Environmental and Systems Integration report

Environment and Systems Integration : ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT

6.1 _ Re- Purpose : Photography studios and Darkrooms Sandra Ababio - Danso w12032331 BA Interior Architecture (2015) Northumbria Architecture

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Introduction Project Introduction Location Site map Orientation

C. Envelope & Strategies 4

A. Site Evaluation Wind direction Acoustics (external&internal) Traffic Sun paths & Angles Topography

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D. Systems & Services 7 8-9 10 11 - 12 13

B. Environmental Brief Key Spaces Internal Conditions Space Requirements

Energy Supply Sunlight Intervention Form Materials

Daylight Factor Artificial Lighting Design Heating Systems Ventilation Systems Water Supply& Distribution

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Referencing 15 16 - 17 18 - 22

References

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Introduction 3

Project Introduction

Site History: The Grade II listed building was commissioned in 1823 by George and Robert Stephenson, along with three partners, as the world’s first purpose built locomotive works on Forth Banks, Newcastle upon Tyne. 20 South Street is where Robert Stephenson’s engineering works gave birth to the railway age. The famous steam engines ‘Locomotion’ and ‘Rocket’ were built there and the works subsequently exported locomotives to developing railways all over the world.

The South Street Works which has been restored and preserved are the former office block and the former boiler and plate shop. The present day frontage of 20 South Street and the former offices of Robert Stephenson & Co’s locomotive works has also been saved. A large mezzanine floor, over part of the boiler and plate shop has also been restored.

Design Proposal: The brief is to design a facility for re-purposing and/or creative reuse. My scheme will be open to the public and will be the token space offering the learning of and return to the art of traditional photography. It will operate day and night; being activated at night by the cafe, shop and galleries and at day by the darkrooms, studios and workshops. Catering to professionals and amateurs of the art of traditional photography.

The art of traditional photography is a gratifying creative process. One is entirely involved in every process, that is, from conception of an idea to capturing the image to the final stage of developing the image. A nice change of pace compared to digital photography where images are produced instantaneously. My intervention aims to facilitate this by providing darkrooms, studios,workshops and material/chemical store. The intervention also aims to be activated through a gallery, shop, cafe and repair shop that will cater to photographers and the general public simultaneously. These facilities will operate both day and night.

The intervention will offer a means of activating the existing building, however it will be easily assembled and removed to allow the integrity of the existing building to remain,

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Access through 20 South street

Access through Sussex street

Interior space

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1.02

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A. Site Evaluation 6

WIND DIRECTION

Wind direction distribution(%) in March

During the year, the prevailing winds comes mainly from the west as indicated by the graphs, with an average yearly speed of 8 kts.

As shown by the table, the wind speed at the site fluctuate by 2 knots while average temperature can range from a minimum of 50c to a maximum of 170c

Wind direction distribution(%) in July Newcastle upon Tyne yearly wind direction distribution(%)

Wind direction distribution(%) in Decem-

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ACOUSTICS (external & internal) Moderate noise from taxi rank

LOUD noise from trains

Minor noise from car park

Minor noise from traffic

Moderate noise from Royal Mail vans

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Wind (m/s) Sound (dB) Light (lux) Temperature (oC) Humidity (%)

South Street 1.6 65.5 455 13 60

Sussex Street 2.6 56 - 58 938 - 1000 13 59.8

Internal 55.7 59 - 88 13 53 - 88.2

*Readings from around site (midday)

The site and its surroundings are quite quiet because of its industrial nature and isolated location. Due to its location, most of the surrounding buildings are unoccupied. Those that are occupied function as residential and office spaces which produces very little noise.

The majority of the noise pollution to the site comes from Central Station due to its close proximity. The sources of the noise is from the inbound and departing trains and the general activity from within the station such as announcements.

A moderate amount of noise pollution affecting the site is attributed to the taxi rank on orchard St. Minor noise pollution to the site come from traffic. Most of this is attributed to the car park on Orchard.

From the sound reading taken on site, one can realise that it is not uncomfortably loud. The high noise levels are in South St, whiles Sussex St and the internal environment are quite tranquil.

Another moderate source of noise pollution to the site comes from loading bay of the Royal Mail depot (South St), where there is frequent activity throughout the day.

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TRAFFIC The minor traffic that directly affects the site are from the Royal Mail delivery vans and taxi rank on Orchard st. some traffic also comes from the residents in the neighbouring buildings.

At peak times, traffic comes from those travelling from Quayside towards the eastern part of the city to avoid traffic congestion.

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High traffic density

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Medium traffic density

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Low traffic density

Traffic density in wider context

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SUN PATHS

*Sun path over site

* Graph showing sunrise & sunset times in Newcastle

‘Well-orientated buildings maximise daylighting through building façades reducing the need for artificial lighting... A careful strategy can mitigate overheating and glare when sunlight is excessive. You should know how the sun interacts with your building in high summer And the depths of winter - www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Earth/1-1-3-2-Buildingorientation.aspx

*Sunrise, sunset, dawn & dusk times in Newcastle

Site orientation plays a significant role in architecture. Although the project involves an existing building, an understanding of the orientation of the existing building and how it optimises daylight will ensure that the designer creates a quality design that harvest and utilises the natural lighting.

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58o in summer

12o in winter

*Site in context, showing sun angles

Situated in the south and east if the site are taller building which causes the façades to be shadowed in the mornings year round. However due to the many sky light in the roof structure of the building this doesn’t affect the internal luminance.

The west facade is substantially glazed, allowing ample solar gain from morning to evening.

Due to the large amounts of natural light entering in from the roof sky lights and the west facade, the workshop and cafe/eatery have been situated in the western part of the space. This western light also benefits the retail area and the gallery situated on the first floor; the light enters through the windows of the mezzanine.

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TOPOGRAPHY

5o

The site is situated on a slope on 5o. This has no effect on the intervention or accessibility to the site.

*Western elevation slope

Stephenson Quarter is a historically known industrial location, thus the landscape has been mainly concrete and this has not changed over the years.

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B. ENVIRONMENTAL BRIEF 14

KEY SPACES

B LEGEND:

A

1. LIFT 2. PLANT ROOM 3. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED CHEMICAL AND RETAIL STORAGE A

4. PHOTOGRAPHY STUDIOS

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5. CLASSROOM 6. TOILETS. UNISEX 7. WORKSHOP. REPAIRS AND RESTORATION 8. SELF SERVICE RECEPTION 9. CAFE

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10. CAFE SEATING AREA 11. RETAIL AND RARE CAMERA DISPLAY AREA 12. PATHWAY TO MEZZANINE 13. PHOTOGRAPHY GALLERY 14. CLEANING CLOSET

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15. STAFF OFFICES AND KITCHEN

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first floor plan

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B B

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A

7 9 A 10 1. display walls finished in light grey tack board. counter top to ceiling.

2. base cabinet with multiple slide out print drying screens 3. work table 4. closet for supplies with lock 5. filtered hot air- film drying cabinet for exposure films 6. PVC film developing and print toning sink. 4 temperature controlled taps, dual head eye wash 7. air duct and pipe chase 8. PVC fume exhaust vent hood 9. red safelight (white ceiling) 10. light trap 11. counter top and base cabinet 12. enlarger station(standard) 13. PVC print processing sink (plus washer) 14. white light

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C

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ground floor plan

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1:50 plan and section of darkroom

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CC

B

Sandra Ababio-Danso

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INTERNAL CONDITIONS

Environmental Brief

Primary function of the scheme are the work areas composed of darkrooms, studios and workshop.

The secondary function is the event spaces compromised of the gallery, cafe and retail space.

Public + Quieter space

Each space requires different functional criteria; the service and loud areas exist on the original ground floor because of the natural daylight from the western facade.

The secondary space is situated on the mezzanine floor, original first floor and the new extension to the first floor.

Services are located on the ground floor. Its situated on the east of the space, to be hidden out of the public’s view.

‘We use light for dramatic effect as well as to provide visual comfort to allow us to perform various tasks. Both are highly subjective’ -www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com/handbook

Atmosphere

Due to the nature of the accommodation on the ground floor, correct lighting is needed for both the safety of users and for the quality of the work to be produced (photographs). the lighting of the retail area and gallery spaces are fundamental in creating the right atmosphere and also enhancing the users experience.

Natural Lighting

‘Without daylight...architecture simply does not exist’ -Louis Kahn Service + Loud space

The east part of the space is overshadowed by the taller buildings on the eastern facade, this allows very little light to penetrate that area of the building.

This overshadowed part is not seen as a problem to fix but rather the darkrooms and finishing rooms have been situated there to create an atmosphere of being secluded from the rest of the world and increase productivity and creativity.

‘Windows facing east admit sunlight for a relatively short part of the working day - -www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com/handbook 16

The heavily glazed western facade provides an important connection to the exterior.

‘The psychological benefits of opening a window should not be underestimated’ -Ian Taylor, Fielden Clegg Bradley, the environmental handbook 2007 The users can make this important connection form the workshop, cafe,retail and mezzanine.

All this combined with the light from the roof ensures the interior is well lit all year, all seasons. The intervention utilises this through cut-outs on the roof.

‘A real test of good daylighting is often whether you can see the sky from where you sit or stand’ - -www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com/handbook

Ventilation

Ventilation for the intervention has 3 basic purposes, that is - To maintain a minimum air quality(1-2 ac/h) - Remove pollutions from the photochemical etc (2-5 ac/h) - Enhance thermal comfort ( 0.5-2 m/s) The scheme will employ stack ventilation in order to naturally ventilate the space as possible. With this type of ventilation, hot air released through the roof structure.

Mechanical ventilation will also be used as the primary ventilation solution to remove pollutions from chemicals and to maintain a comfortable environment in winter.

Acoustics

Internally, the scheme has no need for an acoustic barrier. The activity of the workshop is to repair cameras and restore vintage films and photographs, a function that produces very minimal noise pollution.

The dark rooms located at the end of the space is acoustically insulated due to light traps and layouts.

Furthermore, the event space will often function at night and the active space functions in the morning thus no acoustic pollution will occur.

Thermal Conditions

Due to the various functions taking place in the space, the intervention comprises of various micro climates with each having its own consistent temperature as opposed to a set general temperature.

Room use

Potential occupancy

Reception cafe

variable variable

temp(oC) winter/summer 13-20 / 21-25 22-24 / 24-25

kitchen workshop studio darkrooms toilets gallery office storage educational space retail space plant room circulation

constant constant variable variable variable variable constant constant variable variable constant variable

15-18 / 18-21 16-19 / 14-22 16-19 / 14-22 16-19 / 14-22 19-21 / 21-23 19-21 / 21-23 21-23 / 22-24 19-21 / 21-23 19-21 / 21-23 19-21 / 21-23 16-19 13-20 / 21-25

illuminance (lux) 100 200-300

Noise level (dB) 35 - 40 35 - 40

500 variable 500 variable 100 200 300-500 50 300 200 200 100

40 - 45 25 - 35 25 - 35 25 - 35 35 - 45 30 - 35 35 30 - 35 25 - 35 30-35 20 40

The table shows the internal conditions requirements for each micro climate; the occupancy (staff and/or public), temperatures for both winter & summer, the recommended lumminance levels and noise levels.

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SPACE REQUIREMENTS

Ground floor plan : darkrooms Room use

darkrooms

Potential occupancy variable

temp(oC) winter/summer

illuminance (lux)

Noise level (dB)

16-19 / 14-22

variable

25 - 35

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Ground floor plan: workshop & studios Room use

Potential occupancy

temp(oC) winter/summer

illuminance (lux)

Noise level (dB)

workshop

constant

16-19 / 14-22

variable

25 - 35

studio

variable

16-19 / 14-22

500

25 - 35

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Ground floor plan: cafe & kitchen Room use

Potential occupancy

temp(oC) winter/summer

illuminance (lux)

Noise level (dB)

cafe

variable

22-24 / 24-25

200-300

35 - 40

kitchen

constant

15-18 / 18-21

500

40 - 45

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First floor plan: retail area Room use

retail space

Potential occupancy variable

temp(oC) winter/summer 19-21 / 21-23

illuminance (lux) 200

Noise level (dB) 30-35

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First floor plan: gallery Room use

gallery

Potential occupancy variable

temp(oC) winter/summer 19-21 / 21-23

illuminance (lux) 200

Noise level (dB) 30 - 35

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C. ENVELOPE & STRATEGIES 23

ENERGY SOURCE The wood pellet boiler has an output of 6.5 to 180 kW and the minimum output needed to heat the spaces shown in red is about 70kW.

Ground floor heated areas http://www.forgreenheat.org/technology/furnaces.html

Whereas burning a fossil fuel releases CO2 that has been locked away for 150 million years, biomass absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere as it grows and simply returns this when it is burnt. Some additional carbon is released as a result of processing and transport but, provided that the fuel is sourced reasonably locally, this is an order of magnitude less than using fossil fuels.

-http://www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com The choices of biomass fuel to heating the intervention are - wood chips - wood pellets - logs - bailed materials

‘Modern pellet boilers and furnaces also have automated sensors to control combustion, along with automated fuel loading so that the operator may only need to clean out the ash tray once or twice a month. Pellet boilers and furnaces can be loaded daily with 40-pound bags of pellets, just like stoves. They may also have a bulk storage bin that holds several tons of pellets and is only refilled once or twice a winter.’

First floor heated areas 24

DIRECT SUNLIGHT

Direct sunlight control From the diagrams on the left, it is clear that sunlight enters into the space mainly from the west. This adds a dramatic effect and intrigue to the space but on the other hand can cause glare and solar gain.

The existing windows in the building are listed, thus the intervention has to implement technologies around the glare and solar gain that might potentially arise.

Direct sunlight:12o in winter

Direct sunlight: 58o in summer

One such technology is the use of solar control glazing. This will cancel out the glare and allow in useful sunlight The solar control glazing will be used mainly on the workshop which faces the west

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INTERVENTION FORM

1:20 section of workshop

The design strategy for the intervention was for it to be easy to be installed and dismantled. The result being a series of rectangular ‘capsules’ through out the space., Each housing a different function.

Interventions are intentionally closed off to demonstrate the particular and individual process that is traditional photography.

The effect of the capsuled intervention creates an effect of activities being hidden, just like the camera’s technology is hidden. This in turn creates curiosity in users to go a search of discovery.

Circulation is therefore laid out to guide users to the intervention. The circulation plan is laid out with amber dalsouple on the original ground floor to highlight access to every visitor space.

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MATERIALS

Cross Laminate Timber This is used for the structure and the interior finish of all the interventions.

The finish is natural spruce and quiet visually appealing. The timber meets the U-value requirements of 0.35 w/m2K.

Aluminium

Sample Type

Illumination

LRV Standard LRV Batch Delta (%) (%) (%) Satin Brushed Daylight/Flu- 80.3 60.6 19.7 orescent - 10o Obs 80.3 60.7 19.6 Daylight/Fluorescent - 2o Obs 80.2 60.6 19.6 Tungsten 10o Obs 80.2 60.7 19.6 Tungsten - 2o Obs the use of aluminium cladding is to symbolise the metal body of traditional film cameras.

Aluminium is used for cladding on the west facing intervention (workshop and cafe/kitchen). the satin finish cladding is attached unto the from laminate timber cladding.

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A

Leather Cladding

Flooring

The leather finish is applied on the smaller intervention; the smaller studios and chemical store. The leather absorbs sound, and overtime develops a rich patina.

A Dalsouple rubber flooring

The use of leather is to represent on the materials commonly used in traditional camera bodies.

B

Amber is used in traditional photography as its one of the few colours that do not interfere with the chemical process.

This amber coloured rubber is applied on the ground floor to highlight the circulation of the scheme. And a way of using colour to connect the space to photography.

B Altro Multiscreed EP Naturals

The intervention can be at high risk for falls due to the use of liquids etc. The floor used in the scheme is a rough resin floor, similar to the original floor colour to blend in. This is applied in all the interventions and the darkrooms throughout the scheme.

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D. SYSTEMS & SERVICES 29

DAYLIGHT FACTORS A ratio of 35% to 55% of a typical window wall is generally regarded as optimal. Less than 20% will result in excessive use of artificial light; more than 60% will generally result in excessive heat loss and, without external shading, can cause excessive solar gain.

-http://www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com The western facade has a large segment of glazing, allowing large entry of daylight ratio of about 40 to 55%. this reduces the need for artificial lighting in the space The eastern facade has smaller glazing, thus allowing in very little light. This is not a problem in regards to my scheme as the darkrooms will be placed there and the windows will be boarded to eliminate the daylight from entering and damaging the chemical processes.

Eastern facade

Western facade 30

Calculating the daylight factor of the building DF = W 0 T

% A (1- R ) 2

Where W = glazing area (80) 0 = angle of visible sky(159.25) T = light transmission of glazing(0.8) A = area of all the surfaces in the space(2970) R = average reflectance of the room (0.5 ) DF = 80 x 159.25 x 0.8 2970 (1 - 0.5 ) 2

%

DF = 3% With a DF of 3% means there is ample illumination form daylight that artificial light would be used sparingly.

*Glazing ratios & their daylight factors

The exterior and interior finishes of the intervention will reflect the daylight, aiding in making the space well lit and enhancing users experience.

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DESIGN

*Ground floor lighting layout

*First floor lighting layout

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Suspended artificial lighting

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Suspended artificial lighting

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Function specific artificial lighting

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Function specific artificial lighting 32

It is important that the daylighting and artificial lighting scheme should complement one another.

An artificial lighting scheme can have a dramatic effect on the visual appearance and functionality of a space -http://www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com

Lighting layout in section The artificial lighting in the scheme are of two categories.

One for general lighting of the space and for creating atmosphere and dramatic effect.

The second is placed in the intervention and are function specific. Example, the light in the darkroom comprises of a white light and safe light. Both are only located in the spaces where chemical will be handled.

The general light for the building are suspended from the roof structures and are incorporated into the structure and walls to conceal them from view. The heigh of the suspended lights are within human reach for easy maintenance.

The lighting technology is programmed to sensitive to activity, to dim after a certain period of inactivity. This is to save reduce heat gains as well as save on energy.

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HEATING & VENTILATION SYSTEMS *Building short section

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Thermal mass

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Insulation

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Heat loss

The listed building mainly loses eat through its roof and glazing. Due to the glazings also being grade II listed, nothing can be done to minimise the loss thought the glazing.

As there were no specification about the roof light, it would be replaced with a remote controlled electric roof window. This would allow stack ventilation to be used in the summer/warmer days to vent out the stale hot air.

The existing building materials are concrete and masonry and these offer thermal mass.

The material the structure is made of, cross laminate timber, comes incorporated with insulation thus no additional insulation has been used.

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MVHR unit

MVHR The interventions are heated and ventilated from a low energy mechanical system. The MVHR is placed in the plantroom. It reuses 95% of the heat energy which would have been lost. The unit takes fresh air form outside, warms it and distributes it through duct strategically placed out of sight.

The system also extracts stale air from the building through ducts and chemical fumes though hood vents .

The heat from the extracted air is recovered in the heat recovery unit and then reused to temper the filtered supply air.

Up to 95% of the heat can be recovered. The Heat Recovery Unit runs continuously on trickle and can and is boosted when higher rates of ventilation are required e.g. bathing, cooking.

In warmer months a summer by-pass function helps ensure comfort levels are maintained in the home. When summer by-pass is activated, the dwelling continues to be ventilated and receive fresh filtered air, however the heat recovery process is intermittently switched off (heat recovery is by-passed) -http://www.greenwood.co.uk/range/5/heat-recovery-mvhr.html 35

Natural Ventilation With the installation of electric roof windows, natural ventilation will be utilised as much as possible. During the warmer months to save on energy consumption. Although natural ventilation will be used, it doesn’t stop the mechanical ventilation unit form running as there is need for chemical fumes to be extracted whenever the darkrooms are in use.

But the combination of natural ventilation with mechanical creates a comforting environment for users.

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WATER SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION

The water supply for the building is sourced from underground, located on South street.

The water is pumped to the boiler in the plant room. The water is then distributed.

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REFERENCING 38

http://www.velux.co.uk/products/roof-windows/integra http://www.goodingalum.com/p61/Support-Centre/Test-Results-Data/Light-Reflectance-Values http://www.klhuk.com/media/29233/technical%20characteristics.pdf http://citydev-portal.edinburgh.gov.uk/WAM/doc/Page-4;jsessionid=7528B34C4AB8B4B451C0258360A30380?extension=.pdf&page=4&wmTransparency=0&id=675236&wmLocation=0&location=VOLUME1&contentType=application/pdf&wmName=&pageCount=12 https://www.pilkington.com/en-gb/uk/products/product-categories/solar-control http://www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com/handbook.asp http://greenspec.co.uk/building-design/aluminium-production-environmental-impact/ https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/health_effects/soundpropagation.html http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/newcastle https://www.google.co.uk/maps/ http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/newcastle-upon-tyne.html CIBSE(2008). CIBSE Concise Handbook. Norwich:Page Bros

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