Graduation I Project Report

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Matarya, Dakahlia, Egypt 2019-2020 Graduation Project I Architecture Engineering

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This book has been done by a group of senior students at October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) in Fall Semester of the year 2019-2020 for their graduation project after several researches under the supervision of Professors and Teaching Assistants.

Under supervision of: Dr. Sameh Elfeqy Dr. Omar Fawzy Dr. Rasha Sayed Dr. Tarek Abdelsalam Dr. Rania ElMessiedy Dr. Doaa Essmat Dr. Ghada Ghazala Arch. Omar Mostafa Arch. Alshimmaa Galal al Din Arch. Youssra Alaa Arch. Nariman Gameel Arch. Shereen Hussein Arch. Shereen Farouk Arch. Merna Mohamed Arch. Taher Mahmoud Arch. Omar Elmeligy Arch. Irinie Wanis

Researchers: Amr Zydan Bassel Mohamed Fatma Yehia Gawaher Alaa Hussien Kamal Mohamed Abdelaziz Nariman Omar Nouran Mohamed Sarah Hany Samuel

All copyrights of these documents are reserved for the mentioned group work.

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MSA University

Fishery Service Institute l Table of Contents

Table Of Contents: Abstract Chapter I: Historical Background

1.1 Historical Periods………………………………………………………………… 07 1.2 Historical Timeline……………………………………………………………….. 09 1.3 Evolution of Al Manzala Lake…………………………………………………. 10 1.4 Urban Revolution of Al-Matarya……………………………………………… 11 1.5 Economic Activities and the Dominant Crafts of Al Matareya City Inhabitants………………….…………………………………………………………. 12 1.6 Conclusion……………………….………………………………..……………… 14

Chapter II: Urban Studies

2.1 Site Location……………………………………………………………………… 16 2.2 Land Use…………………………………………………………………………... 17 2.3 Building Conditions……………………………………………………………… 19 2.4 Building Heights………………………………………………………………….. 21 2.5 Skyline and Elevations………………………………………………………….. 23 2.6 Solid and Void……………………………………………………………….…… 25 2.7 Road Hierarchy …………………………………………………………………. 26 2.8 Building Materials………………………………………………………………... 28 2.9 Building Materials…………………………………………………………………29 2.10 Educational and Health Services…………………………………………… 30 2.11 Climatic Studies………………………………………………………………… 31 2.12 SWOT Analysis…………………………………………………………………… 33

Chapter III: Problem Identification

3.1 Common Problems……………………………………………………………….36 3.2 Project Proposal …………………………………………………………………. 37 3.3 Project Approaches ………………………………………………………………. 37 3.4 Target Group ……………………………………………………………………...37 3.5 Project Objectives ……………………………………………………………….38 3.6 Literature Review ……………………………………………………………..….39 3.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………...40

Chapter IV: Site Selection

4.1 Selected Sites…………………………………………………………………..… 42 4.2 Selection Criteria………………………………………………………………… 42 4.3 Selection Criteria………………………………………………………………….43 4.4 Land Use Analysis for Site 1…………………………………………………..… 43 4.5 Building Heights Analysis for Site 1……………………………………….…… 44 4.6 Building Conditions Analysis for Site 1………………………………..……… 44 4.7 Solid and Void Analysis for Site 1………………………………………………45 4.8 Accessibility Analysis for Site 1………………………………………………… 46 4.9 SWOT Analysis for Site 1………………………………………………………….46 4.10 Land Use Analysis for Site 2…………………………………………………… 47 4.11 Building Heights Analysis For Site 2………………………………………..… 48 4.12 Building Conditions Analysis For Site 2……………………………………… 48 4.13 Solid and Void Analysis For Site 2…………………………………………… 49

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Fishery Service Institute l Table of Contents

4.14 Accessibility Analysis For Site 2…………………………………………….. 50 4.15 SWOT Analysis For Site 2 ……………………………………………………..50 4.16 Land Use Analysis For Site 3……………………………………………...….51 4.17 Building Heights Analysis For Site 3…………………………………………52 4.18 Building Conditions Analysis For Site 3……………………………………..52 4.19 Solid and Void Analysis For Site 3…………………………………………..53 4.20 Accessibility Analysis For Site 3…………………………………….………..53 4.21 SWOT Analysis For Site 3 …………………………………………….………..54 4.22 Site One, Two and Three Conclusion……………………………………. 54 4.23 Selected Site ………………………………………………………………… 54

Chapter V: Design Issues

5.1 Circulation ……………………………………………………………………… 56 5.2 Flexibility ………………………………………………………………………… 59 5.3 Orientation …………………………………………………………………….. 65 5.4 Interaction …………………………………………………………………….. 69 5.5 Safety …………………………………………………………………………… 73 5.6 Comfort ………………………………………………………………………… 76 5.7 Design Issues Conclusion …………………………………………………… 81

Chapter VI: Case Studies

6.1 Secondary Technical School For Fishing and Breeding, Aswan….…..84 6.2 Herningsholm Vocational School……………………………………………92 6.3 Athenia High School…………………………………………………………..104 6.4 François Mitterrand High School…………………………………………….112 6.5 South Middle School…………………………………………………………..120 6.6 Gebze Industrial Vocational High School ………………………………...127 6.7 Nanyang Technological School of Art Media and Design…………… 134 6.8 Gangouroubouro Primary School, South Africa………………………….143 6.9 Makoko Floating School, Nigeria……………………………………………146

Chapter VII: Sustainability

7.1 Sustainability Definition………………………………………………………..151 7.2 Social , Economic and Environmental Sustainability…………………….151 7.3 Environmental Sustainability (Passive and Active)………………………153 7.4 Certifications…………………………………………………………………….158

Chapter VIII: Design Program 8.1 Project Program ……………………………………………………165 8.2 Calculations ………………………………………………………...166 8.3 Project Areas ………………………………………………………. 167 8.4 Standards ……………………………………………………………168 8.5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 175 Chapter IX: Individual Work

9.1 Amr Zydan ……………………………………………………………………. 9.2 Basel Mohamed …………………………………………………………….. 9.3 Fatma Yehia …………………………………………………………………. 9.4 Gawaher Alaa ……………………………………………………………….. 9.5 Hussein Kamal ……………………………………………………………….. 9.6 Mohamed Abdelaziz ………………………………………………………. 9.7 Nariman Omar ………………………………………………………………. 9.8 Nouran Mohamed …………………………………………………………. 9.9 Sarah Hany Samuel ………………………………………………………….

List of Figures, Diagrams, Tables and References

177 186 197 204 208 213 217 224 231

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MSA University

Fishery Service Institute l Abstract

Abstract Al Matarya, Dakahlia, Egypt, is known for the manufacture of boats and fishing nets through history. However, through history, the users have been suffering from health, economic, and social problems. The deterioration AlManzala lake that lies on the coast of Al Matarya is the main reason for these problems. Most of the residents depended on the fishing profession and the manufacture of boats and nets. Al- Matarya is one of the poorest cities in Dakahlia with a population of almost 750,000 people (Hiza, 2017). In this research, the methodology applied is finding solutions for Al-Matarya to improve the conditions for the users and the upcoming populations through several researches and studies and taking an action to achieve a better environment and comfort for users.

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Chapter I Historical Background Important incidents that happened in Al-Matarya through time.

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Fishery Service Institute l Historical Background

1.1 Historical Periods: Period 1798:

The role of Lake Manzala in the French campaign: It was occupied on October 1, 1798 and taken as a war site. It was used in military operations which helped in attacking Egypt and Syria. The French fleet proceeded from the lake. Resistance of the people of Al Matareya by building 100 boats.

Fig(1.01): French Campaign in 1789 Period.

Period 1859:

Digging the Suez Canal : During the two years 1860 and1859, the people of Matareya transported drinking water from Matareya to Port Said by the lake to save the workers. Al-Matareya was supplying about six cubic meters of water to the people of Port Said daily.

Fig(1.02): Digging Suez Canal in 1859 Period.

Period 1897:

Freedom of Fishermen : The High order dated 23/12/1897 amending the method of exploitation of the lake from 1 January 1898. Until 1905, the annual taxation method was generalized in all regions.

Fig(1.03): Fishermen Period in 1897 Period.

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Period 1907:

Fire 1907 : The city of Matareya was destroyed by a devastating fire that destroyed green and dusty piles of ash and dead animals. Al-Matareya French city : The modern city streets were designed by a French engineer in 1907 after the city's famous fire. The city streets were designed in a modern way in the form of a game of chess. The French also established a marine station linking Matareya to Port Said and Damietta, as well as a railway linking Matareya to Mansoura. Fig(1.04): Fire in 1907 Period.

Period 1930:

Thirties and forties : From 1930 to1940s, Al Matareya was smaller than it is today. Lake Manzala was where fishermen practiced fishing, and the best types of fish. Al-Matareya and its dwellings were composed of one ground floor, and rarely those that consisted of two floors.

Fig(1.05): Best Types of Fish in 1859 Period.

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1.2 Historical Timeline:

Conclusion: There are 6 main periods that formed the city. 1907 is the most important when the city was destroyed by fire and was re-designed by a French Architect in the form of a game of chess.

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1.3 Evolution of Al Manzala Lake

Legend Sea water Lake water Floating vegetation Islands Sand bar and urban Agriculture Fig(1.12): Evolution of AlManzala Lake in 1984 Period.

Fig(1.13): Evolution of AlManzala Lake in 1988 Period.

Fig(1.15): Evolution of AlFig(1.14): Evolution of AlManzala Lake in 1998 Period. Manzala Lake in 2003 Period.

Fig(1.16): Evolution of AlManzala Lake in 2015 Period.

Change detection in Manzala Lake in the period from 1984 to 2015 indicates that the surface area of the waterbody decreased due to the increase in the areas of floating vegetation and islands. These vegetation threat the marine life as they consume the oxygen that the fish need. This results in the unemployment of fishermen and craftsmen.

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1.4 Urban Evolution of Al-Matarya

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5

Figure (1.17) Historical Evolution of the City Plan

The first stage pre-1929: This stage was witnessed to be the old heart of the city and the urban masses were about 168 acres corresponding to the size of the population which is about 8000 inhabitants. The second stage in (1929-1948) was of poor urban growth for the city with rapid population growth and urban masses of 681 acres and the population reached 19700. The third stage in(1948-1976): this phase was 253 acres, and the population at this stage reached 79117. The fourth stage in (1976-1992) established services that occupied large areas and urban masses reached 656 acres. The fifth stage in (1992-2007) is where the population has increased to 205000 and this is considered the most developed stage in the city's urban stages.

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1.5 Economic Activities and the Dominant Crafts of the Al Matareya City Inhabitants:

47.8% Fishermen

16% Agricultural Employment

14.7% Service Workers

5% Industrial and Mining

5.8% Trading

The city of Matareya reached 1866 acres. The total population working in fishing is 47.8%. The city's unemployment rate in 2006 is 6.6%. The economic activities of the city are in the sector of agriculture ,services and trade. The city's agricultural employment rate is about 16%. Service workers represent 14.7%. The trade sector represents 5.8% and the industrial and mining sector represent 5%.

Fishing And Fish Trade Profession: This profession is considered their source of income for about 70% of El Matareya inhabitants because of the existence of the city on the shore of El Manzala lake. There are about 25 thousand fishermen beside 5 thousand of different sizes of sailboats that sail into the lake. The most important craft is fishing. Beside the spread of fish farms in the lake, It is a home to many kinds of seabirds. The number of sailboats that are licensed is 6785 to sail in Al Manzla lake, 4349 of them are from El Matareya. Although the real number equals the double of that but not licensed. Matareya has the largest portion of 13002 fishermen. The quarter percentage of them are below 18 years old.

Figure(1.18): Al Manzala Lake

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Manufacture of Ropes and Fishing Gear:

About 300 workers work in this profession and manufacture the necessary ropes for fishing in addition to marketing most of the production to the governorates of Suez and Damietta.

Wood Splitting Workshops:

These workshops are spread in Matarya, where they cut the necessary timber for the manufacture of ships and sailboats and sell most of their production in the governorates of Suez, Port Said, Damietta, and the countries of Libya and Saudi Arabia.

Manufacture of Cruise Sailboats and Boats:

Figure(1.19): Boats Workshops

Ships,

It employs about 500 carpenters. The industry establishes sailboats used in Lake Manzala as well as large ships and cruise ships which are used in the governorates of the port, Suez and Damietta in fishing operations in the Red Sea and the White Sea as well as tourism.

Figure (1.20) Nets Shown Beside a School

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Figure (1.21) Saad Zaghlool Street

Figure (1.22) A workshop for Making Boats

Figure (1.23) Fishermen Huts

These photos represent the types of activities in Al-Matarya city which is shown in the boats parked beside the lake in streets ,an elementary school by the lake ,workshops that provide tools and equipment for the fishermen, and residential buildings that have a view of the lake .

1.6 Conclusion The history shows the importance of Al Manzala lake for Al Matarya city. The lake is considered the source of life through history due to the presence of fish and its connection with other cities .Fishing and boats manufacturing are considered the main professions in Al Matarya. The deterioration of the lake results in the increase of the rate of unemployment.

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Chapter II Urban Studies Urban Studies of Al-Matarya.


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2.1 Site Location Al Dakahlia Governorate is located in the northern part of Egypt. We have chosen Al-Matarya as it has a distinctive location on the coast of Al-Manzala Lake.

Figure (2.01) Al Dakahlia Location

Figure (2.02) Al Matarya Location in Al Dakahlia

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2.2 Land Use Residential Water Industrial Schools Medical Governmental Commercial Mosques and Cemeteries Parks Agricultural Lands 0.5% 1%

2.5%

3% 3%

5%

10% 75%

Diagram (2.01)Land Use Percentages Chart

Figure (2.03) Al Matareya City Land Use Map

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The majority of buildings in Al Matareya are residential buildings which represents 75% of the land use. The number of housing units in the residential areas are 2,007 which represent 4,304 housing units. The number of housing units required for the year is estimated as a result of the population increase to reach 2,770 units where 1,000 units are expected to be empty and closed units and the rest will be the establishment of new units, Abd El-Latif T. (2019).

Figure (2.04) Analysis for Significant Buildings

Figure (2.05) Al Oabbyen Club for Football

Figure (2.06) Ahmed Maher Secondary School

Figure (2.07) Grand Azzam Mosque

Figure (2.08) Vegetable Market

Conclusion From the land use analysis, we deducted that Al-Matarya is surrounded by the lake on the eastern side and agricultural lands on the western side. Also, the map shows that 75 % of Al Matareya city is residential buildings and there are insufficient and deteriorated services where commercial buildings represent 0.5 % only of the total land. The rest are 10 % agricultural lands, 5 % industrial, 3 % schools, 3 % medical services, and 2.5 % governmental buildings.

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2.3 Building Conditions Good Condition Moderate Condition Bad Condition

6%

19%

75% Diagram (2.02) Buildings Condition Percentages Chart

Figure (2.09) Buildings Condition Plan

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MSA University

Most of the buildings are in moderate condition with a percent of 75%, followed by buildings with good condition which represent 19%, while buildings with poor condition are 6% .In term of geographical distribution of buildings according to the situation, it is noted that the concentration of poor buildings in the south-west of the city on both sides of the main entrance coming from Mansoura while the buildings in moderate condition are distributed in different parts of the city, Abd El-Latif T. (2019). (2.13,2.14)

(2.11) (2.12)

Figure (2.10) Analysis for Significant Buildings

Figure (2.11) Building In Good Condition

Figure (2.12) Building In Moderate Condition

Figure (2.13) Building In Bad Condition

Figure (2.14) Slums In Front Of The Lake

Conclusion

The majority of the buildings in Al Matareya are in a moderate condition especially in the center of the city. Some areas like El Magayr and Azam land have buildings in bad condition. There are parts of the city that consist of slums only.

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2.4 Building Heights

1-2 Stories 3-5 Stories

55 %

45 %

Diagram (2.03) Building Heights Percentages Chart

Figure (2.15) Building Heights Plan

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The height of the buildings reflect the state of the soil and its ability to withstand the urban areas, therefore; most of the buildings have one to two stories only.

(2.17) (2.18)

Figure (2.16) Analysis for Significant Buildings

Figure (2.17) Two Stories Residential Buildings

Figure (2.18) Five Stories Residential Buildings

Conclusion The soil cannot withstand buildings with more than four stories so the majority of building heights don not exceed 4 stories and very few buildings exceed five stories.

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2.5 Skyline and Elevations

Al-Manzala Lake

Facades facing the lake view

Figure (2.19) 3.D. Shot of the Buildings Facing the Lake

Building facades have almost the same color code in Al- Matareya

Figure (2.20) Manual Sketch Representing The Street Image

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Fishery Service Institute l Chapter II l Urban Studies

Figure (2.21) Elevation From The Streets

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2.6 Solid and Void Solid Void

20 %

80 %

Diagram (2.04)Solid and Void Percentages Chart.

Figure (2.22) Solid and Void Plan

Figure (2.23) Patterns In The Street Resulting From The Buildings Intersection

Conclusion

About 80% of the area is solid. The urban grid pattern leaves behind it a mesh of street.

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2.7 Road Hierarchy

Arterial Roads Main Roads Secondary Roads

Figure (2.24) Road Hierarchy Plan

The fabric of the city's street network is a perpendicular mesh fabric in most parts of the city except the residential area in the west. The streets intersect together to form a grid.

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Figure (2.25) El Sawra Street

Figure (2.27) Main Entrance Of The City

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter II l Urban Studies

Figure (2.26) Saad Zaghloul Street

Figure (2.28) El Shohadaa Square

Conclusion The grid system that the streets follow form nodes in the middle, for example; El Shohadaa Square.

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2.8 Building Materials Buildings that are constructed from structural systems represent 50% of the total buildings as figure (2.29) illustrate while buildings that have load bearing systems represent 48% and there are only 2% of the buildings that are built from mud- brick systems as figures (2.30) and (2.31) illustrate (Abd El-Latif T. ,2019). Status

Area

Percentage

Structural

162.5

50

Load Bearing

153.6

48

Mud Brick

6.7

2

Table (2.01): Building Materials Analysis (Abd El-Latif T. ,2019).

Figure (2.29) Structural System Buildings

Figure (2.30) Load Bearing System Buildings

Figure (2.31) Mud Brick Building Material In Agricultural Areas

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2.9 Population Most of the population is present in the center of the city which is 80% according to data from the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. The current number of families in 2006 are 98,642 families. The number of families expected in 2027 are 83,063 families. Average expected family size in 7202 is 8.3 members/families, Abd ElLatif T. (2019).

Year

Figure (2.32): Population Increase Due To Presence Of More Children

Growth Rate

No of Families

No of Added Families

Population

2007

0.0166

22536

3637

104247

2012

0.0161

24300

1764

112408

2017

0.0156

26072

1772

120603

2022

0.0151

27833

1761

128750

2027

0.0146

29565

1732

136761

Table (2.02): Population Data Analysis, Abd El-Latif T. (2019).

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2.10 Educational and Health Services Educational Services:

Elementary Education: 42 schools with 952 classrooms and having a density of 8,83 pupils / classrooms with a total number of 36,001 pupils according to data received from the Educational Administration (Abd El-Latif T. ,2019). Preparatory Education: 10 schools with 461 classrooms with a density of 73 pupils / classrooms with a total of 556 pupils according to data from the Department of Education (Abd El-Latif T. ,2019). Secondary Education: 6 schools with 941 classes, with a total of 6225 pupils with a density of 53 pupils / classes according to data received from the Department of Education (Abd El-Latif T. ,2019).

Health Services:

Abd El-Latif T. (2019) stated that the city has a village hospital, a health group and a health unit. The total number of beds in the city was about 851 beds with a service rate of about 6.1 beds / 1000 of the residents of Al-Matareya Center in 2006. The city has a deficit of 341 beds according to Abd El-Latif T. (2019).

Figure (2.33) Ahmed Maher Secondary School

Figure (2.34) Huda Farag Hospital

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2.11 Climatic Studies Wind The number in hours of calm wind is the number of cases where the surface wind has a mean speed less than one knot over that period whatever the mean wind direction over the same period is, as follows: north (N) with 11.29% calm wind, northnorth (NN) with 1.52 % calm wind, northnorth west (NNW) with 17.95% calm wind, and north-north west ( NNW) with 6.30% calm wind respectively, Swelam A. and Zaki A. (2017).

Figure(2.35): Climatology of Nile Delta, Egypt

Temperature Heat waves: are formed when high pressure (3,000–7,600 meters) strengthens and remains over a region for several days up to several weeks. This is common in summer (in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres) as the jet stream follows the sun, Swelam A. and Zaki A. (2017). Cold Waves: are a weather phenomenon that are distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities, Swelam A. and Zaki A. (2017).

Figure(2.36): Sun Path, Sunrise And Sunset During The Year

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Diagram(2.05): Heat and Cold Temperatures

Rainfall

Diagram(2.06): Rainy Months In The Year

Daylight Hours

Diagram(2.07): Daylight Hours In The Year

Conclusion: The highest heat and cold temperature in year are in July and January. December and January are the most rainy months in the year . June has the most daylight hours in the year .

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2.11 SWOT Analysis

S

W

O

T

Strengths

Opportunities

-Presence of medical services that serve the citizens need. -Presence of industrial services in the south that does not pollute the country. -Main axes in roads design network. -Several Mosques presence.

-Manzala Lake for fish production. -Agricultural Lands for food production. -A leisure location for tourist attraction overlooking Al-Manzala Lake.

Weaknesses

Threats

-Large percentage of residential buildings than agricultural buildings. -Low percentage of agricultural lands. -Very low percentage of agricultural lands. -Very low percentage of vacant areas for new business.

-Urban extension on agricultural lands. -Manzala Lake pollution due to untreated sewage wastes. -Water rise of Manzala lake in the future.

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Symbols Key: Medical Industrial

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter II l Urban Studies

Colors Key: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Residential Agricultural Lands Pollution Water Rise Fish Production Food Production Roads Network Mosques Vacant Areas

Tourist Attraction

Figure (2.37) SWOT Analysis Map

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Chapter III Problem Identification Identifying some problems in Al-Matarya and the proposed solutions.


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3.1 Common Problems:

Chapter III Problem Identification

Figure (3.01) Common Problems in Al Matarya

Infrastructure Problems: There isn’t an integrated sewage system till nowadays. Despite the existence of fresh water in the city, it did not reach all residents (Ramadan S., 2017). Presence of Aquatic Plants: The presence of contacted aquatic plants result in the extinction of various fish species threatening the biodiversity of the nature and the ecological balance (Ramadan S., 2017). Preventing Fishing in Al Manzalah Lake: Fishermen are not aware of fishing periods; in addition, adult and important fishermen tend to impose control on free fishing operations in the lake and address the small fishermen (Ramadan S., 2017). Water Pollution: According to the Environmental Monitoring Program for Egyptian Lakes, there is a continuous pollution in the lake as it receives huge amounts of pollutants coming from agriculture and industrial wastes without treatment. Shrinkage of Lake: The area of the lake was more than 170 thousand acres and due to encroachment, drying of land and drainage reduced this area. Each year, Al Manzala lake loses about 5 square kilometers of its area due to the drying of the lake's water (Ramadan S., 2017). Extinction of Fishing Craft: Water pollution affected marine life; therefore, fishermen are not able to practice fishing which led to the extinction of fishing craft (Ramadan S., 2017).

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Al Manzala lake has been recognized as the most productive fishery ground of the country’s lakes. The lake has been gradually transformed to a fresh water system which can have significant negative ecological, health, social and economic impacts on human. This was a result of different aspects of human impacts mainly wastewater discharge into the lake as well as different aspects of human impacts of which closing and/or opening of straits, continuous drying processes for human Chapter III settlement and silting of the lake (Dewidar and Khedr,2014). The fishery profession ProblemisIdentification considered as the source of income for about 70% of El Matareya inhabitants and because of the existence of Al Matareya city on the shore of El Manzala Lake. Nowadays, there are about 25 thousand fishermen representing about 90 % of the lake fishermen beside 5 thousand of different sizes of sailboats that sail into the lake legally and illegally. According to the lake catastrophic condition, fishermen are forced to shift their career or to be unemployed (Dewidar and Khedr,2014).

3.2 Project Proposal Fishing Service Institute Problem Statement: As a result of AL-Manzala lake pollution and unawareness of fishermen, fishing craft is being extinct so the project aims to educate new generation basics of fishing craft. Scope: The proposed project is a fishing service institute that will help Al Matareya residents to revive the fishing craft through educational classes and workshops for manufacturing and maintenance, as well as a market to allow them sell their products and providing income.

3.3 Project Approaches Educational approach: The institute aims to educate the students the right ways of fishing, fishing periods, and the manufacture of the tools needed for fishing. Cultural approach: The fishing craft is the most important in Al Matareya. As mentioned before it started to extinct, so the institute will revive the fishing craft in order to maintain Al Matareya identity.

Economical approach: Students in the institute will be able to sell their products as there will be a market.

3.4 Target Group

Youth 15 – 20

Professional fishermen 30 - 60

The project targets youth students aged 15 to 20 years old to educate them and make the city benefit from their knowledge in the future, and professional fishermen aged 30 to 60 years old to help them with their problems.

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3.5 Project Objectives Reviving fishing craft in Al Matareya will not be applicable till raising the awareness of Al- Matarya’s residents and investing in their youth’s education to create a favorable climate for increased investment in Al-Matarya. That process will be achieved by providing workshops and classes for teaching students. In addition it will create a fish market depending on institute production to serve both investors and residents .

Reviving fishing craft in Al-Matareya, Dakahlia

Awareness of AlMatareya’s residents

Investment in AlMatareya

Fishing Workshops

Selling Fish

Fishing Institute

Diagram(3.01): Project Objectives Analysis

Conclusion: The Fishing Institute will teach residents to practice fishing and revive their old habits and create an economical rise due to fish selling.

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3.6 Literature Review

Many past studies that tried to tackle Al Manzala lake problems, have taken the environmental approach and studied the pollution catastrophe that threatens the lake life taking into consideration global warming and the high rise of sea level in the planet and its effects on the African shore on the Mediterranean sea. Our study tries to tackle the results of that problem on a vital community of fishermen of al Matareya city as a case study and to be a role model to develop the communities that depend on Al Manzala lake. Regarding pollution problem, “President Sisi discussed lake cleaning, especially of the lake of Manzala which is up to 250 thousand acres. He said it was larger in the past, yet encroachment and misuse have decreased the area of the lake. The government has worked on cleaning the lake over the past four or six years to prevent further deterioration.” (Ramy,2019) “The state is approaching matters that have not been dealt with for 100 years such as developing Manzala lake, which will be over by 2021.” the president said adding that lakes across the country will be rehabilitated in accordance with international standards. “Old movies used to be shot in lakes,” the president said lamenting that some individuals caused damage to those lakes and went unpunishable, and affirming that the size of achievements taking place in Egypt cannot be imagined.” (El Tawil N.,2019) “Egypt ranked first among fish producing countries in Africa and seventh in the world in fish farming,” Agriculture Minister Ezz el-Din Abu Steit announced on Wednesday. This came during the plenary session of the House of Representatives. The minister confirmed that the ministry is planning for the development of Manzala Lake in coordination with the Engineering Authority of the Armed Forces to solve the problems of the affected fish farms' owners. In light of President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi’s keenness to expand fish farms, which reportedly produce about 75 percent of the total fish production, experts from the Ministry of Agriculture expected that fish production will highly increase during the next few years. He added that the State is working on the establishment of sewage treatment plants. The largest wastewater treatment plant is currently being constructed in west Port Said area to treat wastewater in Lake Manzala.” (Ali,2019). In mitigation, Egypt will build the largest sewage water treatment plant to face water shortage that could affect around 0.5 million people in Sinai. The plant, which will treat sewage and agricultural wastewater of the longest drain (Bahr al-Baqar 1 drain), will be inaugurated after two years in the east of Suez Canal, said Minister of Water resources and Irrigation Mohamed Abdel-Atti in a roundtable held with Egypt Today in July.”(Samir S., 2018)

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The 106-kilometer drain of Bahr al-Baqar starts from Dakahlia governorate to Sharqia, Ismailia to the last governorate of Port Said; the longest half locates in Sharqia governorate. The drain was established in 1914 for less than agricultural effluent and was named Bahr al Baqar. Within the Seventies, the Egyptian government determined to vary the drain to receive every kind of effluent (industrial and sewage), inflicting it as “a supply of pollution,” in keeping with a 2015 study conducted by crusader Mamdouh Salem Seraj on the drain’s negative impacts on human health and Lake Manzala within the amount between 1914 and 2014. “The drain is presently imposing a threat because it contains organic substances, fertilizers, and pesticides that have vivid impact on the maritime surroundings, inflicting eco-imbalance,” the study aforementioned. Therefore, the cultivatable lands became irrigated by contaminated water, touching the soils and people’s lives. “The treatment is going to be conducted in accordance with the advanced standards to be safe for usage,” Ragab Abdel-Azeem, initial deputy minister at the Ministry of the Water Resources, told Egypt these days. The assembly of treated water can base on the amount of water within the voidance, he added, noting that the treated water are going to be used for irrigating four hundred,000 feddans. General Assem Abdullah Shukr, the pinnacle of Water Administration at the defense force Engineering Authority (AFEA)tasked to ascertain the plantaforementioned that the plant can turn out five million cubical meters per day to cultivate 250,000 feddans. (Samir, S.2018). “The effluent that comes from the west of ship canal can bear a siphon to the plant within the east of canal,” he aforementioned whereas discussing the authority's comes throughout the inauguration of the economic zone in Beni Suef (Upper Egypt) by President al-Sisi on January twenty one, 2018 and that the plant can operate by the tertiary treatment system.” (Samir S., 2018).

3.7 Conclusion: The deteriorated state of the lake led to an extreme unemployment to the residents and the extinction of the fishing craft in Al-Matareya . The selected project aims to revive the craft through awareness by teaching residents and increased investment by selling their products.

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Chapter IV Site Selection Criteria of choosing a site and the proposed sites for the project.


Fishery Service Institute l Chapter IV l Site Selection

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4.1 Selected Sites There are 3 proposed sites for the project.

Figure(4.1): The Three Suggested Sites For The Project

4.2 Selection Criteria

Diagram(4.1): Selection Criteria For The Site

Location (Near To)

Accessibility

Site Area

Landmarks

Residential

Transportation

Big Or Small

Governmental

Walkability

Satisfactory

Commercial

Road Width

Shape

Public

Services

Water Front

Table(4.1): The Specification For Each Criteria

-Location: Is the site near to the residential areas, service areas, other facilities, and water front. -Accessibility: Transportation access, walkability, and road width. -Site Area: Weather it is big or small, satisfying the project requirements, and shape of the site. -Landmarks: Governmental, commercial buildings, or squares.

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4.3 Selection Criteria Site I Site 1 location of map is as follows. The site IS (7000 m2), it is located on the main road in the north of the city. The area boundary are Manzala lake and military zone.

Figure (4.2): The Site I Location Map (En.Mapy.Cz)

4.4 Land Use Analysis for Site 1 The surroundings of the site are educational, governmental, residential, and green areas. The lake is in east and main road along with channel.

5%5% 20% 70%

Figure(4.3): Land Use Map For Site One

Figure (4.4): The View Of The Lake In Front Of The Site

Diagram(4.2): Percentages Of The Functions Near Site 1

Figure (4.5): Shows The Residential Building Near The Site

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4.5 Building Heights Analysis for Site 1

45%

55%

Diagram(4.3): Percentages Of Buildings Heights Near Site 1 Figure (4.6) Building Heights Map For Site 1

The residential buildings are almost 2 floors because they are built over green lands. The military buildings are also 1-2 floors, and the school is from 3-5 floors.

Figure (4.7): Shows An Example Of 2 Floors Building Height.

Figure(4.8): An Example Of Building Height On Green Land.

4.6 Building Conditions Analysis for Site 1

11% 11%

78% Diagram(4.4): Percentages Of Buildings Conditions Near The Site

Figure (4.9): Building Condition Map For Site 1

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Most of the buildings around the site differ between the moderate and some good conditions which are considered as new residential on green land, and other are schools or governmental buildings.

Figure(4.10): An Example Of Bad Building Condition.

Figure(4.11): An Example Of Moderate Building Condition.

4.7 Solid and Void Analysis for Site 1

45% 55%

Diagram(4.5): Percentages Of Solid And Void Near Site 1 Figure (4.12) Solid And Void Map Of Site 1

The solids area is about 45% that includes the residential, educational, and governmental buildings while voids are almost 55% which represent the lake, roads, and green lands.

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4.8 Accessibility Analysis for Site 1 The map shows that the site is located directly on the main road. Being on the edge of the city can be very hard to reach also being on the main road is dangerous; in addition, the road is blocked for cars because its located near a military site. Arterial Roads Main Roads Secondary Roads

Figure (4.13) Accessibility Map Of Site 1

4.9 SWOT Analysis for Site 1 -The site has a location directly on the main road. -The site has perfect ventilation and privacy because of the empty lands around. - The site location is at the end of city so it is hard for walkable. -The site area may not be enough.

- It may be a cooperation between the marine school and the project. - Its exists on a main road which is dangerous.

Figure (4.14) The Site Is Near A Marine School And The Neighboring Land Is Agriculture Lands

Conclusion: The most important features at site I are the direct location on the main road, perfect ventilation, and privacy. It is hard to reach to the site by walking, it must be using transportation. The existing of marine school is good to make cooperation with. The problem that faces this site is the danger of being on the high way.

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Site II The site is a kids park in a bad condition. Its area is (6000 m2). The open faรงade is towards the lake at south-east direction.

4.10 Land Use Analysis for Site 2

Figure (4.15) The Site II Location Map (En.Mapy.Cz)

5%5% 10% 3% 7% 70%

Figure(4.16): Land Use Map For Site 2

Diagram(4.6): Percentages Of The Functions Near Site 2

Most of the buildings in this area are considered as residential with small percentage of mixed use. Others are commercial, religious and governmental services.

Figure(4.17): Shows The Existing Site

Figure (4.18) Shows The Near Vegetable Market

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4.11 Building Heights Analysis For Site 2

30%

70%

Figure (4.19) Building Heights Map For Site 2

Diagram(4.7): Percentages Of Buildings Heights Near Site 2

Most of buildings are either 3 to 5 floors and these are considered as residential buildings. The buildings beside the site are 1 to 2 floors and those are religious and commercial so as not to hide the view from behind.

Figure(4.20): An Example Of 2 Floor Building Height.

Figure(4.21): An Example Of 4 Floors Building Height.

4.12 Building Conditions Analysis For Site 2

30%

70%

Figure (4.22) Building Condition Map For Site 2

Diagram(4.8): Percentages Of Buildings Conditions Near Site 2

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Most of the buildings around the site differ between the moderate and some good conditions. Which are considered as residential and other services buildings. There are some bad conditioned buildings which considered slums that should be removed, but those are not close to site II.

Figure (4.23) Shows An Example Of Bad Buildings Condition.

Figure (4.24) An Example Of Moderate Building Condition.

4.13 Solid and Void Analysis For Site 2

30%

70%

Figure (4.25) Solid And Void Map Of Site 2

Diagram(4.9) :Percentages Of Solid And Void Near Site 2

The solids are mostly residential, commercial, and religious. The voids are the site, roads and open area as a park.

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4.14 Accessibility Analysis For Site 2 The site is located in the heart of the city access by main road the road is a cull de sac so it may cause a traffic jam . Arterial Roads Main Roads Secondary Roads

Figure (4.26) Accessibility Map Of Site 2

4.15 SWOT Analysis For Site 2 -The site has a location at the middle of the city with good view and. -The site has direct accessibility from the main road. - The site is old neglected park -The site area may be not enough. -The north direction is barred by the buildings around.

Figure (4.27) The Site Location In The Center Of The City

-The existing buildings are in a bad condition and this is a chance to remove them. -Because of site location, there will be traffic jam by cars and walking people.

Figure (4.28): The Site Is At Caul De Sac Which Will Cause A Traffic Jam

Conclusion: The most important features at site II are the location at the middle of the city, and the direct accessibility from the main road. The existing buildings are not used so it must be removed. The limited area won’t allow any flexibility to make extensions at future. The ventilation from north direction needs treatments. The problem of traffic jam must be solved by make parking areas specialized for the project for preventing any parking at the main road.

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SITE III The site is located in the south of the city beside a train station. It is almost surrounded by agricultural land from all sides.

Figure (4.29) The Site III Location Map (En.Mapy.Cz)

4.16 Land Use Analysis For Site 3

5% 3% 5%

7%

80%

Figure(4.30): Land Use Map For Site 3

Diagram(4.10):) Percentages Of The Functions Near The Site

The surroundings of the site are educational, governmental, residential, and green areas. The lake is in east and main road along with channel.

Figure (4.31): The Main Hospital

Figure (4.32):Train Station .

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4.17 Building Heights Analysis For Site 3 The residential buildings are almost 2 floors because they are existing on green lands and the school is from 3-5 floors.

20%

80%

Figure (4.33): Building Heights Map For Site 3

Figure (4.34): Shows An Example Of 2 Floors Building Height.

Diagram(4.11): Percentages Of Buildings Heights Near Site 3

Figure(4.35): Shows An Example Of Building Height On Green Land.

4.18 Building Conditions Analysis For Site 3

11% 11%

78% Diagram(4.12): Percentages Of Buildings Conditions Near Site 3 Figure (4.36): Building Condition Map For Site 3

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Most of the buildings around the site differ between the moderate and some good conditions. Which are considered as new residential on green land, and other are educational or commercial buildings.

Figure(4.37): An Example Of Moderate Building Condition.

4.19 Solid and Void Analysis For Site 3

Figure(4.38) Shows An Example Of Bad Building Conditions.

The solids are the residential, educational, and governmental buildings and the voids are lake, roads, and green lands.

45% 55%

Figure (4.39) Solid And Void Map Of Site 3

Diagram(4.13): Percentages Of Solid And Void Near The Site

4.20 Accessibility Analysis For Site 3 The site is accessed through a main road and a train station. The direct access to the school is not a well maintained road so it may be hard for cars to access it.

Arterial Roads Main Roads Secondary Roads Figure (4.40): Accessibility Map Of Site 3

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4.21 SWOT Analysis For Site 3 - The site has a location on the Al Manzala lake. -The site has direct accessibility from the road. - The site has slums. -The north direction is to the lake view.

Figure (4.41) Slums Sounding The Site

The existing buildings are in a bad condition and this is a chance to remove them.

- Because of site location, there will be traffic jam by cars and walking people.

Figure (4.42) Access Way For The Site

Conclusion: The most important features of site III is that the area of the site is perfect for the project program and it is near a train station so it can accept students from outside the city due to the uniqueness of the project objective.

4.22 Site One, Two and Three Conclusion

Table (4.2): Site One, Two and Three Conclusion

4.3 Selected Site Site III The site has a good water front and the site serves the project area requirements.

54 Figure (4.43) Site III

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Chapter V Design Issues Issues that should be taken into consideration for designing a good project.

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5.1 Circulation : General Definition :

Development to and from ,or around something, particularly in a closed system.

Architecture Definition :

Circulation in design alludes to the way individuals move all through a building, and how they associate with the physical space around them.

Fig.(5.1): Horizontal And Vertical Circulation Main Components Of Circulation

5.1.1 Circulation elements : 1-Approach:

The approach to a building is the primary layer of circulation. A building can be drawn closer either straight forwardly towards it (frontal), or at an angled angle. The approach is coordinated along a straight hub towards the entrance of the building more often than not along the front exterior of the structure.

Fig.(5.2) Vertical Circulation

2-Entrance:

An entrance into a building or room marks the movement from one space to another. The foremost conventional way of giving an entrance is through an opening inside a plan. However, an entrance can be more unobtrusively communicated by the utilization of two columns or by columns inside a pillar overhead.

Fig.(5.3) Sketch Shows The Entrances And Exits On A Layout

3-Configuration of Path:

By nature, all ways are direct. In any case, a way can be too portioned, curvilinear, meet or depart to other ways, or it can frame a loop. A way can be outspread, with different ways coming full circle at, or expanding from, a shared central point. Moreover, it can be a ceaseless way that rotates around a central point, within the frame of a spiral.

Fig.(5.4): Configuration Of Path

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4-Path-Space Relationship:

It is achieved in three unmistakable ways: They either pass by spaces, pass through spaces, or they end in a space. When ways pass by spaces, they do so freely of the spaces. They don't influence the frame or program inside the spaces. The way setup is adaptable in such cases is when a way passes through a space or arrangement of spaces, on the other hand, it does influence the inside circulation of the physical shape of the space or spaces. By cutting through a space, a way makes development and focuse inside the space. A way can too end in a space. The way, in this occasion, is set up by the area of the space itself. This setup is common in typically vital spaces, such as landmarks for example.

Fig.(5.5): Path Space Sketch 1

Fig.(5.6): Path Space Sketch 2

5.1.2-Form of the Circulation Space: Circulation inside a space does not happen in confinement. Or maybe, the space around it can have an affect on how people move around. The frame of the space, it’s scale, how the boundaries are characterized, how passages open onto it, and changes in level, can all impact circulation patterns. The setup of a space can change from being encased, as within the case of a hallway, to being open on one side, shaping a overhang or display, to being open on both sides, shaping a colonnade passage. Additionally, the stature and width of a circulation space can be controlled to handle the volume of circulation as well as the utilization of the space: an open lobby versus a private passage, for example. Changes in level, in specific stairs and stairways, to influence circulation in a vertical design.

Fig.(5.7): Transition From A Hallway To Stairs

Fig.(5.8): Honorary Stairs In Front Of The Entrance

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5.1.3 Circulation Issues In Schools It is common for schools to experience congested corridors and stairs during class changeovers. This leads to poor discipline as pupils push each other which in turn leads to crowdness, vandalism of fixtures (light switches, ceiling tiles etc) and the consequent need for increased corridor management. Congestion can be solved at the design stage by better planning of circulation space (greater area provision where pupil flows are greater). The circulation pattern of a school is an important planning point that must be early in the design stage. There should be a clear circulation strategy covering all levels from access to the buildings to local circulation between spaces. As there will be more people using schools in the future who are not familiar with the buildings, entrances should be clear and welcoming. This should be achieved through architecture, not just signage. School buildings and their surrounding environment should be physically accessible to all potential users. The number of entry points into the building will need to be considered, particularly in a large school. There will be a single point of entry into the building(s) or a number of entrances according to the nature of the user (e.g. pre-school, school pupils, business users and community users) The former may be easier to be secured but the latter may reduce congestion. Circulation routes within the building(s) should be easy to follow, particularly to those parts of the school most likely to be used by those unfamiliar with the building, such as a performance space. Routes should be clear even without signs.

Fig.(5.9) Congested Corridors And Stairs During Class Changeovers

Fig.(5.10) Clear Entrance From The School Court

Fig.(5.11) The Number Of Entry Points Into The Building Will Need To Be Considered, Particularly In A Large School

Fig.(5.12) Circulation Routes Within The Building(s) Should Be Easy To Follow

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Examples Of Buildings That Enhance The Role Of Circulation Good circulation is essential to successful architecture. Like the flow of blood in a body, circulation works best when the route is clear and unobstructed.

Fig.(5.13) Iceland Reykjavik - Harpa Interior

Fig.(5.14) Rebull 85 Building

Fig.(5.15) Level MVSA Architects

Fig.(5.16) Central European University

5.1.4 Conclusion of Circulation The project must contain corridors and paths consistent with the needs of the building and its users to reach the most efficient means possible to achieve the standards of comfort for users. Circulation should serve the component parts of the project and access to achieve simplicity from a place to another within the building.

5.2 Flexibility General Definition : Flexibility is characterized for a joint or a number of joints of a building considering movement, or degree of expansion.

Architecture Definition:

It is the capacity of a building to persistently adjust its space format and indeed its structure to advancing needs.

Fig.(5.17): Flexibility Diagram Consists Of Material Technology And Structure

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5.2.1 Types Of Flexibility: 1-Adaptability: The capacity of the built environment to back numerous capacities without ch anging the engineering is called versatility. Distinctive forms are suit ed through mobile segments, repositionable furniture, and other perspectives of the environment that are able to alter to suit the client or occupant. The changes don't result in a changeless alter to the space, and thus the space can flex between the start-state and end-state with ease. The work changes, but the holder does not.

2-Transformability Through transformability, the insides or outside space can be changed in reaction to outside or inn er jolts without development. In spite of the fact that this sort appears to be the foremost common in common engineering, it is the slightest utilized in healthcare environments. 3-Convertibility: Convertibility suits changing capacities t hrough a certain sum of development. It diminishes development fetched and time by foreseeing the potential future needs. Changes to the built environment that happen beneath convertibility reac ted to larger time and spatial scales. The coming about alter is, more frequently than not, lasting. The rooms are planned with the suitable clearances for therapeutic gear and the capacity to get to extra restorative gasses and power.

Fig.(5.18) Adaptability Of Partitions Inside The Building

Fig.(5.19) Adaptability Of Building With The Surrounding Environment

Fig.(5.20): Through Transformability, The Insides Or Outside Space Can Be Changed In Reaction To Outsid e

Fig.(5.21): The Building Should Be Flexible For Future Changes To Meet New Needs

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1-Building Flexibility: Flexibility property in buildings can advance as per the desired execution when any set condition takes place. Structural flexibility of buildings features a part in impacting the benefit life of existing buildings and the conceivable life of the building recently constructed. 2-Furntiure Flexibility: This is often the heart of flexible engineering: the thought that the built environment ought to act similarly to a living life form, able to reply to changes in its environment. Until as it were as of late, most engineering has been steadfast and hence incapable to legitimately adjust.

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter V l Design Issues

Fig.(5.22a): Building Should Be Flexible For Extension

Fig.(5.22.b): Spaces Should Be Flexible To But Furniture In It In Different Ways To Meet Different Needs

5.2.2 Flexibility In Schools Schools should be flexible and adaptable to future needs to meet inevitable changes in programming and student population. Districts should collaborate with their architects and planning teams to consider strategies for future flexibility without sacrificing quality. Here are seven strategies to consider that will help ensure the schools communities fund today will be flexible enough to support the educational programming of future generations.

Fig.(5.23): School Should Provide Flexible Learning Spaces

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1. Collaboration During Design Architects should not tell a district what kind of school to build. Instead, the design process should emphasize collaboration and ownership by all stakeholders. Ultimately, when building users play a meaningful role in the design, they embrace results and pass their pride and values onto future generations. Architects, administrators, educators and students can take part in planning discussions early on to ensure buildings are customized to the unique needs of the communities they serve. 2. Design with Change in Mind Needs change constantly during a school’s lifetime. We may not know what or how schools will teach in 50 years, but we know there will be differences. It is important that schools are not overdesigned to only address today’s needs. Designs that incorporate easily adjustable walls and flexible common areas can adapt to future programming requirements. A design defines small, medium and large group spaces that could have different uses than current needs but provide flexibility in clustered layouts. 3. Design for the Greater Community An adaptable school serves more than the students currently enrolled. Buildings that serve the community have longevity. Community spaces accessible through zoning and compartmentalization for group functions within schools serve a broader constituency keeping it active and purposeful to all. Designs should accommodate direct and secure access to cafeterias, gyms, performance and other gathering spaces. Spaces can be used by youth, seniors, organizations, businesses, etc. — for a multitude of uses.

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter V l Design Issues

Fig.(5.24): Architects Should Consult Students And Teachers For Their Needs

Fig.(5.25): Architect Design Should Be Able To Change With The Architects Opinion

Fig.(5.26): School Should Provide Integration Between Community And Home

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4. Investing in Quality Materials A school is a long-term investment, so school leaders should consider durable, timeless, low-maintenance and exterior materials. Discussions between all parties should work to strike a balance between current trends and long-term flexibility for both functional needs and aesthetics. Paint, flooring and signage will be replaced several times during the lifetime of a building, and provide an opportunity to address trends, but the shell should withstand time as well as potential impacts related to structural, site and climatic changes. 5. Considering Expansion Unknown factors could dramatically change the population demands on a school. By planning for the possibility of expansions or additions, a district leaves the ability to gracefully expand rather than disrupt a school with awkward, tacked-on spaces. New Prague High School in New Prague, Minn., to expand by 500-plus students by using removable exterior wall systems at key expansion areas and identifying future expansions on all site plans. 6. Assume Technology Will Change Technology is a constant challenge facing schools. Computer labs, followed by laptops in classrooms and now handheld devices have changed the way schools teach and classroom design has evolved. Schools need to support greater power and connectivity. Easily accessible infrastructure allows transitions with lower cost and less disruption. While no one can completely anticipate future technology, districts can prepare by specifying accessible and expandable robust mechanical, electrical and technology infrastructure.

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter V l Design Issues

Fig.(5.27)using Quality And Sustainable Material

Fig.(5.28): School Building Should Be Flexible For Extension If A Sudden Need Required To

Fig.(5.29): School Building Should Be Able To Adapt With New Technology

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7. Consider the Future of Energy As renewable energy sources become more affordable, many districts choose to invest in systems that will reach breakeven points and return savings within a short window. Solar power and geothermal system costs continue to lower and can bring long-term value to schools. Many districts are also join community-based renewable systems. Mechanical system designs should plan for adaptability when price, technology and options make it feasible. Discussing proactive consideration and implementation of these strategies into a school’s design will facilitate future adaptability. Working with forward thinking architects that plan for the future will allow districts to meet future needs seamlessly..

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter V l Design Issues

Fig.(5.30): School Building Should Be Adaptable For New Energy Sources

Examples Of Buildings That Enhance The Role Of Flexibility

Fig.(5.32): Sharifi-ha House

Fig.(5.33): AGC HQ Building In Belgium

Fig.(5.34): Nakagin Capsule Tower Fig.(5.31): Canadian Museum Of Nature

Conclusion This section focuses on the social aspects of life and is an important part in the aspects of architectural and structural design and therefore must be taken into account when starting the design of the project to achieve its elements besides other elements.

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5.3 Orientation: General Definition: Introduction is essential data or preparin g that's given to individuals beginning a modern work, school, or course.

Architecture Definition : The building is utilized to allude sun based introduction whereas arranging o f house with regard to sun way. The introduction can allude to a specific room or most vital, the building veneer. The word ‘building orientation’ is essentially the situation of a building with regard to the sun, ordinarily done to maximize sun oriented pick up at the suitable time of the year when required in cold climate and to play down sun oriented pick up in a hot climate. Best house introduction can increment the vi tality productivity by making it more comfortable to live in and cheaper to run from vitality utilization point of view.

Fig.(5.35): Orientation Has A Big Effect On The Thermal Mass Of The Building

Fig.(5.36): Controlling Lighting Through Openings

1-Form and Orientation Form and orientation constitutes of two, the foremost critical detached plan method ologies for decreasing vitality utilization and moving forward warm consolation for inhabitant s of a building. It influences the sum of sun falling on surfaces, day lighting and course of winds. Towards net zero vitality objectives, frame and introd uction have critical affect on building’s vitality proficiency, by tackling sun and winning winds to our advantage. In this way they play a essential part in NZEB plan approach as these methodologies are one time intercessions and their potential benefits ought to not be missed.

Fig.(5.37): Sun Path Around Building

Fig.(5.38);form & Orientation And Using Form To Throw Shade

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2-Shading : Structural controls like ‘external shading devices’ are basic natural controls that either hinder or enormously decrease th e require for mechanical warming and cooling to preserve warm consolation interior buildi ngs, by controlling heat gain through openings. Beside coating sort and meas ure of the fenestration, shading gadgets are similarly critical in c onstraining warm pick up from exterior through radiation. Outside and inner shading ga dgets can hence be utilized as an fundamental arrangement for acco mplishing vitality efficiency. Fig.(5.39): Shading Devices

5-Natural ventilation : Fresh air in a building brings wellbeing benefits and expanded consolation level to its inhabitants. New discuss arrangemen t is considered as an effective and a solid arrangement because it decreases the require for mechanical implies to ventilate a building Fig.(5.40) Natural Ventilation

Fig.(5.41)Controlling Lighting And Ventilation Through Openings

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6-Thermal mass: Thermal mass makes a difference to store warm inside the building structure and direct changes within the indoor temperature. This warm putting away capacity of building fabric makes a difference in accomplishing warm cons olation for tenants by giving time delay. Subsequently, choosing suitable building materials can generally impact the level of consolation inside buildings. To meet plan parameters, determination of building materials hold most extreme significance in balancing indoo r temperatures and thus lessening routine vitality loads.

4-Day lighting : Day lighting could be a building plan technique to utilize light from sun. Nearness of characteristic light in an involved space brings a sense of wellbeing, increments mindfulness of one’s encompassing additionally increm ents vitality sparing potential with diminished reliance on manufactur ed light. Appropriate utilize of windows, bay windows, clerestories, and other openings within the building give implies to gather daylight.

Fig.(5.42) Controlling The Form To Allow The Sun To Enter

Fig.(5.43) Using Pattens To Allow The Day Light

Fig.(5.44): Ceiling Openings

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Orientation Of Classroom The best orientation for classrooms is either north for natural daylighting to provide opportunity for purification of the room by sunlight before and after school, without interference with pupils, and call for fewer hours with the window shades down during school hours than does any other orientation. Daylighting is recognized as a key architectural strategy in achieving high performance: a well daylight school will save electricity for lighting and cooling as well as providing the psychological and biological benefits of natural lighting. Thus, designers are learning to consider daylight as generative to a project, optimizing building form and orientation to best utilize the daylight source. Yet the daylight source is not a constant: it varies in quality, quantity, color, and directionality across the sky dome. Classrooms arranged symmetrically along the east-west axis are distinguished by this asymmetrical, dynamic light source.

Fig.(5.45) Orientation Through To Prevent Throwing Shade On The Paper

Examples Of Buildings That Enhance The Role Of Orientation

Fig.(5.46) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research

Fig.(5.48) Great Wall Of Benin

Fig.(5.47) L'atelier en plein air: Les impressionnistes en Normandie

Fig.(5.49) Tower Block 31

Conclusion The direction of the building is very important in this type of project. Students need a suitable direction of air, natural lighting and good ventilation in order to not affect on their focus and suitable sceneries for open spaces to help users achieve comfort. 68 68


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5.4 Interaction General Definition Interaction could be a kind of activity that happen as two or more objects have an impact upon one another.

Fig.(5.50) Architecture Interaction

Architectural Definition given to making connections betwe en individuals, their instruments, and their environments. Interaction plan is the plan teach

Social Interaction A social interaction is an trade between two or more people and could be a building piece of society. Social interaction can be examined between bunches of two, three or bigger social groups. social interaction could be a energetic, changing grouping of social activities between people or bunches.

Group Interaction : Group interaction alludes to the elements of the group and the way people withinthe gather associated with one another .Group interaction means highcapacity students have openings to collaborate with each other on a challenging assignment in sets or bunche s. Bunches ought to be organized based on “students archived level of learning inside the subject region. The NET HOUSE is a smart architecture that facilitates the interaction between people by using the metaphor of social media.

Fig.(5.51) Social Interaction In Public Spaces

Fig.(5.52) Group Interaction Around Activities

Fig.(5.53a) Net House Architecture Interaction

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Interaction Between User & Building the method of education concerns living, growing young humans , almost the foremost valuable products on the planet, and we are preparing and planning them for shipment into our communities of tomorrow .

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter V l Design Issues

Fig.(5.53b) Interaction Between User & Building

Interaction Between User & Others interaction between two or more socially inside share thoughts through talk ing with each other that concept has to built the structure of the society in best way in superior way in proposed extend behavior of the system.

Interaction Between Building & Surrounding Designers got to make buildings that are neighborly to the environment and more green which can be adaptable to the environment, in other words, they got to make buildings that are vitality proficient, like green buildings or economical buildings which are planned to diminish the by and large affect of the built environment on human wellbeing and nature.

Fig.(5.54) Interaction Between User & Others

Fig.(5.55) Interaction Between Building & Surrounding

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How Classroom Design Affects Learning For people in the education field, student outcomes are the most important indicator of success. Practically everything revolves around boosting student learning achievements, including funding, professional development for teachers, the implementation of standardized tests and enrichment or remediation opportunities for students. Unfortunately, classroom design—which has a significant impact on learning outcomes—is often an afterthought. Luckily, attitudes around classroom design are shifting, and educators are making an effort to create ideal learning environments for diverse groups of students. The traditional arrangement of row after row of desks is on the way out. Industrial, cookie-cutter furniture is being replaced by flexible seating options that are intentionally selected to empower students. The most important—and most worthy— goal of educators is to give students the best education possible. Doing so extends beyond the curriculum to the very environment in which children learn.

Fig.(5.56) Interaction In Class Room By Using Different Seating Ideas

Fig.(5.57) Interaction In Class Room By Using Different Seating Ideas Plan

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Examples Of Buildings That Enhance The Role Of Interaction

Fig.(5.58) Ă˜restad College

Fig.(5.60) John Phillips Library At University Of Western Sydney

Fig.(5.59) John Phillips Library At University Of Western Sydney

Fig.(5.61) UWA Business School

Conclusion The interaction between students during learning helps them to realize quickly and to make simplicity understanding in practical and scientific categories.

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5.5 Safety : A-General Definition Safety could be a state of being ensured from potential hurt or something that has been outlined to ensure and avoid harm .

Fig.(5.62) Safety In Workplace

B-Architectural Definition : Safety could be a concept that incorporates all measures and hones taken to protect the life, wellbeing, and substantial judgment of individuals. Fig.(5.63) Sketch Shows Types Of Risks In Buildings

Types of Hazards : Common sort of danger and they are show in essentially each work environment at one time or another. These dangers are hazardous conditions in a office that can cause harm, sickness, or indeed passing. Think of dangers like spills, working from statures, unguarded apparatus, wiring issues, limited spaces, forklifts, and more.

Fig.(5.64) Safety In Work Shops

a-Safety Hazards: Safety risks are the foremost

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b-Physical Dangers: Physical components envelop natural c omponents that can cause hurt to laborers indeed when they’re not specifically touched. Radiation, tall daylight introduction, working in extraordinary temperatures, and consistent boisterous commotions a re all illustrations of physical hazards. Fig.(5.66) Risking Of Falling Solid Objects In Factories

c-Ergonomic Risks: These dangers can be the hardest to recognize, but they can effectively cause strain (and in the long run harm) to the body. Laborers can confront ergonomic risks on the off chance that their workstations or chairs are disgracefully balanced, on the off chance that they’re habitually lifting, in the event that they’re making monotonous and ungainly devel opments, and other circumstances where the body and muscles are overworked.

d-Chemical Risks: Any chemicals within the working environment can put laborers at hazard. A few chemicals are distant more perilous than others, but indeed common chemicals can cause skin aggravation, sickness, or breath problems.

Fig.(5.67) Risks In Offices That Can’t Be Seen

Fig.(5.68) Chemical Hazards Such As Storing Materials

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Safety in Schools Life safety: From fires to flash floods, natural disasters can happen without warning. The school should take geography into consideration first and foremost. Also, the school should be designed to ensure that students, staff, and first responders can easily maneuver through the facility in case of emergency. External security concerns: Quick fixes, such as installing additional security cameras or employing extra guards, are not the only answers to threats posed by intruders. A school should have a single, main point of access that’s easily identifiable, and administrators should have visual control over every approaching individual. Security can also be enhanced through a design concept called “concentric rings of protection,” which provides multiple barriers to entry: at the property line, the exterior of the building, and within the building, via an internal set of doors. This layered protection makes it more difficult for a trespasser to reach the inside of a facility and allows first responders more time to respond. Transparency and flexibility: School invasions and their tragic results make headlines all the time. However, the most common threat in schools is internal: bullies. An open environment, in which students and staff can easily “see and be seen,” can help deter bullying and violence in schools. Visual transparency is key to achieving natural surveillance and fostering positive social interaction. The ultimate takeaway? When school security is designed into a building, kids can focus on learning without fear.

Fig.(5.69) Fire Escape Plan

Conclusion Achieving safety is very important in this type of projects. Workshops need a large percentage of this factor in order to maintain the safety of students during training on machinery and boats industry and maintenance.

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5.6 Comfort :

General Definition : The principal reason for building buildings is to supply assurance from the environment and security of individual and property. What is looked for is assurance from the environment when there's insufficient warm comfort.

Environmental Comfort A building can control the environment to supply for warm consolation by either dynamic or inactive vitality instru ments. Shockingly, too many buildings designed nowadays are dependent on nonrenewable- vitality sources to supply the required warm consolation rather than making utilize of the vitality from the sun and the common capacity of the climate. Physical Comfort is the feeling of well being brought around by inner and natural conditions that are experienced as pleasant and related with satisfaction and fulfillment. it isn't continuously close to temperature controller . Thought as any consolation building in truth consolation depended intensely on what to do through lighting , components , immateriality and sounds. Architectural Definition the state of the consent of intellect of individuals and having no stress not one or the other in mental or passionate sides nor within the adjoining atmosphere.

Fig.(5.70) What Human Need For Comfort

Fig.(5.71) How Architecture Provide Comfort

Fig.(5.72) Using Active And Passive Solutions To Achieve Comfort

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Human Comfort can moreover be influenced by the quality of ventilation in a building. Ventilation is fundamental in buildings to expel 'stale' discuss and supplant it with 'fresh' discuss, as well as to anticipate overheating. For more data, see Ventilation. We all breathe discuss to live and in the event that it is contaminated or carries airborne maladies we will drop sick as a result. Airborne dangers such as carbon monoxide or longer-term indoor dangers like radon discharge are now and then a issue but the harmful fine combustion particles basically from activity outflows and a few control stations are the major wellbeing hazard to the open at huge.

Ergonomics is especially related to the plan of working environments, items and frameworks to best fit those who utilize them. The point of compelling ergonomics is to apply learning almost human capacities and i mpediments to move forward interaction with environment and items, and anticipate or restrain the chance of sickness or damage.

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Fig.(5.73) Passive Comfort System

Fig.(5.74) Active Comfort System

Fig.(5.75) Use Of Architecture Relations To Achieve Comfort

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Review of Comfort Indicators Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) may be a widespread theme all told property development assessment tools geared toward increasing the comfort, health and safety of a building’s indweller . In most methodologies for for school, like LEED for school, SBTool for college and BREEAM Education, the foremost common indicators arze: thermal, acoustic and noise comfort; and contamination level; and illumination and lighting . a quick description of those indicators is bestowed below:

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is outlined because the building’s ability to take care of the health and well-being of its users through adequate temperature, air quality and air humidness . measuring of indoor air quality is formed to verify if internal waste matter concentrations ar among the bounds established by native laws . one amongst the foremost necessary environmental parameters that require to be controlled is dioxide which will solely be achieved through correct ventilation. Inadequate IAQ conditions in school rooms will cause a discount in children’s performance of up to half-hour

Fig.(5.76)use Of Green Façade To Improve The Air Quality

Fig.(5.77) Making Sure To Use Right Ventilation System

Thermal comfort

is that the condition of mind that generates satisfaction with the thermal surroundings. . Human thermal comfort is standardized by International customary ISO 7730 (1994), that relies on studies conducted in 1970 by Fanger, Kingdom of Denmark . in line with Barrett et al. (2015), thermal comfort is said to the educational progress, i.e., students sometimes perform higher within the room wherever the temperature is simple to regulate

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Visual comfort is that the main issue thought-about concerning the lighting desires of a building. it's associated with the set of conditions during a specific surroundings during which human beings will develop their visual tasks with less effort, with reduced risk of accidents and harm to the attention, and with most visual exactitude and accuracy . integration objective and subjective aspects, 3 elementary aspects of learning areas square measure achieved: potency, comfort and performance modulated by acceptable style . Acoustic comfort is that the space of physics that studies sound, covering reception, spread, genesis and sound insulation. Acoustic comfort depends on sound comprehensibility, reverberation time and noise management . Noise may be generated from the college surroundings, common areas or within the room. Thus, it's important to isolate square measureas that turn out excessive noise so acoustic issues are reduced within the room. the planning ought to avoid openings to streets and, as so much as attainable, scale back windows and doors .

Ergonomic comfort is that the study of the variation of a person to the work, involving the physical surroundings and structure aspects associated with the activities performed on website. faculty piece of furniture style demonstrates an in depth link between faculty desks, health issues and discipline at school . measurement measurements of scholars vary between completely different ethnic teams, cultures, ages, races and genders. it's troublesome for a furniture designer to see specific dimensions for several students ; thus, the most effective choice to solve this downside is that the use of filmable desks.

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Fig.(5.76)use Suitable Distance For Good View

Fig.(5.77)use Of Architecture Relations To Achieve Comfort

Fig.(5.78)making Sure Voice Can Travel Between Spaces

Fig.(5.79)use Good Aooustic Material

Fig.(5.80)use Of Architecture Relations To Achieve Comfort

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Examples Of Buildings That Enhance The Role Of Comfort

Fig.(5.81)passage GutiĂŠrrez

Fig.(5.82) Alberni by Westbank in Downtown Vancouver

Fig.(5.83) Otunba Offices

Fig.(5.84) Da Nang

Conclusion Comfort is needed for education process as it cannot complete without providing it for users.

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5.7 Design Issues Conclusion: 1-Ciculation : Circulation is moving from a place to another to interface between a few spaces . Circulation is control the utilize of extend and it’s relationship between it’s space.

Fig.(5.85)Vertical And Horizontal Circulation In Buildings

2-Flexibility: Flexibility centers on a few of the social and engineering parts of the display time, which is sorts of elements pliancy and adaptable plan communities. Studding adaptability is huge portion to move lean ruler of a architects almost the future. -The sum of the adaptability to alter the utilize of a region, that way expanding building immortality an d decreasing waste. -Adaptability can be found within the exploratory within the combination of distinctive zones as multi propose corridor for: colossal show or c ontemplation range, too the different outdoors exercises -this extend -can be held within the same place as the put can be utilized for numerous functions. In the event that ought to make an development of this extend which utilize the diverse sorts of flexibility.

Fig.(5.86) Flexibility Of Building S To Adapt To Technology

Fig.(5.87) Using Grids As Away To Extend Buildings

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3- Orientation: Orientation is important in designing a building for making this place more comfortable for the people how will use it

4-Interaction :

Fig.(5.89) Orientation

Interaction is between two or more individuals, or question, an environment, or an involvement. What happens after you go some place or once you talk with somebody? You deliver your input and you get their yield. Fig.(5.90) Architecture Interaction

5-Safety : Within the workplace, security is measured through a arrangement of measurements that track the rate of close misses, wounds, ailments, and fatalities. In arrange to make strides these measurements, bosses and security authorities must too conduct ex aminations taking after any occurrence to guarantee that all security conventions and measures are being taken after or to execute unused ones on the off chance that needed.

Fig.(5.91) Safety Issues That Affect Buildings

6- Comfort : comfort is one of the most plan issue . That any comfortable space ought to plan well through visual and warm design.

Fig.(5.92) Comfort Needs For Human

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Chapter VI Case Studies Similar existing projects that could be used as design inspirations.

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6.1 Secondary Technical School For Fishing and Breeding, Aswan, Egypt.

Figure(6.1):Lake Nasser from Aswan tank

Figure(6.2): Lake Nasser From Nasser Harbor

Introduction For The Idea Of Making That Case Study And The Similarity Between Nasser Lake And Manzala Lake Conditions Lake Nasser, located in the south of Aswan extending to Sudan, it is very important to Egypt. Besides being a central water bank, it is also an important source of fisheries and is the largest artificial lake in the world.Lake Nasser is one of the largest fish-rich areas that live in fresh water. It is targeted to reach the volume of fish production and strategic stocks of the lake to 100 thousand tons annually, but recently noticed that Lake Nasser decreasing rate of tilapia fish in High Dam large size, the most famous fish Lake Nasser in the governorate Aswan, which is one of the basic fish, has started to decline significantly during the past years, which raises many questions about the reason for the decline of this quality of fish with high economic and nutritional value.

1. It covers an area of 5.250 square kilometers and a length of 500 kilometers so it is the largest artificial lake in the world it was established in 1970 and formed as a result of the water gathered in front of the High Dam and named this name after the late President Gamal Abdel Nasser. 2. It is an important source of fish production, where the volume of production this year about 20 thousand tons of fish compared to 12 thousand tons last year. 3. Lake Nasser is closed to fishing once a year starting from March until May to allow the production to double. 4. About 17 million pretexts were launched to develop the lake and double fish production in 2018. 5. Lake Nasser receives the flood water coming from Ethiopia in August of each year and it is stored flood water for use in various purposes. The lake water is used for irrigation, agriculture, drinking water, industrial use and navigation. 6. Lake Nasser is the only center for collecting Egypt's share of crocodiles from African countries. 7. Samples of Lake Nasser water are taken periodically every three months to ensure their validity and water quality.

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With the efforts of the members of the Lake Development Authority to help in the growth of the fisheries of Lake Nasser , Ali Samir (previous manager of the authority) suggested a building belonging to the Lake Development Authority to reuse it as a school specialized in the field of fishing. it opened in 2003. the school that combines agricultural education and Industrial education Agricultural education is divided into two classification: fish diseases and fish nutrition. the industrial section is divided into marine engines and boats maintenance department. School students are training on fish hatcheries which located near by the school getting eight pounds per day funded by the following institutions, namely the Protection Society of Fishermen's Rights and the Development Authority of Lake Nasser.

Figure(6.3): The Entrance Of The School

The School Has 1. Six Classes 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Three Workshops Four Teacher Rooms Manager Room One Storage One Computer Lab A Library Technology And Mummification Lab Figure(6.4) School Entrance

Figure(6.5) Some Photos Of The School’s Rooms

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Accessibility: North

Main Road Secondary Road

Figure(6.6): Accessibilty

Solid and Void: North

Solid Void

Figure(6.7): Solid and Void

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Workshops Classrooms Teachers Rooms Lecture Hall Principal Office W.C. Fig(6.8): Ground Floor Plan

Meeting Room Classrooms Teachers Room Store Computer Lab

Principal Office W.C. Mummification Lab Technology Lab

Fig(6.9): First Floor Plan

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Circulation All the spaces are formed around a main corridor.

Figure(6.10) Circulation Of Ground Floor

Figure(6.11) Circulation Of First Floor

Figure(6.12) Section

Audability The school is isolated from noise and surrounded by lakes and green areas.

Figure(6.13) Isolation of School

Figure(6.14) Green Areas Surrounding School

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Interaction The school provide the students with different activates that they can participate In

Figure(6.15) The First Boat That Was Made By Students

Figure(6.16) Activities In School

orientation From the east the school is oriented on the cost of Nasser lake And from the west to see the fish hatchites

Figure(6.17) Hatcheries

Figure(6.18) School View On The Lake

Mood & comfort The school depend on the beautiful scenery around the school to achieve comfort

Figure(6.19) A Class Of The School

Figure(6.20) Lake View

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The Boats Lake Development Authority with the Government's finance the school with boats for Students to train with their teacher by using them in lake Nasser

Figure(6.22) Boat Belong To The School

Conclusion the school built for improvement for the production of the Nasser lake. It contributes in improvement by graduating generations specialized in fishing field. So this type of case studies can benefit us is our project. It illustrate the school needs in this field to teach us the important parts in industrial and agriculture sections to be aware in our project design. Figure(6.23) Students Using The Boat

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Design Issues

CHAPTER – Case Studies

Design issue

Circulation

CHAPTER – Case Studies How it is applied in the building All the spaces are formed around a main corridor

The school is isolated from noise and surrounded by lakes and green areas audibility

Interaction

comfort

Orientation

The school provide the students with different activates that they can participate In

The school depend on the beautiful scenery around the school to achieve comfort

From the east the school is oriented on the cost of Nasser lake And from the west to see the fish hatchites

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6.2 Herningsholm Vocational School, Herningsholm, Denmark:

Figure(6.24): Herningsholm Vocational School Perspective

Herningsholm Vocational School asserts itself as an independent building in an existing campus cluster of educational buildings.

Project Size: 4700 m² Year: 2014-2017 Address: Herningsholm, Denmark Address: Herningsholm, Denmark Competition: 1st prize in competition. 2014 Client consultant: IFIRS Engineering: COWI Architect: C.F. Møller Architects Landscape: C.F. Møller Landscape

Figure(6.25) School Entrance

The school is designed inside-out - with a focus on the creation of optimal learning and study environments - as well as outside-in, in relation to the surrounding context where welcoming urban spaces provide possibilities for outdoor work and teaching.

Figure(6.26)inner Court

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Urban Context

Figure(6.27 ) Layout Of The Area

Figure(6.28) Surroundings 1

Figure(6.29) Surroundings 2

Figure(6.30) Surroundings 3

Figure(6.31) Surroundings 4

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Design concept The building is an angular layout that brings together three building volumes under a sloping roof, which in scale responds to the surroundings. The angular building creates three new outdoor urban and learning spaces in conjunction with the neighboring buildings: The Plaza, the study garden and a front garden. Figure(6.32) School Layout

Zoning Diagram

Figure(6.33) School Layout

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The building takes into account that our behavior and thinking is shaped by the physical environment we are in. The form of the learning environment – the architecture – has a significant impact on the student’s daily learning processes, and is therefore designed for modern and democratic principles.

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Figure(6.34)vertical And Horizontal Circulation

Figure(6.36) Classes

Figure(6.35) Food Court

An incision into the building volume towards the Plaza produces a dramatic architectural idiom for the school. The roof overhang forms a covered outdoor space, which mediates the transition to the lower buildings to the north, and clearly highlights the school's main entrance and “shop fronts” on the ground floor where the various educations and their work is made visible.

Figure(6.37) Pathways

Figure(6.38) Zones

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Ground Floor Plan

Figure(6.39) Masterplan

The building is an angular layout that brings together three building volumes under a sloping roof, which in scale responds to the surroundings by dropping from three floors furthest south to two floors in the far north. The angular building creates three new outdoor urban and learning spaces in conjunction with the neighboring buildings: The Plaza, the study garden and a front garden.

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First Floor Plan

Figure(6.40) First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

Figure(6.41) Second Floor Plan

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Sections

Figure(6.42) Section 1

Figure(6.43) Section 2

The learning spaces that are the building’s backbone are organized around a unifying common space that also serves as a flexible learning environment. The learning spaces are grouped 2 and 2 so as to create direct access to the common space from all learning spaces in the school.

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skylight skylight

Figure(6.44) Elevation 1

large cracks

the triangulated depressions offer seating in the green During rainfall, the recesses act as natural infiltration and retention basins to relieve the sewers.

Figure(6.45) Elevation 2

Glass faรงade for clearly highlights large cracks

Figure(6.46) Elevation 3

The facades are differentiated by orientation, showcasing how the constructions, sustainable initiatives and installation principles are fully adapted and integrated with the architectural concept: The glazed facades feature integrated niches and deep reveals that provide shading for the facade architecture, which plays on gravity and ease using massive pre-fabricated fiber cement facade panels in combination with tall, bronze-anodized perforated aluminum shutters which add warmth and variation to the composition.

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Circulation The school consists of ground, first, and roof floor. The vertical circulation is accessed through using stairs , and the horizontal circulation through the corridors

Figure(6.47) Circulation: Access And Connections

Flexibility The building is designed for general use. The learning spaces are designed to support physical environment and match various flexible and contemporary learning principles.

Figure(6.49)flexibility In Corridors

Figure(6.48)flexibility In Furniture

Figure(6.50)flexibility In Spaces

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Interaction There is a plaza which plays an important role as it brings together the surrounding institutions and the users .appreciating the human scale.

Figure(6.51) Different Courts

Figure(6.53) Inner Courts For Student Interaction

Figure(6.52) Shaded Courts

Comfort Comfort is achieved as there is direct and indirect links with the natural environment. Presence of friendly learning space and outdoor learning space and workshops in the gardens.

Figure(6.54) Quit Area Surrounding The School

Figure(6.55) Beautiful Scenery

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Orientation Orientation shows the difference between the facades. Each faรงade is treated using the right sustainable way .

Figure(6.56)screen to allow sun light in

Figure(6.57) Showcase: all educations exposed upon access

Conclusion -We can use the sustainability issues used in the project proposed as design inspiration for a sustainable building.Using the linkage between the 3 plazas of the building each for a different activity use as a design inspiration.

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Design Issues

CHAPTER – Case Studies

CHAPTER – Case Studies

Design issue

How it is applied in the building

Circulation

The school consists of ground, first, and roof floor. The vertical circulation is accessed through using stairs , and the horizontal circulation through the corridors.

Flexibility

Interaction

Comfort

Orientation

The building is designed for general use. The learning spaces are designed to support physical environment and match various flexible and contemporary learning principles.

There is a plaza which plays an important role as it brings together the surrounding institutions and the users .appreciating the human scale.

Comfort is achieved as there is direct and indirect links with the natural environment. Presence of friendly learning space and outdoor learning space and workshops in the gardens.

Orientation shows the difference between the facades. Each façade is treated using the right sustainable way .

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6.3 Athena High School

Sustainability ,Saharanpur, India Architect: Studionext Area: 4000.0 M2

Year: 2017

Introduction :

Figure (6.58) Athenia High School Entrance

Athenia High school built on a 13.5 acre site, is located off the main SaharanpurDehradun highway. The site was previously a brick-baking kiln, which now has been abandoned. The serene and green natural surroundings provide a vibrant setting for an activity focused K-12 school. The school believes in a transformative learning experience where students grow both in and out of the classroom. Figure (6.59) Location Of The School

Climate condition : The climate in Saharanpur is warm and temperate. The winter months are much rainier than the summer months in Saharanpur. According to KÜppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Csa. The average annual temperature in Saharanpur is 23.9 °C. About 1204 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Figure (6.60) The City Location

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Identity & Concept: The G+1 junior school building is primarily designed to trigger the senses. The built environment sensitises the students to color, light, texture, smell, sound. The students are always connected and have a vision of the outdoor spaces as they move all through their building enabling them to experience various sounds, smell, light. Varied textures and colors is experienced by using natural materials such as exposed brick & concrete on the façade and mosaic & Kota stone flooring. There is play of light through openings and brick jaalis at various locations, which change through the day as the sun moves.

Sustainability & Resource Optimization:

Figure (6.61) Paved Bass Ways In The Middle

Figure (6.62) Corridors With Access To Lighting And Ventilation

Ample daylight, cross ventilation, projections, jaalis achieve comfortable environment in the classrooms and reduces energy consumption drastically. The school runs entirely on photovoltaics on the rooftop Figure (6.63) Openings In The Walls

Use of natural materials such minimal plaster on the walls, optimum use of bricks, natural stone etc not only low on the overall carbon footprint, but also reduces overall maintenance costs. The boundary wall uses “rat-trap bond”, a type of brick laying that reduces the overall amount of brick used.

Figure (6.64) Building Material Red Brick

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Figure (6.65a) ground floor plan

Functional program the school contain 16 classrooms and 1 library and 2 labs and 1 workshop. The school serves 1000 students

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Figure (6.65b) Zoning diagram

Section

Figure (6.66) Section Representing The Access Of Lighting

The interior or exterior space to be changed in response to certain stimuli without the need for new construction. Changes can be both permanent and temporary

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Circulation

Figure (6.67) Plan And Section Representing The Horizontal And Vertical Circulation

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Circulation The students should be able to move from classrooms to labs and workshops easily not to waste time and provide comfort in movement also should provide easy vertical circulation.

Figure (6.68) Vertical Circulation

Figure(6.69) Horizontal Circulation Corridors

Safety : Children safety is important in school to assure the parents to leave their kids in the school for the rest off the day the school has one entrance and is surrounded with walls and trees.

Figure (6.70) Layout Shows One Entrance Of The Building

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Interaction: Students gather in the play ground and at the swimming pool there is many activates the student participate in like classic Indian dancing

Figure(6.71) Interaction Between Students Figure(6.72) School Layout Courts

Comfort :

Figure(6.73) Inner Courts

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Design issues Design Issue

Circulation

Flexibility

Interaction

CHAPTER – Case Studies

CHAPTER – How It Is Applied In The BuildingCase Studies the students should be able to move from classrooms to labs and workshops easily not to waste time and provide comfort in movement also should provide easy vertical circulation

The building is designed for general use. The learning spaces are designed to support physical environment and match various flexible and contemporary learning principles.

Students gather in the play ground and at the swimming pool there is many activates the student participate in like classic Indian dancing

Safety

Children safety is important in school to assure the parents to leave their kids in the school for the rest off the day the school has one entrance and is srounded with walls and trees

Orientation

Orientation shows the difference between the facades. Each façade is treated using the right sustainable way .

Conclusion Using natural material and sustainable simple methods give hand in making comfort environment for students and saving their energy to produce efforts.

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6.4 François Mitterrand High School

Brazil Architects: Jean Dubus, JosĂŠ Luiz Tabith

Area: 12199.54 M2 Year: 2016

Figure(6.75) Shading Device

Figure(6.76) Building Layout

As well as being selected for an international competition between Brasil and France that had many minimum criteria, including sustainable architecture and adaption to the site. The project also received 2nd place in the institutional building category in the 6th Saint-Gobain Sustainable Habitat Architectural prize. Located in the South lake (lago sul) region of Brasilia, the building stands out for the conception that fully utilizes and distributes the construction throughout the territory, with constructed volumes and absence of volumes, which establishes a permanent dialogue between closed and open spaces. 112


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Ground Floor Plan

Figure (6.77) Ground Floor Plan

The facility is spread over a site of almost 15,000 mÂł, comprising 2 floors. There is a primary hallway with 4 further internal corridors, through which each wing is accessed and the common spaces are concentrated. Connected to each hallway are 4 perpendicular appendices with classrooms, interspaced by 3 courtyards. A separate building houses the refectories, gymnasium and indoor swimming pool. This arrangement creates areas of natural coexistence, where fully integrated pedagogical outdoor activities combine with nature. These square courtyards are areas that allow permanent cross-ventilation between the buildings.

Classrooms Primary School Cafeteria Children Library Parental Reception W.C. Archive Room Services Director Room Financial Room Psychomotricity Room Work Room Teachers Room

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First Floor Plan

Figure (6.78) First Floor Plan

The blocks for teaching allow differing options according to the solar orientation, having glass frames facing the south façade, while the north-facing walls are protected with wooden eaves of 1.5 m and a parasol that is pivoted, enjoying both horizontal and rotational movement, thus allowing additional use as a vertical brise soleil at the rooms at each end of the block. This same parasol protects the west façade of the main building, which faces the street and car park. In these squares, there are raised metallic structures spanning 7.0 m, that support slats of the same sustainable timber, casting shadows across both external and internal environments.

Gymnasium Dressing Room Patio Waiting Room Library Children’s Library Psychomotricity Room Chaining Room Administration Primary Director Management Room Laboratory

Work Room Classrooms Storage Room

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Figure(6.79) Section 1

Figure(6.80) Section 2

Figure(6.81) Section 3

All the roof protection is provided by natural materials, approximately 5,000 m² of green coverage, reducing the need for internal heating, as well as adding considerable improvement on both thermal and acoustic insulation. The sports block is fitted with solar panels, reducing both the carbon footprint and requirement for imported energy. The indoor environments are treated with cross ventilation and computer-controlled humidifiers, negating the need for air conditioning, somewhat unusual for the region; being a warm, dry climate. The vaporizing elements are strategically located out of reach and close to the openings, to enhance the natural air, humidifying in such a way that no water droplets are formed.

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Figure(6.82) Wind Study Manual Sketch

The technological systems for the building are concentrated at the ends of each block, which when combined with the peripheral structure of the spaces (in both modular and independent functions), allows the flexibility of internal spaces, compartmentalized with multi-layered gypsum wall coverings. On the whole, the project integrates harmoniously to the surrounding environment, respecting the template defined by overturning the urban design of Brasilia. It seamlessly presents a modular rhythm in architectural expression and design methods that allow users to observe the ever-changing external landscape, further enhanced by the green areas and sunlight. Building biophilia enhances motivation, improves the mood and performance of the users, without limiting their learning solely to a traditional classroom experience.

Figure(6.83) Sketch Of Elevation

Figure(6.84) Section Sketch

Figure(6.85) Building Faรงade

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Circulation Parasol that is pivoted, enjoying both horizontal and rotational movement, thus allowing additional use as a vertical bruise soleil at the rooms at each end of the block.

Horizontal Vertical

Figure(6.86) Horizontal Circulation

Flexibility The building is designed for general use. The learning spaces are designed to support physical environment and match various flexible and contemporary learning principles.

Patio Support Area Library Classrooms Psychomotor Room Workshops Dinning Hall Gym Auditorium Teacher Rooms administration

Figure(6.87 ) Building Expansions

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Interaction

Design methods that allow users to observe the ever-changing external landscape, further enhanced by the green areas and sunlight.

Figure(6.88) Interaction Area

Orientation

Orientation shows the difference between the facades. Each faรงade is treated using the right sustainable way .

Figure(6.89) Wind Movement Between Buildings

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Design Issues

CHAPTER – Case Studies

CHAPTER – Case Studies

Design issue

How it is applied in the building

Circulation

Parasol that is pivoted, enjoying both horizontal and rotational movement, thus allowing additional use as a vertical brise soleil at the rooms at each end of the block.

Flexibility

Interaction

Orientation

The building is designed for general use. The learning spaces are designed to support physical environment and match various flexible and contemporary learning principles.

design methods that allow users to observe the ever-changing external landscape, further enhanced by the green areas and sunlight.

Orientation shows the difference between the facades. Each façade is treated using the right sustainable way .

Conclusion

Applying activities combine with nature creates areas of natural coexistence helps student to share their hobbies. Sustainable methods are important for making an educational institute building.

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6.5 South Middle School The target: Flexible spaces encourage interdisciplinary activities

Design Information Fig 6.90: Main Entrance Kansas, USA

133,000 sf

2015

Fig 6.92: Relation Between Buildings

Vision Education in the 21st century requires flexible space, allowing teachers to vary their instruction methods to develop a variety of life skills in each of their students. In one day a student may work in a lab group in science class, participate in a discussion of the relationship between their social studies and English lesson, join a school-wide assembly and be taught a math lesson in a small group; a school must be able to facilitate these types of learning activities

Fig 6.93: Secondary Entrance And Glazing To Allow Sunlight

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Introduction Light was the primary organizing device for this new junior high school. This medium is manipulated by narrow eastwest slots that bisect an otherwise monolithic volume. Throughout the day, the changing daylight further subdivides two-story spaces into smaller learning communities while satisfying functional lighting needs. All classrooms front the slots with large movable glass doors, activating the common space and fostering interdisciplinary and intergradelevel collaboration. The result is an architecture that encourages—rather than reacts to—21st century learning models that promote small groups, interdisciplinary curricula and hands-on learning. The building resembles a series of loosely connected forms, similar to vertebrae. This prototype provides clear, open sight lines as well as clarity in wayfinding for students, staff and visitors. It provides a built-in security measure, allowing for each section to be segregated from the others in case of emergency. Direct connectivity between all adjacent classrooms allows for multiple means of egress from any one space. This diagram is emphasized through the building’s material make-up, with brick composing the ‘hard exterior shell’ and wood identifying the faces of each of the four, 2-story slots. The wood paneling is continuous from interior to exterior, and is further manipulated to provide acoustical absorption where required.

Fig 6.94: Corridor Showing The Flexibility And Activating The Common Space

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Concept The design process began with a charrette to explore the interaction between built form and light on the site. The concept of building as vertebrae emerged. A series of loosely connected boxes, similar to vertebrae, contain all programmatic functions, while the interstitial spaces create light-filled commons.

Fig (6.95): Concept Primary Model

Fig (6.96): Concept Development Process

Fig (6.97): Concept To Masses

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Master plan

Fig 4: corridor showing the flexibility and activating the common space

circulation

Fig (6.98): Context

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Master Plan

Fig (6.99): Master Plan Showing Circulation, Orientation And Relations Between Different Functions

Design Issues Circulation Turning corridors to pods to make sure that it provides clear, open sight lines as well as clarity in wayfinding for students, staff and visitors. It provides a built-in security measure, allowing for each section to be segregated from the others in case of emergency. Direct connectivity between all adjacent classrooms allows for multiple means of egress from any one space Fig (6.100): Circulation Pod And Staircase

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Orientation “Students in classrooms with the most daylight did 20 percent better on math tests and 26 percent better on reading tests than students at the same school in classrooms with the least amount of natural light.� Cooper, Kenneth. "Study Says Natural Classroom Lighting Can Aid Achievement." Washington Post 26 Nov 1999, A14. Print.

Flexibility Garage doors allow each classroom to spill into the common space when open, while facilitating full visual supervision of the commons when the doors are closed.

Fig 6.(101): Original South1% Light And Current South 99% Light

Fig (6.102): Class Room With Opened Garage Door

Fig (6.104): Class Room Flexibility

Fig (6.103): Window System

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Design Issues

CHAPTER – Case Studies

Design issue

Circulation

Flexibility

Orientation

CHAPTER – Case Studies How it is applied in the building Turning corridors to pods to make sure that it provides clear, open sight lines as well as clarity in wayfinding for students, staff and visitors. It provides a built-in security measure, allowing for each section to be segregated from the others in case of emergency. Direct connectivity between all adjacent classrooms allows for multiple means of egress from any one space Garage doors allow each classroom to spill into the common space when open, while facilitating full visual supervision of the commons when the doors are closed.

“Students in classrooms with the most daylight did 20 percent better on math tests and 26 percent better on reading tests than students at the same school in classrooms with the least amount of natural light.” Cooper, Kenneth. "Study Says Natural Classroom Lighting Can Aid Achievement."

Conclusion The idea of the lighting functional needs help us in our project to apply this concept for achieving natural lighting which a student needs

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6.6 Gebze Industrial Vocational High School / Norm Mimarlik GEBZE, TURKEY , Norm Mimarlik Design Team Esin Tercan, Nedim Erdal Özyurt, Ahmet Tercan Area :12000.0 sqm Year :2015

Fig (6.105) Elevations

Introduction : Gebze, a thickly populated mechanical toady t own, around 100 km. east of Istanbul, is chosen as the show city this venture since of the uncertain catch 22: mechanical plants around the city with a shortfall of qualified human asset and the city full of youthful occupants with an awfully tall rate of unemployment. The challenge of the project was to form the correct learning and living environment that will moreover change the set up “low quality” picture of the professional schools for superior, inside the constrained devel opment budget.

Fig (6.106) Out Door Corridors Between Buildings

Fig (6.107) Integration Between Cladding And Glazing

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Site location : The building location, planned by the service of instruction, is found at the edges of the urban fringe, on A green region, neglecting the city, did not have critical references in terms of urban or normal setting, but the most street on the south. Fig (6.108) Location Of The Building

Material : Ferroconcrete and steel composite structures, warm safe joints for moveable surfaces, and photovoltaic boards (PV) on the South/South-West are favored for the development framework of the building

Building technology : The technique that centered on the utilize of materials to form a sense of reality and simple spatial/visual quality, was actualized by utilizing push fabric su ch as uncovered concrete, galvanized steel and common stone, with a touch of fine materials, such as glass, aluminum and misty polycarbonate boards emph asizing the tall quality discernment and the structural character of the building. This approach empowers a solid sense of personality and belongingness, activated by a differing qualities of spaces; making voids that welcome clients to interact.

Fig (6.109) Steel Joints And Photovoltaic Boards

Fig (6.110) Steel Joints And Photovoltaic Boards

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Classroom MPU

Basement Fig (6.111)it Shows The Use Of Basement On Some Activates Like Mpu

Labs Teachers Room

Fig (6.112) Ground Floor

Ground floor

Classroom Teachers Room Workshops

Fig (6.113) First Floor

1st floor

Classroom

Fig (6.114) Corridor Access Of Classrooms

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Orientation : Winter’s sun

Summer’s sun

Fig (6.115) Sun Path Orientation Of The Building

Section :

Green garden

Fig (6.116) Section Representing The Vertical Circulation And The Movement Of Air In The Building

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Fig (6.117) Section Representing The Movement Of Air In The Building And The Use Onaural Lighting In The Building

User needs are of equal importance since the employer is making demands in a way to positively transform the established image of a ‘vocational school’ and relating the potential quality of education with the potential impact of design quite directly.

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South Elevation :

Fig (6.118) South Elevation Modified For Environmental Control

The complete modified is broken up around yards at changing heights inside the setting of an improving relationship of the interior and the exterior. This straightforward however decided approach empowers a solid sense of personality and belongingness, activated by a differing qualities of spatial courses of action and connections with the nature; the coming about ‘void’ welcomes the client to interaction.

Main Entrance & Court Yard :

Fig (6.119) The Main Entrance Of The Building Leading To A Court In The Middle

Once the building is drawn nearer, what is taken note is that the entrance canopy characterizes a unmistakable and human-oriented scale. The interface shaped by the canopy and the most entrance opens to the central courtyard.

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Design Issues Design issue

Circulation

Flexibility

Interaction

CHAPTER – Case Studies

CHAPTER – How it is applied in the buildingCase Studies the students should be able to move from classrooms to labs and workshops easily not to waste time and provide comfort in movement also should provide easy vertical circulation

The building is designed for general use. The learning spaces are designed to support physical environment and match various flexible and contemporary learning principles.

Students gather in the play ground and at the swimming pool there is many activates the student participate in like classic Indian dancing

Safety

Children safety is important in school to assure the parents to leave their kids in the school for the rest off the day the school has one entrance and is srounded with walls and trees

Orientation

Orientation shows the difference between the facades. Each façade is treated using the right sustainable way .

Conclusion : Gebze Industrial Vocational High School has the same elements that we will use it in our project , which will make us take some information that will help us in our project.

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6.7 Nanyang Technological School of Art Media and Design, Singapore

Design information Nanyang Technological University,, Singapore Designed By CPG Consultants 5770 m2

Figure (6.120) Green Areas

2011

ISPM vision Nanyang Technological University is one of the largest public universities in Singapore which boasts a 200 hectare campus. Each school has their own building on the campus ground. One of the new building inside the campus ground was built

Figure(6.121) Outdoor Area

for its School of Art, Design and Media. The building is a green building designed and built by CPG consultants which caters to the environment by means of passive design relative to the tropical climate and is recognised by Singapore’s Green Mark System (Davis, 2012).

Figure(6.122) Slopes Of Green Areas

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Site Location This unique building is situated in Singapore, specifically in the 200hectare Yun- nan campus, adjacent to the Jurong West district of Singapore. It is situated at a crossroad between Nanyang Avenue and Lien Ying Chow Drive and is flanked by the Simtech Valley Block. The building is used mostly during the day when the students and staffs occupy it and is left empty during the night. It is spaced apart from nearby buildings as it houses the School of Art, Design and Media

Figure(6.123) Site Location

Master Plan

Figure(6.124) Floor plan of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

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Figure(6.125) Cross Section of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Figure(6.126) Cross Section Thermal Analysis

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Figure(6.127) :Photograph Of The Dense Voysiamatrella Grass Turf

Dense Voysiamatrella Grass Turf The grass turf helps to absorb Singapore’s intense sun which decreases the temperature of the air surrounding the university. Moreover, thus eco-friendly attribute enhances the outdoor gathering spaces of the university..

Climate Climatically both Singapore and Malaysia are a hot and humid country; Singapore, a city-state, lies 1° north of the equator. This essentially contributes to it having a tropical rain forest climate along with its maritime exposure.

Green Certification Nanyang Technological University’s School of Art, Design and Media achieved the Green Mark Platinum Award (refer to Image 3) from the Building and Construction Authority for adopting best practices in environmental sustainability (Green Mark).

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Almond Shape Courtyard The courtyard expands access to daylight and cooling effect. It provides natural light into interior spaces as well as in providing cooling properties from the water attributes exuding

a

serene

environment

and

emanating a refreshing breeze that cools the

courtyard.

Figure(6.128) Photo- Graph Of The Exterior Scenery Including The Courtyard

Raw C o n c r e t e M a t e r i a l s a n d Finishes Concrete is high energy efficient. Its thermal mass or ability helps in absorbing and retaining heat

which helps in cutting heating and cooling bills. Moreover, concrete’s reflectivity properties minimizes the affects the produces urban heat island as it absorbs less heat and reflects more solar radiation.

Figure(6.129) Photo- Graph Of The Material That Been Used In The Building Which Is Concrete And Glass

C u r v e d G r een R o o f The curved green roof that casts in heavily ribbed, reinforced concrete

which also

forms the double curve layout The green roof reduces solar gain and slows run off during Singapore’s

Figure(6.130) Photo- Graph Of The Curved Green Roof In The Site

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Figure(6.131) Panoramic View Of Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Media And Design

Figure(6.132) User And Library Space In Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media

Figure(6.134) Concrete Material On The Wall Of Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media

Figure(6.133) User And Space In The Interior Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media.

Figure(6.135) Staircase Along Green Roof On Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media

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Absorb Singapore's Intense Sun

Beauty to the users and surrounding

Figure(6.136) Environmental Sketches

Sun Path Case Studies It is a proof of the sun orientation on the Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media. The date and time was set through the analysis of Singapore’s season which are North-East Monsoon Season,Pre South-West Monsoon, South-West Monsoon Season and Pre North-East Monsoon. The consultant achieved their intention to make use of the building orientation, green roof and etc to overcome the Singapore’s intense sun. As the curtain glass wall is orientated to the north and south, there is no full exposure from

Building Material which is glass curtain that allows natural lighting to enter the building.

Figure(6.137) Sun Path Diagram

the sun as it is only direct to the courtyard. Next, since the green roof is on top of the building, it is fully exposed to every direction of the sun to oppose the sun heat.

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Figure(6.138) Sun Heat Entrance

Figure(6.139) Double Glazed Glasses To Reduce Heat Transfer

Figure(6.140) Glass Openings On Interior Walls To Allow Continuity Of Light 141


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Figure(6.141) Sketches of floor plan of the site which shows the building orientation

-Opening of the building facade from the Glass Wall -The facades of the building are facaing north and south to minimize solargain -High Efficiency discharge lights are adopted throughout the building.

Figure(6.142) Perspective sketch of site to show the placement of courtyard and focus view on the glass wall

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6.8 Gangouroubouro Primary School, South Africa

Location : South Africa Architects: LEVS architecten Area:295.0 m² Year : 2013

In the open plain close the Malian town Gangouroubouro LEVS planned a modern essential school. The architecture of the school reflects a association to the neighborhood building conventions, culture and work. Compared with the wealthy architectural zones near the rough dividers within the Dogon region, especially at this area the plain offers the plausibility of a different architectural appearance. The dividers are constructed with recentl y created and locally produced pressure driven compressed earth blocks (HCEB) in substituting strips. They decide the beat of the exteriors and give a cool interior climate. The yard, which is prepared with stone seats on both sides, shapes the expansive patio of the school.

Figure(6.143) Building Facade

Figure(6.144) Rovers To Block Wind

Figure(6.145) Side View

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Ground Floor Plan

Figure(6.146) Ground Floor Plan

The Ensemble Consists Of A School, Blocks With Sanitary Facilities And A Communal Outdoor Space. The Structure Of The School Building Consists Of An Enlarged Front Porch Of More Than 3 Meters Parallel To The Three Classrooms.

Shaded

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Sections:

Section A-A

office Storage ` Steel roof

Class room Steel roof Seat bench

Figure(6.147) Section 2 Rooms

Section B-B Figure(6.148) Section

The roof is built of overlapping steel plates, each hanging 1 meter over and making additional shade spaces. By implies of lean steel shaft profiles, the mass of the roof is being exchanged to the buttresses. The Poligny rafters extend over the lesson room s and make a free floor surface Figure(6.149)shading Device

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6.9 Makoko Floating School, Nigeria

Location :Nigeria Architects : NLÉ Area:100m2 Years :2013 Figure(6.150a) Makoko Floating School

The coastal community of Makoko, a slum neighborhood, off the Lagos Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria is receiving an upgrade to its current solution, which is building homes supported on stilts within the lagoon's waters. NLE Architects, with sponsoring from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Heinrich Boell Foundation from Germany, designed the Makoko Floating School, phase one of a three-phase development that will become a floating community of interlocked and floating residences. Construction on the project began in October 2012 and was completed just last month with grand appraisal from the community and UN visitors.

Figure(6.150b) Structure System

Figure(6.150c) Floating Device

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Plan : The Makoko Floating School and the total planned projects makes use of local materials and resources to produce architecture that applies to the needs of people and reflects the culture of the community. Wood is used as the main material as the structure, support and finishing for the completed school. The overall composition of the design is a triangular A-Frame section. The classrooms are located on the second tier. They are partially enclosed with adjustable louvered slats. The classrooms are surrounded by public green space, there is a playground below, and the roof contains an additional open air classroom. NLE has also employed strategies to make the floating architecture sustainable by applying PV cells to the roof and incorporating a rainwater catchment system. The structure is also naturally ventilated and aerated.

Figure(6.150) Ground Floor Plan

Play Area Classroom Workshop

Figure(6.151) First Floor Plan

Figure(6.152) Second Floor Plan

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Sections: Workshop Classroom Play area plastic barrels

Section A-A

Section B-B

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But how does it float? The completed structure rests on a base of typical plastic barrels. This simple solution reflects a reuse of available materials that can provide multiple uses. The barrels at the periphery can be used to store excess rainwater from the catchment system. The Makoko Floating School is not the only project to develop a floating concept to combat unpredictable climate changes and global sea level changes. Last year, we presented the floating schools of Bangladesh supported by the non-profit Waterstudio has developed numerous innovative solutions to building and designing offshore homes and developing emergency housing.

Figure(6.151) 3D Shot

Figure(6.152) Technical Studies

149


Chapter VII Sustainability Sustainability issues regarding Social, Economic and Environmental Sustainability and illustrating LEED and GPRS.

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CHAPTER – Case Studies 7.1 Sustainability Definition

– CHAPTERCHAPTER – Case Studies Case Studies

Sustainability is the study of how natural systems function, remain diverse and produce everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance. Sustainability takes into account how we might live in harmony with the natural world around us, protecting it from damage and destruction. Sustainability and sustainable development focuses on balancing that fine line between competing needs our need to move forward technologically and economically, and the needs to protect the environments in which we and others live.

7.2 Social , Economic and Environmental Sustainability Social Sustainability

Figure(7.1):Sustainability Main Elements

“Social sustainability has been defined in relation to architecture as “a process for creating sustainable , successful places that promote wellbeing, by understanding what people need from the places they live and work. Social sustainability combines design of the physical realm with design of the social world – infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, systems for citizen engagement and space for people and places to evolve” Peters, Terri. (2016). Our fishery institute will contribute in passing the most common profession for centuries in Mataria -which is fishing- to the future generations achieving a heritage preservation and filling the gap between academic approach and practical one to produce a well knowledgeable and trained graduates to lowering unemployment resulting in a stable society in the near future. Also our institute will provide equal opportunities to both genders to take place in it trying to achieve gender equality in education rights and enabling females from take a vital role in the society of fishing profession.

Figure(7.2): Social Sustainability

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Economic sustainability: According to Thwink.org, a defined level of economic production and long-term economic growth are measurements of a nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the total amount of production (goods and services) for a nation, usually within one year. The issue with economic sustainability, and why it seems unachievable, is due to unresolved root causes.

Fig 7.3: sustainability model

Economic sustainability is not possible with our current practices used to deliver a minimum living standard. To achieve economic sustainability our economy and our current way of life have to adapt. We need to be more efficient in our use of available resources, find new ways to harness currently underused resources, and reduce our consumption in the process.

Fig 7.4: economic sustainability principles

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7.3 Environmental Sustainability (Passive and Active):

Fig(7.5): Environmental Sustainability

Environmental Sustainability (Passive and Active): • Passive design : is a system or structure that directly uses natural energy such as sunlight , wind , temperature difference to achieve a result without electricity or fuel . • Passive cooling strategies: Natural ventilation Wind scoops Wind towers Evaporative cooling Cool towers Courtyards

Fig(7.6): Cross Ventilation

Fig(7.7): Stack Ventilation

Passive Cooling Strategies (Natural Ventilation) : Natural ventilation is an essential element to consider in any architectural design .

Fig(7.8): Double Opening

Placing openings facing direct prevailing wind cause ventilation .

Fig(7.9): Single sided

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Passive Cooling Strategies (Wind Scoops) A wind scoop is a way to efficiently cool by designing a scoop element aimed in the direction of prevailing winds to catch the air movement and direct it through the space .-

Fig(7.10): Prevailing Wind

Fig(7.11): Wind Scoops

• Passive Cooling Strategies (Wind Towers) Wind towers are elements that are added to any design to introduce cooler air into a building . In a wind tower , the hot air enters the tower through the top openings , gets cooler through shading , thus becomes heavier and sinks down.

Fig(7.12): Wind Towers

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• Passive Cooling Strategies (Cool Towers) In cool towers , the hot air enters the tower through the openings in the tower , gets cooled by evaporation , and then becomes heavier and sinks down . Solar chimney is painted by a dark color and exposed to the sun . Its inner temperature increases , causing a stack effect ventilation cycle where the temperature of the air inside it increases , density decreases and moves higher introducing cooler air inside the building from other openings .

Fig(7.13): Air Flow in Cool Towers

Fig(7.14): Solar Chimney in Cool Towers

Fig(7.15): Cool Towers

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• Passive Cooling Strategies (Evaporative cooling) The presence of a water feature can provide a cooling effect . Increase in contact between water and air increase the rate of evaporation

.

Fig(7.16): Evaporative Cooling

• Passive Cooling Strategies (Courtyards) It creates an open space within the building , providing a semioutdoor area within the building for activities . It also provides ventilation and daylighting .

Fig(7.17a): Courtyards air flow

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Fig(7.17b): Solar Panels System

• Environmental Sustainability Active design : is a system or structure which uses or produces electricity. Examples : Solar panels and deep water cooling.ity. Examples : Solar panels and deep water cooling.

Solar Panels

Active solar energy system you can reduce fuel consumption. Solar heating systems become most cost-effective. A solar heating system will also reduce the amount of air pollution by reducing greenhouse. Supplementary or back-up systems can always supply heat when the solar system cannot meet heating requirements. A typical household heating system will consist of a solar panel (or solar collector). A heat transfer fluid will flow through it to transport the heat energy collected to somewhere useful. This is usually a hot water tank or household radiators. The solar panel needs to be located somewhere with good light levels all day long, often on the roof of the building. There are also solar heating systems and combination systems that store summertime energy in a seasonal thermal storage for later retrieval in the winter.

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7.4 Certifications Global Sustainability Rating Organizations:

Fig(7.18): Worldwide Sustainability Organizations

Fig(719): GPRS and LEED efforts in Sustainability in water and energy more than other field in life

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LEED Certification Definition: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide. Developed by the nonprofit U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) it includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes, and neighborhoods that aims to help building owners and operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently.

Fig (8.22): LEED

Fig (7.20): levels of citification in LEED

Certification Level: Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:

Certified: 40-49 points Silver: 50-59 points Gold: 60-79 points Platinum: 80 points and above

LEED Categories: • • • • • •

New construction Existing building Commercial interior Core and shell Home Neighborhood development

Fig (7.21a) :LEED categories and rating systems

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A LEED for Every Project: Field

Definition

BD+C (Building Design and Construction)

For new construction or major renovations; includes New Construction, Core & Shell, Schools, Retail, Hospitality, Data Centers, Warehouses & Distribution Centers, and Healthcare.

ID+C (Interior Design and Construction)

For complete interior fit-out projects; includes Commercial Interiors, Retail and Hospitality

O+M (Building Operations and Maintenance)

For existing buildings that are undergoing improvement work or little to no construction; includes Existing Buildings, Schools, Retail, Hospitality, Data Centers and Warehouses & Distribution Centers.

Homes

For single family homes, low-rise multifamily (one to three stories) or mid-rise multi-family (four to six stories); includes Homes and Multifamily Low-rise and Multifamily Midrise.

ND (Neighborhood Development)

For new land development projects or redevelopment projects containing residential uses, nonresidential uses, or a mix. Projects can be at any stage of the development process, from conceptual planning to construction; includes Plan and Built Project.

Cities and Communities

For entire cities and sub-sections of a city. Using the Arc performance platform, LEED for Cities projects can measure and manage their city’s water consumption, energy use, waste, transportation and human experience.

Table (7.1): a LEED for every project

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Leed Certification Requirements

In order to achieve LEED certification, projects must earn points in these categories

Fig (7.21b) :LEED certification requirements Source: usgbc.org

Conclusion LEED can be integrated into any construction or renovation project : By taking an integrated approach to design, LEED brings valuable environmental savings and outcomes while also saving money through energy, water and waste reduction over the life of the building. Professionals, including architects, real estate professionals, facility managers, engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, 5.1 Circulation construction managers, lenders and government officials, all use LEED to transform the built environment.State and local governments across the country are adopting LEED for public-owned and public- funded buildings. Federal agencies, including the Departments of Defense, Agriculture, Energy, and State, have LEED initiatives LEED projects are in progress in 135 different countries among these canda, brazil, mexico and india.

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GPRS by EGBC Work on the Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS) started as early as 2008. The first draft was ready for public review in 2010. The final version was supposed to be ratified by the Egyptian Parliament in April 2011, but was postponed due to political instability. There are three levels for green building certification in accordance with the Egyptian GPRS: - Green Pyramid - Golden Pyramid - Silver Pyramid Unlike other international rating systems, the highest level of certification is labeled green rather than platinum. For example, to raise the awareness, confirm that ultimate goal and promote the fact that the most valuable level is reaching green.

Fig (8.21c):GPRS Logo

Table (8.2): GPRS Categories percentages

Why Green Pyramid? The Giza Pyramids are considered to be some of the oldest green structures in the world for several reasons: •Sustainable Structural System (optimized geometry for High-Rise structure) •Green Construction and use of Natural Green Materials •Natural Ventilation System •Natural Lighting System •Durability with Minimum Maintenance •Harmony with Surrounding Environment

Figure (7.22): Inside the pyramid of Khufu

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Fig (7.23):GPRS Cost Efficiency Pyramid

Focus Areas:

- Sustainable Sites Development - Water Saving - Energy Efficiency and Environment - Materials Selection and Construction System - Indoor Environmental Quality - Innovation and Design Process - Recycling of Solid Waste

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CHAPTER – Case Studies

8.1 Project programCHAPTER –

Case Studies Proposed Services And Facilities For The Fishing Service Institute: CHAPTER – Case Studies

` Educational Commercial sector sector

Practical education sector

Equipment Sector

Recreational area

Administrative sector

Diagram(8.1): Project Components

The fishing institute aims to teach students of Al-Materya to practice fishing and revive their old habits and creates an economical rise through selling their products.

The Fishing Institute Includes: Educational Sector

It involves teaching people subjects related to fishing. Classes Workshop Labs Library

Commercial Sector

A particular area used for trading and selling institute products. Fish processing Fish packaging Market Storage

Practical Education Sector

It includes practical training for students on fishing and sailing . Fish farms port

Equipment Sector

It includes the manufacture and maintenance of fishing tools. Fish nets manufacturing workshops Maintenance workshops

Recreational Area

It is a public or private area that are used for practicing different activities. Food court Gathering area

Administration

The offices needed for staff members. Director office Secretary Meeting room Staff offices

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8.2 Calculations: • The percent of students in vocational schools in Egypt = 0.5% of the total population. • Al Matareya’s population = 101,000 • Vocational schools students in Al Matareya = population x 0.5% = 101,000 x 0.5% =505 students • There are two existing vocational schools in Al Matareya therefore the 505 students will be distributed on the three schools. Each one will accommodate 170 students. • This means that the number of users equal 200 person ; 170 students and 30 for staff members. • The institute system is a three years education. • The average number of students in each year will be 57 students. • The number of students in a classroom will be 19 students.

Standard Minimum Spaces Dimensions Main Spaces

Area Per Person

Classrooms

3 m2

Workshops

6 m2

Market

2 m2

Staff offices

5 m2

Meeting room

2 m2

Food court

1.4 m2

Table(8.1): Spaces Dimensions

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8.3 Project Areas Main components (sector)

Space

No.

Space Area

CHAPTER – Total Area Case Studies

Educational sector (1990 m2)

Classroom Workshop Labs Library

9 3 3 1

2 60 mCHAPTER –(60 x 9) 2 400 m +(3 Case Studies x 400) 50 m2 +(3 x 50) 2 100 m +(100) = 1990 m2

Commercial Sector (400 m2)

Market Storage

1 2

300 m2 50 m2

Practical education sector (400 m2)

Fish Farm Port

1 -

400 m2 -

Equipment sector (500 m2)

Fish nets manufacture workshops Maintenance workshops

1

200 m2

1

300m2

Recreational area (500 m2)

Food court Gathering area

1 1

300 m2 200 m2

(200) +(300) = 500 m2

Administration (270 m2)

Director room Secretary room Meeting room Staff office

1 1 1 4

30 m2 20 m2 60 m2 40 m2

(30) +(20) +(60) +(4 x40) = 270 m2

Common areas (565 m2)

Students toilets Staff toilets Entrance hall Corridors

3 2 1 -

15 m2 10 m2 100 m2 400 m2

(3 x15) +(2 x 10) +(100) +(400) =565 m2

(300) +(2 x 50) = 400 m2

(400)

(200) +(300) = 500 m2

Table(8.2): Project Areas

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8.4 Standards

➢

Classrooms

Figure (8.01): Classrooms Distribution

Figure (8.02): Classrooms Students Arrangement 1

Figure (8.03): Classrooms Students Arrangement 2

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➢

Workshops:

-Maintenance Workshops. -Wood Manufacturing Workshops. -Educational Workshops.

-Maintenance Workshops.

Figure(8.04):Maintenance area on land.

- Wood Manufacturing Workshops.

Figure(8.05):Wood Manufacturing Workshops.

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Figure (8.06): Wood Manufacturing Workshops Categories

Figure (8.07):Types of dimensions and trolleys used for manual handling in workshops.

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Figure(8.08): Example of a model-making workshop (five employees).

Figure(8.09): Example of a wood turner’s shop.

Figure(8.10): Sketch for a workshop with work sequence drawn in interior fitters.

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Storage:

Figure(8.11) : Self assembly steel shelving

Offices: desk measuring 140cm x70cm x74cm.

Figure(8.12): Separate Offices

Figure(8.13):OpenPlan Office

Figure(8.14): 3 Row Division Offices

Clinic:

Figure(8.16): Clinic 3D

Figure(8.15): Clinic Plan

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Toilets:

Figure(8.17): Lesson-time W.C.s (for Males)

Figure(8.18): Break-time W.C. facilities Figure(8.19): Lesson-time W.C.s (for Females)

Figure(8.20): Male Staff W.C.s

Figure(8.21): Double range facilities for 500 girls, 65 m2. For 500 boys, 40m2

Figure(8.22):Female Staff W.C.s

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CHAPTER – Case Studies

Fish Market:

It has to have a space for entrance and exit, refrigerated fish. The minimum dimension for a mini market is 4mx8m.

Figure (8.23):Fish Market sketches

Food Court: Open restaurant in the fresh food market.

Figure (8.24): Food Court sketches

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Boat Parking:

Figure (8.25):Boat Mooring

Figure(8.26): Harbor sketches

Figure (8.27): Boat Storage sketches

8.5 Conclusion:

Creating spaces suitable for students and staff circulation as well as maintaining comfort relation between spaces and furniture.

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Chapter IX Individual Work Each student’s idea and concept for the proposed project.

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Amr Abdelhadi Mohamed

Mission we need to lead our future fishermen from observation to practical, and from practical to discovery, and from discovery to be observed. And finally to urge them to use their experience in leading another generation. Derived from Walter Gropius (1883 –1969)

Observation

Practical

Discovery

Objectives - Make a cooperation between the new generation and the experienced.

- Create source of income generator for institute through make maintenance workshop private and for outsider, and fish farms for market sales.

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Concept I l URBAN FABRIC I - Depends on the urban fabric of the chosen site. - Derived to be main axis and the spaces form around it. - Each group of spaces formed on courtyards.

Inspiration

Main axis

courtyard

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Concept II l ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE I - The main idea is to make a shell structure as a cover for the whole building. - The cover will be provided by solar panels, openings to control sunlight in building and wind catcher, and will act as shading element.

Inspiration

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Concept III I FORM AND FUNCTION (interaction) I - The form will be achieved by the shape of sea star that will form as five courtyards containing the activities. - The function will achieved by making sight vision through main axis along with the site or making levels down towards the lake. And that will make the interaction between outside and inside.

Inspiration

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Sustainability I GREEN BUILDINGS APPROACHES I Introduction ● Architecture is the tool we use to consume resources and deal with the environment ● Buildings consume up to 40% of energy and 20% of freshwater ● Green building is the science of creating resource-efficient buildings that are in harmony with the surrounding environment ● Green Building Approaches are; - Vernacular - Appropriate Tech. - Hi-Tech.

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Sustainability I GREEN BUILDINGS APPROACHES I Vernacular Approach â—? It is the green building approach which evolved through thousands of years in each community, without the intervention of architects, through trial and error. â—? It encompasses the use of local materials and techniques, such as; - Earth - Wood - Stone - Straw - Other materials

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Sustainability I GREEN BUILDINGS APPROACHES I Appropriate Tech. Approach â—? It is the green building approach which uses the available tech and materials to produce architecture that is in harmony with nature and low-cost. â—? It encompasses a variety of bldg. techniques such as; - CEB - Rammed Earth - Earth Bags Recycled Materials (Bottles/Wood/etc.)

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Sustainability I GREEN BUILDINGS APPROACHES I Hi-Tech. Approach â—? It is the green building approach which uses the highest available tech and materials to produce architecture that is in harmony with nature and energy-efficient. â—? It encompasses a variety of features such as; - Renewable Energy Sources - Smart Materials (PCMs, ..etc) - Efficient appliances/fittings - Hi-tech Glazing - Smart use of resources

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Sustainability I GREEN BUILDINGS APPROACHES I Hi-Tech. Approach â—? It is the green building approach which uses the highest available tech and materials to produce architecture that is in harmony with nature and energy-efficient. â—? It encompasses a variety of features such as; - Renewable Energy Sources - Smart Materials (PCMs, ..etc) - Efficient appliances/fittings - Hi-tech Glazing - Smart use of resources

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Basel Mohamed Ahmed

“Our opportunity, as designers, is to learn how to handle the complexity, rather than shy away from it, and to realize that the big art of design is to make complicated things simple”

Tim Parsey

Vision:

Our project “fishery services institute “ aims to provide young youth with education that enable them to handle the lake better than the pervious generations that lead the lake to deuteriation the project is self sufficient with commercial side and also it provide awareness to the existent fishermen . The project seek to provide a school which will give them an education that will get them ready to the Labor market and also will provide a neutering environment for those young minds that will get them ready to a college education if they want to pursued it . Mission : The project won’t be your typical school the school will seek to provide practical education and considering the poor situation of the locals the school will help them using the commercial sector that will sell the students equipment's that were made in the workshop and the fish they catch The school building must provide comfortable environment for the student with stimulating scenery

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Concept I Marine life cycle

Key words :

FIGURE(9.2.1)FISH Cycle

Diagram , blocks , function , program , solid and void ,orientation and flexible building

Concept statement :

As fish travels in groups with large fish leading in front and small fish tailing in the behind similar toa marine life cycle student in school follow this cycle from building to another by importance Concept I Hierarchy of building in the layout following spiral motion. Arranging from the bigger more important building to the smaller buildings the students could feel scene of achievement following the steps of the building leading finally to the lake to assure the importance of the lake

FIGURE(9.2.3)blocks on spiral

FIGURE(9.2.2)layout illustration

FIGURE(9.2.4)imaginative sketch

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FIGURE(9.2.5) leveling in spiral

FIGURE(9.2.6) movement in elevation

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CONCEPT 2 Learning goals

FIGURE(9.2.7)learning goals

Key words :

Zones , center , pass ways , target , courts , circulation

Concept statement :

All teaching principles have one target is the student wellness either a combination of them or all them they all aim at the same target if we take this idea and ably it to architecture as a bass ways that all lead to the same zone or a zone that lead to another to create a transformative zones

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Concept II a popular design theory in architecture that can be defined in many ways. One definition is “a barrier space that is located for separating the volumes.

Fishery Service Institute l Chapter IX l Individual Work

FIGURE(9.2.8)suggested sketch 1

The transactions between the two distinct spatial environments include movement of people through thresholds such as doors, verandahs, colonnades, porches, triumphal arches, terraces, marquees, stairways, patios, loggias, and stoops. Besides the passage of people across a physical boundary, mediation across environmental, acoustic, and visual boundaries includes flow of air, light, sound, and odor through thresholds such as doors, windows, louvers, and screens. While allowing transition, mediation, and passage through boundaries

FIGURE(9.2.9)using focal point by different shapes

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FIGURE(9.2.10)dealing with shapes and keeping the same concept

FIGURE(9.2.11)sketch to illustrate the concept

FIGURE(9.2.12) dealing with shapes and keeping the same concept

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CONCEPT 3 Land mark tracing

Key words :

FIGURE(9.2.13)concept illustration

Landmarks , nature , following grid harmony with soundings

Concept statement :

Keeping harmony with the city is important through following the grid making sure to accept the soundings and give them the priority by taking 4 focal points from the market the shohda2 landmark the lake and the agriculture land using them to define the shape and the paths in the site

FIGURE(9.2.14)using focal points to define shape and baths

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SUSTINABLE APPROCHES Rammed earth

Rammed earth can have many advantages over other current building practices. When appropriately designed and constructed, A building made of rammed earth should have A functional lifetime greatly exceeding that of most contemporary structures. Rammed earth’s performance characteristics will lead to lower energy usage in heating and cooling costs. Rammed earth outperforms concrete from an environmental viewpoint. With similar structural characteristics rammed earth contains 6% portland cement compared to concrete’s 20 to 30%. Portland cement is an excellent structural material, however its production is very energy intensive and its use should be minimized whenever possible.

FIGURE(9.2.15)rammed earth

The dynamic solar shading of kiefer technic showroom The façade of the Kiefer Technic building expands and contracts to regulate the amount of sunlight permitted to the interior. This responsive design minimises the necessity of air conditioning by maintaining a constantly moving shield against external heat.

FIGURE(9.2.16) The dynamic solar shading of Kiefer Technic Showroom

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SUSTINABLE APPROCHES

FIGURE(9.2.17) water baths in the site

Drive the lake water into the project that can be used in irrigation also will help to move the boats into the lake from maintenance and workshops

FIGURE(9.2.18)sketch of lagon

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SUSTAINABLE APPROCHES Green wall Also known as live walls they are a vertical structure attached to the faรงade they are planted on soil stone they are attached by irrigation system . In addition, stunner view and the effect on the environment the green walls can purify the air acting as air filtering system Studies has shown that natural view can decrease the negative behavior and decrease the stress. Also it can be used inside or outside the building

FIGURE(9.2.19)interior green wall

FIGURE(9.2.20)exterior green wall

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SUSTAINABLE APPROCHES Pavegan tiles

Also called kinetic floor tiles this technology works on capturing energy from footsteps, this technology with enough tiles placed in the right places can power a whole building . One step can generate from 6 to 8 watt and one step take only half second , so imagine if we put this tiles in a busy area foe a whole day.

FIGURE(9.2.21)pavegan floor

this technology may seem pricy now costing about 8 euros per square foot but it is expected to drop to 5 euros to the square foot in the next 5 years Self healing concrete

FIGURE(9.2.22)bavegan floor mechanism

Also the mix is still under testing this which will reduce emission of carbon because it eliminate the infrastructure in the building which is very good because concrete emits about 5% of the global carbon dioxide This technology uses bacteria to heal the cracks in the building detected by tiny capsules of sodium silicate imbedded in the concrete which open when crack happens

FIGURE(9.2.24)microscopic photo

FIGURE(9.2.23)healing concreate mchanism

FIGURE(9.2.25)microscopic photo

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Fatma Yehia Dessouky

Project objective:

The mean idea of the project is solving the problem of fishing which effect negatively on residents who live on fishing profession so the project should contribute in making an improvement of their source of income by making it suitable for the nature of their lives.

Concepts objective:

The concepts lead to achieve to comfort building suitable with population to courage them to work and learn in the project building by using local material and a design helps them to interact with each other. The educational institute needs to be integrated, interconnected and synaptic so the concepts will try to achieve to these three aims

illustrate part of the nature of population

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Concept I Connections resulting from the idea of education Education makes connections between students, teachers, population and government to achieve all for their purpose.

Figure():

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Concept II Steps to success

Education aims to make one succeed in his social, political and economical in his life. Every part of one’s life needs to depart it in steps which lead to the purpose of his goal. In the project, steps needed to make places divided into parts, every part make its responsibility which lead after that to another one .

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Concept III Nature of Education: Education is a tri-polar process where a teacher, taught and social environment act and react with one another.

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Sustainability: 1-Al-Mashrabiya It is an element of Arab Islamic vernacular architecture. It can be designed and formed in different shapes to integrate with the design of the building. The Benefits of Mashrabiya For my project is that the mashrabiya Over Other Materials and Products The beauty which can be added for my project. It can be use also in modern design. it provides both light and shade. The shade helps with a cooling effect with the hot temperatures, which provides huge benefit. Many modern large buildings make extensive use of glass in their design to achieve for same benefit. the Mashrabiya can be used as a design feature. It can replace a solid wall while allowing light and fresh air into an otherwise dark and stuffy room. This is one of the main benefits for interior designers.

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2-Greywater Plumbing Systems Greywater systems reduce the facility's need for fresh water, as everything except for toilet streams can be processed for reuse. The most common uses for this water include irrigation and supplying toilets with water. What Can Greywater Be Used For in my project? With proper treatment greywater can be put to good use. These uses include water for toilet flushing, and also irrigation of plants which need for feeding fish. Treated greywater can be used to irrigate both food and non food producing plants. The nutrients in the greywater (such as phosphorus and nitrogen) provide an excellent food source for these plants which will share with hatcheries needs. What Are The Benefits of Greywater Re-use? Re-using water does not diminish our quality of life, however it can provide benefits on many levels. Two major benefits of greywater use are: Reducing the need for fresh water. Saving on fresh water use can significantly reduce water bills, but also has a broader community benefit in reducing demands on public water supply. Reducing the amount of wastewater entering sewers or onsite treatment systems. Again, this can benefit the individual household, but also the broader community.

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Electrochromic Glass Definition Electrochromic glass ( smart glass or dynamic glass) is an electronically tentable glass used for windows, skylights, facades and curtain walls. It is popular for its ability to improve occupant comfort, maximize access to outdoor views and daylight , reduce energy costs and provide architects with more design freedom. Smart Glass Benefits for my project and Features Electrochromic glass is a smart solution for buildings in which solar control is a challenge, including classroom settings, healthcare facilities, offices, retail spaces, and cultural institutions. Interior spaces featuring an atrium or skylights also benefit from the use of smart glass. Electrochromic glass maintains access to daylight and outdoor views, which are linked to faster rates of learning and patient recovery, improved emotional wellness, increased productivity and reduced employee absenteeism.

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Gawaher Alaa Eldin

Vision: Increase awarness among people in fishing field as well as creating new educated generation

Mission : Architecture is a creation process full of values. The ability to create ideas for project that requires comprehension of all the external and internal conditions. each concept is special; it’s an opportunity to add interaction among matareya people through architecture. Objectives • Offer job opportunities • Raising income of local people • Reshaping of indigenous activities in matarya • Raising the awarness in fishing • Educating new generation in fishing field • Providing workshops to improve traditional crafts

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Concept I l ➢ URBAN CONTEXT • The concept aim to integrate the people with the environment context by using design response to urban fabric of simple approach.

Phase 1 ➢

Extracted from the train station path as main axis

Phase 2 ➢

Solid and void

Phase 3 ➢ ➢

Zoning Circulation

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Concept II l ➢ NATURE The concept depends on Organic architecture that refers to designing and building structures and spaces that are balanced with their natural surroundings and tailored to the function they serve for their inhabitants. Organically designed structures seem to meld with the landscape or rise from it as if the surrounding spaces gave birth to them.

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Concept III l ➢ INTERACTION

N

Phase 1 ➢

• The map shows the value of the grid as an expression of social order and rationality. • The most flexible foundation to support the designer working in two and three dimensions is that of the grid. The grid divides a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space into smaller compartments. The fields or compartments may be the same or different in size. • Also, The grid became means of allowing freedom in the organization in space

URBAN GRID

Phase 2 ➢

Solid and void

Phase 3 ➢ ➢

Zoning Circulation

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Hussien Kamal

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Concept 1 The History Of Two Islands: The concept inspired from that the city was consisted of two main islands(represent two main masses) named El-Ghasna and El-Okbiyine. They were distinct islands until 1903 when the government issued a decree to unite both islands under the name Mataria city. Transportation between the two islands was via wooden boats ( represent circulation concept) until the waterway separating the islands was dried up.

simple proposal of two masses configuration

Mataria city two islands

Fishing wooden boat

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Concept 2 Historic character: This concept is inspired from the idea of reviving a part of the city history that it once a time was rebuilt under the role of khedive Isameil who used the European style with all the elements of decorations and friezes and restored the Renaissance art with Egyptian flavour. The style of the institute will try to targeting the uniqueness and the strong character of the Renaissance era. This style will guarantee that the character of the design will create a landmark for the city.

Dome of the Abd-al-Hamid al-Shawarby Pasha building.

St. Catherine's Cathedral, Alexandria

The exterior structure of the Banco ItaloEgiziano, branch office

Building in Cairo from the Khedivial era

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Concept 3 Inside out Buildings This concept is depending on the analogy between forms and spaces to create a design that take experience as in circulation, behavior, ergonomics, affections into consideration and also use a scheme of geometry, materials and technology that harmonize with the context as in site and surroundings.

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Sustainability Technologies:

Rammed earth construction

Wooden louvers in facade

Green roof system0

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Mohamed Abdelaziz

Mission Seeking to build global network that improve fishing craft with economical scale by combining workshops & commercial support program. The optimum way to generate the financial substance to support the development of elmatrya community to meet the requirement of the quality of life, by offering them good quality of services and licenses. Establish a win-win relationship with related industries cooperating nets production, fish. Objective 1- Psychological dimension - Create an educational complex for the fishing craft Center staff must be highly educated technicians and technicians to deliver information to students to create a new generation of professional hunters. 2- Cultural dimension - The importance of recreational activities should also be important discussions and discussions in dialogue activities to make members of their community love the environment - Families of students in the center must be concerned with them and educate them in order to create a community aware of the importance of education -Vision The main objective of our project is to develop the community of the city by raising the culture of the community through education and through that it raises the income per capita and achieves sustainability for the community in Matareya as a whole.

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Concept 1 Description the vision

The vision is how to connect all the facilities together as students will need a clear passage to the sea connecting with labs and classroom to make integration between Scientific and applied studies L-SHAPE Using L-shape to achieve the integration between all facilities

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Concept 2 Triangle shape The triangular shape represents the relationship between the three main blocks in the project to create communication between the parts of the project and link social life with the process for students.

Sketches inspiration

Sketch model

3d model

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Concept 3 Description the vision

Description the vision

The main idea is to gather students in one courtyard surrounded by three main buildings to strengthen social relations between different groups of people. Concept Statement : The challenge in this concept to make a new pattern in the project Site the architecture regular grid and everyone know this modular grid comes from the architecture theories, and the contextual site having a variety of modular grid as its a random and informal grid, and the image of the city defined by the different building elevation, form, and material and also different on the al matrya " from people are living on the site,

Sketches inspiration

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Nariman Omar Ali

Mission: The main mission is solving the problem of the fisherman's and educate the people their when and how hunting fish from the lake . Objectives: In my concepts I try to make some of objective such as: -make cooperation between the old fisherman’s and the adult that will learn how to hunt fish . -a design which estimate the communication. -interaction with the surrounding. -a sustainable design that is comfortable and appealing. -open and comfort spaces.

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Concept I l

Grid :

Grid made from to axis one from the site residential building grid and the other one is from the wind came from the lake side Now that we’ve seen some grids at work in the Rule of residential buildings and lake wind , let’s examine them a little more deeply. As a concept that deals so fundamentally with the fabric and background of our work as designers, it’s easy to overlook the power of grids and think more about the elements we want to create. Sketches

Elevation

3D This sec. shows the green roof that i will use it in my project


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Concept II

Fish movement in lake: The plan and elevation is inspired from the fish movement in lake and the simple water movement which will be used in designing the landscape and movement inside and outside the building

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Concept III l

Fishing nets: The fish net is the mean tool for fisher mans fishing so I use it for making the building more flexible and also use the net texture which will be used in form opening and use the lines of net as a grid to landscape

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Sustainability(Green buildings): Green building (too known as green development or feasible building) alludes t o both a structure and the application of forms that are naturally mindful and resourceefficient all through a building's life-cycle: from arranging to plan, development, operation, upkeep, remodel, and demolition. This requires near participation of the temporary worker, the planners, the engineers, and the client at all extend stages. The Green Building hone extends and complements the classical building plan concerns of economy, utility, strength, and consolation.

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Sustainability(natural materials) Clay may be a finely-grained natural shake or soil fabric that, together with other materials such as stone and wood, has been utilized as for development for thousands of a long time. It is composed of one or more clay minerals (such as kaolinites or smectites), now and then with little amounts of quartz, metal oxides and natural matter. Clay is shaped exceptionally gradually as a result of the weathering and disintegration of rocks containing the mineral bunch known as feldspar.

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Sustainability (shading device) There are many diverse reasons to need to control the sum of daylight that's conceded into a building. In warm, sunny climates abundance sun based pick up may result in tall cooling vitality utilization; in cold and calm climates winter sun entering south-facing windows can emphatically contribute to detached sun oriented warming; and in about all climates controlling and diffusing common brightening will progress day lighting.

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Nouran Mohamed

Mission Raising a well educated generation as well as reviving the fishing craft . Create opportunities for Al Matareya residents and providing them jobs to make an economical rise for them through allowing them sell their products.

Objectives • Reviving the fishing craft. • Provide a better education. • Provide awareness among residents about the fishing craft. • Make investment in ALMatareya. • Creating an economical rise.

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Concept I “The connection to the lake�

Al Manzala lake makes Al Matareya a unique city. To emphasize the inhabitants strong relationship with the lake; the suggested concept aims to connect two buildings one on the land and the other in water with a bridge following the grid of the city.

showing the urban fabric of the city.

Sketch showing the connection between the land and the lake.(Author, 2019)

The grid of the city.(Author, 2019)

3D Sketch(Author, 2019)

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Concept II “Main Spine�

The fish is one of the most important creatures in Al Matareya ; as fishing is the main source of life there. By analyzing the main elements of the fish skeleton; the most important are the spine and the ribs. The fish spine is reflected in the form of a main axis where all the spaces surround it. There are louvers that represents the ribs of the fish.

Fish skeleton (Author, 2019)

3D showing vertical louvers(ribs)

Plan showing the main axis (Author, 2019)

3D sketsh(Author, 2019)

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Concept III l “Craft inheritance� One of the project objectives is to inherit the fishing craft to new generations. Professionals will be responsible to teach the new generations. The concept is derived from this idea and would be in the form of a stepped building which represents the transfer of knowledge from older to younger.

showing different generations.

showing the form generation. showing the section of the stepped building.

3D section.

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Sustainability

Solar Panels: Solar panels harvest on site renewable sun energy , generating enough power to achieve a net positive energy goal. Solar panels.

Green roof : It is required to reduce air pollution, and used for cooling demands. It also acts as an insulator for the building which reduces heating and cooluing demands.it improves indoor comfort. Green roof.

Louvers: It is applied in some classes to fix the sun light and improves the quality of lighting.

Vertical louvers.

Cross ventilation: Operable windows allow for cross ventilation and breezes through the building, providing greater user comfort while reducing the building’s energy load. Cross ventilation section.

Stormwater management: Run off from roofs and paving is collected and stored in an underground retention vault , to be used to flush toilets and irrigate the landscape

Storm water management.

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Technical studies There are 6 steps to follow in order to build a floating building. The first step is to connect the four pontoon or style boat together. The second step is Linking the steering hardware from the rear two boats to a single location. In step 3 the boats' roof are removed there is a large surface area that is considered as a foundation for the building. Step 4 includes removing the front two boats' gasoline tanks and lines. The rear tanks can be linked with a switching valve. The fifth step is to build the exterior walls onto the platforms. Making sure that the weight will be distributed among the building. Then in the sixth step wiring the electrical interior of the house.

Floating building design.

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Inspirations

"glowing lantern" maritime centre .

glowing lantern" maritime centre .

FLOATING HOUSE AMSTERDAM NORTH, THE NETHERLANDS.

' Groupe scolaire Pasteur project is part of the city of Limeil-Brévannes’s.

Longford Community School.

Ana-Sabrina Enescu Centre for Vocational Education.

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Sarah Hany Samuel

“An idea is salvation by imagination.” – Frank Lloyd Wright “As an architect you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is essentially unknown.” – Norman Foster

Mission Getting residents and users from different ranges of social classes and backgrounds to meet in an area that helps the community to provide economical and social issues. The place provides users’ comfort and integrity with the space to make it feel comfy like their homes

Objectives ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Reviving Al-Matarya’s residents old habits and fishing crafts. Teaching people subjects related to fishing. Providing an area used for trading an selling institute projects. Practical area for students’ fishing. Manufacturing and maintenance fishing tools. Recreational area for students’ activities. Awareness of Al-Matarya’s residents. Investment of economy in Al-Matarya.

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Concept I l Fishing Net Texture

v

The fishing net is something that Matarya’s users are known for manufacturing since old periods. The opening of the net create holes that can be circular or triangular that connect together to form the exterior skin of the building. The concept is inspired from the net holes to create a wooden bridge on the mass of the building that helps students transfer from a zone to another easily and providing comfort.

Concept 1 Sketches

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Concept II l Water Motion

Al Matarya lies on Al Manzala lake that is known for an important lake in the area there since old ages. The lake provides life for the users in Matarya. The motion of the water illustrates liveliness in the area that is inspired to create a building skin having curves that result from the water movement.

Concept 2 Sketches

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Concept III l Soil Texture

The land of Al Matarya is known from the urban planning that it is designed previously to be agricultural lands that were used to built on. Therefore, the land is originally soil. The soil cracks that result from the evaporation of water in the soil, are inspired to create a building with horizontal and vertical lines that intersect to form a glass membrane to the exterior skin of the building.

Concept 3 Sketches

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Sustainability Smart Floating Farms Construction Method: -The farmers construct beds in lakes and rivers using several layers of bamboo and water hyacinth, fill them with semi-decomposed aquatic plants and then seed. -The beds are tethered to the lakebed to prevent them from floating away. -This has resulted in production rates up to 10 times more fruitful than neighboring land-based practices. Smart Floating Farms in California

Smart Floating Farms diagram

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Levels in Smart Floating Farms in California

Learned Lessons: -Constructing a sustainable fish farm. -Feeding fish using plants grown. -Achieving more vegetation and fish. Learned Lessons Related to Fishery Service Institution Project: -Creating an ecofriendly fish farm in the project by constructing the top level of solar panels, the middle level achieving a crop farm resulting from the sunlight from the top level, and the lower level will have the waste byproducts from the crops that will be used in feeding fish and the wastes resulting from the fish farms will be used as fertilizers for the hydroponic farm.

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Zoning:

Technical Studies:

Zoning Sketch

Aerogel Infilled Glass Daylighting is a powerful design element, one that is not only desirable but also an important nature-gifted tool to ensure high productivity and happiness levels for the occupants. However, it comes with one unwanted feature: glare. Glare can be highly disturbing and results in most windows and glass walls being blocked from the remaining architecture by the use of curtains or blinds. An exciting new development to help address the glare problem is aerogel infilled glasses. Developed in the laboratories of Canada by Advanced Glazings, SoleraÂŽ aerogel glasses are wide angle light diffusers which help to scatter light evenly across the interior space, in comparison with regular glass which transmits light in straight lines. To understand better, consider the figures below. As shown, conventional glass windows are not light diffusing and allow light to pass in straight lines. This results in high glare levels, inconsistent lighting within the interior space and also thermal discomfort.

Aerogel Sketches

Aerogel Infilled Glass Classroom

Aerogel Infilled Glass Building

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Inspirations: The Floating Kayak Club, Denmark Concept: -Two volumes, one dedicated to the users, the other to the kayaks. -It creates a courtyard surrounding a central water space angled to give the users full advantage of the direct sailing route into the fjord. -The central water space strengthens the community and supports a 'clubfeeling’. Outdoor activities relating to community training and playing are raised to the roof deck, which in various ways is enabled with sport activities, barbecue area, outdoor kitchen, dining area and sundeck. The two volumes and the upper and lower decks are connected via ramps, walkways and stairs in a continuous movement, which allows a loop flow. The Floating Kayak Club, Denmark

KEY Volume 1 Volume 2 Central Water Space The Floating Kayak Club sketches

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Services Area Kayak’s common Area Kayak’s Storage Area Fig(): Ground Floor Plan

Floating Kayak Club recreational area

Sitting Area Stairs Roof area

Fig(): First Floor Plan

Classes overlooking the water view

Elevation of Floating Kayak Club, Denmark

Section of Floating Kayak Club, Denmark

Learned Lessons: -Having 2 volumes and a common water area in between for kayaks adventure. Learned Lessons Related to Fishery Service Institution Project: -Could be used as a design inspiration for the recreational area of the kids, the port area, the fishing activity area and for an open area for workshops overlooking the water for better understanding and achieving human comfort.

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List of Figures, Diagrams, Tables and References

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List of Figures

CHAPTER – Case Studies

Figure(1.01): French Campaign in 1789 Period. Figure(1.02): Digging Suez Canal in 1859 Period. Figure(1.03): Fishermen Period in 1897 Period. Figure(1.04): Fire in 1907 Period. Figure(1.05): Best Types of Fish in 1859 Period. Figure(1.06): Digging the Suez Canal. Figure(1.07): Fire 1907. Figure(1.08): Water shortage. Figure(1.09): the French campaign. Figure(1.10): Freedom of Fishermen. Figure(1.11): Thirties and forties. Figure(1.12): Evolution of Al-Manzala Lake in 1984 Period. Figure(1.13): Evolution of Al-Manzala Lake in 1988 Period. Figure(1.14): Evolution of Al-Manzala Lake in 1998 Period. Figure(1.15): Evolution of Al-Manzala Lake in 2003 Period. Figure(1.16): Evolution of Al-Manzala Lake in 2015 Period. Figure (1.17): Historical Evolution of the City Plan. Figure(1.18): Al Manzala Lake. Figure(1.19): Boats Workshops. Figure (1.20) Nets Shown Beside a School. Figure (1.21) Saad Zaghlool Street. Figure (1.22) A workshop for Making Boats. Figure (1.23) Fishermen Huts. Figure (2.01): Al Dakahlia Location. Figure (2.02): Al Matarya Location in Al Dakahlia. Figure (2.03): Al Matareya City Land Use Map. Figure (2.04): Analysis for Significant Buildings. Figure (2.05): Al Oabbyen Club for Football. Figure (2.06); Ahmed Maher Secondary School. Figure (2.07): Grand Azzam Mosque. Figure (2.08): Vegetable Market. Figure (2.09): Building Condition Plan. Figure (2.10) Analysis for Significant Buildings Figure (2.11): Building In Good Conditions. Figure (2.12): Building In Moderate Condition. Figure (2.13): Building In Bad Condition. Figure (2.14): Slums In Front Of The Lake. Figure (2.15): Buildings Heights Plan. Figure (2.16): Analysis for Significant Buildings Figure (2.17): Two Stories Residential Buildings Figure (2.18): Five Stories Residential Buildings Figure (2.19): 3.D. Shot of the Buildings Facing the Lake Figure (2.20): Manual Sketch Representing The Street Image Figure (2.21): Elevation From The Streets Figure (2.22): Solid and Void Plan Figure (2.23): Patterns In The Street Resulting From The Buildings Intersection Figure (2.24): Road Hierarchy Plan Figure (2.25) El Sawra Street Figure (2.26) Saad Zaghloul Street Figure (2.27) Main Entrance Of The City Figure (2.28) El Shohadaa Square

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CHAPTER – Figure (2.29) Structural System Case Buildings Studies – CHAPTERCHAPTER – Figure (2.30) Load Bearing System Buildings Case Studies Case Studies Figure (2.31) Mud Brick Building Material In Agricultural Areas Figure (2.32): Population Increase Due To Presence Of More Children Figure (2.33) Ahmed Maher Secondary School Figure (2.34) Huda Farag Hospital Figure(2.35): Climatology of Nile Delta, Egypt Figure(2.36): Sun Path, Sunrise And Sunset During The Year Figure (2.37) SWOT Analysis Map Figure (3.01) Common Problems in Al Matarya Figure(4.1): The Three Suggested Sites For The Project Figure (4.2): The Site I Location Map (En.Mapy.Cz) Figure(4.3): Land Use Map For Site One Figure (4.4): The View Of The Lake In Front Of The Site Figure (4.5): Shows The Residential Building Near The Site Figure (4.6) Building Heights Map For Site 1 Figure (4.7): Shows An Example Of 2 Floors Building Height. Figure(4.8): An Example Of Building Height On Green Land. Figure (4.9): Building Condition Map For Site 1 Figure(4.10): An Example Of Bad Building Condition. Figure(4.11): An Example Of Moderate Building Condition. Figure (4.12) Solid And Void Map Of Site 1 Figure (4.13) Accessibility Map Of Site 1 Figure (4.14) The Site Is Near A Marine School a nd The Neighboring Land Is Agriculture Lands Figure (4.15) The Site II Location Map (En.Mapy.Cz) Figure(4.16): Land Use Map For Site 2 Figure(4.17): Shows The Existing Site Figure (4.18) Shows The Near Vegetable Market Figure (4.19) Building Heights Map For Site 2 Figure(4.20): An Example Of 2 Floor Building Height. Figure(4.21): An Example Of 4 Floors Building Height. Figure (4.22) Building Condition Map For Site 2 Figure (4.23) Shows An Example Of Bad Buildings Condition. Figure (4.24) An Example Of Moderate Building Condition. Figure (4.25) Solid And Void Map Of Site 2 Figure (4.26) Accessibility Map Of Site 2 Figure (4.27) The Site Location In The Center Of The City Figure (4.28): The Site Is At Caul De Sac Which Will Cause A Traffic Jam Figure (4.29) The Site III Location Map (En.Mapy.Cz) Figure(4.30): Land Use Map For Site 3 Figure (4.31): The Main Hospital Figure (4.32):Train Station . Figure (4.33): Building Heights Map For Site 3 Figure (4.34): Shows An Example Of 2 Floors Building Height. Figure(4.35): Shows An Example Of Building Height On Green Land. Figure (4.36): Building Condition Map For Site 3 Figure(4.37): An Example Of Moderate Building Condition. Figure(4.38) Shows An Example Of Bad Building Conditions. Figure (4.39) Solid And Void Map Of Site 3 Figure (4.40): Accessibility Map Of Site 3

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CHAPTER – Figure (4.41) Slums Sounding The Site Studies Figure (4.42) Access WayCase For The Site – CHAPTERCHAPTER – Figure (4.43) Site III Case Studies Case Studies Fig.(5.1): Horizontal And Vertical Circulation Main Components Of Circulation Fig.(5.2) Vertical Circulation Fig.(5.3) Sketch Shows The Entrances And Exits On A Layout Fig.(5.4): Configuration Of Path Fig.(5.5): Path Space Sketch 1 Fig.(5.6): Path Space Sketch 2 Fig.(5.7): Transition From A Hallway To Stairs Fig.(5.8): Honorary Stairs In Front Of The Entrance Fig.(5.9) Congested Corridors And Stairs During Class Changeovers Fig.(5.10) Clear Entrance From The School Court Fig.(5.11) The Number Of Entry Points Into The Building Will Need To Be Considered, Particularly In A Large School Fig.(5.12) Circulation Routes Within The Building(s) Should Be Easy To Follow Fig.(5.13) Iceland - Reykjavik - Harpa Interior Fig.(5.14) Rebull 85 Building Fig.(5.15) Level MVSA Architects Fig.(5.16) Central European University Fig.(5.17): Flexibility Diagram Consists Of Material Technology And Structure Fig.(5.18) Adaptability Of Partitions Inside The Building Fig.(5.19) Adaptability Of Building With The Surrounding Environment Fig.(5.20): Through Transformability, The Insides Or Outside Space Can Be Changed In Reaction To Outside Fig.(5.21): The Building Should Be Flexible For Future Changes To Meet New Needs Fig.(5.22a): Building Should Be Flexible For Extension Fig.(5.22.b): Spaces Should Be Flexible To But Furniture In It In Different Ways To Meet Different Needs Fig.(5.23): School Should Provide Flexible Learning Spaces Fig.(5.24): Architects Should Consult Students And Teachers For Their Needs Fig.(5.25): Architect Design Should Be Able To Change With The Architects Opinion Fig.(5.26): School Should Provide Integration Between Community And Home Fig.(5.27)using Quality And Sustainable Material Fig.(5.28): School Building Should Be Flexible For Extension If A Sudden Need Required To Fig.(5.29): School Building Should Be Able To Adapt With New Technology Fig.(5.30): School Building Should Be Adaptable For New Energy Sources Fig.(5.31): Canadian Museum Of Nature Fig.(5.32): Sharifi-ha House Fig.(5.33): AGC HQ Building In Belgium Fig.(5.34): Nakagin Capsule Tower Fig.(5.35): Orientation Has A Big Effect On The Thermal Mass Of The Building Fig.(5.36): Controlling Lighting Through Openings Fig.(5.37): Sun Path Around Building Fig.(5.38);form & Orientation And Using Form To Throw Shade Fig.(5.39): Shading Devices Fig.(5.40) Natural Ventilation Fig.(5.41)Controlling Lighting And Ventilation Through Openings Fig.(5.42) Controlling The Form To Allow The Sun To Enter Fig.(5.43) Using Pattens To Allow The Day Light Fig.(5.44): Ceiling Openings

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CHAPTER – Fig.(5.45) Orientation Through To Prevent Throwing Shade On The Paper Case Studies Fig.(5.46) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fig.(5.47) L'atelier en plein air: Les impressionnistes en Normandie Fig.(5.48) Great Wall Of Benin Fig.(5.49) Tower Block 31 Fig.(5.50) Architecture Interaction Fig.(5.51) Social Interaction In Public Spaces Fig.(5.52) Group Interaction Around Activities Fig.(5.53a) Net House Architecture Interaction Fig.(5.53b) Interaction Between User & Building Fig.(5.54) Interaction Between User & Others Fig.(5.55) Interaction Between Building & Surrounding Fig.(5.56) Interaction In Class Room By Using Different Seating Ideas Fig.(5.57) Interaction In Class Room By Using Different Seating Ideas Plan Fig.(5.58) Ørestad College Fig.(5.59) John Phillips Library At University Of Western Sydney Fig.(5.60) John Phillips Library At University Of Western Sydney Fig.(5.61) UWA Business School Fig.(5.62) Safety In Workplace Fig.(5.63) Sketch Shows Types Of Risks In Buildings Fig.(5.64) Safety In Work Shops Fig.(5.66) Risking Of Falling Solid Objects In Factories Fig.(5.67) Risks In Offices That Can’t Be Seen Fig.(5.68) Chemical Hazards Such As Storing Materials Fig.(5.69) Fire Escape Plan Fig.(5.70) What Human Need For Comfort Fig.(5.71) How Architecture Provide Comfort Fig.(5.72) Using Active And Passive Solutions To Achieve Comfort Fig.(5.73) Passive Comfort System Fig.(5.74) Active Comfort System Fig.(5.75) Use Of Architecture Relations To Achieve Comfort Fig.(5.76)use Of Green Façade To Improve The Air Quality Fig.(5.77) Making Sure To Use Right Ventilation System Fig.(5.76)use Suitable Distance For Good View Fig.(5.77)use Of Architecture Relations To Achieve Comfort Fig.(5.78)making Sure Voice Can Travel Between Spaces Fig.(5.79)use Good Aooustic Material Fig.(5.80)use Of Architecture Relations To Achieve Comfort Fig.(5.81)passage Gutiérrez Fig.(5.83) Otunba Offices Fig.(5.82) Alberni by Westbank in Downtown Vancouver Fig.(5.84) Da Nang Fig.(5.85)Vertical And Horizontal Circulation In Buildings Fig.(5.86) Flexibility Of Building S To Adapt To Technology Fig.(5.87) Using Grids As Away To Extend Buildings Fig.(5.89) Orientation Fig.(5.90) Architecture Interaction Fig.(5.91) Safety Issues That Affect Buildings Fig.(5.92) Comfort Needs For Human Figure(6.1):Lake Nasser from Aswan tank Figure(6.2): Lake Nasser From Nasser Harbor Figure(6.3): The Entrance Of The School Figure(6.4) School Entrance Figure(6.5) Some Photos Of The School’s Rooms

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Figure(6.7): Solid and Void CHAPTER – Figure(6.6): Accessibilty Case Studies Fig(6.8): Ground Floor Plan Fig(6.9): First Floor Plan Figure(6.10) Circulation Of Ground Floor Figure(6.11) Circulation Of First Floor Figure(6.12) Section Figure(6.13) Isolation Of School Figure(6.14) Green Areas Surrounding School Figure(6.15) The First Boat That Was Made By Students Figure(6.16) Activities In School Figure(6.17) Hatcheries Figure(6.18) School View On The Lake Figure(6.19) A Class Of The School Figure(6.20) Lake View Figure(6.22) Boat Belong To The School Figure(6.23) Students Using The Boat Figure(6.24): Hermingsholm Vocational School Perspective Figure(6.25) School Entrance Figure(6.26)inner Court Figure(6.27 ) Layout Of The Area Figure(6.28) Surroundings 1 Figure(6.29) Surroundings 2 Figure(6.30) Surroundings 3 Figure(6.31) Surroundings 4 Figure(6.32) School Layout Figure(6.33) School Layout Figure(6.34)vertical And Horizontal Circulation Figure(6.35) Food Court Figure(6.36) Classes Figure(6.37) Pathways Figure(6.38) Zones Figure(6.39) Masterplan Figure(6.40) First Floor Plan Figure(6.41) Second Floor Plan Figure(6.42) Section 1 Figure(6.43) Section 2 Figure(6.44) Elevation 1 Figure(6.45) Elevation 2 Figure(6.46) Elevation 3 Figure(6.47) Circulation: Access And Connections Figure(6.48)flexibility In Furniture Figure(6.49)flexibility In Corridors Figure(6.50)flexibility In Spaces Figure(6.51) Different Courts Figure(6.52) Shaded Courts Figure(6.53) Inner Courts For Student Interaction Figure(6.54) Quit Area Surrounding The School Figure(6.55) Beautiful Scenery Figure(6.56)screen to allow sun light in Figure(6.57) Showcase: all educations exposed upon access Figure (6.58) Athenia High School Entrance

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CHAPTER – Case Studies

Figure (6.59) Location Of The School Figure (6.60) The City Location – CHAPTERCHAPTER – Figure (6.61) Paved Bass Ways In The Middle Case Studies Case Studies Figure (6.62) Corridors With Access To Lighting And Ventilation Figure (6.63) Openings In The Walls Figure (6.64) Building Material Red Brick Figure (6.65a) ground floor plan Figure (6.65b) Zoning diagram Figure (6.66) Section Representing The Access Of Lighting Figure (6.67) Plan And Section Representing The Horizontal And Vertical Circulation Figure (6.68) Vertical Circulation Figure(6.69) Horizontal Circulation Corridors Figure (6.70) Layout Shows One Entrance Of The Building Figure(6.71) Interaction Between Students Figure(6.72) School Layout Courts Figure(6.73) Inner Courts Figure(6.75) Shading Device Figure(6.76) Building Layout Figure (6.77) Ground Floor Plan Figure (6.78) First Floor Plan Figure(6.79) Section 1 Figure(6.80) Section 2 Figure(6.81) Section 3 Figure(6.82) Wind Study Manual Sketch Figure(6.83) Sketch Of Elevation Figure(6.84) Section Sketch Figure(6.85) Building Façade Figure(6.86) Horizontal Circulation Figure(6.87 ) Building Expansions Figure(6.88) Interaction Area Figure(6.89) Wind Movement Between Buildings Fig 6.90: Main Entrance Fig 6.92: Relation Between Buildings Fig 6.93: Secondary Entrance And Glazing To Allow Sunlight Fig 6.94: Corridor Showing The Flexibility And Activating The Common Space Fig (6.95): Concept Primary Model Fig (6.96): Concept Development Process Fig (6.97): Concept To Masses Fig (6.98): Context Fig (6.99): Master Plan Showing Circulation, Orientation And Relations Between Different Functions Fig (6.100): Circulation Pod And Staircase Fig 6.(101): Original South1% Light And Current South 99% Light Fig (6.102): Class Room With Opened Garage Door Fig (6.103): Window System Fig (6.104): Class Room Flexibility

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Fig (6.105) Elevations Fig (6.106) Out Door Corridors Between Buildings Fig (6.107) Integration Between Cladding And Glazing Fig (6.108) Location Of The Building Fig (6.109) Steel Joints And Photovoltaic Boards Fig (6.110) Steel Joints And Photovoltaic Boards Fig (6.111)it Shows The Use Of Basement On Some Activates Like Mpu Fig (6.112) Ground Floor Fig (6.113) First Floor Fig (6.114) Corridor Access Of Classrooms Fig (6.115) Sun Path Orientation Of The Building Fig (6.116) Section Representing The Vertical Circulation And The Movement Of Air In The Building Fig (6.117) Section Representing The Movement Of Air In The Building And The Use Natural Lighting In The Building Fig (6.118) South Elevation Modified For Environmental Control Fig (6.119) The Main Entrance Of The Building Leading To A Court In The Middle Figure (6.120) Green Areas Figure(6.121) Outdoor Area Figure(6.122) Slopes Of Green Areas Figure(6.123) Site Location Figure(6.124) Floor plan of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media Figure(6.125) Cross Section of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media Figure(6.126) Cross Section Thermal Analysis Figure(6.127) :Photograph Of The Dense Voysiamatrella Grass Turf Figure(6.128) Photo- Graph Of The Exterior Scenery Including The Courtyard Figure(6.129) Photo- Graph Of The Material That Been Used In The Building Which Is Concrete And Glass Figure(6.130) Photo- Graph Of The Curved Green Roof In The Site Figure(6.131) Panoramic View Of Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Media And Design Figure(6.132) User And Library Space In Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media Figure(6.133) User And Space In The Interior Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media. Figure(6.134) Concrete Material On The Wall Of Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media Figure(6.135) Staircase Along Green Roof On Nanyang Technological University School Of Art, Design And Media Figure(6.136) Environmental Sketches Figure(6.137) Sun Path Diagram Figure(6.138) Sun Heat Entrance Figure(6.139) Double Glazed Glasses To Reduce Heat Transfer Figure(6.140) Glass Openings On Interior Walls To Allow Continuity Of Light Figure(6.141) Sketches of floor plan of the site which shows the building orientation Figure(6.142) Perspective sketch of site to show the placement of courtyard and focus view on the glass wall Figure(6.143) Building Facade Figure(6.144) Rovers To Block Wind Figure(6.145) Side View

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Figure(6.146) Ground Floor Plan Figure(6.147) Section 2 Rooms Figure(6.148) Section Figure(6.149)shading Device Figure(6.150a) Ground Floor Plan Figure(6.150b) First Floor Plan Figure(6.150c) Second Floor Plan Figure(6.151) 3D Shot Figure(6.152) Technical Studies Figure(7.1):Sustainability Main Elements Figure(7.2): Social Sustainability Fig 7.3: sustainability model Fig 7.4: economic sustainability principles Fig(7.5): Environmental Sustainability Fig(7.6): Cross Ventilation Fig(7.7): Stack Ventilation Fig(7.8): Double Opening Fig(7.9): Single sided Fig(7.10): Prevailing Wind Fig(7.11): Wind Scoops Fig(7.12): Wind Towers Fig(7.13): Air Flow in Cool Towers Fig(7.14): Solar Chimney in Cool Towers Fig(7.15): Cool Towers Fig(7.16): Evaporative Cooling Fig(7.17a): Courtyards air flow Fig(7.17b): Solar Panels System Fig(7.18): Worldwide Sustainability Organizations Fig(7.19): GPRS and LEED efforts in Sustainability in water and energy more than other field in life Fig (7.20): levels of citification in LEED Fig (7.21a) :LEED categories and rating systems Fig (7.21b) :LEED certification requirements Fig (7.21c):GPRS Logo Figure (7.22): Inside the pyramid of Khufu Fig (7.23):GPRS Cost Efficiency Pyramid Figure (8.01): Classrooms Distribution Figure (8.02): Classrooms Students Arrangement 1 Figure (8.03): Classrooms Students Arrangement 2 Figure(8.04):Maintenance area on land. Figure(8.05):Wood Manufacturing Workshops. Figure (8.06): Wood Manufacturing Workshops Categories Figure (8.07):Types of dimensions and trolleys used for manual handling in workshops. Figure(8.08): Example of a model-making workshop (five employees). Figure(8.09): Example of a wood turner’s shop. Figure(8.10): Sketch for a workshop with work sequence drawn in interior fitters. Figure(8.11) : Self assembly steel shelving Figure(8.12): Separate Offices Figure(8.13):Open-Plan Office Figure(8.14): 3 Row Division Offices Figure(8.15): Clinic Plan Figure(8.16): Clinic 3D

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Figure(8.17): Lesson-time W.C.s (for Males) Figure(8.18): Break-time W.C. facilities Figure(8.19): Lesson-time W.C.s (for Females) Figure(8.20): Male Staff W.C.s Figure(8.21): Double range facilities for 500 girls, 65 m2. For 500 boys, 40m2 Figure(8.22):Female Staff W.C.s Figure (8.23):Fish Market sketches Figure (8.24): Food Court sketches Figure (8.25):Boat Mooring Figure(8.26): Harbor sketches Figure (8.27): Boat Storage sketches

List of Diagrams Diagram (2.01): Land Use Percentages Chart. Diagram (2.02): Buildings Conditions Percentages Chart. Diagram (2.03): Building Heights Percentages Chart. Diagram (2.04): Solid And Void Percentages Chart. Diagram(2.05): Heat and Cold Temperatures Diagram(2.06): Rainy Months In The Year Diagram(2.07): Daylight Hours In The Year Diagram(3.01): Project Objectives Analysis Diagram(4.1): Selection Criteria For The Site Diagram(4.2): Percentages Of The Functions Near Site 1 Diagram(4.3): Percentages Of Buildings Heights Near Site 1 Diagram(4.4): Percentages Of Buildings Conditions Near The Site Diagram(4.5): Percentages Of Solid And Void Near Site 1 Diagram(4.6): Percentages Of The Functions Near Site 2 Diagram(4.7): Percentages Of Buildings Heights Near Site 2 Diagram(4.8): Percentages Of Buildings Conditions Near Site 2 Diagram(4.9) :Percentages Of Solid And Void Near Site 2 Diagram(4.10):) Percentages Of The Functions Near The Site Diagram(4.11): Percentages Of Buildings Heights Near Site 3 Diagram(4.12): Percentages Of Buildings Conditions Near Site 3 Diagram(4.13): Percentages Of Solid And Void Near The Site Diagram(8.1): Project Components

List of Tables Table (2.01): Building Materials Analysis (Abd El-Latif T. ,2019). Table (2.02): Population Data Analysis, Abd El-Latif T. (2019). Table(4.1): The Specification For Each Criteria Table (4.2): Site One, Two and Three Conclusion Table (7.1): a LEED for every project Table (7.2): GPRS Categories percentages Table(8.1): Spaces Dimensions Table(8.2): Project Areas

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References

CHAPTER – Case Studies

– CHAPTERCHAPTER – Case Studies Case Studies

Chapter I – Historical Background

Ahmed I., Hettiarachchi H. (2017). Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. Vol. 5, No. 6, 2017, pp. 141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14 Bek M.A., Lowndes I.S., Hargreaves D.M., Negm A.M. (2018) Lake Manzala Characteristics and Main Challenges. In: Negm A., Bek M., Abdel-Fattah S. (eds) Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Part I. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 71. Springer, Cham Hossen, H., Ibrahim, M.G., Mahmod, W.E. et al. Arab J Geosci (2018) 11: 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3416-7 Stanley, D. J. and Warne, A. G. (1998): Nile delta in its destruction phase, Journal of Coastal Research, 14:794-825. Urban Planning, Follow-up and Administrative Reformation in Dakahlia Governorate. Retrieved from http://www.dakahliya.gov.eg/SitePages/ctzTasks_CentersandCities_HestoryDetails .aspx?ID=10

Chapter II – Urban Studies Abd El-Latif T. (2019). Replanning General Strategic Plans And Detailed Planning For The City Of Matareya, Dakahlia Governorate Project: Ministry of Housing and Urban Communities, Urban Planning Authority, Dakahlia Governorate. Retrieved from gopp.gov.eg/‫المصر‬-‫للمدن‬-‫العام‬-‫االستراتيجي‬-‫المخطط‬ Swelam A. and Zaki A. (2017). Climatology of Nile Delta, Egypt. Retrieved from http:/tLVVaL1EqYOdCUBxGOOTQak6EsCOYq%20(The_Climatology_of_Nile_Delta_ Egypt).pdf

Chapter III – Problem Identification AbuSteit E. (2019). Egypt Ranks 1st Among Fish Producing Countries In Africa, 7th In World: Min Retrieved from https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/67001/Egyptranks-1st-among-fish-producing-countries-in-Africa-7th El Tawil N. (2019). Key Statements By President Sisi In Damietta Projects Inauguration. Retrieved from https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/78367/Keystatements-by-President-Sisi-in-Damietta-projects-inauguration

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CHAPTER – Case Studies – CHAPTERCHAPTER – Ramadan S. (2017). Fishermen abandon Lake Manzala due to severe conditions Case Studies Case Studies searching for a livelihood. Retrieved from https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1871027 Samir S. (2018). In Mitigation: Egypt Builds The Largest Wastewater Treatment Plant To Face Water Scarcity. Retrieved from https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/58846/In-mitigation-Egypt-builds-thelargest-wastewater-treatment-plant-to Urban Planning, Follow-up and Administrative Reformation in Dakahlia Governorate. Retrieved from http://www.dakahliya.gov.eg/SitePages/ctzTasks_CentersandCities_HestoryDetails .aspx?ID=10

Chapter IV- Site Selection Urban Planning, Follow-up and Administrative Reformation in Dakahlia Governorate. Retrieved from http://www.dakahliya.gov.eg/SitePages/ctzTasks_CentersandCities_HestoryDetails .aspx?ID=10

Chapter V- Design Issues Brocklehurst D. (2019). Shaping the learning spaces of the future. Retrieved from http://www.circulationdesign.co.uk/ Yun-Wu W., Chang-Fah H., and Kuo-Hua W., “A Study of an Architecture Design Learning Process Based on Social Learning, Course Teaching, Interaction, and Analogical Thinking,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2014, Article ID 465294, 8 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/465294.

Chapter VI- Case Studies CPG Consultants. Green Roofs at Nanyang Technological University's School of Art, Design, and Media | CPG Consultants - Arch2O.com. Retrieved from https://www.arch2o.com/green-roofs-at-nanyang-technological-universitysschool-of-art-design-and-media-cpg-consultants/ Kjeeilein, T. Nasser Lake. Retrieved from https://www.marefa.org LEVS architecten. (2014). Gangouroubouro Primary School / LEVS architecten. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/564873/gangouroubouro-primaryschool-levs-architecten

Mimarlik, N. (2016). Gebze Industrial Vocational High School / Norm Mimarlik. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/794021/gebze-industrial-vocationalhigh-school-norm-architects

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CHAPTER – Moller, C. (2017). Herningsholm Vocational School / C.F. Møller. Retrieved from Case Studies – https://www.archdaily.com/875235/herningsholm-vocational-school-cf-moller CHAPTERCHAPTER – Case Studies Case Studies NLÉ Architects. (2013). Makoko Floating School / NLÉ. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/344047/makoko-floating-school-nle-architects Ott, C. (2019). Athenia High School / StudioNext. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/916574/athenia-high-school-studionext Pereira, M. (2019). François Mitterrand High School / Jean Dubus + José Luiz Tabith. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/919754/francois-mitterrand-highschool-jt-arquitetura-plus-jean-dubus

Chapter VII- Sustainability Chel, A., & Kaushik, G. (2018). Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient building. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(2), 655-669. doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2017.02.027 Goff, C., & Hine, H. (2014). Page 36 – HMH Architecture + Interiors – Modern Architect – Boulder, Colorado. Retrieved from http://hmhai.com/page/36/?cat=-1 Marvin. (2012). Retrieved from http://solarinsolation.org/category/your-house2/page/5/ Yassine, W., & Elgendy, K. (2011). Passive Cooling: Responding to Electricity Demand in the UAE | Carboun: Advocating Sustainable Cities in the Middle East. Retrieved from http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/passive-coolingresponding-to-uae%E2%80%99s-soaring-electricity-demand/

Chapter VIII- Design Program Neufert, E., Neufert, P., Baiche, B., & Walliman, N. (2000). Architects' data. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Chapter IX- Individual Work Robarts, S. (2019). Werk and Snøhetta to build "glowing lantern" maritime centre [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.cladglobal.com/architecture_design_news?codeid=343762 Nabuurs, I. (2015). THE WAY WE BUILD › floating house. Retrieved from http://www.thewaywebuild.com/work/floating-house/ CREDAWARD (2016). Retrieved from http://www.redesignaward.com/hj_show.asp?id=840 r2k architectes: Groupe scolaire Pasteur in LimeilBrévannes | Floornature. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.floornature.com/r2k-architectes-groupe-scolairepasteur-limeil-brevannes-12480/ Clarck, J. Longford Community School - New Library by Jonathan Clark Architects | homify. Retrieved from https://www.homify.sg/projects/62368/longfordcommunity-school-new-library

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