POST-CIAM 1960-present Nineteenth century town planning was strongly influenced by illusory schemes for new settlements. Two visions which were especially influential at this time were that of Ebenezer Howard's 'Garden Cities' and Le Corbusier's 'Radiant City.' These movements, along with other ecological, economical, and social influences went hand-in-hand with a new comprehensive approach to city planning being developed. The year 1960 and its subsequent era, saw a shift toward the improvement of aesthetic considerations as well as the improved quality of the physical environment of urban areas and the desire to improve accessibility throughout the area. The essays presented in this section tender upon these planning influences and reference to them from the terms in accordance with Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) movements. Together the town planning principles mentioned, and the tenets outlined in CIAM IV and more specifically, the Athens Charter, worked to inform architecture and urban design. The studies presented outline specific buildings having been constructed after 1960 and the fall-out of the CIAM movement. The studies relate the inherent architectural and planning properties to CIAM's movements and present a judgement as to whether or not the actions executed were effective or created a hindrance to the social, political, physical, and economic contexts. The studied buildings are currently present in a broad range of countries and cities worldwide and therefore work toward representing the vastness of CIAM's influences across the globe. They are a direct representation of the fact that after the war period, CIAM's members travelled worldwide spreading their beliefs and the practices outlined in their movements, outside of Europe, most notably to the USA.
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