boxes also can be seen on top of the top cabinetry. (As shown in Figure 1.24) Some of the cooking utensils that are used daily, like the wok in the wet kitchen are also placed on the floor as the storage for the woks is full/ need to make way for the other woks/pans to use the stove. (As shown in Figure 1.25)

Figure 1.23 The appliances are all placed together on top of the counter although some rarely used.

Figure 1.24 All the boxes for kitchen appliances or tools are placed on top of the top cabinet.

Figure 1.25 Woks and Pans that are used daily often put on the floor due to the lack of storage.

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For the HVAC units, for instance ceiling/ wall fan, exhaust fan and air conditioning units are nowhere to be found which is not a good consideration as the kitchen tends to be hot and sweltering in daytime with all the workloads to provide daily needs, like cooking and washing. Although the wet kitchen has large openings that are only covered in grills (As mentioned in Page 3 for Introduction of Old Kitchen Layout), the ventilation of the air flow is still considered uneven from time to time, mainly based on the environment/ weather which the factors are uncontrollable.

This hot and sweltering issue has also made my mom/ my sister to move to the dining room to continue preparing the food/ doing baking stuff. Thus, resulting in the dry kitchen space is not well-functioning as it does not achieve human comfort level to stay in. My parents also stated that the kitchen is not suitable for air conditioner as the smell of the greasy oil during cooking will flow throughout the spaces. However, if the kitchen hood were installed for smoke suction or filtration for the air, it should not be a problem. On top of that, gas stoves are still being used in the wet kitchen for cooking, which one of the burners needs a firelighter as an assistance to lit up the fire (inner ignition might be broken) (As shown in Figure 1.26)

Figure 1.26 Gas stoves are still used in the wet kitchen without a kitchen hood to filter the smoke/ as it is said to be an “open space” kitchen with sufficient openings.

In addition, the size/capacity of the fridge is not enough to store, especially for a family of six. However, due to the space constraints, the kitchen can only fit in with a two-door top freezer fridge (As shown in Figure 1.26) with dimensions 750mm (L) x 650mm (D) x 1800mm (H). This fridge is also old as it has been used for about 17 years, and has undergone maintenance a few times as the cost of changing is not worth it after calculating which the spare parts are relatively cheaper than opting a new one. Nevertheless, in this MCO timeline, we noticed the fridge unable to close/ grip the doors tightly as the door fridge rubber is slightly worn out, which results in the heat gain in the fridge, especially the freezer will melt sometimes.

Thus, it might be the time for a change.

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Figure 1.26 This refrigerator (Brand: Sharp) has been used for more than 15 years.

Furthermore, the material choices for the countertop in the dry kitchen as well as the cabinet door are not well-considered back in the olden days due to budget constraints. The selection of wood for the kitchen cabinetry is not a wise choice as they need periodic maintenance to retain their ability to restrain moisture from rotting and termite’s infection.

Many problems have started to surface especially in the countertop and door cabinet where the drinking water machine is located. The flooding of water from the machine, regardless it is man-made mistake or the malfunction from the machine, has resulted in the wood from rotting after soaking in the water for multiple occasions in the past 20 years. (As shown in Figure 1.27). To prolong its sustainability, cellophane tape was used to seal the door cabinet’s edges, so the water spilt would not soak into the wood. (As shown in Figure 1.28) However, this method would not be efficient in long period and it is also unsightly.

Figure 1.27 The wooden cabinetry starts to rot due to the accumulation of spilt water from the washing machine/ drinking water dispenser machine.

Figure 1.28 The edges of the door cabinet is wrapped with numerous layers of cellophane tape.

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In the layout plan, there is also an awkward position of the table counter/ island which is currently in a square shape blocking the flow of the pathway. (As shown in Figure 1.29) It is colliding with the stainless-steel door too. In spite of that, this table is quite functional as it can be folded into a rectangle shape or opened up into a square shape. It is frequently used as an island to prepare ingredients to cook or a table for kitchen’s work. However, it is always fixed at square shape as the counter has many things on top, thus resulting in less work space for the kitchen occupants. (As shown in Figure 1.30)

Figure 1.29 The table is blocking the pathway, colliding/ unparallel to the door in between wet kitchen and dry kitchen.

Figure 1.30 This table counter/ “island” is foldable but is fixed in square due to many things on top of it.

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1.2 REINTRODUCING KITCHEN DESIGN 1.2.1 An Introduction to New Kitchen Layout In general, the kitchen is divided into two separated areas, one the wet kitchen where the heavyduty cooking and washing will take place, whereas the dry kitchen is usually reserved for lighter cooking or food prep. An efficient kitchen design is the dry kitchen needs to be much smaller than the wet kitchen. However, in this kitchen, it is vice versa which can only be solved through major renovations, like an extension which is not applicable for the current timeline.

There are only minor changes in the new kitchen layout plan as the space zoning/ programming is well-considerate. Therefore, the new kitchen layout is mainly introducing the new changes/repositioning in the fixtures and fittings, electrical, VAC, appliances as well as relooking at the plumbing and piping. (Refer to Page 52 for New Kitchen Layout Plan) The aesthetic of the kitchen will be more minimalist and silent based on the preference of the client as the client used to prefer and adore the wood veins texture but now prefer a modern look yet simplistic in its colour tone to make the area brighter.

Upon entering the dry kitchen, there will be kitchen countertop on the right for the placement of the rice cooker as it would be much more convenient to reach out from the dining room when having meals. (As shown in Figure 2.1) This wall on the right would not have any wall cabinets for the appliances to breathe as it will be too congested. To provide the appliances to breathe is meant by giving them a sufficient space for their heat loss when using them and this can also prevent accidents and damages on the cabinet. This consideration is due to a sudden explosion from the pressure cooker while cooking last time which has damaged the cornice of the wall cabinet as it is placed nearby & slightly underneath the wall cabinet. (As shown in Figure 2.2)

Figure 2.1 There is a countertop to place the rice cooker and store appliances upon entering the dry kitchen.

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Figure 2.2 A consideration for not having any wall cabinets above appliances like pressure cooker to prevent damages to the cabinets if unforeseen accidents happen.

Based on the new kitchen layout plan and elevation, the wall for the top cabinet is fully utilized till the ceiling top as cabinetry for storage purposes. (As shown in Figure 2.3) Before that, there are many storage boxes all over the kitchen, which is not aesthetically-pleasing and hygienic, especially for kitchen which serves its purpose for preparing and cooking food. (As shown in Figure 2.4) In order for the kitchen to stay clean and avoid the accumulation of dust, the kitchen’s top cabinetry must be clean weekly which is an extra workload. Now, most of the storage boxes are now hidden which creates that clean and relaxing environment.

Figure 2.3 The right side of the room is fully utilized as storage/ wardrobe area, extending all the way to the ceiling.

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Figure 2.4 Many boxes scatter on top of the top kitchen cabinetry.

For the wall that connects with the neighbour’s house, the washing machine and the drinking water dispenser machine are remained at the same area side by side as in the old layout plan. (As shown in Figure 2.5) This is because that space is the most ideal spot to fit in the washing machine as the other walls will either be too cramped or it is blocking the pathway.

Having both the washing machine and drinking water machine side by side is also more convenient as they can share the same clean water distribution piping, thus fewer plumbing works are needed to be done which saves cost. (As shown in Figure 2.6) However, the washing machine will be relocated if major renovations were conducted as there is no laundry area in the house currently.

Figure 2.5 The placement of the washing machine and drinking water dispenser machine remain the same.

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Figure 2.6 The washing machine and drinking water dispenser machine share the same water distribution inlet.

The ceiling height level in the dry kitchen above the washing machine is lower down to hide the beam structure for aesthetic and functional purpose. (As shown in Figure 2.7) The ceiling height for that area is now same as the wet kitchen, thus looking more seamless and connected.

Figure 2.7 The ceiling is lower down to get rid of the awkward beam structure.

Furthermore, the fridge will remain at the same area because there are no any other corners in the dry kitchen which are suitable for the fridge. (Refer to Page 51 & 52 for Layout Plans Comparison) This is because most of the wall corners have heat sources like ovens, radiators and even direct sunlight which can affect the energy efficiency of a refrigerator and potentially shorten its functional lifespan. Although the current placement for the fridge has direct sunlight, the sunlight rays is minimal and it will be filtered by the glass door, thus less heat transfer. It is also better as near the other wall corner have other appliances which will produce heat too.

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As for the fridge, it has now upgraded into a bigger capacity/ volume to store more food supplies (vegetables, fruits, meats etc.) for the family of six as the old fridge is not enough.

Thus, the current dimension for the new fridge is larger than the old one which results in the wall unable to block the fridge according to the old layout plan (As shown in Figure 2.8), which is very awkward and unsightly as the fridge is slightly extruding out. To curb this solution, the wall will be extended for 250 mm in order to hide the fridge when entering into the kitchen (As shown in Figure 2.9)

Figure 2.8 The new fridge is larger and the wall unable to block or hid it.

Figure 2.9 The wall has been extended to hide the fridge when entering.

Beside the fridge, there is a full-length countertop which has drawers that are able to extend into a working table. (As shown in Figure 2.10) This feature is significant as a replacement for the old square island/table top. (As mentioned in Page 14) This is a workplace for the users to carry out activities like baking or cooking for a family reunion party, which requires a bigger space for preparation. Also, it is also a mini breakfast counter. Thus, this extendable table drawer will be pull out if needed and keep inside the counter if it is not inused, which will make the space neater and more spacious when unused.

Figure 2.10 The counter top has a drawer that can be extended and transforms into a working table (“island”).

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For the wall dividers of the dry and wet kitchen area, the louvre glass windows with stainless-steel grills and the stainless-steel door were removed as they make the space very confined and squeezy, somehow the design also looks like a jail, instead of a kitchen. (As shown in Figure 2.11) Thus, glass sliding door acts as the replacement for the space dividers (The door and window). (As shown in Figure 2.12) Sliding door is one of the best solutions to curb the small space in the wet kitchen. It can be closed or opened up to a certain extend widely making the entire kitchen is connected if needed. Hence, it would not be too claustrophobic and suffocating if the wet kitchen exceeds the capacity of users (2-3).

Figure 2.11 The stainless-steel door and grills make the kitchen looks a prison cell.

Figure 2.12 The triple sliding door is installed as the new space divider.

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In the wet kitchen, the layout for the countertop, sink faucets and stove will remain the same but the height for the countertop has been changed into a more ergonomic height as previously the stove countertop is relatively lower than the sink countertop with a difference in 100mm. (As shown in Figure 2.13) The previous height difference, especially the stove has made cooking very exhausting and the cooker will have some back pain after standing for a long-time cooking. The reason behind the difference in height for the sink and stove is actually due the placement for the sink faucet which requires more space underneath (As shown in Figure 2.14) and the old gas stove has a thick base, with approximately 160mm height. (As shown in Figure 2.15) Hence, both the countertop will increase their height till they are both parallel and at the same height as the new induction stove will be mounted on the countertop.

Figure 2.13 The difference of height for the sink and stove countertop.

Figure 2.14 The sink faucets needed more space underneath; thus the countertop is higher.

Figure 2.15 The old gas stove has a thicker base which makes the countertop is relatively shorter.

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1.2.2 Highlighted Changes 1. Light Fixtures & Electrical One of the darkest spots in the kitchen is the kitchen countertop which is underneath the wall cabinet. It will cast a shadow on top of the countertop; thus the visibility of the object is hard to see. Hence, to achieve better human comfort, TrunkLinea LED T5 Philips (Cool Daylight) is installed underneath the wall cabinets. (As shown in Figure 2.19) This light fixture is shadow free and it has connectors that are able to connect up to 12 pieces at a time, which is ideal to install under the wall cabinets.

Fluorescent tube light in the wet kitchen and LED tube light in the dry kitchen are both replaced with the Opple 4” Downlight. (As shown in Figure 2.16) Although the old lighting fixtures illuminate the whole space, especially in the dry kitchen, the light does not distribute evenly. Thus, the new downlights have the same illumination with the old lighting fixtures (Cool Daylight). This illumination (Cool Daylight) is significant because most of the activities being conducted requires focus and attention like preparing the ingredients by chopping and cutting,

Figure 2.16 From left to right: Cool White (4000K), Daylight (6000K), Warm White (3000K) The selected illumination is in the middle while the selected downlight size is at the right.

In terms of energy efficiency, the downlights are much better as they are LED lights.

(Refer to Page 29 for Specifications) According to the calculations, the net savings after switching to these downlights compared with the fluorescent tube light is RM1.29 (Refer to Page 49 for Energy Calculations) The light intensity can be well-dispersed too as the old light fixtures are mainly focusing in the central part of the area, especially the dry kitchen.

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Eubiq Power Track is installed under the wall cabinets and near the appliances like rice cooker, blender and toaster. (As shown in Figure 2.17) This is because fixing the plug position gives much constraint to the space to use the appliances. Thus, this power track offers flexibility which is easy to add, remove and reposition power outlets anytime anywhere - by just a simple twist with Eubiq’s technology. (Refer to Page 29 for Specifications)

Figure 2.17 The photo of the Eubiq Power Track.

2. VAC Equipment As there are no ventilation units in the wet and dry kitchen, the air flow is heavily dependent on the open space in the wet kitchen area where many openings are only covered in grill.

However, this does not solve the issue regarding the hot and sweltering situation in the dry kitchen, especially in the afternoon. Beads of sweat trickled down from their forehead will happen frequent, especially during MCO when my sister and my mom have a knack in making/baking breads/cakes. They could not stand the mustiness in the air, thus a wall/ceiling fan from Deka is installed near the work table in the dry kitchen.

This Deka MS16 Dual Mounting Fan can be installed either mounted to the wall or the ceiling and it is only 16” diameter, thus it is considered small but mighty. (Refer to Page 26 for Specifications) It is operated with DC inverter motor which is well-known for its energy efficiency, compact and lightweight motor as well as its quiet sound. Moreover, instead of using a wall regulator switch, it has a remote control which is convenient nowadays. (As shown in Figure 2.18) They also have the swing function, so the swing oscillation can up till 120° degree. Thus, just like the normal standing fan, the head of the fan position is not fixed so we can set the position based on preference. Despite of its well-specs, its design is very modern and aesthetic with industrial character which catches my eyeball, especially the blades have varied colour choices. This fan is also very energy efficient with a total of 5 energy star rating.

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Figure 2.18 The Deka MS16 Fan has 5 star energy rating.

In the old wet kitchen layout, especially in the cooking area, where stove is located, there is no kitchen hood to filter/ the polluted air (smoke, steam, grease and smell). Hence, the new addition of the kitchen hood is important as it enables the air circulation in the kitchen to maintain fresh, and prevent the odours from reaching the other spaces in the house, or getting into hair and clothes.

The Rinnai chimney kitchen hood (RH-C1319-SSW) is selected and installed above the stove as my house has been using this brand for quite a long time. Also, it uses the baffle filter which is usually made with aluminium/stainless steel/mild steel. This filter is considered more durable than other types of filters as it does not bend easily when comparing to the mesh filter. It is also reusable when comparing with the charcoal filter. (Refer to Page 29 for Specifications) Moreover, it also has 2 LED lights which provide the illumination for cooking and also give a soft ambience to the wet kitchen. The lights in this kitchen hood are important as its big body size above the stove will cast shadows when cooking.

3. Appliances The main appliances that are used frequently in the kitchen is the fridge, stove, oven and drinking water dispenser machine as well as the washing machine. However, the main appliances that we will be upgrading are the fridge, stove and oven as these are the ones which consume an amount of electricity or they are not environmental-friendly and released heat when using, which affects human comfort and also health issues.

As mentioned earlier in Page 13, the old fridge has only approximately 480 Litres in capacity but it is still not enough to cater for the family of six. Thus, we opt for the latest model from Sharp which is the Sharp Pelican Mega Freezer Refrigerator model. (As shown in Figure 2.19) This Sharp Pelican model has gross capacity of 720 Litres which is more than enough to store. This fridge is also certified with 5 energy star rating as they have the J-tech Inverter which saves energy and precise cooling. (Refer to Page 29 for Specifications) As for the internal compartments, they have durable tempered glass as the tray shelves, thus able to 24 | P a g e

withstand to heavier food items that need to be stored in the fridge. This is significant as the old fridge tray shelves is made up from plastic polymer which would not be able to withstand heavy objects or the tray has been overstored, thus resulting in the old fridge having a bended tary shelves which eventually leads to cracking. To prolong the old fridge, we even tape it to use it but this makes the fridge loss more of its storage space as they are no longer capable in handling heavy objects.

Figure 2.19 The newest Sharp Pelican Mega Fridge is replacing the old Sharp fridge.

Subsequently, the next kitchen appliance that we decided to get rid of is the gas stoves as they rely on natural gas which is a non-renewable resource. It is a fossil fuel, created by the decomposition of organic matter, thus not environment friendly. Moreover, gas stove produces higher levels of the cancer-causing fumes, especially lung cancer. Thus, kitchen hood plays an important role and it is advisable to be installed despite having wide openings for ventilation.

Instead of opting a new gas hob stove, we opt for a Rinnai 3-Zone Built-in Induction Hob which is more expensive than the normal stoves. This is because the internal components and technology is much more advanced. For induction cooking, it works by creating a magnetic field that generates heat directly through the base of the cookware. Induction hobs are safe, as the heat is directly transferred to the food being cooked. Even if the controls are turned on unintentionally, the hob heats up only when it detects suitable cookware placed on the cooking zone. Induction hobs boil and cook faster than gas hobs, because of the heat concentration and high heat efficiency, with almost no heat loss.

This Induction Hob is also easy to clean due to its surface which is a Schott Ceran Glass.

This glass is the highest standard in ceramic glassware, made from non-toxic materials, easyto-clean, and able to withstand up to 700 degrees Celsius. Moreover, the built-in cooking timer can set the cooking time for up to 99 minutes and when the timer ends, this induction cooktop will automatically shut down by itself. This feature is functional as sometimes we tend to forget to look after our dishes/soup when leaving them in the wok/pot to cook longer which is dangerous.

Furthermore, the oven we are using now is actually a second-hand oven by my uncle.

(As shown in Figure 2.20) Thus, the current oven has a little drawback in terms of heating the oven as it took longer time than the normal ovens. The capacity of this electric oven is also not enough which results in spending more time to do the work repeatedly for countless time, for instance baking bread.

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Figure 2.8 The repositioning of the new wall-mounted air conditioner to the dressing table area.

Since the usage of the oven is very frequent, we decided to opt for Electrolux Built-in Oven with Grill Function (EOB2400AOX) which facilitates a bigger capacity, 72L instead of 53L because they have approximately the same overall dimensions, which is 594 mm (H) x 594 mm (W) x 568 mm (D) and 590 mm (H) x 594 mm (W) x 560 mm (D). (As shown in Figure 2.21) With this 72L oven, we are able to cook multiple dishes, all in one go without waiting tiredly. Furthermore, it uses UltraFan Plus technology, similarly like the convection technology which means that hot air circulates around the food, unlike direct heat in the classic ovens, which can damage the food or cook it unevenly. It also has Energy Class A in energy efficiency, which saves the electricity bill although it takes up to 2780W which is more than the old oven (1800W) due to its large capacity.

Figure 2.21 The new built-in oven from Electrolux

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4. Water Supply & Plumbing The water inlet which is the water supply distribution, the piping will start from the water meter which is the main water pipe at the front of the house and splits into two branches, one supplies the water directly to the main tap which is widely use in the kitchen, whereas the other one supplies the water directly to the water tank to be stored and then it will supply the water, mainly the toilets from the first floor till the ground floor.

Water distribution is important for the kitchen as it is used for cooking, drinking and washing. Thus, the piping for the water inlet is straightly from the direct pipe in order to get the freshest water instead of sourcing the water from our water tank which has been accumulating for quite some time. For the water supply distribution to the kitchen, it is mainly supplying water for the washing machine, drinking water dispenser machine and the kitchen sink. All the water supply piping will start off from a main branch line from the direct main pipe, then passing through the pipes at lower ground. Lastly, it will have sub line which goes up to the main taps. (Refer to Page 53 for New Kitchen Elevations) After distributing the water, the water outlet which is the sub pipe for waste water (greywater) will start to divert the waste water down to underground wastage pipes which will then be sent to the main drainage pipe at the backyard and lastly to the centralized sewage system nearby our neighbourhood.

Apart from that, the position of the kitchen sink remains in the wet kitchen but the components of the sink have some changes. The new kitchen sink also has a double-bowl basins which both are the same size and they are made up of metal too due to its scratch and stain resistant properties. Moreover, double-bowl sinks can provide multitasking jobs which one can be washing plates the other can be washing vegetables or unfreezing the meat. As the countertop is granite, thus this stainless-steel double-bowl kitchen sink is undermounted in the countertop to create that seamless look, instead of opting for top mounted option.

For the sink faucets, the old one was a simple two-holes sink faucet/tap/sprayer, but it is now upgraded into a pull-down sprayer for convenience. This is because the pull-down sprayer has a higher arc to the spout which is able to get all the large pots and pans under the flow of water during washing. Its ability to swivel allows the faucet more range of motion to move where it is convenient and ideal for the user, especially the wet kitchen is having two basins but only with one sprayer/ tap.

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5. Materials/ Fire Safety For the material choices in the kitchen, the kitchen countertop will be opting white granite for the table top and the kitchen cabinets will be in white aluminum. This is because white granite countertops are durable and wear-resistant; at the same time, it has the elegant, seamless, refined surface. On the other hand, aluminum is a stable metal, as it is durable, non-corrosive (anti rust, chemical resistant), non-flammable (fire resistant), odourless and hygienic which gives this material a long-lasting performance.

In the material choices, wood/timber is not under the consideration list as it is susceptible to fire and it requires periodic maintenance or it will end up rotting and damage from moisture or termites’ attack.

As for the walls in the wet and dry kitchen, glass wall tiles are installed as the backsplash wall for the kitchen due to its seamless appearance. (As shown in Figure 2.10) They provide a spacious look for the compact and small kitchen, especially the limited space in the wet kitchen. This is because the space will feel larger due to the bouncing light which is being reflected by the glass tiles and thus creating a beautiful visual effect. They also come in with varies of finishes selection, for instance the mosaic finish, textured finish, paint and art touch, and simple transparent glass finish. Most importantly, glass tiles are non-permeable which able to resist moisture and they are fire resistant. They are also stained and scratch resistance as well as easy to maintain and clean just by using a using a wipe of wet cloth.

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1.3 ENERGY COMSUMPTIONS 1.3.1 Specifications 1. Light Fixtures/ Electrical (A) Opple LED 6” Slim Downlight

Figure 3.1 The specifications of Opple Slim Downlight (6500K) in detail.

The Opple LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) has a slim, stylish body that gives this luminaire a modern aesthetic that brings beauty to any space. Its dimension is 4inches.

(Dimensions: Height × Depth= 23mm × 112mm) It has a beam angle of 120° which is able to illuminate a wider area, compared with the conventional downlights. It is a small but mighty lighting fixture.

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Moreover, it is up to 50% energy saving compared to conventional downlight and lasts 3 times longer than conventional downlight, which is up to 30000 hours lifetime.

Figure 3.2 The highlighted features in the Opple LED Slim Downlight.

(B) Philips TrunkLinea T5 LED

Figure 3.3 The product details of Philips TrunkLinea LED Light.

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Figure 3.4 The specifications of Philips TrunkLinea LED Light.

Philips TrunkLinea LED Light (Cool Daylight) is available in 3 different lengths and it has a lifetime up to 20,000 hours usage, which is an ideal replacement for the T5 batten.

Furthermore, it has the ability to link cables and enables continuous light line up to 12 pieces which gives the flexibility during installation. The light can be connected either side by side or perpendicular in corner edge based on the space and the linkers being used.

With the shadow-free design, there is no need to worry to have shadow casting when joining the LED lights together. This is due to the LED light has a translucent end-cap which eliminates blackspot.

To install this light is very easy, it is installed via simple one-step connection, a hasslefree installation. Each batten will be provided with 2 screws and 2 metal mounting clips.The installation would just be attaching the clips together with the light fixture and mount it in with screw. Hence, it is advisable to confirm the exact position or location before mounting the clips under the wall cabinets to avoid damage of cabinets or walls.

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Figure 3.5 The highlighted features in Philips TrunkLinea LED Batten Light.

Philips Linea Wall Light 31098 TrunkLinea 7W 6500K • • • • •

Light and relaxed Linear lighting with a zest Energy saving: Built-in LED, as part of the system Long lifespan: Extremely long life 20,000 hour Easy installation

(C) Eubiq Power Track

Figure 3.6 The highlighted features of the GSS technology in the Eubiq Power Track.

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Figure 3.7 The highlighted features of the GSS technology in the Eubiq Power Track.

Eubiq Power Track has different length of tracks to choose and it also comes different packages, which included a power track with the length ranges from 600mm-6000mm and also 3 power sockets with different design. We can also buy additional power sockets if needed. The power sockets can be customized by selecting the accessories that suit the interior/ spaces.

Furthermore, GSSTM (Ground Sentry Shutter) is a patented safety feature found in all Eubiq power tracks and wall sockets. Its unique design enables highly effective grounding of all conductive objects that come into contact with the power track, making it virtually impossible for any hazardous shock to occur. It also incorporates an array of springs in the core of power track which acts as safety shutters and ground wire. Recognised as a child proof product.

• • • • • • • •

Features Seamless Integration – Provide precise alignment of trunking runs with corner links within the space without cables impacting foot traffic. Suitable for dado midheight mounting.

Sleek Compact Design – Fit the cable nicely inside the track encasement, hasslefree & no-mess altitude.

Built-in Functional – Enable to convert flexibly into functional use with SnapOn accessories ranging from Kitchen to Multimedia available.

Lightweight yet Durable – Built with full aluminium that attribute to its light weight and corrosion resistance, making it easier to install your own.

Sustainable Consumption – Promote energy efficiency, most cost effective way to reduce the amount of electric consumption.

EMI Shielded – To reduce Electromagnetic radiation level that pose health risks to living creatures.

High Workability – With its highly versatile material, making it easier for customization to the length you desires with build-in accessory Effective Thermal & Electric Conductivity – Ensuring stabilized and smooth power supply along the track, dispersing heat effectively.

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• •

Dedicated Safety Features – Specially designed to resist hazardous ‘shocks’ – all within the track mechanism itself.

Flexible Configuration – Enabled to separate essential, normal and uninterrupted power supply (UPS).

Figure 3.8 The specifications of the 600mm Eubiq Power Track.

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Figure 3.8 The technical specifications of the 600mm Eubiq Power Track.

Figure 3.9 The installation methods of the 600mm Eubiq Power Track.

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2. VAC Equipment (A) DEKA MS16 Dual Mounting Fan

Figure 3.10 The catalogue of Deka MS16 16” Decorative Dual Mounting Fan.

Figure 3.11 The dimensions of Deka MS16 16” Decorative Dual Mounting Fan.

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Deka MS16 Dual Mounting Fan (DC MS16) has a variety colour options for the fan blades, but now mainly in Wood, Black and White. There is a total of three blades made from A.B.S Polymer and the structure is assembled according to a high air-flow design and a 120° swing oscillation. This dual mounting fan runs with the DC Inverter Motor, which is efficiently known as a silent-quiet motor. It can be mounted either on the wall or on the ceiling. This brand also has a local-based factory; thus, it is easy to find spare parts. With the 5 years Motor Warranty, it gives an assurance and guarantee to the customers.

DEKA MS16 16” Dual Mounting Fan (MS16DC) • • • • • • • • •

Color: Black/Silver + Wood, Black/Silver + White, Black/Silver + Black Measurement: 16” (Diameter) Speed: 6 Speed Swing/ Oscillation: 120° Blades: 3 Blades A.B.S. Design Remote Control: Full Function Remote Control Timer: 1.3.6 Hour Timer Motor: DC Motor Warranty: Local Warranty (DEKA CARELINE: 603-6242 1600) - Accessories (1 Year) - Motor (5 Years)

(B) Rinnai 90cm Chimney Hood

Figure 3.12 The highlighted features of Rinnai 90cm Chimney Hood.

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Figure 3.13 The highlighted features of Rinnai 90cm Chimney Hood.

Rinnai 90cm Chimney Hood (RH-C1319-SSW) is good in ventilation or recirculation of the air in the Kitchen with suction power of 1,200m³/hr. Its filter type consists of a pyramid structured (sloped) baffled filter which comes with a grease trap, in order for the grease or moisture to be captured into the grease collector. Its filter type also consists of aluminium mesh filter. Both are easy to be removed and to be clean. (As shown in Figure 3.6)

Figure 3.14 The filter layers in the Rinnai 90cm Chimney Hood is easy to be removed and clean.

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• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Rinnai 90cm Chimney Hood (RH-C1319-SSW) Hood Type: Chimney Suction Power (m³/hr): 1,200 Extraction Mode: Ventilated / Recirculation Speed Settings: 3 Filter Type: Pyramid Structured Baffled Filter Oil Cup: Yes Control Panel: Touch Sensor Delay Timer: Yes (Clock Setting) Light: LED Ducting Hose: Not Included Width (cm): 90 Product Weight (kg): 14 Product Size (W x D x H) (cm): 89.5x 50.5 x 55-97

•

Technical Diagram:

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3. Appliances (A) Sharp Pelican Mega Refrigerator

Figure 3.15 The catalogue of the Sharp Pelican Mega Refrigerator.

Figure 3.16 The specifications of the Sharp Pelican Mega Refrigerator.

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Sharp Pelican Mega Refrigerator (SJP80MFMS) has a gross capacity of 720L. There is a large vegetable case which gives a sufficient room to store all the vegetables and fruits with adjustable shelves that are made of durable tempered glass. Furthermore, the movable Ice Maker provides the flexibility to arrange and store food items neatly and able to fully utilize the space in the freezer compartment. With the Extra Cool compartment, it can also quickly chill the carbonated drinks at 0°C. It also has the hygienic colling function, with the Plasmacluster technology which cleans the air inside the refrigerator, creating a hygienic food storage space. It reduces levels of undesirable contaminants and unpleasant odours to provide complete hygiene. Moreover, the hybrid cooling system controls and radiates the cool humid air throughout the compartment to optimize moisture and reduce the fluctuations of the temperature, hence keeping the food fresh. Most importantly, it is an energy saving appliance with a 5-energy star rating as it has a precise temperature control with J-Tech Inverter by using 36 gradual cooling steps. Thus, it cools faster, minimizes noise and reduces energy consumption while providing more savings in electricity.

Figure 3.17 The highlighted features of the Sharp Pelican Mega Refrigerator.

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Sharp Pelican Mega Refrigerator (SJP80MFMS) General Brand

Sharp

Model

SJP-88MFGK

Product Type

Fridges

Colour

Glass - Black

Dimensions Weight (kg)

89.00

Product Height (cm)

187cm

Product Width (cm)

86.5cm

Product Depth (cm)

74cm

(B) Rinnai Built-In Electrical Stove (Induction Hob)

Figure 3.18 The highlighted features of Rinnai 70cm 3-Zone Induction Hob.

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Figure 3.19 The highlighted features of Rinnai 70cm 3-Zone Induction Hob.

Rinnai 70cm 3-Zone Induction Hob (RB-7013H-CB) is a built-in induction hob which has three zone for cooking. It is intelligent, thus energy saving as it only heats up the base of the cookware and not the whole cooking zone. The cooking zone also will only detect suitable cookware with the right base dimensions. Thus, making it extra safe as it will also automatically switches itself off if it is inactive or not in used.

As for the material choices, having the Schott Ceran Glass as the surface of the stove brings out the classiness as well as its functionality due to its ability to withstand high temperature up to 700°C. Its smooth creramic glass surface makes it very easy to clean too without any parts to be removed unlike the gas hob. It is also easy to clean by wiping on the cooking zones as the cooking zone will not be heated as they have intelligent sensor and the surrounding areas would not be heat up too as they only will detect the base of the cookware.

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Rinnai 70cm 3-Zone Induction Hob (RB-7013H-CB) •

Power: L: 1.8kW / 2.1 kW (Ø210mm) R: 1.8kW / 2.1 kW (Ø210mm) C: 1.2kW/1.5kW (Ø160mm) Total Connected Load: 4600W / Max Amp: 30A

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Surface: Schott Ceran Glass Type: Induction Cooking Zones: 3 Power levels: 9 Booster Function: Yes Control Panel: Touch sensor Timer: Yes Safety Switch Off: Yes Child Lock: Yes Width (cm): 70 Product Weight (kg):7.4 Product Size (W x D x H) (cm): 71 x 41 x 5.8 Cut-Out Size (W x D) (cm): 68 x 38 Package Weight (kg): 8.6 Package Size (W x D x H) (cm): 78 x 50 x 12.5

• • • •

Technical Diagram:

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(C) Electrolux Built-In Oven with Grill Function

Figure 3.20 The specifications of the Electrolux Built-in Oven with Grill Function

Figure 3.21 The tech specification of the Electrolux Built-in Oven with Grill Function

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72L Electrolux Built-In Oven with Grill Function (EOB2400AOX) has a large capacity that enables many dishes can be cook together all in a row which saves a lot of time. This InfiSpace™ 72-litre oven comes with three baking levels for multi baking options too. It is also saving money as it has energy class A in its energy efficiency. With the UltraFan Plus feature, heat is distributing evenly, thus reducing the electricity usage as it took one go to complete everything.

Furthermore, it has oven liners which will collect debris and typically spitting fat from cooking food. When items like salt, vinegar, fruit acid, as well as highly alkaline vegetables are heated and cooked, they will produce vapours which settle on the surfaces inside the oven, on the enamel, the glass panels and the accessories. Thus, cleaning the interior of the oven is now much easier as it has a smooth enamel coating on the interior walls that makes it easier to remove dirt after it's reduced to ash by high heat.

Figure 3.22 The highlighted features of the 72L Electrolux Built-in Oven with Grill Function

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4. Water Supply/ Plumbing (A) Rubine Sink Tap with Pull-Out Sprayer

Figure 3.23 The diagrams of the Rubine Sink Tap with Pull-Out Sprayer

Rubine Sink Tap with Pull-Out Sprayer (RT-POP100/UC) is significant with its pull-out sprayer which offers a stretchy spray function which provides flexibility in cleaning movement.

It is also made up with brass which can resist scratches, wear and tear from hard water and other forms of damage. This faucet is easy to keep clean because it resist stain and corrosion.

Rubine Square-622 Double-Bowl S/S Sink • • • • • • • • •

Type: Sink Tap with Pull-Out Sprayer Size: Appx. (H) 39cm x (W) 16cm Installation: Pillar (Bottom-Up) Colour: Silver Material: Brass Surface Finish: Chromed Water efficiency: 3 ticks (Excellent) Water consumption: 3.70 liters/min Warranty: 5-Year on Inner Cartridge

(B) Rubine Square-622 Double-Bowl S/S Sink

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Figure 3.24 The diagrams of the Rubine Double Bowl Sink.

Rubine Square-622 Double-Bowl S/S Sink (EOB2400AOX) is a very standardized and basic sink and its material is using a high-grade stainless steel. The stainless-steel sink is very simple yet durable to clean and maintain as it is resistant to rust, corrosion and stains. It also doesn’t rust and never needs to be reglazed, unlike the porcelain sinks which are high cost in maintenance.

Rubine Square-622 Double-Bowl S/S Sink • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Type: Double Bowl S/S Sink Material: High Grade 304 Stainless Steel Thickness (mm): 1.0 Overall Size (LxWxD) (mm) : 970 x 440 x 220 Bowl Size (LxWxD) (mm): 450 x 400 x 220, 450 x 400 x 220 Description: Double Bowl S/S Sink Surface Finish: Matt Finishing Installation: Under Mount Radius Corner: 25 Diameter: 90 Overflow: Yes (Left Bowl Only) Warranty: 10-Year on Anti-Rust Accessories: WC1-1 & WC2-1 (3 1/2" Waste Strainer) Fixing Clips

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1.3.2 Energy Calculations Bill Costing for Kitchen: (A) Light Fixture in Wet Kitchen

Old Design Item

Product Name

1200mm Philips Fluorescent Tube Light (TL-D 36W/54-765 1SL/25) Illumination: Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 36W = 0.036 kW Per Day = 0.036 kW x 6 hours = 0.288kWh Per Month = 0.288 kWh x 30 days = 8.64 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 8.64 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 1.76

New Design Item

Product Name

Opple 4” LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) Illumination: Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 6W = 0.006 kW Per Day = 0.06 kW x 6 hours = 0.036 kWh Per Month = 0.036 kWh x 30 days = 1.08kWh ⸫ Bill Costing for 2 Downlights = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = (1.08kWh x RM0.218) x 2 = RM 0.47

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching (New Design) = RM 1.76 – RM 0.47 = RM 1.29 *Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

According to the above calculations, the original fluorescent tube light cost about RM 1.76 per month, with its 36W power. To opt for a better resolution, we opt for 2 Downlights which cost about RM 0.47 per month, with its 12W power each as a replacement to illuminate the wet kitchen. The total savings per month will be RM 1.29.

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(B) Light Fixture in Dry Kitchen

Old Design Item

Product Name

1200mm Philips EcoFit LED Tube Light () Illumination: Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 36W = 0.036 kW Per Day = 0.036 kW x 10 hours = 0.36kWh Per Month = 0.36 kWh x 30 days = 10.8 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 10.8 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 2.35

New Design Item

Product Name

Opple 4” LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) Illumination: Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 6W = 0.006 kW Per Day = 0.006 kW x 10 hours = 0.06 kWh Per Month = 0.06 kWh x 30 days = 1.8kWh ⸫ Bill Costing for 5 Downlights = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = (1.8kWh x RM0.218) x 5 = RM 1.96

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching (New Design) = RM 2.35 – RM 1.96 = RM 0.39 *Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

According to the above calculations, the original fluorescent tube light cost about RM 2.35 per month, with its 36W power. To opt for a better resolution, we opt for 2 Downlights which cost about RM 1.96 per month, with its 12W power each as a replacement to illuminate the wet kitchen. The total savings per month will be RM 0392.

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6035

4285

1600

NEIGHBOUR'S KITCHEN TO THE MAIN

LEGEND WASHING MACHINE

STOVE

DRINKING DISPENSER MACHINE

KITCHEN CABINET

P1

OTHER APPLIANCES LED-TUBE

CH 2900

V1

DINING ROOM

REMARKS

FLUORESCENT TUBE LIGHT

1

COOL DAYLIGHT

LENGTH 1200MM

LED TUBE LIGHT

1

COOL DAYLIGHT

LENGTH 1200MM

ONE WAY SWITCH

2

-

ALL SWITCHES IN DRY KITCHEN

EXISTING BEAM

1

-

ABOVE THE WASHING MACHINE, IN DRY KITCHEN

PLUG POINT

5

-

CONNECT THE APPLIANCES

ELECTRICAL WIRING

-

-

ANNOTATE IN DOTS

WATER SUPPLY PIPING

-

-

HIGHLIGHTED IN BLUE

DRAINAGE SYSTEM PIPING

-

-

HIGHLIGHTED IN GREEN

LED-TUBE

P2

EXTENSION WIRE

STOVE

DRY KITCHEN

CH 2600

2785

ILLUMINATION

2480

2'-FLUORESCENT-TUBE

QTY

2'-FLUORESCENT-TUBE

CH 2600

P1

DESCRIPTION

SYMBOL

OVEN

P2

CH 2900

KITCHEN CABINET RICE COOKER

D1 WET KITCHEN

TABLE COUNTER FRIDGE

D3

305

TO DINING ROOM

DRAINAGE

BATHROOM 2765

1370

N

DISH RACK

STORAGE

STORAGE

TO BACKYARD

KOL PL

NOTE:

KITCHEN OLD FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN IN KITCHEN

DATE:

11 JULY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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6035

4285

1600

NEIGHBOUR'S KITCHEN TO THE MAIN

V2 WASHING MACHINE

DRINKING DISPENSER MACHINE

L2

L2

KITCHEN CABINET

LEGEND

L2

OVEN

L1

L1

EL 1

L1 KITCHEN COUNTERTOP

DRY KITCHEN CH 2600

DINING ROOM

ILLUMINATION

REMARKS

DOWNLIGHT

1

COOL DAYLIGHT

DIAMETER 4INCH

LED BATTEN LIGHT

5

COOL DAYLIGHT

LENGTH 600MM

WALL MOUNTED FAN

1

-

FACING 45° AT DRY KITCHEN

KITCHEN HOOD

1

-

ABOVE THE STOVE, IN WET KITCHEN

POWER TRACK WITH SOCKETS

1

-

CONNECT THE APPLIANCES

ONE WAY SWITCH

2

-

ALL SWITCHES IN DRY KITCHEN

EXISTING BEAM

1

-

ABOVE THE WASHING MACHINE, IN DRY KITCHEN

PLUG POINT

5

-

CONNECT THE APPLIANCES

ELECTRICAL WIRING

-

-

ANNOTATE IN DOTS

WATER SUPPLY PIPING

-

-

HIGHLIGHTED IN BLUE

DRAINAGE SYSTEM PIPING

-

-

HIGHLIGHTED IN GREEN

L2

2480

L1

2785

QTY

L1

STOVE

CH 2600

DESCRIPTION

SYMBOL

V1 V2

RICE COOKER

CH 2900 L1

L1 L1 KITCHEN COUNTERTOP

DRAINAGE

305

V1

FRIDGE

TO DINING ROOM

BATHROOM 2765

1370

N

WET KITCHEN

TO BACKYARD

KNL PL

NOTE:

KITCHEN NEW FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN IN KITCHEN

DATE:

11 JULY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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6035

4285

1600

CEILING LEVEL TO THE MAIN

WHITE ALUMINUM KITCHEN CABINET

2600

2900

KITCHEN HOOD

GLASS TILES BACKSPLASH

900

INDUCTION STOVE

OVEN

TO THE MAIN

GROUND LEVEL DRAINAGE

EL 1

NOTE:

KITCHEN ELEVATION SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN IN KITCHEN

DATE:

11 JULY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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