SABARIAH MUSA NORTH TOWER LEVEL 3 FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING sabariah@uthm.edu.my sabmusa@edmodo.com 0707-4564373
PLANNING OF WORK - RPP QUIZ 01-2.5% TEST 01- 10% QUIZ 02-2.5% TEST 02- 10%
PROJECT- 20%
ASSMT 01-2.5%
FINAL – 50%
ASSMT 02-2.5%
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MAIN HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPT HYDROLOGY science that studies the ability and movement of water in the earth. Science related to the occurrence and distribution of natural water on the earth.
CHAPTER 1
MAIN HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPT FIELD OF HYDROLOGY water supply Flood and drought drainage urban storm-water SOLVED BY VARIOUS SCIENCE mathematic physical statistics meteorology oceanography geography geology etc
HYDROLOGY CYCLE
HYDROLOGY CYCLE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE continues process in which water is evaporated from water surfaces and oceans, moves inland as moist air masses and produce precipitation and repeated.
HYDROLOGY PROCESS
P – precipitation T – Transpiration I @ F – Infiltration R – Runoff G – Groundwater E – Evaporation ET – Evapotranspiration
TERMS
WATERSHED
WATER BALANCE
WATERSHED BALANCE +P
-E
-T S
- ET
-I O / Q = out I = in
-G
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
CLIMATOLOGY DATA
HYDROLOGICAL DATA
DATA
WEATHER SYSTEM
WEATHER SYSTEM
WEATHER SYSTEM
WEATHER SYSTEM
WEATHER SYSTEM
WEATHER SYSTEM
Vapor more Example in the module
UNIT OF MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT- LENGTH INCHES(IN), FEET(FT), YARDS(YD), MILES 12 INCHES = 1 FOOT 3 FEET = 1 YARD 1760 YARDS = 1 MILE 5280 FEET = 1 MILE MILLIMETERS(MM), CENTIMETERS(CM), METERS(M), KILOMETERS(KM) 10 MILLIMETERS = 1 CENTIMETER 100 CENTIMETERS = 1 METER 1000 METERS = 1 KILOMETER 5280 FEET = 1 MILE CONVERSIONS 2.54 CENTIMETER = 1 INCHES 3.28 FEET = 1 METER 1.609 KILOMETER = 1 MILE
UNIT OF MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT- AREA CUBIC INCHES(sq.in.)(IN2), CUBIC FEET(sq.ft.)(FT2), CUBIC YARDS(sq.yd)(YD2), CUBIC MILES(sq.mile), ACRES(AC) 144 sq. in = 1 sq. ft. 9 sq. ft = 1 sq. yd 43,560 sq. ft = 1 Ac 27,878,400 sq. ft = 1 sq. mile 3,097,600 sq. yd = 1 sq. mile 1 sq. mile = 640 Ac 2 CUBIC MILLIMETERS(MM ), CUBIC CENTIMETERS(CM2), CUBIC METERS(M2), CUBIC KILOMETERS(KM2), HECTARE(HEC) 100 mm2 = 1 cm2 10,000 cm2= 1 m2 106 m2= 1 km2 10,000 m2 = 1 Hec 1 km2 = 100 Hec CONVERSIONS 1 m2 = 10.76 ft2 1 Ac = 2.47 Hec
UNIT OF MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT- VOLUME CUBIC INCHES(CU.IN)(IN3), CUBIC FEET(CU. FT)(FT3), CUBIC YARDS(CU.YD)(YD3), ACRE INCHE(AC-IN), ACRE FOOT(AC-FT) 1728 in3= 1 ft3. 27 ft3= 1 yd3 43,560 ft3 = 1 Ac-ft 3630 ft3 = 1 Ac-in 6,272,640 in3 = 1 Ac-in CUBIC MILLIMETERS(MM3), CUBIC CENTIMETERS(CM3), CUBIC METERS(M3) , HECTARE CENTIMETER(HEC-CM) 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 106 cm3= 1 m3 108 cm3 = 1 Hec-cm 10,000 m3 = 1 Hec-meter CONVERSIONS 1 Hec-meter = 8.107 Ac-ft
UNIT OF MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT- VOLUME Acre-foot = ac-ft Hectare meter = hec-m Cubic feet per second = cfs @cusec @ ft3/s Cubic meter per second = cumecs @ m3/s 1 cumecs = 35 cusecs (cfs)
Area is 1 Acre
Depth is 1 foot Acre-foot = ac-ft Hectare meter = hec-m Cubic feet per second = cfs @cusec @ ft3/s Cubic meter per second = cumecs @ m3/s 1 cumecs = 35 cusecs (cfs)
Volume is 1 Ac-ft
DIFFERENTIATION
Δy
Axis Y
dy/dx = change of y/change of x i.e. Δy/ Δx It is the slope on a curve at point (x,y)
Δx Axis X
INTEGRATION ∫y dx = Ʃ y*Δx
Δx
y2
y1
Axis Y
i.e. Summation of y multiple by Δx It is the area under the curve at point (x,y) = area of rhombus = (y1+y2)/2 * Δx
Axis X
TRIAL AND ERROR SOLUTION y = f(x) Finding value of x if y is known Eg. 18 = 3x2 + 6 y=3x2 + 6 6 9 18
x 0 1 x X= 2
INTERPOLATION FINDING CORRESPONDING VALVE WHEN TWO OTHER RELATED VALVE ARE KNOWN x 0 1 2
y 6 Unknown y 18
(18-y)/(2-1)=(18-6)/(2-0) 18-y=(12/2)*1 y=18-6 y=12
EXTERPOLATION FINDING CORRESPONDING VALVE WHEN TWO OTHER RELATED VALVE ARE KNOWN x y 0 6 1 12 2 Unknown y (y-12)/(2-1)=(12-6)/(1-0) Y-12=(12/2)*1 y=6+12 y=18
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