Summary of Research “Mapping Shrimp Feed Supply Chain in Songkhla Province to Facilitate Feed Dialogue� Submitted to Oxfam Thailand
30 July 2014 Lead Researcher: Sarinee Achavanuntakul Research Team: James True, Srisakul Piromwarakorn Prince of Songkhla University Pattraporn Yamla-Or, Koranis Tanangsnakool, Sasiwimon Klongakkara Sal Forest Ltd. : www.salforest.com
1
Overview of fishmeal industry: Thailand Catch Per Unit Effort from 1961 – 2010 (kilograms per hour)
Source: Boonwanich & Boonpakdee, 2009
2
Overview of fishmeal industry: Thailand Thailand’s fishmeal production and producers, 1987 - 2011 Fishmeal production (tons)
Number of fishmeal producers
Number of fishmeal producers
Fishmeal production (tons)
Source: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group (DoF), 2013
3
Overview of fishmeal industry: Songkhla Fishmeal production trend has been fairly steady Songkhla is the second largest fishmeal producer in 2011 (Dept. of Fisheries) and the fourth largest in 2013 (Thai Food Processors Association) Currently there are 9 fishmeal producers in operation in Songkhla Fishmeal price at Songkhla is among the cheapest compare to other provinces 4
Overview of fishmeal industry: Songkhla Average prices of fishmeal by province in 2011 (Baht per kilogram)
Source: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group (FSARG), DoF, 2013
5
Overview of fishmeal industry: Songkhla In 2011, Songkhla produced 39,402 tons of fishmeal or 12.03% of fishmeal produced in Thailand Estimated Songkhla’s total fishmeal production in 2013 was 29,300 tons (from interviews with 8 of 9 fishmeal producers in Songkhla)
Source: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group (FSARG), DoF, 2013
6
Impact of trash fish industry on ecosystem Thailand has a strong market for trash fish, including nontarget catch, under-sized and juvenile fish Economic incentive has contributed to overfishing, especially juvenile fish, and the use of destructive gear, trawl and push nets, near shore areas The declining CPUE has resulted in longer towing hours Prolonged trawling operation has increased a proportion of trash fish since marine species trapped at mesh bottom obstruct juvenile fish from escaping. 7
Impact of trash fish industry on ecosystem - Changes to community composition - Alterations of habitat structure and function - Ecological extinction; overfished populations no longer interact significantly with other species in the community - Affects the recruitment and biomass of marine species
Overfishing in the Gulf of Thailand has been reported since 1980
Inappropriate fishing gears; Small mesh size -> a large amount of juvenile fish were trapped Destructive fishing gears -> CPUE has rapidly declined 8
Impact of trash fish industry on ecosystem
Source: Department of Fisheries, 1986-2011
9
Estimates of biomass from the pier at Songkhla 62% landed is trash fish, approximately 6.5 tons/vessel Estimated 25,000 tons/year of trash fish landed at Songkhla in 2013
ทีม่ า: Field observation by research team, 2013
10
Map of fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla
Source: Interviews and analysis by research team
11
Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla  Animal feed mills based on fishmeal traceability Company Betagro
% of Traceability 100%
Amount (tons)
Note
3,270
Buys 100% from a single fishmeal producer that is 100% traceable Buys 100% from a single fishmeal producer that is 100% traceable
Krungthai
100%
600
CPF TFM Lee Pattana
81% 47% 36%
6,839 972 600 Source: Field interviews by research team, 2014 12
Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla  Sources and the amount of raw materials used in Songkhla fishmeal production
Red items = trash fish usage Source: Field interviews by research team, 2014
13
Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla (cont.)  Songkhla fishmeal production and fishmeal purchasers
Red items = trash fish usage
Source: Field interviews by research team, 2014
14
Fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla  Fishmeal produced from whole fish and fishmeal produced from non-traceable whole fish by purchasers CPF Lee Pattana Thaiunion Feedmill Krungthai Betagro Other feed mills brokers farms Total
Share of fishmeal produced from whole fish (%) 24 19 19 1 0 7 19 11 100
Share of fishmeal produced from non-traceable whole fish (%) 16 29 29 0 0 0 18 8 100
Source: calculated from interviews with 8 fishmeal producers in Songkhla 15
Regulations and Standards: International level  6 most popular international standards and certified Thai companies (as of February, 2014) Thai companies that have No Thai company certified plants certified under these standards Global G.A.P. As of Feb 2014, only CPF is MSC ASC IFFO RS CPF and T.C. Union Agrotech are member
certified. (Thaiunion and Krungthai certifications have expired in 2013.)
Friend of the Sea Thai Spring Fish
BAP
29 processing plants 34 farms 8 hatcheries 6 feed mills 16
Regulations and Standards: Thai fisheries law Shortcomings of Thai Fisheries Act, 1947 Fishing area is not clearly identified Inappropriate fishing gears and practices (e.g. small mesh size) are not illegal Violators must be “caught in the act” Draft of the new fisheries act To effectively and efficiently respond to present fishing activities Clearer demarcation of fishing grounds and defined authority to mandate type, number, size, and components of fishing gears should help make damaging practices illegal 17
Regulations and Standards: IUU and Catch Certificate Scheme
Source: Prompoj, 2011 18
Regulations and Standards: Fishmeal certificate scheme
Source: Department of Fisheries, 2013
19
Fishmeal certificate scheme: Record CPF was the only feed mill that submitted documents to Department of Fisheries for verification There were 1,752 fishmeal certificates from 26 fishmeal producers during a period from 10 June – 31 December 2013
20
Fishmeal certificate scheme: Record Number of fishmeal certificate (submitted for verification), amount of materials, and amount of fishmeal by source of materials from 10 June – 31 December 2013 Source of materials Wild-Caught By-products from domestic Surimi production Imported by-products from tuna production Other by-products Unidentified Total
Fishmeal certificate
Amount of materials (kg.)
Amount of fishmeal (kg.)
1,119
75,183,563
19,302,989
167
9,664,123
2,860,026
292
17,005,650
4,974,515
171 3 1,752
9,289,366 2,542,671 44,640 111,142,702 29,724,841 Source: Department of Fisheries, 2014 21
Research Summary Fishmeal industry creates impacts on ecosystem and local artisanal fishing community It is the main market of trash fish, including under-sized and juvenile fish; therefore, supports the continued existence of destructive fishing conducts In 2011, Songkhla was Thailand’s second largest fishmeal producer, the largest of the South, and accounted for 12.03% of country’s total fishmeal production.
22
Research Summary In 2013, 8 of 9 fishmeal producers in Songkhla produced 28,509 tons of fishmeal in total 100,215 tons of raw materials >> trimmings 79,965 tons (80%), whole fish 20,250 tons (20%), of which 5,760 tons were trash fish landed in Songkhla 66% (18,814 tons) of fishmeal were sold to large feed mills, namely CPF 45%, Betagro 17%, Thaiunion Feedmill 11% 1,527 tons of fishmeal produced from trash fish were sold to CPF 575 tons or 37.6% (300 tons of which were traceable) Farms 300 tons or 19.7% (all were traceable) Brokers 652 tons or 42.7% (all were traceable) 23
Research Summary Fishmeal certificate scheme CPF is the only feed mill participating in the scheme Nothing can assure full traceability, not possible to check the correctness of the document content or actual fishing conducts There is still a market for fishmeal produced from trash fish Case study: Sustainable fishing in Peru The need for standards that encompass all players as well as a combination of laws and industry involvement and self-regulation The need to utilize science-based data and technology to ensure sustainability and effective enforcement The clearer the business case for sustainability, the more incentives players have to comply with sustainability laws/standards/schemes 24
Thank you! Summary report can be downloaded from www.salforest.com page “Knowledge” 25