B,S&S: E-Portfolio by Rushen Phuah

BACH E LO R O F A RT S ( HO NS ) I N I N TE R I O R A R CH I T EC T UR E

S E M E S T E R 3 (MAR - JU LY 2021)

BLD 62304

PHUAH RU SHEN 0343669

TABLE OF

CONTENTS ASSIGNMENT 1: LIGHTING DESIGN & VAC DESIGN FOR COMFORT

- PAGE 3

ASSIGNMENT 2: INDOOR COMFORT DESIGN & "INVENTION"

- PAGE 42

FINAL PROJECT: BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN IN KITCHEN

- PAGE 83

BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE BLD62304 BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES (SEMESTER: MARCH - JULY 2021)

ASSIGNMENT 1: LIGHTING DESIGN & VAC DESIGN FOR COMFORT

NAME: PHUAH RU SHEN ID NUMBER: 0343669 TUTOR: MS SHARON

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TABLE OF

CONTENT 1. From Old to New 1.1 Site Analysis 1.1.1 An Introduction to Room Layout…………………. 1.1.2 Dissatisfactory Issues….…………………………….

3-5 6-8

1.2 Reintroducing Comfort 1.2.1 An Introduction to New Room Layout ………………. 9-13 1.2.2 Highlighted Changes for Human Comfort…………. 13-20

1.3 Energy Consumptions 1.3.1 Specifications…….…………………………………. 21-29 1.3.2 Energy Calculations…………………………………. 30-34

2. Re-Sources 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Bill of Quantities…………………………………………… 35 Pictorial/Graphical References in BQ……………………. 36-37 Old Bedroom Layout Plan………………………………… 38 New Bedroom Layout Plan………………………………… 39

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1.1 Site Analysis 1.1.1 An Introduction to Room Layout The selected site/ space is the master bedroom, the most private space in the house. The clients live in this house for about 25 years and only do minor renovations once a decade. Thus, their bedroom design is very basic and old-fashioned. According to their beliefs, the clients are considerably superstitious, especially in the Feng Shui context which results in no proper positions for the bed, wardrobe and storage area. Thus, a change of position would take place once in a while in the past. Nevertheless, they have a fixed position now but the human comfort level is not well-achieved as the fixtures that were previously installed is not well-synchronized with the current position. The interior layout is very basic as it is mainly used as a sleeping space along with wardrobes and a plenty of storage area. The house/room is facing at the South direction (As shown in Figure 1.1). Hence, the strongest sun rays will flow through the South-facing windows from late morning to mid-afternoon, which rarely affects the clients as they are not around at this timeframe. Based on the layout plan (Refer to Page 38 for Old Layout Plan), there are two double casement windows which provides sufficient daylight during daytime, with approximately 100-130 lux (As shown in Figure 1.2). A pair of silk and sheer curtains are also installed to decrease the transparency and for heat absorption. (As shown in Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.1 The compass shows the room is facing at the South direction.

Figure 1.2 The Lux Meter app measured the lux in the room with South-facing windows at daytime.

Figure 1.3 All the double casement windows are installed with silk and sheer curtains.

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As we dive into the reflected ceiling plan, there are only two light fixtures, a ceiling fan and a wall-mounted air-conditioner for a 19.64m2 room. The whole room is mainly illuminated by a fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight) (As shown in Figure 1.4 & Figure 1.5) which is located above the bed.

Figure 1.4 A 1200mm long fluorescent tube light was installed above the bed.

Figure 1.5 The fluorescent tube light illuminates the room in a cool daylight illumination.

The other light fixture is a circular ceiling light, along with a fluorescent triple tube (3U) light bulb (Warm White) (As shown in Figure 1.6, Figure 1.7 & Figure 1.8) which only switches on before sleeping at night.

Figure 1.6 An old-fashioned circular ceiling light was installed at the dressing table area.

Figure 1.7 The light bulb is replaced into a fluorescent 3U light bulb which was originally a circular fluorescent tube light.

Figure 1.8 The circular ceiling light illuminates the room in a warm white illumination.

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In addition, the wall-mounted air conditioner is positioned in that particular wall as the bed used to be located there. (As shown in Figure 1.9) Recently, during the Movement Control Order (MCO), the client has just changed their air conditioner to the latest Daikin R32 wall mounted air-conditioner model which provides 1.5 horsepower. Before that, it was an old-dated air conditioner, National brand which provides 1 horsepower only. (As shown in Figure 1.10) The old-dated air-conditioner was unable/ took longer time to cool the spacious room.

Figure 1.9 Daikin R32 wall-mounted air conditioner was installed during MCO.

Figure 1.10 This National-brand air conditioner was being replaced due to its inability to cool the room.

Lastly, the three-blades ceiling fan is still functioning well despite serving the clients for more than 20 years (As shown in Figure 1.11 & Figure 1.12). The speed of the fan is rotating well which provides good air flow but it is not aesthetic pleasing as it is just powder coated with white finishes.

Figure 1.11 A National-brand ceiling fan with three blades still working well.

Figure 1.12 The National-brand ceiling fan wall regulator controller along with other switches.

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1.1.2 Dissatisfactory Issues Human comfort is the main consideration for the room as it is mainly housed for the clients’ sleeping space. However, it is not well-achieved as mentioned earlier. There are a few problems to tackle in terms of aesthetic, comfort and convenience to meet the criteria of the space and the clients’ needs. First and foremost, the client has some habits that need to be taken in consideration for the design. She is an avid-reader who loves reading a book before sleeping. However, there is no lamp or wall light beside her bed. There is light fixture above her bed (As shown in Figure 1.13) but the fluorescent tube light above the bed is too bright which affects one’s sleep and eyes when switching it on while her partner is using it or vice versa. Based on the Lux meter, the brightness of the light fixture in the sleeping area at night is approximately 120 lux (As shown in Figure 1.14), which is not suitable for eye comfort level, especially in sleep.

Figure 1.13 Fluorescent light tube illuminates strong cool daylight above the bed.

Figure 1.14 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the sleeping area at night.

Furthermore, the dressing table is often not well-lit at night. Based on Figure 1.15, the dressing table area has approximately 1-4 lux only when switching on the fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight). On the other hand, the other light fixtures, the circular ceiling light (Warm White) which mainly illuminates the dressing table area has about 20-23 lux only (As shown in Figure 1.16). Thus, every time when the client is doing her skincare routine at night, she has a hard time seeing herself in the mirror.

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Figure 1.15 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the dressing table area when switching on the fluorescent tube light only.

Figure 1.16 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the dressing table area when switching on the circular ceiling light only.

There is also a beam structure which gives constraint for casting out the light, thus many shadows can be seen on the plaster ceiling. (As shown in Figure 1.17). However, it acts as a good night light as it does not affect the sleeping area. According to the Lux meter, the sleeping area would be 0 lux after switching on the circular ceiling light only. (As shown in Figure 1.18).

Figure 1.17 The casting of warm-white illumination was restricted by the beam.

Figure 1.18 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the sleeping area when switching on the circular ceiling light only.

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The area for the door entrance of the room and the access route to the toilet is not welllit when all light fixtures were switched on. Based on the Lux Meter, there is only about 9-11 lux at that particular area. (As shown in Figure 1.19). This is because there is a cupboard in between the entry door and the bed to split the section area into two, as a result in blocking the distribution of light. (As shown in Figure 1.20)

Figure 1.19 The Lux Meter app measured the total lux in the entrance area when switching on all the light fixtures.

Figure 1.20 The cupboard act as a divider for the space segregation which deliberately dimmers that area.

At night, the married couple will experience a huge contradiction towards the air conditioner as the woman will feel hot and sweltering while the man will be cold and freezing. This is due to the position of air conditioner which results in different air flow as the cold air blows directly facing towards the man. (As shown in Figure 1.21 & Figure 1.22) Moreover, due to the Chinese customs, as the saying goes, “the left is for males, the right is for females”, they are not willing to switch their sleeping places (left and right side). Thus, it occurred two individuals facing thermal comfort issues.

Figure 1.21 The air conditioner is not well-placed and caused imbalance ventilation in the room.

Figure 1.22 The air flow of the air conditioner is facing directly towards the man which makes him very cold at night.

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1.2 REINTRODUCING COMFORT 1.2.1 An Introduction to New RCP Plan The new room layout is mainly introducing the new changes/repositions in light fixtures, HVAC and ceiling fan. (Refer to Page 39 for New Layout Plan) Most of the furniture positions/basic activities are fixed as the clients are determined to remain their bed and wardrobe positions. Hence, the main priority is to achieve human comfort more than the aesthetical aspects. Upon entering the room, we will have a built-in cabinet all the way up till the ceiling, like a foyer. It is used for storage purposes and also acts as a divider for the entrance/toilet area and the sleeping area. (As shown in Figure 2.1) There is also wall switches in the built-in cabinet area with placement fulfilling the ergonomic height.

Figure 2.1 The built-in cabinet serves as a divider and storage purposes, as well as home to the room switches.

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Based on the new room layout plan, the right side is fully utilized as cabinetry for wardrobe and storage purposes, along with a dressing table. (As shown in Figure 2.2) Most of the storage area is hidden by making more room space for the interior to create that clean and seamless look. Before that, there are many storage boxes or drawers all over the room, which is not aesthetically-pleasing, especially for a room which serves its purpose for relaxation. (As shown in Figure 2.3)

Figure 2.2 The right side of the room is fully utilized as storage/ wardrobe area, extending all the way to the ceiling.

Figure 2.3 Many storage boxes scatter all over the room, for instance on top of the existing wardrobe which is messy.

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All the light fixtures are replaced and more lights were added in for a better light distribution throughout the room, especially at night. (As shown in Figure 2.4) New ceiling fan was installed to replace the 26-year-old ceiling fan and has move further away from the sleeping area due to the client experience cold feet at night as the fan was blowing directly towards her feet. It also moved further away from the wardrobe to avoid blades hitting it which originally is near/overlapped above the wardrobe. (As shown in Figure 2.5)

Figure 2.4 Noticeable light fixtures were removed and replaced, along with the changes in position of the ceiling fan.

Figure 2.5 The previous ceiling fan blade was near and slightly overlapped with the wardrobe area.

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The ceiling height level in the dressing table area is lower down to hide the beam structure for aesthetic and functional purpose. (As shown in Figure 2.6 & Figure 2.7) The new addition of soffit light, downlight (Cool Daylight) as a replacement for the round ceiling light in the dressing table area. This light has a higher wattage compare to the previous fluorescent 3U tube light bulb, which gives more brightness to the area.

Figure 2.6 The original beam structure obstructed the light distribution and is not aesthetically pleasing.

Figure 2.7 The original beam structure and the ceiling height level is at the same level now.

This wall-mounted non-inverter air conditioner is upgraded to the newest model to the Daikin inverter series air conditioner. It is also repositioned to the dressing table area in order to solve the issue regarding different thermal comfort faced by the clients. (As shown in Figure 2.8) The cold air circulation is better as all parts of the room can have an even distribution of cold air from the air conditioner. There is a ceiling fan which provides diversion of cold air to different parts of the room when switching it on. (As shown in Figure 2.9)

Figure 2.8 The repositioning of the new wall-mounted air conditioner to the dressing table area.

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Figure 2.9 The cold air circulation from the new position of the air conditioner is improved with the aid of the ceiling fan for diverting the cold air.

1.2.2 Highlighted Changes for Human Comfort 1. Light Fixtures To achieve better human comfort, the fluorescent tube light (Cool Daylight) is removed although it illuminates the whole room, the light does not distribute evenly. (Refer to Page 3 for Site Analysis) Thus, the two additions of downlights, Opple 6” Slim Downlight (As shown in Figure 2.10) are able to achieve a better comfort for the eyes and they offer the same brightness as in the tube light and they are more energy efficient as they are LED lights. (Refer to Page 21 for Specifications) According to the calculations, the net savings after switching to these downlights compared with the fluorescent tube light is RM 0.74 (Refer to Page 31 for Energy Calculations)

Figure 2.10 Two Opple 6” Slim Downlights are replacing the fluorescent tube light.

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However, we opt for the Cool White illumination (4000K) apart from the original illumination as the level intensity of the brightness in the Cool Daylight is unbearable and uncomfortable for a sleeping space. (As shown in Figure 2.11 for illumination comparison)

Figure 2.11 From left to right: Cool White (4000K), Daylight (6000K), Warm White (3000K).

Moreover, the dressing table area has also replaced the Fluorescent 3U tube light (Warm Yellow) with this downlight (Cool White) too. Although the wattage (12W) is higher than the previous one (8W), it clearly illuminates the whole area brighter than the older one. (As shown in Figure 2.12) The significant change is the illumination from Warm White to Cool White as the client is hard to do its skincare routine/ make up previously.

Figure 2.12 The dressing table area is illuminated with Cool White (4000K) downlight now.

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In addition, one more newly addition of light fixture, downlight (Warm white) is added in the entrance and the toilet area to solve its lack of light distribution at night when all light fixtures were switched on. (As shown in Figure 2.13) The addition of this downlight can now act as a night light as it has a built-in cabinet in between to divide the sleeping and entrance area. The disruption incurred for sleep users would be minimized as the light distribution is blocked and placed within the built-in cabinet area.

Figure 2.13 The entrance/toilet area is now well-lit at night with the addition of downlight.

Apart from that, the sleeping area has installed track lighting above the bed, act as an alternative for wall light or table lamp. (As shown in Figure 2.14) This track light is important for the client as she likes to read before sleeping. The switch for this light fixture is placed near the side table for easy accessibility. (As shown in Figure 2.15)

Figure 2.14 There are 3 track lights being installed above the bed/sleeping area as the client loves to read before sleeping.

Figure 2.15 Wall switch for track lights is installed beside the bed/at the side table for easier access.

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This track light is installed as a recessed lighting which is hidden in the ceiling. There is a total of three track lights, HAG LED 12W Track Light (As shown in Figure 2.16), along the track rails (As shown in Figure 2.17) which provide natural light illumination (4000K). (Refer to Page 22 for Specifications)

Figure 2.16 The HAG store offers different lengths of track lights rail, from 1m, 1.5m to 2m.

Figure 2.17 The HAG store sells 12W track lights in two different colours, black and white.

Furthermore, the bedroom has installed a few motion sensor light sticks, Yeelight Motion Sensor Light Stick, specially used during night hours. It is placed near the bed, entrance and the toilet area. (As shown in Figure 2.18 & Figure 2.19) Another motion sensor light stick is being placed in the built-in cabinet for easier reach out to the wall switches. (As shown in Figure 2.20) This is significant for the clients’ age (in their near 60s), they are more concern with their movements at night, considering if the room is in pitch dark. For instance, they worried they might fall in the dark while walking to the toilet without any lights companion. Hence, this motion sensor light stick act as a walk guide for them at night. It has an intelligent sensor which ensures the operation functioning only at night/dark times. (Refer to Page 24 for Specifications)

Figure 2.18 The motion sensor light stick is being installed near the bed.

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Figure 2.19 The motion sensor light stick is being installed at the entrance/toilet area.

Figure 2.20 The motion sensor light stick is being installed in the built-in cabinet.

2. VAC Equipment As the current ceiling fan is old and squeaky, we opt for the new Deka Ceiling Fan as a replacement. (As shown in Figure 2.21) First and foremost, it is operated with DC inverter motor which is well-known for its energy efficiency, compact and lightweight motor as well as its quiet sound. (Refer to Page 26 for Specifications) Based on the calculations, the net savings after switching is RM 3.53 (Refer to Page 33 for Energy Calculations), as the new ceiling fan is rated with 5 stars for its energy savings due to its DC motor. (As shown in Figure 2.22) The power used in new ceiling fan is also much lesser than the previous AC Motor Ceiling Fan, which is 35W (without LED) and 80W respectively. (As shown in Figure 2.23)

Figure 2.21 Deka LED Ceiling Fan as a replacement for old ceiling fan.

Figure 2.22 The average energy consumption for Deka ceiling fan is 107.7 kWh per year.

Figure 2.23 The details/ brief info taken from the old ceiling fan.

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Also, this ceiling fan comes with an LED which is able to switch into 3 different light modes, from daylight (8000K), mix tone (4000K), to warm light (3000K). (As shown in Figure 2.24, Figure 2.25 & Figure 2.26) This is suitable for the clients as they can adjust the light brightness or mode based on their preferences or daily activities in the room. It is also one of the prominent lights at night. If we switch on this LED, we do not need to switch on the downlights or vice versa. Based on the calculations, the net savings after just switching on this LED to illuminate the room is RM 1.05. (Refer to Page 31 for Energy Calculations)

Figure 2.24 LED ceiling fan in daylight illumination mode (8000K).

Figure 2.25 LED ceiling fan in mix tone illumination mode (4000K)

Figure 2.26 LED ceiling fan in warm light illumination mode (3000K).

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Most importantly, instead of using a wall regulator switch, it has a remote control. (As shown in Figure 2.27) The clients find it annoying to wake up just to walk all the way to the room switches to change the fan speed in the middle of the night. It has 6 different fan speeds which is more than enough. With the remote control, the clients are able to make adjustments with ease. All they need is to press the button for switching on/off and changing speed/mode for the fan and LED lights.

Figure 2.27 The LED ceiling fan remote control is easy to carry and has all the functions needed.

For better energy-efficiency, the switching from the current air conditioner to the newest Daikin R32 Inverter Wall-Mounted FKTU Series Air Conditioner (As shown in Figure 2.28) took place despite the old one was being purchased last year. We have chosen 1.5 Horsepower (HP) air conditioner after comparing the old and the new Daikin air conditioner. (Refer to Page 30 for Sizing of Air Conditioner) The new air conditioner has a durable PCB Voltage Shield which can easily handle large variations of voltage (130V – 415V), therefore ensuring longer life span. Based on the calculations, the net savings after switching to this inverter series air conditioner is RM 5.06. (Refer to Page 34 for Energy Calculations).

Figure 2.28 The new Daikin Deluxe Inverter Series FKTU-A air conditioner.

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Based on Figure 2.29, the energy consumption of the previous air conditioner is only rated with 2 stars which consumes an average of 1957kWj per year. Although it is stated that it consumes less energy than other appliances which were rated 2 stars, it is still not eco-friendly wise. On the contrary, the new one is rated with 5 stars energy rating labelled by the Energy Commission of Malaysia (ST), along with a recognition as an eco-friendly appliance. (As shown in Figure 2.30) It also has Eco+ Mode for energy saving, an intelligent feature which has its power saving through limiting outdoor power input and running current while fulfilling the basic human comfort needs.

Figure 2.29 The energy rating labeled by ST for the old air conditioner is only 2 stars.

Figure 2.30 The energy rating labeled by ST for the new air conditioner has 5 stars.

Moreover, in comparison with the new air conditioner, the new one is quieter and more efficient as the DC inverter air conditioner has a smooth rotation, with the swing compressor decreases friction and vibration. It also prevents the leakage of refrigerant gas during compression. These advantages allow users to have a peaceful sleep with a quieter and more efficient operation which is important for the client needs as she is a light sleeper who cannot sleep through loud, thud noises or disruptions. The client also has running nose issues who always sneeze whenever the air is dusty or cold. Thus, with this new air conditioner, the air purification consists of Green Tea Filter which traps air borne particles such as dust particles effectively, deactivates captured bacteria, virus and unpleasant odours, thus providing better Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). (Refer to Page 27 for Specifications)

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1.3 ENERGY COMSUMPTIONS 1.3.1 Specifications 1. Light Fixtures (A) Opple LED 6” Slim Downlight

Figure 3.1 The specifications of Opple Slim Downlight (4000K) in detail.

The Opple LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) has a slim, stylish body that gives this luminaire a modern aesthetic that brings beauty to any space. Its dimension is 6inches. (Dimensions: Height × Depth= 23mm × 162mm) It has a beam angle of 120° which is able to illuminate wider area, compared with the conventional downlights. 21 | P a g e

Moreover, it is up to 50% energy saving compared to conventional downlight and lasts 3 times longer than conventional downlight, which is up to 30000 hours lifetime.

Figure 3.2 The highlighted features in the Opple LED Slim Downlight.

(B) HAG 12W LED Track Light & 2m Track Light Rail

Figure 3.3 The specifications of HAG LED Track Light and HAG Track Light Rails.

Type text here

HAG 12W LED Track Light has an aluminum body with dimensions of 110mm(L) x 60mm(D). It uses COB type LED light and has super low power consumption with maximum brightness, at the same time it has high energy saving for better efficiency. There is no harmful UV light/ radiation. Its smart thermal design enables to improve air circulation for heat dissipation. It is easy to install just with a clip-on installation method.

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Subsequently, the HAG 2m Track Light Rail has two different colours, in Black and White. The weight for this 2m Track Light Rail is about 0.3 kg, made from polypropylene. It is also compatible with most type of track lights which is ideal for switching other latest energyefficient technology track lights. This rail has two options, Type A and Type B which are different in terms of the cost, thickness, materials and durability.

Figure 3.4 Some highlighted features in the HAG track light rail and track lights.

HAG LED Track Lights • •

•

Wattage: 12W Light Colour: Yellow Light (Warm White) 3000k / Natural Light 4000k / White Light 6500k Body Colour: Black/ White

HAG Track Light Rail • • • • •

Colour: Black / White Length: 1m / 2m Weight: 2m (0.3 kg) / 1m (0.1 kg) Material: Polypropylene Compatibility: Most track lights

Figure 3.5 The light illumination in HAG LED track lights.

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Figure 3.6 The specifications of Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light.

Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light (20cm) is as thin as 0.9cm, made from high-grade metal texture, minimal design with black industrial style. This multi-purpose lamp has a builtin precise human body sensor. For instance, the light will only switch on when there is motion, thus making it easy and hands-free. Furthermore, the cabinet light also has a built-in photosensitive sensor, which only lights up in a dark environment. This function enables the light to save power and causes less disruption to others. In addition, this cabinet light is not connected with the switches to generate the power. It has a large-capacity battery built inside the light, which supports USB Type-C charging with an anti-overcharged protection. After charging, it can be used for about 4-6 months, which provides energy-saving and environmental protection. To install this light is very easy, it is installed via mounting magnetic structure with 3M paste on. However, this adhesive of the device cannot be reused, hence tearing it off may cause damage to the paste surface of the object. Therefore, it is advisable to confirm the exact position or location before pasting it.

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Figure 3.7 The highlighted features in Yeelight LED Sensor Cabinet Light.

Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light Series • • • • • • • • • • • •

Product Size: 20cm x 3.9cm x 0.9cm Rated Power: 1.2W Battery Capacity: 900mAh Life Time: 3 hours Colour Temperature: 4000K Rated Input: 5V=-=lA Charging Method: USB-C (with the cable provided) Charging Time: about 2 to 4 hours Induction Time: 4-6 months (Induction lights 3 times a day) Working Temperature: -10℃～+40℃ Working Humidity: 0%～85%RH Body Material: Aluminium alloy + ABS

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2. VAC Equipment (A) DEKA 54” LED DC Decorative Ceiling Fan

Figure 3.8 The catalogue of Deka LED Decorative Ceiling Fan.

Deka 54” LED DC Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L) has two colour options for the fan blades, either in Walnut or in Black. There is a total of five blades made from A.B.S Polymer and the structure is assembled according to a high air-flow design. This ceiling fan runs with the DC Inverter Motor, which is efficiently known as a silent-quiet motor. This brand also has a local-based factory; thus, it is easy to find spare parts. With the 5 years Motor Warranty, it gives an assurance and guarantee to the customers. Also, its sub-feature is the LED light which has 3 modes to switch according to own preferable ambience. The brightness level is able to illuminate the whole room. 26 | P a g e

Deka 54” LED DC Decorative Ceiling Fan • • • • • • • • • • • •

Model: DC2-509L Colours: Walnut/ Black Measurement: 54 Inch Diameter Speed: 6 Speeds Timer: 1.3.6 Hour Timer Blades: 5 Blades A.B.S Polymer Design Remote Control: Radio Frequency (R.F) Full Function Remote Control Watt: 53W (Fan Power: 35W, LED Power: 18W) Volt/ Hz: 240V/ 50Hz Gross Weight:10.5 kg (2 unit per carton) Bluetooth/LED: 18W LED Light with Mix Tone, Day Light and Warm Light Motor: DC Motor

(B) Daikin R32 Inverter Wall-Mounted FKTU Series Air Conditioner

Figure 3.9 The specifications of Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner in detail.

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Daikin R32 1.5 HP Inverter Wall-Mounted FTKU Series Air Conditioner (FTKU35AV1LF/RKU35FV1D) is under deluxe inverter series in the Daikin Wall-Mounted air-conditioner. With the application of the latest technology, 3D Air Flow, it generates an excellent air modulation to the room with a rectangular motion of air. Thus, it gives a whole coverage of cold air throughout the room. With the breeze airflow design, it will coordinate the air flow at different strengths and speed in order to mimic the natural breeze. (As shown in Figure 3.10)

Figure 3.10 The natural pattern of gentle breeze in Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner.

To achieve human comfort and energy saving, it has Eco+ Mode which adjusts temperature automatically to fulfill human comfort needs and environmentally friendly. (As shown in Figure 3.11) Also, it incorporated the iPlasma Technology along with the Green Tea Filter which effectively purifies and sterilize the air; removing airborne contaminants, harmful bacteria.

Figure 3.11 The energy-saving features of Daikin Inverter FKTU Series Air Conditioner.

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Figure 3.12 The highlighted features of Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner.

Figure 3.13 The remote control of the Daikin FTKU Inverter Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner.

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1.3.2 Energy Calculations Sizing Air Conditioner： Area of the room (m2) = [(1.145 x 2.04) + (2.135 x 3.235) + (2.26 x 4.6)]m2 = 19.63825m2 =19.64m2 Estimated heat of the room, multiply 700

= 19.64 m2 x 700 = 13,748 btu/hr

No. of Occupants, multiply with 500 = 2 x 500 = 1,000 btu/hr Total Wattage from electrical equipment = LED Downlights + LED Track Lights + Motion Sensor Light Stick + Ceiling Fan + Essential Oil Diffuser = (12W x 4) + (12W x 3) + (1.2W x 3) + 53W + 12W = (48+ 36 + 3.6 + 53 + 12) W = 152.6 W Estimated heat from electrical equipment, multiply with 3.5 = 152.6W x 3.5 = 534.1btu/hr Total Heat Calculation (Btu/hr)

= 13,748 + 1,000 + 534.1 = 15,282.1btu/hr

⸫ Air-conditioner Sizing (horsepower, hp) = 15,282.1÷ 9,800 = 1.559hp = 1.6 hp = 1.5 HP (Selected horsepower)

Before changing, the clients feel very cold after switching on the air conditioner for only 2 hours although it is also 1.5 HP. After adding/ changing the light fixtures and VAC equipment, the comfort level would be achieved due to more coolants need to combat with the rising heat. Based on the air conditioning sizing, the actual horsepower needed is approximately 1.6HP (more than 1.5HP). Hence, the option is either opting for a 1.5HP or 2HP air conditioner. However, according to the cooling capacity of the two models of air conditioner (old and new), the new model for 1.5HP has 12100 btu/hr for cooling capacity whereas the old model, which is 1.5 HP has 12000 btu/hr for its cooling capacity. The slight difference here is 100btu/hr but it gives so much impact in cooling the area/room. Moreover, not all electrical equipment will be switch on at the same time, especially the light fixtures. Hence, Daikin R32 1.5 HP Inverter FKTU Series should be enough to cool the whole room as opting for a 2HP would be such a waste in consideration with the money value and energy efficiency.

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Bill Costing for Master Bedroom: (A) Light Fixtures

Old Design Item

Product Name

1200mm Philips Fluorescent Tube Light (TL-D 36W/54-765 1SL/25) Illumination: Daylight (6500K)

Calculations Power = 36W = 0.036 kW Per Day = 0.036 kW x 6 hours = 0.288kWh Per Month = 0.288 kWh x 30 days = 8.64 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 8.64 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 1.76

New Design 1 Item

Product Name

Opple 6” LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round) x2 Illumination: Cool White (4000K)

Calculations Power = 12W = 0.012 kW Per Day = 0.012 kW x 6 hours = 0.072 kWh Per Month = 0.072 kWh x 30 days = 2.16 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing for 2 Downlights = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = (2.16 kWh x RM0.218) x 2 = RM 0.94

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching (New Design 1) = RM 1.76 – RM 0.94 = RM 0.82

New Design 2 Item

Product Name Deka DC 54” DC Motor LED Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L) Illumination: Day Light (8000K), Mix Tone (4000K), Warm Light (3000K)

Calculations Power (LED) = 18W = 0.018 kW Per Day = 0.018 kW x 6 hours = 0.108 kWh Per Month = 0.108 kWh x 30 days = 3.24 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 3.24 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 0.71 31 | P a g e

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching (New Design 2) = RM 1.76 – RM 0.71 = RM 1.05 *Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

According to the above calculations, the original fluorescent tube light cost about RM 1.75 per month, with its 36W power. To opt for a better resolution, we have two new design choices as a replacement to illuminate the room. New Design 1 opt for 2 Downlights which cost about RM 0.94 per month, with its 12W power each. The total savings per month will be RM 0.82. On the other hand, New Design 2 opt for 1 ceiling fan-based LED which cost about RM 0.71 per month, with its 18W power. The total savings per month for this design will be RM 1.05, which saves RM 0.23 (RM 1.05 - RM 0.82) more than New Design 1. To clarify, both new design 1 & 2 is implemented in the new layout plan. It is vital to have both light fixtures despite either one can light up the room. This is due to the consideration of limited spare parts for the Deka LED Ceiling Fan. As the rapid advancement of technology, it might be hard to find the original spare parts for the LED to fit in the ceiling fan. To avoid unforeseen circumstances, downlights play the important role as they are easier to find better replacement as they are less restricted in technical aspects.

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(B) VAC Equipment

Old Design Item

Product Name

National 60” AC Motor Ceiling Fan with three blades (Type F-150Y)

Calculations Power (*) = 80W = 0.08 kW Per Day = 0.08 kW x 12 hours = 0.96 kWh Per Month = 0.96 kWh x 30 days =28.8 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 28.8 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 6.28

New Design Item

Product Name

Deka DC 54” DC Motor LED Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L)

Calculations Total Power= 53W (18W LED) Power (Fan) = 35W = 0.035 kW Per Day = 0.035 kW x 12 hours = 0.42 kWh Per Month = 0.42 kWh x 30 days =12.6 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 12.6 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 2.75

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching = RM 6.28 – RM 2.75 = RM 3.53

*Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

Based on the above calculations, the net savings after switching is RM3.53 per month. It is noticeable that this switching is worth it as the old ceiling fan (25-year-old) consumes much more power than the Deka Ceiling Fan which is 80W and 35W (fan only) respectively. Old products often use consumes more electricity as its technology is lack behind and they need more energy to run as they are using an old motor.

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Old Design Item

Product Name

Daikin 1.5HP R32 NonInverter FKTV Series Wall-Mounted Air Conditioner (FTV35PV1L9/ RV35FV1R9

Calculations Average Power = 1135W = 1.135 kW Per Day = 1.135 kW x 5 hours = 5.675 kWh Per Month = 5.675 kWh x 30 days = 170.25 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 170.25 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 37.11

New Design Item

Product Name

Daikin 1.5HP R32 Inverter Wall-Mounted FKTU Series Air Conditioner (FTKU35AV1LF/ RKU35FV1D)

Calculations Average Power = 980W = 0.98 kW Per Day = 0.98 kW x 5 hours = 4.9 kWh Per Month = 4.9 kWh x 30 days = 147 kWh ⸫ Bill Costing = Prorated Block (kWh) x Rate (RM) = 147 kWh x RM0.218 = RM 32.05

⸫ Net Savings per month after switching = RM 37.11 – RM 32.05 = RM 5.06 *Note: Based on Tariff Block (Residence Tariff), every first 200 kWh rate is RM 0.218.

The calculations above indicated the net savings per month after switching the air conditioner is RM 5.06 although they are both Daikin products. Their main difference is inverter and noninverter which inadvertently affects their energy consumption, 980W and 1135W respectively. (Refer to Page 27 for Specifications) It is significant that air conditioner has the most consumption of power in the electricity bill as they are needed to take higher load capacity for their compressor, which is highly power-consuming during the cooling process.

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2.1 Bill of Quantities BQ1: Light Fixtures in the Room Item

Unit

Qty

Opple 6" LED Slim Downlight EcoMax III HPF (Round)

nos

38.00

114.00

L-2-1

HAG LIGHT LED 12W Track Light in Black

nos

35.00

105.00

L-2-2

HAG 2M Track Light Rail Frame Fitting in Black (Type A)

nos

34.00

Yeelight Smart LED Sensor Cabinet Light Series in Black (20cm)

nos

69.00

L-1

L-3

Description

Rate (RM)

Total

Total (RM)

Note

The price does not include the shipping fee. The price does not include 34.00 the shipping fee. Included Type-C USB 207.00 cable for charging. 460.00

BQ2: VAC Equipment in the Room Item

Description

Unit

Qty

Rate (RM)

V-1

Deka LED 54" DC Decorative Ceiling Fan (DC2-509L)

nos

499.00

V-2

Daikin R32 1.5 HP Inverter Single Split Wall-Mounted FTKU Series Air Conditioner (FTKU35AV1LF/RKU35FV1D)

nos

2,080.00 Total

Total (RM)

Note Ceiling fan comes 499.00 with LED light in 3 modes and a remote control. The price does not include 2,080.00 the installation fee. 2,579.00

BQ3: Summary of the Total Cost for the Room No. BQ1 BQ2

Description Total Cost for Light Fixtures in the Room Total Cost for VAC Equipment in the Room Grand Total

Sub Total (RM) 460.00 2,579.00 3,039.00

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2.2 Pictorical/ Graphical References in BQ Item

References

Sources

L-1

SJ Lightings 41 & 41-1, USJ 10/1G, USJ Taipan, 46720 Subang Jaya, Selangor.

L-2-1

SH8-6-0, Phase 4, Jalan Penampang, Taman Suria, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

HAG Store

Official Shopee Store Track Lights: https://shopee.com.my/-High-QualityHAG-LIGHT-LED-12W-Track-Lightin-Black-White-bodyi.31071742.2633591842

L-2-2

Track Light Rail: https://shopee.com.my/HAG-TrackLight-Rail-Frame-Fitting-Black-White1m-1.5m-2m-Track-Rail-JointConnector-i.31071742.1850864478

Yeelight Malaysia Official Shopee Store L-3

https://shopee.com.my/Yeelight-LEDMulti-Purpose-Lamp-Light-withMotion-Sensor-Wardrobe-BedroomKitchen-Cabinet-Cari.369267580.3976439752

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V-1

HLK (Chainstore) Sdn. Bhd. (Taipan Branch) No. 31 & 33, Jalan USJ 10/1A, USJ Taipan, 47620 Subang Jaya, Selangor.

Daikin Website https://www.daikin.com.my/daikin_pro ducts/ftku-series/

Pana Corner Lazada Store V-2

https://www.lazada.com.my/products/d aikin-r32-15hp-inverter-wall-mountedftku-series-ftku35av1lf-rku35fv1dsmart-control-delivered-by-selleri498210013s915906928.html?search=store?search =store&spm=a2o4k.storeSpmB.promot ionWhatYouSee_1185459756.0

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5840

1445

2135

2260

DRESSING TABLE CH 3000

2'-FLUORESCENT-TUBE

CH 2660

2040

WARDROBE

LEGEND

SYMBOL

REMARKS

FLUORESCENT TUBE LIGHT

COOL DAYLIGHT

LENGTH 1200MM

CIRCULAR CEILING LIGHT

WARM WHITE

FLUORESCENT 3U TUBE LIGHT BULB

CEILING FAN

3 METAL BLADES W/ WHITE POWDER COATING

WALL-MOUNTED AIR CONDITIONER

DAIKIN R32 NON-INVERTER

ONE WAY SWITCH

EXISTING BEAM

PLUG POINT

1195 STORAGE

CUPBOARD

P3 P4

1365

HANGER RACK TO TOILET

NOTE:

ILLUMINATION

BOL PL

QTY

2'-FLUORESCENT-TUBE

4600

QUEEN BED

CH 3000

STORAGE

DESCRIPTION

BEDROOM OLD FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BEDROOM OLD FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

DATE:

12 MAY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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5840

1445

2135

2260

DRESSING TABLE CH 2660 WARDROBE

2040

LEGEND SYMBOL

QUEEN BED

DOWNLIGHT

COOL WHITE

RECESSED TRACK LIGHTS

WARM WHITE

2M TRACK LIGHT RAIL W/ 3 LED TRACK LIGHTS

LED MOTION SENSOR LIGHT STICK

4000K

LENGTH 200MM

LED CEILING FAN

COOL LIGHT, MIX TONE, WARM WHITE

5 METAL BLADES, DC MOTOR

WALL-MOUNTED AIR CONDITIONER

DAIKIN R32 INVERTER

ONE WAY SWITCH

EXISTING BEAM

RECESSED CEILING

PLUG POINT

1195

CH 3050

1365

L3 BUILT-IN CABINET

REMARKS

V1 V2

TO HIDE THE TRACK LIGHTS

TO TOILET

NOTE:

ILLUMINATION

CH 3200

BNL PL

QTY

4600

CH 2950

DESCRIPTION

BEDROOM NEW FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:30

DRAWN BY:

PHUAH RU SHEN

ASSIGNMENT:

SCALE:

1:30

ID NUMBER:

0343669

BEDROOM NEW FURNITURE LAYOUT AND REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

DATE:

12 MAY 2021

SUBJECT:

BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES

LECTURER:

MS SHARON

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BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE BLD62304 BUILDING, SCIENCE AND SERVICES (SEMESTER: MARCH - JULY 2021)

ASSIGNMENT 2: INDOOR COMFORT DESIGN & “INVENTION”

NAME: PHUAH RU SHEN ID NUMBER: 0343669 TUTOR: MS SHARON

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TABLE OF

CONTENTS PART 1 Record & Measure 1.1 Site Analysis……………………………………………… 1.2 Heat Transfer Calculations • • • • • •

An Introduction to Heat Transfer ………………. 4 List of R-Values in Table for References……………. 5-7 Wall 1………………………………………………. 8-10 Wall 2………………………………………………. 11-12 Wall 3………………………………………………. 13-15 Wall 4………………………………………………. 16-17

1.3 Summary

PART 2 Passive/ Green Insulation Product Development 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

Problem Statement …………………………………… Introduction to Design/Inspirational Ideas…………. Prototype Developments & Analysis……………… Final Prototype Analysis ……………………………… Pictorial Procedure/ Guide…………………………… Materials Cost…………………………………………… Commercial Cost Analysis …………………………… Reflection ………………………………………………

19-20 21-22 23-25 26-27 28-33 34-38 39 40-41

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PART 1 Record & Measure 1.1 Site Analysis The selected site/ space is the kitchen area, which is separated into dry and wet kitchen (As shown in Figure 1.1). It the most utilized area in the house to prepare our daily needs, food & drinks. The dry and wet kitchen are separated in between with a wall which comes along with a stainless-steel door and louvre glass windows. It functions as a distribution of the space to indicate the space programming/ dry and wet activities in the kitchen.

Figure 1.1 The layout plan of the kitchen, consisting of wet and dry kitchen area, along with colour-highlighted walls to be observed for this project.

Our main subject/ site to observe is the kitchen area. However, the calculation for heat transfer is only applicable for the dry wet kitchen as it is bounded with walls, doors and windows. On the contrary, the wet kitchen does not fulfil the requirement for calculation as it has big openings with grills for ventilation purposes. It is hard to determine the heat transfer/ air flow based on the nature environment as it is varied from time to time. Hence, for Assignment 2 Part 1, our main subject and topics covered will only be focusing on the layout/ walls of dry kitchen. 3|P a ge

1.2 Heat Transfer Calculations Heat transfers from hot to cold places through a series of process. The three processes for heat to move around are Conduction, Convection, Radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat through solid objects, such as the ceilings, walls, and floors of a home. Insulation (and multiple layers of glass in windows) reduces conduction losses. The direction of heat flow is from hot to cold/ from a warm interior to a cooler outdoors. •

The higher the temperature difference, the higher the heat transfer (gain/loss)

•

The higher the resistance (thicker solid surface, higher R of material) the lower the heat transfer

Convection is the flow of heat by currents of air. (As shown in Figure 1.2) Air currents are caused by pressure differences, stirring fans, and air density changes as it heats and cools. As air becomes heated, it becomes less dense and rises; as air cools, it becomes denser and sinks.

Figure 1.2 The heat flows by the currents of air which is affected by the density of air.

Figure 1.3 The radiant heat travels from warm objects (inner pane) to cooler objects (outer pane).

Radiation is the movement of energy in waves from warm to cooler objects across empty spaces, such as radiant heat traveling from the inner panes of glass to outer panes in doubleglazed windows in winter. (As shown in Figure 1.3) Source from: Mod 1-2 - Thermal Control (Slide 37-With Extra R-cal example), notes from Ms Sharon, lecturer for Building, Science & Services module (BLD62304)

Formula: The formula for heat transfer calculation (R-Value) •

Temperature = Fahrenheit

•

Area = ft2

•

Thickness = inch

•

Q = Btu/hr 4|P a ge

List of R-Values in Table for References:

Material Construction Materials Concrete Block 4" Concrete Block 8" Concrete Block 12" Brick 4" common Brick 4" face Poured Concrete Soft Wood Lumber 2" nominal (1 1/2") 2x4 (3 1/2") 2x6 (5 1/2") Cedar Logs and Lumber Sheathing Materials Plywood 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" Fibreboard 1/2" 25/32" Fiberglass (3/4") (1") (1 1/2") Extruded Polystyrene (3/4") (1") (1 1/2") Foil-faced Polyisocyanurate (3/4") (1") (1 1/2") Siding Materials Hardboard (1/2") Plywood (5/8") (3/4") Wood Bevel Lapped Aluminium, Steel, Vinyl (hollow backed) (w/ 1/2" Insulating board) Brick 4" Interior Finish Materials Gypsum Board (drywall 1/2")

R/ Inch hr·ft2·°F/Btu

R/ Thickness hr·ft2·°F/Btu 0.80 1.11 1.28 0.80 0.44

0.08 1.25 1.88 4.38 6.88 1.33 1.25 0.31 0.47 0.63 0.77 0.94 2.64 1.32 2.06 3.00 4.00 6.00 3.75 5.00 7.50 5.40 7.20 10.80 0.34 0.77 0.93 0.80 0.61 1.80 0.44 0.45

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(5/8") Panelling (3/8") Flooring Materials Plywood (3/4") Particle Board (underlayment) (5/8") Hardwood Flooring (3/4") Tile, Linoleum Carpet (fibrous pad) (Rubber pad) Windows Single Glass w/storm Double insulating glass (3/16") air space (1/4" air space) (1/2" air space) (3/4" air space) (1/2" w/ Low-E 0.20) (w/ suspended film) (w/ 2 suspended films) (w/ suspended film and low-E) Triple insulating glass (1/4" air spaces) (1/2" air spaces) Addition for tight fitting drapes or shades, or closed blinds Doors Wood Hollow Core Flush (1 3/4") Solid Core Flush (1 3/4") Solid Core Flush (2 1/4") Panel Door w/ 7/16" Panels (1 3/4") Storm Door (wood 50% glass) (metal) Metal Insulating (2" w/ urethane)

0.56 0.47 1.25 0.93 1.31 0.82 0.91 0.68 0.05 2.08 1.23 0.91 2.00 1.61 1.69 2.04 2.38 3.13 2.77 3.85 4.05 2.56 3.23 0.29 2.17 3.03 3.70 1.85 1.25 1.00 15.00

Table 1.1 Source from: https://coloradoenergy.org/procorner/stuff/r-values.htm

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Table 1.2 Source from: https://www.windsor-csd.org/Downloads/R-ValueDensitiesChart2.pdf

Table 1.3 Source from: http://www.buildtestbuildtest.com/building-science-basics-i.html

The above tables (As shown in Table 1.1, Table 1.2 & Table 1.3) show the R-values in Imperial Units; the insulation value for selected materials is highlighted in orange fill/border. 7|P a ge

Heat Transfer Calculations: Wall 1: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.1 & Figure 2.2) is facing at the North and the North West. Hence, the hottest temperature obtained will be from 12pm till 6pm as the sunset is at the west. This wall will be even hotter during the evening hours as the furnace being used for cooking will heat up the area. The washing machine and the water dispenser machine is also located beside Wall 1 and Wall 2; thus the heat energy being produced will be relatively higher when appliances are in use.

Figure 2.1 The 3D perspective view of Wall 1 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.2 The interior view of Wall 1 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W1), R11

= 0.125 + 0.8 +0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.05

Area of the Wall (W1), A11 = (Wall Length x Wall Height) – (A12 + A13) = (3,085mm x 2,900mm) – (17.64 ft2 + 23.74 ft2) = (10.12 ft x 9.51 ft) – 41.38 ft2 = 96.2412 ft2 – 41.38 ft2 = 54.8612 ft2 = 54.86 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 27/80.6 24/75.2 5.4

12pm 32.7/90.86 24/75.2 15.66

5pm 32.5/ 90.5 24/75.2 15.3

Heat transfer through brick wall, Q11: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q11= (A11 x ΔT) ÷ R1 = (54.86 x 5.4) ÷ 1.05 = 282.14 btu/hr

Q11= (A11 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (54.86 x 15.66) ÷ 1.05 = 818.20 btu/hr

Q11= (A11 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (54.86 x 15.3) ÷ 1.05 = 799.39 btu/hr

Door 1, D1: Door Layers Metal, Stainless Steel

R Value Exterior 0.123 x 2” = 0.246 Interior

Total R of the Door (D1), R12 = 0.246 Area of the Door (D1), A12 = 780mm x 2,100mm = 2.56 ft x 6.89ft = 17.6384 ft2 = 17.64 ft2 9|P a ge

Heat transfer through Door (D1), Q12: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q12 = (A12 x ΔT) ÷ R12 = (17.64 x 5.4) ÷ 0.246 = 387.22 btu/hr

Q12 = (A12 x ΔT) ÷ R12 = (17.64 x 15.66) ÷ 0.246 = 1,122.94 btu/hr

Q12 = (A12 x ΔT) ÷ R12 = (17.64 x 15.3) ÷ 0.246 = 1,097.12 btu/hr

Window 1, W1: Window Layers

R Value Exterior 0.91 Interior

Single Glass

Total R of the Window (W1), R13 = 0.91 Area of the Window (W1), A13

= (1,380mm x 1,500mm) + (780mm x 300mm) = (4.52 ft x 4.92 ft) + (2.55 ft x 0.98ft) = 22.2384 ft2 + 2.499 ft2 = 23.7374 ft2 = 23.74 ft2

Heat transfer through Window, Q13: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q13 = (A3 x ΔT) ÷ R3 = (23.74 x 5.4) ÷ 0.91 = 140.87 btu/hr

Q13 = (A13 x ΔT) ÷ R13 = (23.74 x 15.66) ÷ 0.91 = 408.54 btu/hr

Q13 = (A13 x ΔT) ÷ R13 = (23.74 x 15.3) ÷ 0.91 = 399.15 btu/hr

⸫Total Heat Transfer for W1, Q1: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 = 282.14 + 387.22 +140.87 = 810.21 btu/hr

Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 = 818.20 +1,122.94 + 408.54 = 2,349.68 btu/hr

Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 = 799.39 + 1,097.12 + 399.15 = 2,295.66 btu/hr

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Wall 2: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.3 & Figure 2.4) is facing at the North East and the East side. Hence, the hottest temperature should be in the morning hours. However, it is a linked doublestorey terrace house. In other words, the wall is connected with the neighbour’s kitchen wall. Less sun is traced or shines in through the premises as both houses is neither at the end lot or the corner lot. To clarify, the temperature obtained for the exterior wall is an estimation based on the neighbour’s status. The neighbour is mostly consisted with working adults. Hence, they do not use the kitchen often as it is a rented space and the rooms are rented individually. Since Movement Control Order (MCO), some travel back to their respective places, so less/none activities are conducted in the kitchen, thus heat produced from the next door is relatively lesser.

Figure 2.3 The 3D perspective view of Wall 2 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.4 The interior view of Wall 2 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

1/2” Ceramic Tile Cement Mortar Plaster/Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W2), R2 Area of the Wall (W2), A2

= 0.025 + 0.1 + 0.125 + 0.8 + 0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.3

= Wall Length x Wall Height = 4,285mm x 2,900mm = 14.06 ft x 9.51 ft = 133.71 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 26/78.8 24/75.2 3.6

12pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

5pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

⸫Total Heat transfer for W2, Q2: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q2 = (A2 x ΔT) ÷ R2 = (133.71 x 3.6) ÷ 1.3 = 370.27 btu/hr

Q2 = (A2 x ΔT) ÷ R2 = (133.71 x 7.2) ÷ 1.3 = 740.55 btu/hr

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Wall 3: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.5 & Figure 2.6) is mainly facing at the South East and the South side. It is also cool for the whole day as the wall is linked to the dining room area. This is because the dining room area has less daylight to shine in due to the pitch roof in the car porch. The application of marble tiles in the flooring of that area also affects the temperature readings and the thermal comfort.

Figure 2.5 The 3D perspective view of Wall 3 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.6 The interior view of Wall 3 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

Plaster/Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W3), R31 = 0.125 + 0.8 +0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.05

Area of the Wall (W3), A31 = (Wall Length x Wall Height) – (A32) = [(2,480mm x 2,900mm) + (1,370mm x 2,900mm) + (560mm x 2,900mm)] – 30.94 ft2 = [(8.14 ft x 9.51 ft) + (4.49 ft x 9.51 ft) + (1.84ft x 9.51 ft)] – 30.94 ft2 = 137.61 ft2 – 30.94 ft2 = 106.67 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 25/77 24/75.2 1.8

12pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

5pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

Heat transfer through brick wall, Q31: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q31= (A31 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (106.67 x 1.8) ÷ 1.05 = 182.86 btu/hr

Q31 = (A31 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (106.67 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 731.45 btu/hr

Q31= (A31 x ΔT) ÷ R11 = (106.67 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 731.45 btu/hr

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Door 2, D2: Door Layers

R Value Exterior 0.91 Interior

Single Glass

Total R of the Door (D2), R32 = 0.91 Area of the Door (D2), A32 = 1,370mm x 2,100mm = 4.49 ft x 6.89ft = 30.9361 ft2 = 30.94 ft2 Heat transfer through Door (D2), Q32: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q32= (A32 x ΔT) ÷ R32 = (30.94 x 1.8) ÷ 1.05 = 53.04 btu/hr

Q32 = (A32 x ΔT) ÷ R32 = (30.94 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 212.16 btu/hr

⸫Total Heat Transfer for W1, Q3: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q3 = Q31+ Q32 = 182.86 + 53.04 = 235.9 btu/hr

Q3 = Q31 + Q32 = 731.45 + 212.16 = 943.61 btu/hr

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Wall 4: This wall (As shown in Figure 2.7 & Figure 2.8) is facing at the North West and the West side. The wall is shared with the dry kitchen area and the bathroom. It is significantly hot in the bathroom during the evening hours when the sun sets down as there is a louvre window installed for ventilation, which is facing the north west side. However, the bathroom is tiled/ having hard surfaces which reflects the cold and hard surfaces like tiles do not store heat. The bathroom also has the water element Thus, the temperature readings is not relatively high compared to the other rooms.

Figure 2.7 The 3D perspective view of Wall 4 in afternoon hours.

Figure 2.7 The interior view of Wall 4 with dimensions and annotations.

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Wall Layers

R Value Exterior 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.8 0.2 x 5/8” = 0.125 0.2 x 1/2” = 0.1 0.05 x 1/2” = 0.025 Interior

1/2” Ceramic Tile Cement Mortar Plaster/Stucco 4” Brick Wall, Common Plaster/Stucco Cement Mortar 1/2” Ceramic Tile

Total R for the Wall (W4), R4 Area of the Wall (W1), A4

= 0.125 + 0.8 +0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1.05

= Wall Length x Wall Height = 2,765mm x 2,900mm = 9.07 ft x 9.51 ft = 86.2557 ft2 = 86.26 ft2

Timeframe Temperature Outdoor (°C/°F) Temperature Indoor (°C/°F) ⸫ Temperature Difference, ΔT (°F)

7am 23/73.4 24/75.2 -1.8

12pm 26/78.8 24/75.2 3.6

5pm 28/82.4 24/75.2 7.2

⸫Total Heat transfer for W4, Q4: ⸫ At 7am,

⸫ At 12pm,

⸫ At 5pm,

Q4 = (A4 x ΔT) ÷ R4 = [86.26 x (-1.8)] ÷ 1.05 = -147.87 btu/hr

Q4 = (A4 x ΔT) ÷ R = (86.26 x 3.6) ÷ 1.05 = 295.75 btu/hr

Q4 = (A4 x ΔT) ÷ R4 = (86.26 x 7.2) ÷ 1.05 = 591.5 btu/hr

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1.3 Summary In a nutshell, these extensive observation/ calculations showcase the relationship of heat transfer between the interior and exterior walls to achieve thermal comfort. To obtain a more precise calculation values for the heat transfer of the walls, it is important to select a site/ space/ area which has a bounded region. This is to minimize the error of the values, which will indirectly affect one’s selection in terms of finding ways to achieve a better human and thermal comfort. Based on the observations and calculations, Wall 1 has the highest heat transfer gained occurring during the day, with an amount of 2349.68 btu/hr in its peak time. It is also obtained the highest heat transfer during different timeframe among the others. (Refer to Page 8 for Heat Transfer Calculations: Wall 1) This is due to its direct exposure to sun and its functionality. On the contrary, Wall 4 achieves heat transfer loss during the morning, at 7 am, with -147.87 btu/hr (Refer to Page 16 for Heat Transfer Calculations: Wall 4). However, during the other hours, it will still obtain heat transfer gained, which is reasonable due to the tropical weather in Malaysia. The reason it obtained loss in the morning is because bathroom has a much harder and colder materials to achieve waterproof usage which contributes to the low temperature in the morning. In other words, morning session will have a lower temperature/ heat transfer overall due to the fact that cooling is cumulative. The longer an object emits more energy than it receives, the more it will cool. This is the cycle of circulation.

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PART 2 Passive/ Green insulation product Development 2.1 Problem Statement The main problem that my family and I have encountered in the kitchen is mostly at the wet kitchen area. (As shown in Figure 3.1) The wet kitchen area has the one of the main functions for daily activities, for instance preparing, cooking and dish washing. This affected area/wall is significant with the problem which also arose in Wall 1 (As Mentioned in Part 1) as both are facing the same direction (North and North West) and both are correlated as they interfere one another indirectly.

Figure 3.1 The main problem to be resolved in the kitchen area is highlighted in orange border in the layout plan.

However, the wet kitchen area is more critical in terms of thermal comfort. This is because it is an open space area with no glass windows enclosing the area. (As shown in Figure 3.2) It has a low wall, enclosed with steel grills only for security purposes and it provides a better ventilation as it tends to be hot and sweltering during cooking. This open space for ventilation is good but due to the tropical weather/climate in Malaysia, we often experience direct hot wind during the afternoon hours when it is extremely hot and vice versa. Hence, it is vital to find passive green solutions to tackle this issue. 19 | P a g e

Figure 3.2 The exterior view of the wet kitchen wall area, with large openings.

Figure 3.3 The hot and scorching sun affects the users during the afternoon and evening hours.

In addition, the scorching sun in the afternoon and evening hours, especially sun set hours will cause much glare. (As shown in Figure 3.3) The location of the wet kitchen is also prone to heavy rain, and the floor/fittings gets wet often despite having roof overhang extended. (As shown in Figure 3.4) Also, Thus, in order to tackle the issue, we opt for a curtain to covered the grills but it is too not avail as it gets wet easily during the rainy days and it only filters the sun rays but did not resolve the hot wind issue.

Figure 3.4 The grills, floors and interior racks were all wet after a heavy rain, pics taken in 19 June 2021.

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2.2 Introduction to Design/ Inspirational Ideas The design/ ideation to tackle the problem (Refer to Page 19 for Problem Statement) is focusing in achieving thermal comfort, but at the same time it meets the criteria for a wellfunctioning panel which adopts all the needs for the users. The first main idea for the design is the panel is crucial to have greeneries surround the grill openings as these lush greens are well-known for cooling and lowering down the temperature of the surroundings. (As shown in Figure 3.5) This is because plants undergo a process, called transpiration which they lose their water (sweating) through pores or stomata in its leaves after water being drawn up through the roots. As this sweat evaporates, heat is removed from the air, which provides a cooling effect and leaves the air purified and fresh too.

(A) Retractable Plant Shelf

(B) Wood Plant Shelf

(D) Hanging grow bag plants

Figure 3.5 The design ideas for solutions to plant greenery vertically on panel/ hanging on panel.

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This idea is solid and practical in terms of function as my family, especially my parents have a knack to do gardening during this Covid-19 pandemic, especially in the Movement Control Order (MCO) timeline. Moreover, our current backyard is covered with a variation of vegetables/ fruits. Due to limited backyard space/ fully occupied with plants, it is best to opt for vertical planting at the surroundings. Hence, the idea for having plants on the panel is to opt for hanging unit. In response for the aesthetic and functionality, the main panel design will be based on the louvre glass windows and the curtain venetian blinds (As shown in Figure 3.6). Both share the similarities to control the blade/panel/slat angle for the air flow. When the blades/ panels/ slats are opened, each opens at an angle that allows sunlight and fresh air to come in. It also keeps the rain from coming in. Materials wise (glass/wood), they can also keep direct, harsh sunlight out, only allowing indirect sunlight in.

Figure 3.6 The elements/ form of louvre windows and venetian blinds inspired the design prototype.

To relate more to the current site/ aesthetic, this design suits more/ blend into the environment as the rear of the house has louvre windows. The design concept will be incorporating the design elements of both louvre windows and plants shelves as one to achieve a better outcome, both aesthetically and functionality.

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2.3 Prototype Developments & Analysis After the ideations/ inspirations from the web and surroundings, the prototype development has listed down into 3 phases, the rough, the experimental, the outcome. These three phases showcase an in-depth development The rough phase is in a more indecisive mode, which is basically trying to do a rough mock-up model based on initial ideas. The experimental phase is in a more certain direction mode, but tiny parts/ problems are left to discover/ develop even further. For the rough phase (1st Phase), rough prototype/ mock-up model was created using recycle boxes to see the overview and acknowledged the mechanism and functionality before proceeding using the actual materials. (As shown in Figure 3.7). It is an important phase where ideas will start to develop even further despite the design is amateur.

Figure 3.7 A rough mock-up prototype using recycled card box for a better observation to think of solid solutions to tackle the underlying issues.

Figure 3.8 A rough draft sketch on the idea for the panel of having plants on panel.

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The initial idea of the rough prototype/ mock-up model was having plants on the slat/ panel which is inspired from the hanging slanted plant shelf. (As shown in Figure 3.8). It is great to have plants on the panel so the air can be filtered when flowing in / out, which will indirectly decrease the heat. However, the main issue here is it is hard to change/ tilt the angle of the panel if needed. This will only allow the panel to be fixed, thus it did not achieve the main criteria needed, which is having the flexibility to switch its functions, for example a rack or a window. Apart from that, the next phase: the experimental phase is the main and highlighted phases because this is where all the creative ideas and solutions are slowly turning into something more solid and achievable. (As shown in Figure 3.9) This phase has determined the exact materials that are needed to be used after an in-depth consideration. For instance, the main material being used throughout the model is plywood. It is important to opt for this sort of material as this prototype/ model is being used at outdoors. Hence, materials, like paper, cardboard is not applicable to withstand the extreme weather, especially in rain. To prolong its longevity and also waterproofing it, it is vital to paint a coating on it, for instance, varnish etc.

Figure 3.9 A prototype using card box while experimenting and observing the underlying issues.

There are also 3 ideas for the extension part for the extended frame to add on more panels. It is either opting for a slide up/down mechanism, or a robotic arm/ scissors mechanism or opting for a basic mechanism which is bolt in/out. The final outcome was using bolt and nuts to fasten it as it is more convenient and detachable which is significant with our objective, to offer flexibility to the product. The other consideration is ways for the panels to connect with the frame structure. The initial idea in phase 1 was to have dowel joints to connect one another as its surface is rounded so it will be easy to turn/ tilt the panels. However, the fact that plywood is not that thick which the thickness is only 6mm, thus dowel joints were no longer an option. The new idea was cancelled out too as the idea was opting for an iron clip to clip the panel and attach to the frame, which is complicated. Hence, to simplify the idea, L brackets were used to connect the frame and panel with the help of bolts and nuts to fasten it. (As shown in Figure 3.10) This method is easier to install or to remove. 24 | P a g e

Figure 3.10 An on-going process of the prototype, using L brackets to fasten the panels to the frame.

Grow bag is one of the main highlights in the design as it is attachable/ detachable to the panel, hanging or unhanged. This method was not workable at first as the struggling part was the position for the bag to be placed in. It is ether placing interior or exterior of the panels. At the end, the bags were placed facing outwards to the sun due to the fact that we want to reduce the heat transfer n purify/ filter the hot air before entering into the premises. The final phase of the prototype is the outcome of the end-product. The panels are able to hang on the door grill or the window grill (As shown in Figure 3.11) It will not be a final product as the ideas will continue to be developed from time to time, thus improvements will be made. Plants/ Vegetable sprouts were added in the grow bag so it will achieve the desired output, which is purifying the hot air. However, due to some of the plants are still growing as most of them are still babies, the plants would not achieve the outcome as for now. Hence, it may take a longer time to make it fully functionable.

Figure 3.11 The Final Outcome of the Prototype, left with plants, right with bags only.

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2.4 Final Prototype Analysis

Figure 3.12 The Final Prototype is hanged on the grills with S Hook on the window grills.

Specifications: Plywood Panel Size = 6in x 20in Plywood Frame = 2in x 15in Plywood Extended Frame = 2in x 13in Grow Bag = 10.5 cm (W) x 12.5cm (L) x 10.5cm (D) Rope Length = 2m each (left and right), can add up to 5 panels + 5 extended frames.

Hanging/ Pulley Mechanism:

The mechanism is based on the pulley method with the application of ancient way, which is using the rope and tie the knot at the panel ends. (As shown in Figure 3.13) This allows the panels to move according to the strength of the users and the desired angled position. Pulley is advisable to be included to reduce the friction of rope and the steel rod, thus damaging both objects.

Figure 3.13 The pulley/hanging mechanism is formed by rope with knots to control the movement of panels.

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Main Materials: 1. Plywood Plywood is used as the main structure for the prototype. This is because the prototype is used in outdoors which is vital to have sustainable materials to avoid tearing apart or being too fragile when encountering with extreme weather. It is also lightweight than most of the solid hardwood which is suitable to use for hanging. To improve/enhance the strength and durability, many layers of Varnish were applied to make the panels more resistance to moisture and mold. In addition, the plywood panel’s main function was to block the sun from glare if it is sunny and to block the rain penetrating through the grills. Hence, plywood as a solid material is able to block the glare entirely as I did not need much sunlight to enter. 2. Canvas Cotton Linen Fabric: Grow Bag Grow Bag, especially fabric grow bags are breathable and allow for excellent drainage, thus problems like overwatering are alleviated. Also, problems like root rot facing in containers/ pots, are not a common cause for concern when using grow bags. The grow bag is also good for the plants’ root as the root’s sensitivity to heat and moisture naturally begin the process of “air pruning”, which developed a robust root system. Moreover, the use of fabric grow bag is lightweight and it takes up less space in your yard, patio or home, ideal for congested house or yard. By incorporating the egg carton as the base of the grow bag, it provides nutrients for the plants too and also a good bed for vegetable sprouts.

3. Steel: Bolts and Nuts, L Brackets Bolts/ Screws and Nuts were used extensively in the model to fasten all the connectors. It is easy to be fastened/unfastened with just a twist, thus the panels/ extended frames were able to add on or remove freely. It is also used to lock the position of the knot when the panels angled position is confirmed. (As shown in Figure 3.14) All these fasteners made from steel is advisable as they are strong and sturdy which is can take up load and they are not prone easily to corrosion.

Figure 3.14 Knot were tied around the bolt and the nuts will spin in to locked the knot from moving.

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2.5 Pictorial Procedure/Guide Due to the restriction of FMCO, most of the stores were all closed down but hardware shop was allowed to operate. It is encouraged to shop online for materials but it is hard to find plywood or the delivering date takes too long. Hence, I went to a nearby shop to buy 6mm thick plywood as part of the panel design. (As shown in Figure 3.15) I was blessed with the workers that are willing to help cutting the massive plywood according to my measurements despite paying them the labour fees. (As shown in Figure 3.16) I strongly encourage to find the experts to do the wood work as they have all the machines to work with, thus the woodcutting was a smooth and easy process.

Figure 3.15 Kong Lek Hardware Trading in Subang Jaya sells massive plywood (8ft x 4ft) in various thickness.

Figure 3.16 The workers gave a helping hand on measuring and cutting the plywood according to my measurements.

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After having a more in-depth consideration in the structure, I was forced to cut the plywood for the panel frame. It was a tough job to cut the plywood into smaller bits as I did not have the tools to carve/ cut them. (As shown in Figure 3.17) Hence, to cut the plywood plank into even smaller pieces, I used the blade cutter knife to try to cut them. Fortunately, it was a success despite needing more energy and time to complete it.

Figure 3.17 A hard job to cut the plywood without having the exact tools to cut wood at home.

Without a driller at home, I opted the other way to make a hole for my bolts and nuts to fasten the panel and the frame. I used hammer and nails to make a hole on the panel and the frame first. Later, I used screwdriver to enlarge the hole in accordance to the size of the bolt. (As shown in Figure 3.18) It is vital to have all the indication marks where to have holes in advance to avoid redundant work in future.

Figure 3.18 Drilling process was replaced with hammering process to make holes on plywood.

Next, preparing the rope to mimic certain parts of the Venetian blind/ Louvre window mechanism. (As shown in Figure 3.19) It is attached throughout the panels via holes and tied with knots on each panel’s front and back, as well as fixing the rope on top of the structure 29 | P a g e

(recycled metal rod) with pulley on top for a better pulling experience, especially during changing the angle of the panels. The initial idea was having a container (plastic bottle) to store the rope as the process for adding the panels will use the maximum length of the rope with approximately 5 panels. However, it was discarded for not able to blend in with the environment or materials. (As shown in Figure 3.20)

Figure 3.19 Rope is needed as a replica for the mechanism of louvre windows.

Figure 3.20 These plastic bottles were initially used to store the addition ropes into it but were discarded later as it is not aesthetically pleasing.

The next step is using the L brackets to connect the frame and the panel with bolts and nuts. (As shown in Figure 3.21) This provides convenience to install or remove the panel based on preferences and needs. After assembling the plywood and attached the frame to a recycled metal rod which is hanging on a steel S bracket, as well as the rope, the whole panel is good to function. (As shown in Figure 3.22)

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Figure 3.21 Bolting in the L brackets to connect the panel and frame.

Figure 3.22 The completion of panel structure and mechanism but not the end product.

After the completion of the plywood structure and panels, it is time to work on the grow plant bags. Instead of buying online, I decided to sew my own grow plant bag in accordance to the size that I need and the design that I want to achieved. This is also due to the fact that my house has many textile that my mom once bought and it is also suitable for planting. It was a long process to sew, starting from measuring, cutting, annotating, sewing, joining. (As shown in Figure 3.23) Thankfully and gratefully, my mom provided me guidance for using the sewing machine which is so much faster than using hands and even offer help to sew so she could further enhance her sewing skills. (As shown in Figure 3.24)

Figure 3.23 The long process of sewing the grow bag. From left till right, measuring, cutting, annotating.

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Figure 3.24 The complicated sewing process with the sewing machine demonstrated by mom.

At the end, a total of 6 grow bags were sewn which will be provided for each set for commercial purposes and to fit in the main and initial ideation. Egg cartons was added to form the base for the grow bag so that the bag would not be too flimsy or out of shape. (As shown in Figure 3.25) According to research, egg carton also provides good nutrients for plants/ soil when they decomposed. However, as egg carton decomposed easily, it is advisable to make changes from time to time.

Figure 3.25 All six grow bags were sewn and egg cartons were added into the bag to form their base.

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Last but not least, I reused the recycled curtain rod pocket cloth for the hanging part of the grow bag to tie on the panels. Thus, I was able to have a bamboo chopstick to serve as the hanging structure and rope will tie on the stick itself. (As shown in Figure 3.26) Then, connect/hang the rope to the panel which has holes on it for the rope to tie through. After hanging it, it is ready to use. (As shown in Figure 3.27)

Figure 3.26 Adding the bamboo chopsticks serve as a hanging structure

Figure 3.27 All six grow bags are now all set to be used in the kitchen.

Important Additions/ Disclaimer: Add nice and suitable plants in the grow bag. (As shown in Figure 3.28) It is better to plant lightweight plants/ vegetables sprouts on it, make use of the egg carton. Less/ don’t fill up the soil is highly encouraged to avoid the mass heavier than the structure.

Figure 3.28 Adding/ planting suitable plants/ vegetables sprouts in the grow bag.

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2.6 Materials Cost List of Cost of Materials being used: 1. 6MM Thick Plywood Description/ Calculations Plywood (4 ft x8ft) = RM40.00 (RM35 + RM5) Area of Plywood = 4ft x 8ft = 32ft2 =4,608 in2 Price of Plywood per square inch (RM) = RM40.00 ÷ 4,608 in2 = RM 0.0087