Washington University in St. Louis: Bicycle Framework Introduction

BICYCLE FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION

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PROJECT TEAM CLIENT Washington University in St.Louis Facilities Planning & Management Campus Box 1036 One Brookings Drive St Louis MO 63130-4899 Sarah Stanton

CONSULTANT TEAM Schulze + Grassov ApS Niels Ebessens Vej 11, st. th DK 1911 Frderiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark Mohammed Almahmood Jonathan Froines Louise Grassov Oliver Schulze Mike Schwindeller Oliver Wong

Cover Image: Creative Commons: Eric Allix Rogers

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WASH U BICYCLE FRAMEWORK This report focuses on the background and trends of cycling as they relate to the advancement of a Bicycle Framework for WASH U. It should be read in conjunction with the design and implementation recommendations by Schulze+Grassov Wash U Bicycle Framework.

INTRODUCTION BICYCLING IS THE NEW BLACK Bicycling trends Why do people cycle Benefits of cycling Costs and benefits Safety in numbers HAPPENING ALL OVER

Bicycle accounts Campus comparisons

I BIKE WASH U

Education and encouragement

Evaluation Bicycling is for everyone Cyclists perception

Good legibility starts with good design

An emerging language A favorable climate for bicycling

Opportunities & goals

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4

INTRODUCTION

WASH UWASH U

CONTEXT

CITY AND CAMPUS NETWORK AND STREET DETAIL AND DESIGN

The demographic and the compact nature of university campuses means they are ideally suited to enjoy the opportunities offered by a high quality cycling and public realm strategy.

While bicycle use is often higher in campus communities than typical urban areas, the usage level has a natural limit. Campuses that actively plan and develop cohesive infrastructure see the highest growth in bicycle rates.

The benefits of creating a more human scaled urban fabric are far broader than a simple reduction in car journeys.

The improvements to the quality of life, increased social interaction and enhancement of the public realm are better not just for each individual inhabitant, but create real and lasting value through more attractive and desirable environments.

BICYCLE FRAMEWORK

BICYCLING IS THE NEW BLACK HAPPENING ALL OVER I BIKE WASH U

BICYCLE FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION

By their very nature streets are not stand alone objects.

While addressing some very specific and urgent issues along Forsyth Boulevard, any appraisal and design proposals need to be developed within a larger context.

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BICYCLING IS THE NEW BLACK

IS U O L .

T S

333%

uters e comm e in bik 2 s a re c In 01 90 to 2 from 19

1990

1992 1991

1993

1994

1996 1995

USA

64%

ers

ut e comm e in bik 9 s a re c In 00 90 to 2 from 19

WASH U can harness this trend for the benefit of the entire University community

1997

1998

2007 006 05 2 0 2 2004 2003 2002 1 0 20 2000 1999

2008

2009

BICYCLING TRENDS While there are not yet large numbers of people cycling in St. Louis, the current trend is significant. The total share of bicycle commuters has more than tripled in size over the last two decades. (according to the US Census).

WASH U can harness this trend for the benefit of the entire University community. There is also potential to collaborate with the city of St. Louis to accomplish the goal of extending the bicycle network that connects all WASH U campuses.

Investments in bicycle infrastructure will have benefits for the city, the university and the members of the community.

One significant benefit is safety. Creating more miles of high quality and connected bicycle infrastructure will increase the numbers of cyclists. It will also draw a wider range of demographics and abilities making this investment also one in social justice. An increase of cyclists has proven to equate to an increase in safety.

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WHY DO PEOPLE CYCLE ?

Cycling is just coming into its own as a cultural phenomenon in the United States. If we look toward cities with a strong bicycle infrastructure network, we can see how cycling has evolved beyond transport, into a way of life. From running errands and shopping to conversing with a friend riding across campus, it is a way to interact with your community. The right infrastructure allows for bicycling to realize this evolution into more than sweaty ride from point A to point B. At the same time, people ride because it is usually faster and more convenient for short length trips (1-2 miles) than walking or driving.

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56% It's faster 37% 29% 26% 12%

It's more convenient It's cheap It's healthy

Well-being/good way to start the day

9% 5% Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2012

New job/relocation Environmental/climate concerns

BICYCLING IS THE NEW BLACK

Many daily trips in US urban areas are quick and easy to ride to: 1 mile takes 5 minutes* by bike

Cost of Owning a Car (per year) FUNDS LEAVING THE LOCAL ECONOMY Gas, insurance, purchase price over time, finance charges

2 miles takes 10 minutes* by bike

27% of trips <1 mile

41% of trips <2 miles

$7,095

FUNDS STAYING IN LOCAL ECONOMY License, taxes, repair, tires, registration, maintenance

$8,485

84% ~27% of ALL trips in the US were less than 1 mile

*avg.travel speed 12mph

~41% of ALL trips in the US were less than 2 miles

$1,390

16% aaa.com

*avg. travel speed 12mph

CYCLING...

IT’S FAST! IT’S AFFORDABLE! 9

BENEFITS OF BICYCLING FOR THE CITY

FOR THE UNIVERSITY

FOR THE INDIVIDUAL

ECONOMY

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

EFFICIENT

CONNECTIVITY

AFFORDABLE

cyclists spend more $ (flows into the local economy)

construction of bicycle infrastructure creates MORE JOBS per million dollars spent than road infrastructure projects

new tool to enhance WASH U attractiveness for students

2X

create FASTER TRAVEL TIME between university buildings & campuses

ENVIRONMENT

taking cars off the road, decreased air/noise pollution & traffic congestion

TOURISM

supports the start of a bicycle network to explore the city

SUSTAINABILITY

collisions are reduced by bicycle infrastructure investments

cheaper than owning, operating & parking a car

HEALTHY

activity / exercise integrated into everyday life

support university sustainability commitment & goals

SAFETY

fastest way to navigate across an expanding campus

High Return On Investment

$11.80 peoplepoweredmovement.org

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Healthcare related benefits for every dollar invested in bicycling and walking

BICYCLING IS THE NEW BLACK

TIME COSTS

air noise

POLLUTION COSTS

TRANSPORT COSTS

Analysing Systemic Costs and Benefits Creating an active bicycle commute culture on campus has benefits for the whole community.

ACCIDENT COSTS

RECREATIONAL VALUE

quality of life

PUBLIC SPACE VALUE

HEALTH BENEFITS

life expectancy obesity reduction

BRANDING VALUE

Students, faculty and staff who bike to work will find greater health. Physical fitness, less trips to the hospital, increased energy and focus in their work at the University, all are benefits of cycling to campus.

Additionally, the increased population of bicyclists adds to the quality of public life in and around campus, creating more of a University community and culture, as well as bringing more business and life to local shops.

With the concept of the “green” university at play in prospective students’ decision-making process, an exemplar bicycle framework & culture frames Wash U as a real contributor to the search for living sustainably on college campuses.

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Combined Bicycle Traffic over Four Main Portland Bicycle Bridges Juxtaposed with Bicycle Crashes

SAFETY IN NUMBERS

20,000

Cyclists per Day Bridge Bicycle Traffic

17,500

RE A

E

AS CRE

yc in c

ling

! Reported Bicycle Crashes*

Indexed Bicycle Crash Rate (Trend Line)

15,000

DEC

SE in

Crashes and Indexed Crash Rate

Increase 6X

800 700 600

12,500

colli

sion

s pe

r c yc

500

10,000

list

IN

70% Decrease

7,500 5,000 2,500 0

400 300

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

200 100

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Bridge Bicycle Traffic 2,850 3,555 3,885 3,830 3,207 4,520 5,225 5,690 5,910 6,015 7,686 8,250 8,562 8,875 10,192 12,046 14,563 16,711 15,794 17,576 Reported Bicycle Crashes*

155

163

171

189

195

160

167

166

161

179

175

173

164

174

188

203

186

265

Indexed Bicycle Crash Rate (Trend Line)

544

459

440

493

514

354

320

292

272

298

230

210

192

196

184

168

128

Bicycle Fatalities

2

0

4

3

2

1

5

3

0

0

5

0

4

1

4

0

6

Portland

287 182

*

0

4

*

Year

12

*

159

Extrapolated from peak period counts â&#x20AC;&#x153;Crash Rate" represents an indexing of annual reported crashes to daily bicycle trips across the four main bicycle bridges. *2008, 2009 Reported Bicycle Crashes data reflects increased crash reporting requirements.

The creation of bicycle infrastructure increases the safety of cyclists, attracting more cyclists of varying skill levels to commuting by bicycle. This in turn creates a bicycle culture, where bicyclists as well as vehicular drivers are more aware of each others presence.

The increase in visibility increases safety, and in turn attracts more students and faculty to commute to campus via bicycle.

900

PROVEN TREND: Increase in bicycle infrastructure = INCREASE in cycling Increase in cycling = DECREASE in collisions per cyclist

0

or education 1996-2012

SAFETY IN NUMBERS

In 2012, there were 10 more cyclists who were seriously injured in traffic accidents than in 2010. On the other hand 60,000 more kilometers were cycled per day, meaning 4.1 million kilometers were cycled between each serious accident, three times longer than in 1995. The improved safety is partly due to more people cycling and creating a generally safer traffic environment, partly to a determined effort to make infrastructure safer, including intersection reconstruction, wider cycle tracks and bus boarding islands, as well as campaigns to improve behavior and awareness in traffic.

1995

Even though cycling levels are much high car, bus, train and metro are also popula cycling to work or education, an intensifi means of transport to start cycling.

1996 BICYCLING IS THE NEW BLACK

100

2012

Times around the earth or 4.1 million kilometers cycled between each serious bicycle accident in Copenhagen

Kilometers cycled (mil. per weekday) Seriously injured cyclists (number per year) Cycled km between serious casualties (mil. km) Change in risk of cycling accidents in Copenhagen, 1995 = index 100

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BICYCLES SHARE THE ROADS

Portland documented cyclists per day at bridges, Copenhagen used distance cycled.

Primary mode of transport for trips to work or e

Copenhagen

Copenhagen

Portland 13

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HAPPENING ALL OVER BICYCLE ACCOUNTS COP CIT Y ENHAGEN OF C BIC Y YCLI CLE A CCOU STS NT 2 0 12

1 eapolis 201 Minn f o City ling c y c i B nt Accou

1. Bicycle Count Data (ex. bicycle traffic trends over time) 2. Quality of Cycling (ex. survey of cyclists and their perceptions)

te the sta te on upda neapolis r-end A yea ling in Min yc of bic

City of

apol M inne

is | Pu

orks De blic W

Bicycle accounts are a specific way to document what the progression of bicycling has been in a city. It provides both inspiration and justification for the next steps in the development of bicycle infrastructure. While WASH U may not prepare a full account, it can utilize some of the metrics and possibly work with the city on a St. Louis Bicycle Account. There are four main criteria for a bicycle account:

partm

ent | Tr

affic an

d Pa

Serv rk ing

ices |

w w w.

minne

apolism

n.gov/

bicycle

s

3. Infrastructure Development (ex. miles of bicycle facilities) 4. Theme Studies (ex. economic and tourism impacts)

CAMPUS COMPARISONS One important metric for WASH U to consider is the League of American Bicyclists â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bicycle Friendly Universityâ&#x20AC;? program.

This is one way for WASH U to improve its standing among other universities and with prospective students. The following pages highlight four comparable universities, their campus context and their rankings in the program. They were selected as they have commonalities with WASH U either in college rankings, campus type or size.

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UC Santa Barbara UCSB

Enrollment: 18,977 Campus Acreage: 898 Setting: Suburban City Population: 89,045

Dedicated Bike Lane Bike Lane Ped & Bike shared Car & Bike sharrow Campus buildings

Bicycle polo on UC Irvine campus

UC Irvine UC IRVINE

Enrollment: 22,216 Campus Acreage: 1,500 Setting: Suburban City Population: 231,117

Bicycle Parking at UC Santa Barbara 16

Dedicated Bike Lane Bike Lane Ped & Bike shared Car & Bike sharrow Campus buildings

Emory EMORY

Enrollment: 7,656 Campus Acreage: 56 Setting: CIty City Population: 432,427

Free bicycle repair in Ithaca

UC IRVINE CORNELL

Cornell Enrollment: 21,131 Campus Acreage: 745 Setting: Rural City Population: 30,054

Student bicycle culture in Atlanta

Dedicated Bike Lane Bike Lane Ped & Bike shared Car & Bike sharrow Campus buildings

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WASH U Enrollment: 14,117 Campus Acreage: 169 Setting: Suburban City Population: 318,069

?

UC IRVINE

Dedicated Bike Lane Bike Lane Ped & Bike shared Car & Bike sharrow Campus buildings

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HAPPENING ALL OVER

WASH U IS DECENTRALIZED BUT WITHIN CYCLING DISTANCE With a series of campuses spread across St. Louis, Wash U has a unique task in creating bicycle connections between each of its satellites. The initial steps have been taken: creation of a legible bicycle map for the Danforth campus, the creation of bicycle parking, and the establishment of a dedicated staff position focusing on alternative mobility. This work would be greatly bolstered by the creation of a complete bicycle network that connects Danforth campus with the rest of the WASH U campuses. While the university is decentralized, each of the satellites are within a distance easily reachable by bicycle.

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20

I

20%

WASH U

NEW POPULATION EVERY YEAR READY FOR A LIFESTYLE CHANGE Every fall, a new group of bright-eyed students enters the University. With this comes an incredible opportunity for change and growth. Old patterns of behavior, such as driving to school, can be modified. In the few weeks that follows enrollment, the opportunity exists to cultivate a culture of cycling within these individuals.

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CC 2.0: MBK

CC 2.0: Trailnet

CC 2.0: The Alliance for Biking & Walking

COMMUNITY

EXPRESSION

BICYCLING NEEDS...

CULTURAL SHIFT IN PROGRESS

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EDUCATION ENCOURAGEMENT EVALUATION

HEALTH & MOOD

I

EDUCATION & ENCOURAGEMENT

WASH U

Programming to enrich and celebrate cycling at WASH U and surrounding city

Bike Classes

Festivals

I WASH U Branding â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bike to the Futureâ&#x20AC;? Campus Event WASH U is already starting down the road of creating a great community for cycling. Efforts must be made to continue to strengthen the idea of community events and developing a sense that bicycling is more than a way to get from A to B. It is a way to be active and engage with your surroundings in ways that are not possible in a car. From pulling off to stop and shop to the frequent chance encounter of a friend, bicycling facilitates more interaction with the community.

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EVALUATION Evaluate the success of bicycle programs and infrastructure on campus as part of a feedback loop

Build on existing local programs and campaigns

Hi! I’m the Alternative Transportation Coordinator

ANDY

MetroLink stop

Designated bike route

MetroBus stop

Dedicated to cyclists. Yield to pedestrians. Use caution and slow when approaching vehicular intersections.

Fix-It station Covered bike rack Lg. capacity bike rack Sm. capacity bike rack Buildings with showers Campus Circulator stop

Shared use route Designed to accomodate pedestri ans. Cyclists should proceed with caution and yield at all times.

On-street route Shared with vehicular traffic. Follow all traffic laws.

1 inch = 0.09 miles

CYCLING TIPS FOR A SAFE COMMUTE

Planning

Obey All Traffic Regulations: Cyclists are intended users of the road and have the same rights, rules and responsibilities as drivers of other vehicles. When approaching a stop sign or red light, come to a complete stop and proceed only when safe to do so.

Watch for turning traffic: Cars turning right or turning left from the opposite left-turning lane at intersections may not notice cyclists. Watch for any indications that a motorist may turn into your path. Ride defensively; be ready to brake if a motorist enters your path.

Use Hand Signals: Use hand signals to communi cate any turns to motorists and other cyclists. Signal as a matter of law, courtesy and self-protec tion.

Communicate with motorists: Make eye contact with motorists and communicate what you intend to do with hand signals and body language.

Keep your bike in check: Perform routine maintainence regularly. When bike commuting, carry tools for simple repairs, including a pump, Allen wrench set, tire levers, patch kit, spare tube and a crescent wrench if necessary.

Travel in a Straight Line: Instead of weaving, travel in a straight, predictable line except to pass other vehicles or to avoid road surface hazards. Ride to the right of faster traffic 4ft from parked cars to avoid opening doors.

Follow Lane Markings: Don’t turn left from the right lane.

Instead, erge into the appropriate lane in the direction you are going when lane markings change. Don’t go straight in a lane marked “right turn only.”

Technology MetroLink stop

Designated bike route

MetroBus stop

Dedicated to cyclists. Yield to pedestrians. Use caution and slow when approaching vehicular intersections.

Fix-It station Covered bike rack Lg. capacity bike rack Sm. capacity bike rack Buildings with showers Campus Circulator stop

Shared use route

Choose the best way to turn left: There are two ways to make a left turn. (1) Like a motorist: Signal, and merge into the left lane. Stay to the right in the left turn lane to allow motorists behind you to make their turn. (2) Go straight to the corner at the far side of the intersection, pause and re-orient with the flow of traffic going left and continue when the light turns green.

Ride with the flow of traffic: Riding against automobile traffic is dangerous and illegal. Motorists and pedestrians aren’t looking for cyclists riding in the opposite direction, which reduces their reaction time and increases the chances of an accident.

INFORMATION ON BIKING IN ST. LOUIS

BIKE REPAIR/RENTAL

OFFICE OF SUSTAINABILITY

BE ARS’ BIKES:

On-street route Shared with vehicular traffic. Follow all traffic laws.

1 inch = 0.09 miles

GREAT RIVERS GREENWAY PARKING & TRANSPORTATION:

CYCLING TIPS FOR A SAFE COMMUTE

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Watch for turning traffic: Cars turning right or turning left from the opposite left-turning lane at intersections may not notice cyclists. Watch for any indications that a motorist may turn into your path. Ride defensively; be ready to brake if a motorist enters your path.

Use Hand Signals: Use hand signals to communi cate any turns to motorists and other cyclists. Signal as a matter of law, courtesy and self-protec tion.

Communicate with motorists: Make eye contact with motorists and communicate what you intend to do with hand signals and body language.

Travel in a Straight Line: Instead of weaving, travel in a straight, predictable line except to pass other vehicles or to avoid road surface hazards. Ride to the right of faster traffic 4ft from parked cars to avoid opening doors.

Follow Lane Markings: Don’t turn left from the right lane.

Instead, erge into the appropriate lane in the direction you are going when lane markings change. Don’t go straight in a lane marked “right turn only.”

Choose the best way to turn left: There are two ways to make a left turn. (1) Like a motorist: Signal, and merge into the left lane. Stay to the

Keep your bike in check: Perform routine maintainence regularly. When bike commuting, carry tools for simple repairs, including a pump, Allen wrench set, tire levers, patch kit, spare tube and a crescent wrench if necessary.

Be cautious on shared paths: Always yield to pedestrians, especially in high-density areas such as campus. When passing pedestri ans, use a bell, horn or your voice to make them aware ahead of time and then pass on their left. Law states that cyclists are not allowed on sidewalks in business districts, like the Delmar Loop.

Ride with the flow of traffic: Riding against automobile traffic is

Be prepared: Always wear a helmet. Be sure to have a front-facing white light and rear-facing red light. Carry a lock to secure your bike after parking.

High-quality U-locks are available at a discounted price from WUPD. Pick one up when you register your bike!

Avoid road hazards: Watch out for potholes, sewer grates and manhole covers, oily or slick pavement and other hazards.

Cross railroad tracks carefully at right angles. For better control, stand up on your pedals. The majority of bicycle accidents are caused by road hazards.

Be Aware of Surroundings: Always scan intersections, driveways and crosswalks when passing. Learn to look back when changing lanes without losing your balance or swerving left.

IMPORTANT PHONE NUMBERS To report emergencies, accidents and theft, call WUPD, 314-935-5555 To report road hazards or campus infrastructure problems, call WUSTL Facilities, 314-935-5544

Designed to accomodate pedestri ans. Cyclists should proceed with caution and yield at all times.

: sustain.wustl.edu : grgstl.org

Use the Entire Lane When Necessary: State law allows cyclists to use as much of the lane as they need to ride safely. Move toward the center when the lane is too narrow for motorists to pass safely or when you are moving at the same speed as traffic. Bicyclists may ride side-by-side if not impeding faster traffic. Ride single file when cars are trying to pass.

Be prepared: Always wear a helmet. Be sure to have a front-facing white light and rear-facing red light. Carry a lock to secure your bike after parking.

High-quality U-locks are available at a discounted price from WUPD. Pick one up when you register your bike!

Avoid road hazards: Watch out for potholes, sewer grates and manhole covers, oily or slick pavement and other hazards.

Cross railroad tracks carefully at right angles. For better control, stand up on your pedals. The majority of bicycle accidents are caused by road hazards.

Be Aware of Surroundings: Always scan intersections, driveways and crosswalks when passing. Learn to look back when changing lanes without losing your balance or swerving left.

parking.wustl.edu

bearsbikes.com

BIG SHARK BICYCLES: BIKE WORKS:

TRAILNET: trailnet.org

Obey All Traffic Regulations: Cyclists are intended users of the road and have the same rights, rules and responsibilities as drivers of other vehicles. When approaching a stop sign or red light, come to a complete stop and proceed only when safe to do so.

Be cautious on shared paths: Always yield to pedestrians, especially in high-density areas such as campus. When passing pedestri ans, use a bell, horn or your voice to make them aware ahead of time and then pass on their left. Law states that cyclists are not allowed on sidewalks in business districts, like the Delmar Loop.

Use the Entire Lane When Necessary: State law allows cyclists to use as much of the lane as they need to ride safely. Move toward the center when the lane is too narrow for motorists to pass safely or when you are moving at the same speed as traffic. Bicyclists may ride side-by-side if not impeding faster traffic. Ride single file when cars are trying to pass.

MESA CYCLES:

bigshark.com

bworks.org mesacycles.com

This map was locally printed using solvent and emissionfree inks, coatings and fountain solution, with all energy consumption offset through renewable energy credits.

30% post-consumer

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BICYCLING IS FOR EVERYONE

WASH U

58%

Percentage of Copenhageners who say that their kids cycle to school

35 30 25 20 15 10

32% % Bicycle Share for All Trips by Age in Copenhagen 20% 14%

14%

15%

15%

15%

SAFE & LEGIBLE

A good bicycle network will be legible and safe enough to invite users from age 8 - 80.

5 0

10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-74 25

CYCLIST PERCEPTION

A cyclists immediate attention is primarily focused on the road surface ahead.

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

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GOOD LEGIBILITY STARTS WITH GOOD DESIGN

CURB

SIDE W ALK

WASH U

CURB

CYCLETRACK

TRAVEL LANE

PHYSICAL LAYOUT

TRAVEL LANE

MARKINGS

VERTICAL SIGNAGE

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AN EMERGING LANGUAGE

New York

Seattle

Portland

Los Angeles

San Francisco

MARKINGS

28

I

WASH U

New York

Seattle

Portland

Los Angeles

New York

San Francisco

SIGNALS

29

New York

Chicago

Portland

Boston

San Francisco

PARKING

30

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A FAVORABLE CLIMATE FOR BICYCLING 100

St. Louis Average Temperature

80 60 40 20 0

5

The average temperature and total rainfall of St. Louis is very comparable to the most cycle friendly city in the US, Portland, OR and more favorable than the most cycle friendly city in the world, Copenhagen. When you also consider that there are not significant hills in the city and between the WASH U campuses, you can start to envision how feasible the concept is of a bicycle commuter friendly campus network.

WASH U 75% share of Copenhageners who cycle throughout the year

The average snowfall in St. Louis is just 19â&#x20AC;? total, and people still bike to school!

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

St. Louis Average Precipitation

4 3 2 1 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 31

OPPORTUNITIES Local increases in cycling rates will support University initiatives Suburban streets allow for implementation of high-quality network Existing programs and facilities are a foundation All WASH U campuses are within easy cycling distance New student population every year â&#x20AC;&#x201D; ready for a lifestyle change

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I GOALS

WASH U

WASH U has taken great steps towards the creation of a bicycle-friendly campus. With the continued development of both bicycle infrastructure and bicycle culture spanning its campuses, WASH U can be a leader in sustainability and alternative mobility for US universities.

Increase in ridership + Reduction of crashes + X miles of new cycle tracks + X% increase in bicycle infrastructure =

A high-quality, connected bicycle network

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CREDITS PHOTOS Cover image: Creative Commons 2.0 (CC 2.0): Eric Allix Rogers Introduction: CC 2.0: Masauve Bicycling is the new black: CC 2.0: Trailnet Why do people cycle: CC 2.0: Matt Dale Safety in numbers, Copenhagen: CC 2.0: Mark Ames Safety in numbers, Portland: CC 2.0: Ansoncfit Campus comparisons, UC Santa Barbara: CC 2.0: Tamara Evans Campus comparisons, UC Irvine: CC 2.0: Varin Tsai Campus comparisons, Emory: CC 2.0: Cameron Adams Campus comparisons, Cornell: CC 2.0: Paul Sableman I bike WASH U, library: CC 2.0: Washington University Libraries I bike WASH U, male student: CC 2.0: Garrett Coyte I bike WASH U, female student: CC 2.0: Rockey’s Photography I bike WASH U, community: CC 2.0: Trailnet I bike WASH U, expression: CC 2.0: MBK I bike WASH U, health & mood: CC 2.0: The Alliance for Biking & Walking Education, bike classes: CC 2.0: SLO County Bike Coalition Education, festivals: CC 2.0: Henry Jose Education, bike to the future: ©Washington University in St. Louis Evaluation, counter: CC 2.0: Biking Seattle Evaluation, better way to school: CC 2.0: Trailnet Climate, ©Washington University in St. Louis

GRAPHIC SYMBOLS The following symbols from The Noun Project have been used with permission of the designers: Benefits of cycling, Hospital, Ben King Benefits of cycling, Arch, Jonathan K Safety in numbers, bicycle crash, James Keuning Safety, bicycle rider, Brad Cain I bike WASH U student, Lemon Liu Climate, weather, Mateo Zlatar

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Niels Ebbesens Vej 11

DK-1911 Frederiksberg C

mail@schulzeplusgrassov.com

www.schulzeplusgrassov.com

CVR No. 34900280