Seco_Edge-1-2013_vi-vn_LR by Seco Tools

7Ҥ3 &+Ë &Ӫ$ 6(&2 6Ӕ #1.2013

4XpW Pm

'$2 3+$< ĈƬ$ OӟQ ÿѭӧF FKӃ WҥR WKHR QKX FҫX Pӣ ÿѭӡQJ FKR ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO KjQJ KҧL PӟL FӵF NǤ KLӋQ ÿҥL FӫD $%& 'LHVHO

DIESEL 6Ҹ1 6¬1* &+2 1Ă0

*,Ҧ, 3+È3 *,$ &Ð1* 0Ӣ ĈѬӠ1* &+2 48Һ1* 7Ҩ7 &Ҧ &È& +ӊ 7+Ӕ1* Ĉӄ8 Ĉ, .Ê0 9Ӟ, '$2 &Ө 3&$ ĈѬӦ& &Ҧ, 7,ӂ1

&ร &+ 7+ำฌ& +2าค7 ฤ ำ 1* &ำช$ โ ข

Minimaster Plus FางL WLำ Q NKiF Kำ WKำ QJ GDR Fำฉ 0LQLPDVWHU 3OXV รฟm WKrP Pำ W GzQJ VางQ SKาญP KาฅW GDR Pำ L รฟำ JLD F{QJ Eัญำ F WLำ Q FDR FKR Eำ VัญX WาฑS KาฅW GDR EาฑF FาซX Yj QKLำ X PH

+าฅW GDR Fy GXQJ Gำ FK OjP QJXำ L WURQJ Fy NKาง Qฤ QJ FKR WXำ L WKำ GDR Fำฉ Wำ W QKาฉW Fy WKำ Yj รฟำ WKRiW SKRL รฟiQJ WLQ Fาฑ\

+าฅ

W G

E ัญ

ำ F

WL ำ

Q FD

R Fy

E D

+ E าฅ Fi ัญำ W GD รฟำ F F W R Q รฟัญ Lำ Q JLD ำก F F P QJ DR {Q LOLP Nt F J Q y HW K W Vาน ำฏ Q

1ำ , 2: -& ;<= !>% าฆ1+ = ?

7 Kาฅ ำฏ J N W L Nาฝ Lำ X GD ำก WU S Fำก R V rQ FK O ำ Wาฉ uD r Fy W F Y WK N าง าปQ D\ าฝ F N WK S G iF Lำ ำ D X F R P KR Fำฉ yF

ำฃ P m รฟ J QJ าตQ างL J Fว E W F Q J iQ Nำ Yำณ ำ Q L F X J WK ำ Lr Q ำ Y WK Fำญ + ำ QJ ELW รฟำ U F FD Lำ Q WK

! " # $%& ' () '*+ , - . + / - 0 1 - 23 -& (" 4# 4+ 567897

EDGE Oj Pำ W WาฅS FKt GjQK FKR NKiFK KjQJ FำซD 6HFR 7RROV รฟัญำงF [XาฉW EางQ EาตQJ WKำญ WLำ QJ WUrQ WRjQ WKำ JLำ L A - !B<=+C - 6HFR 7RROV $% )DJHUVWD 7Kำฉ\ ฤ Lำ Q 0 FCH + ?IC J!K +=B =+ ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP , K:L+ M" +DQV +HOOJUHQ 9%!C> KDQV KHOOJUHQ#VHFRWRROV FRP

MN+ -HQQLIHU +LOOLDUG 9%!C> MHQQLIHU KLOOLDUG# VHFRWRROV FRP " K:L+ O, +BP M,Q K:L+ M" $SSHOEHUJ 3XEOLVKLQJ *URXS CR% F0 2S R $QGHUV 1RUGQHU CR% F0 %T + :4+ &HFLOLD )DUNDV -RKDQ 1RKU (ODQGHUV U MP! *HWW\LPDJHV (G 3ULWFKDUG

7jL OLำ X ELrQ WาฑS WURQJ าฉQ SKาญP Qj\ WKXำ F EางQ TX\ำ Q FำซD QKj [XาฉW EางQ 6HFR 7RROV $% าจQ SKาญP Qj\ Fy WKำ รฟัญำงF WiL VางQ [XาฉW PLำ Q SKt PLำ Q Oj G QJ FKR (GJH Yj SKางL WK{QJ EiR FKR &Kำซ E~W &iF WKัญัซQJ KLำ X Yj WrQ WKัญัซQJ PาฅL Vำฑ GำฉQJ WURQJ าฉQ SKาญP Qj\ รฟm รฟัญำงF SKiS OXาฑW EางR Kำ

_ %¬, ; /8Ұ1 6ͩ #1.2013

& '( ) * GjQK WKӡL JLDQ OjP WuQK QJX\ӋQ FKR Wә FKӭF Wӯ WKLӋQ

04 08 10 12 13 14 23

7͐7 1+ɡ7 &ͦ$ + , -

^ _` & W ]

'DR SKD\ ÿƭD OӟQ ÿѭӧF FKӃ WҥR WKHR QKX FҫX Pӣ ÿѭӡQJ FKR ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO PӟL FӵF NǤ KLӋQ ÿҥL FӫD $%& 'LHVHO

g f Wj Z ' k

+Ӌ WKӕQJ 3KkQ WtFK QăQJ VXҩW Yj FKL SKt PӟL VӁ VӟP Fy FKR Pi\ WtQK EҧQJ

]f U V g W^ (h ) W i

&KѭѫQJ WUuQK JLiR GөF Yj ÿjR WҥR GjQK FKR FiF FKX\rQ JLD YӅ FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL FӫD 6HFR 7RROV ÿm ÿѭӧF QkQJ FDR OrQ WKjQK PӝW FXӕQ ViFK PӟL V W W X X & ( 'Y Z[ \] ( W

7ҥL F{QJ W\ VҧQ [XҩW FӫD 7k\ %DQ 1KD $OXPDOVD $OIRQVR 0ROLQHU Yj 5D~O $UQDV OjP YLӋF ÿӇ WӕL ѭX KyD VҧQ [XҩW a b WZ W c d V e

*LҧP WҥR UD FKҩW WKҧL FKӍ Oj PӝW [X KѭӟQJ ÿѭӧF F{QJ W\ 7K\VVHQ.UXSS 0DWHULDOV FӫD 3KiS QrX UD

W Y W X & VW VW )

&{QJ W\ VҧQ [XҩW EѫP ,0%,/ FӫD %UD[LQ ÿm WăQJ WӕF ÿӝ VҧQ [XҩW WURQJ NKL ÿy FKL SKt JLD F{QJ JLҧP

! " # $% WK{QJ WLQ Fy WKӇ ÿѭӧF WLӃS FұQ WK{QJ TXD QKLӅX NrQK NKiF QKDX Ĉy Oj Oê GR WҥL VDR FK~QJ W{L TX\ӃW ÿӏQK ÿѭD WҥS FKt ('*( VҹQ Fy WUrQ L3DG +LӋQ ÿk\ Oj EҧQ SKiW KjQK WKӭ KDL ÿӇ ÿѭӧF VҧQ [XҩW FKR Pi\ WtQK EҧQJ ӬQJ GөQJ ('*( FXQJ FҩS FKR EҥQ ÿӑF FӫD FK~QJ W{L F QJ PӝW TX\ӅQ WUX\ FұS YjR WK{QJ WLQ YӅ VҧQ SKҭP FiF EjL YLӃW Nӻ WKXұW Yj Kӗ Vѫ NKiFK KjQJ FӫD FK~QJ W{L F QJ YӟL WjL OLӋX Eә VXQJ WKӵF Vӵ WKLӃW WKӵF WURQJ P{L WUѭӡQJ Nӻ WKXұW Vӕ +m\ WuP ('*( WUrQ L3DG WURQJ $SSOH $SS6WRUH KRһF TXpW Pm 45 WUrQ WUDQJ EuD WUѭӟF FӫD WҥS FKt ÿӇ WUX\ FұS WUӵF WLӃS YjR ӭQJ GөQJ Ĉk\ NK{QJ SKҧL Oj FRQ ÿѭӡQJ PӟL GX\ QKҩW Pj WURQJ ÿy FK~QJ W{L KѭӟQJ ÿӃQ FXQJ FҩS FKR EҥQ QKӳQJ FkX FKX\ӋQ KҩS GүQ Yj JLjX WK{QJ WLQ &K~QJ W{L KLӋQ ÿDQJ Pӣ UӝQJ Vӵ KLӋQ GLӋQ FӫD PuQK WUrQ WKӃ JLӟL ҧR ÿһW FiF WLӃS [~F KRjQ WKLӋQ WUrQ WUDQJ ZHE±HGJHXSGDWH FRP±YӟL WLQ WӭF Vӵ NLӋQ Yj WK{QJ WLQ YӅ 6HFR Yj FiF VҧQ SKҭP FӫD FK~QJ W{L 7X\ Yұ\ YӟL EҧQ SKiW KjQK WҥS FKt ('*( OҫQ Qj\ FK~QJ WD VӁ WKӵF KLӋQ PӝW FKX\ӃQ GX OӏFK WURQJ WKӃ JLӟL WKӵF WUѭӟF WLrQ Oj ÿL ÿӃQ %Ӎ ÿӇ WuP KLӇX WKrP YӅ KRҥW ÿӝQJ VҧQ [XҩW ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO WUѭӟF NKL GӯQJ FKkQ WҥL %UD[LQ ÿӇ WuP KLӇX FiFK WKLӃW Eӏ FӫD PӝW F{QJ W\ JLҧL TX\ӃW YҩQ ÿӅ YӅ WtQK NKҳF QJKLӋW FӫD F{QJ YLӋF NKDL NKRiQJ &XӕL F QJ {QJ 3DWULFN GH 9RV FӫD FKtQK 6HFR Yj *LiR Vѭ -DQ (ULF 6WnKO FӫD ĈҥL KӑF /XQG WҥL 7Kө\ ĈLӇQ ÿm YLӃW PӝW FXӕQ ViFK YӅ QJjQK JLD F{QJ Ĉk\ FKӍ Oj PӝW Yt Gө NKiF YӅ Qӛ OӵF OLrQ WөF FӫD 6HFR QKҵP FXQJ FҩS NLӃQ WKӭF Yj GӏFK Yө KӳX tFK FKR NKiFK KjQJ +m\ WKѭӣQJ WKӭF

. // 0 ) 1 2 *3 45 6 '6 7 8 ( HGJH#VHFRWRROV FRP

(f l & W g ( m Wj W

7UiFK QKLӋP [m KӝL FӫD F{QJ W\ NK{QJ FKӍ Oj NKҭX KLӋX Qy Oj FKҩW [~F WiF FKR PӝW WѭѫQJ ODL EӅQ YӳQJ 'f b n o %ҥQ Fy ê WѭӣQJ YӅ PӝW FkX FKX\ӋQ QjR ÿy GjQK FKR WҥS FKt Edge NK{QJ" +m\ JӱL FKR FK~QJ W{L WKHR ÿӏD FKӍ HGJH#VHFRWRROV FRP

edge [1 ·2013]

Ӭ1* 'Ө1* W ]

/RҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ PӟL QKҩW FӫD F{QJ W\ %Ӎ Oj NӃW WLQK ÿӍQK FDR FӫD QăP NLQK QJKLӋP WURQJ F{QJ QJKӋ ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO

_ C= += B

=> =% !

IC ( _C= =>r R Fs - t >u FAC vC -C! / - F* MCH+

, 2 : - p!

! q= >! !B Ҧ

, = > 9 : ; <

Ӭ1* 'Ө1* W ]

= ? >, , : - L# ! ( _C= => +B? - C : + 4# <

?2 8@ .A (5 B* 6* * /CF G '(H BJC 0 K /67 M G( N 8O7 8 5 /P ”.

-RKDQ 9DQ GH 9HOGH

w W m W )] ÿһW WҥL QJRҥL { *KHQW %Ӎ FKӭD ÿҫ\ ҳS KjQJ WUăP ORҥL Pi\ PyF FҫQ WUөF WK QJ WKѭD OӟQ QKӓ NKiF QKDX Yj KjQJ QJjQ SKө W QJ ÿӝQJ Fѫ 0ӝW Vӕ ORҥL SKө W QJ QKѭ Yұ\ YӯD UD NKӓL NKX{Q ÿ~F YүQ FKѭD ÿѭӧF JLD F{QJ Yj PӝW Vӕ ÿѭӧF JLD F{QJ SKӭF WҥS KҫX KӃW WURQJ Vӕ FK~QJ ÿӅX TXi QһQJ ÿӇ JLD F{QJ EҵQJ WD\ 7ҥL ÿk\ OӵF OѭӧQJ ODR ÿӝQJ FKX\rQ QJKLӋS OҳS UiS EҵQJ WD\ ÿӝQJ Fѫ PӛL QăP $%& 'LHVHO Oj QKj FKӃ WҥR WKjQK F{QJ FiF ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO Wӯ WUXQJ EuQK ÿӃQ OӟQ ÿѭӧF EiQ WUrQ WRjQ WKӃ JLӟL ³&{QJ W\ %Ӎ $QJOR´ ÿm ÿѭӧF WKjQK OұS FiFK ÿk\ PӝW WKӃ Nӹ YjR QăP EӣL PӝW QKyP FiF QKj ÿҫX Wѭ &DUHOV %URWKHUV PӝW WURQJ Vӕ FiF QKj ÿҫX Wѭ Qj\ ÿm PDQJ YӅ JLҩ\ SKpS FKӃ WҥR ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO FKR F{QJ W\ PӟL *HRUJHV &DUHOV ÿm WUӣ WKjQK EҥQ FӫD QKj ÿҫX Wѭ ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO 5XGROI 'LHVHO +LӋQ QD\ QKLӅX F{QJ QKkQ ÿm Yj ÿDQJ JҳQ Ey YӟL $%& TXD KjQJ WKұS

Nӹ 0ӝW WURQJ Vӕ Kӑ iS GөQJ Nӻ WKXұW WKiR NKX{Q FKX\rQ GөQJ FKR ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO QKӓ [\ ODQK Fy NtFK WKѭӟF EҵQJ Eӝ WҧQ QKLӋW EҵQJ QѭӟF /RҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ QKӓ Qj\ ÿm [XҩW [ѭӣQJ Fҧ WUăP QăP WUѭӟF ÿk\ Yj KLӋQ ÿDQJ ÿѭӧF SKөF KӗL FҭQ WKұQ ÿӇ WUѭQJ Ej\ WҥL PӝW EҧR WjQJ PӟL VҳS Pӣ EҧR WjQJ Qj\ Oj PӝW SKҫQ WURQJ OӉ Nӹ QLӋP QăP FӫD $%& 'LHVHO 9j FzQ FiFK QjR KD\ KѫQ ÿӇ Nӹ QLӋP FKR FӝW PӕF TXDQ WUӑQJ QKѭ Yұ\ EҵQJ OӡL KӭD FKR PӝW WKLӃW NӃ PӟL" 9jR WKiQJ QăP ÿӝQJ Fѫ '/ FӫD $%& ÿm ÿѭӧF JLӟL WKLӋX WҥL KӝL FKӧ 600 ӣ +DPEXUJ ĈӝQJ Fѫ Qj\ ÿҥL GLӋQ FKR QKӳQJ FҧL WLӃQ PӟL QKҩW WURQJ F{QJ QJKӋ ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO ÿѭӧF FKӃ WҥR ÿӇ GӉ GjQJ ÿiS ӭQJ FiF \rX FҫX NKt WKҧL TXӕF WӃ QJKLrP QJһW ,02 FKR ± WKұP FKt NK{QJ FҫQ Eӝ FKX\ӇQ ÿәL [~F WiF JLҧP QăQJ OѭӧQJ FӗQJ NӅQK &{QJ QJKӋ (*5 WXDELQ NpS Yj FiF EXӗQJ ÿӕW Fy KuQK GҥQJ ÿһF ELӋW JL~S FKR ÿӝQJ Fѫ Qj\ WUӣ WKjQK PӝW WURQJ FiF ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO WLrQ WLӃQ QKҩW KҥQJ *LiP ÿӕF VҧQ [XҩW -RKDQ 9DQ GH 9HOGH FKR ELӃW ³ĈӝQJ Fѫ Qj\ ÿҥL GLӋQ

*LͳL WKL͟X Y͙ $%&

'xy + , >4# z% 7{75r ( _C= => 556 | OC} O, " K:L+ < ?" - 7~6 Fs - t 2C= => +C} +C % C z%r Fxy MR +IC t 756 :0 -C! R >?IC Fs - t R: O, +R% KQ >! + - , -r 75 O, 7 +B? - # I% OC / - :L+ ~66 666 < Fxy 23 - ? R F : %RQ K= > !r , %RQ FCH O, - >?IC +,: v t x +,: >!C 2 + O, +,: FR R

FKR PӝW EѭӟF QKҧ\ NKәQJ Oӗ ± NK{QJ FKӍ YӅ PһW F{QJ QJKӋ Pj FzQ ÿӕL YӟL FK~QJ W{L WҥL $%& 'LHVHO ĈӝQJ Fѫ Qj\ OӟQ JҩS KDL OҫQ EҩW NǤ ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ QjR FK~QJ W{L WӯQJ FKӃ WҥR Yj Qy ÿzL KӓL PӝW Vӵ ÿҫX Wѭ OӟQ YjR FiF Fѫ Vӣ JLD F{QJ PӟL´ uC C% (=B <%?= r CR% F0 FC : , +IC ( r Fs +C 4Q +B} +?, Ms : C : - 1 - >, FC : :Q + F

( ' W QăP WULӋX HXUR YjR Pi\ &1& OӟQ Wӯ :DOGULFK &REXUJ ÿӇ SKD\ FiF Eӝ SKұQ FӫD ÿӝQJ Fѫ PӟL 'DR Fө SKөF Yө F{QJ YLӋF Qj\ GR 6HFR FXQJ FҩS 6HFR Oj F{QJ W\ ÿm Yj ÿDQJ FXQJ FҩS GDR Fө FKR $%& WURQJ QKLӅX WKұS Nӹ 'LUN 7DFN QKkQ YLrQ JLҧP ViW ORҥL Pi\ PӟL FKR ELӃW ³/RҥL Pi\ PӟL Qj\ ÿm WUӣ WKjQK WKiFK WKӭF PӟL YӟL FK~QJ W{L Yu Yұ\ FK~QJ W{L FҫQ WӟL QKLӅX JLҧL

Ĉ͙QJ Fɇ '/ ?IC& [\ ODQK WKҷQJ KjQJ ! % +& 7KiQJ QăP / - :L+ % C KQ >! & +3

0 Fs OA - :!Q Fs - t OA - # N+ &

:| + & WLrX FKXҭQ NKt WKҧL TXӕF WӃ WѭѫQJ ODL ,02 (xu # R+ +BC 2S <C & ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ PӟL VӁ ÿѭӧF QkQJ OrQ F{QJ VXҩW WUrQ +3 _CB< ! <r VT x / - - Hr FR -CR !? R 2!? # !Q F ! >u ! = ? Fxy " K:L+ + =? Q}: : ! ( _C= => O, : +BR CH% 2S R ,Q

SKiS PӟL 7ӯ QJj\ ÿҫX 6HFR ÿm KӧS WiF YӟL FK~QJ W{L WURQJ QKLӅX JLҧL SKiS 0ӝW Vӕ GDR SKD\ ÿƭD ÿһF ELӋW OӟQ ± ÿѭӡQJ NtQK PLOLPHW ± ÿm ÿѭӧF FKӃ WҥR WKHR \rX FҫX FӫD FK~QJ W{L´ 7DFN ÿѭӧF ÿiQK JLi FDR QKӡ Vӵ KӧS WiF FӫD 6HFR ÐQJ FKR ELӃW ³&y QKӳQJ ÿҥL GLӋQ EiQ KjQJ ÿѫQ WKXҫQ FKӍ Oj QJѭӡL EiQ KjQJ Yj Fy QKӳQJ ÿҥL GLӋQ EiQ KjQJ Oj QJѭӡL ÿӗQJ KjQK F QJ EҥQ &K~QJ W{L FKӍ PXӕQ JLDR GӏFK KӧS WiF WKHR KѭӟQJ WKӭ KDL Yj ÿy FKtQK [iF Oj QKӳQJ Ju Kӑ OjP WҥL 6HFR 7UrQ WKӵF WӃ WURQJ PӝW YjL WUѭӡQJ KӧS FK~QJ W{L QJKL QJӡ YӅ WtQK NKҧ WKL FӫD ê WѭӣQJ FӫD Kӑ QKѭ NKL Kӑ FXQJ FҩS WKLӃW Eӏ ÿiQK EyQJ UmQK GjL GDR SKD\ PһW ÿҫX FDFELW UҳQ >ORҥL

@ Oj VҧQ SKҭP ÿѭӧF Kӑ NKҷQJ ÿӏQK WtQK әQ ÿӏQK ӣ ÿӝ GjL OѭӥL JҩS QăP OҫQ ÿѭӡQJ NtQK > ['@ FӫD FKtQK Qy Y Y 1KѭQJ Kӑ ÿm OjP ÿѭӧF 'DR Fө FӫD 6HFR Oj VҧQ SKҭP GDR Fө GX\ QKҩW OX{Q KRҥW ÿӝQJ KRjQ KҧR QJD\ NKL FK~QJ W{L OҳS ÿһW´ /XF &ODH\V ĈҥL GLӋQ EiQ KjQJ FӫD 6HFR JLҧL WKtFK ³+ҥW GDR FӫD FK~QJ W{L NKi Gj\ JL~S KRҥW ÿӝQJ FҳW ÿѭӧF DQ WRjQ ÿk\ Oj \rX FҫX Wӯ $%& 1JRjL UD FK~QJ W{L Fy QKLӅX OѭӥL FҳW FKR PӛL ORҥL KҥW GDR WҥR UD FiF KҥW GDR SKD\ WX\ӋW YӡL ÿiQJ ÿӗQJ WLӅQ´ 0i\ 0D]DN &1& WҥL $%& YұQ KjQK NK{QJ FҫQ JLiP ViW WURQJ KDL FD PӛL FD NpR GjL EӕQ JLӡ PӛL QJj\ 9DQ GH 9HOGH FKR ELӃW ³%ҩW NǤ Vӵ JLiQ ÿRҥQ

WURQJ OXӗQJ F{QJ YLӋF QjR ÿӅX Fy WKӇ OjP FK~QJ W{L WӕQ NpP NKi OӟQ Yu WURQJ WKӡL JLDQ ÿy NK{QJ Fy QKkQ YLrQ JLiP ViW ÿӇ FDQ WKLӋS QӃX Fy KӓQJ KyF Ĉy Oj Oê GR WҥL VDR ÿӝ WLQ Fұ\ FӫD GDR Fө Oj \ӃX Wӕ Y{ F QJ TXDQ WUӑQJ YӟL FK~QJ W{L´ 7LP %HUFNPRHV *LiP ÿӕF ÿLӅX KjQK WҥL $%& Eә VXQJ WKrP ³Ĉӝ WLQ Fұ\ UҩW FDR Oj ÿһF WtQK FӫD FiF ÿӝQJ Fѫ Pj FK~QJ W{L FKӃ WҥR GR ÿy FK~QJ W{L FҫQ Fy ÿѭӧF F QJ PӝW ÿӝ WLQ Fұ\ Qj\ FKR Fҧ FKXӛL FXQJ ӭQJ FӫD PuQK &K~QJ W{L SKҧL WLQ WѭӣQJ WX\ӋW ÿӕL YjR QKj FXQJ FҩS GDR Fө FӫD PuQK Yj FiF QKkQ YLrQ Wӯ 6HFR ÿm FKӭQJ PLQK WURQJ QKLӅX QăP UҵQJ FK~QJ W{L OX{Q Fy WKӇ ÿһW QLӅP WLQ YjR Kӑ´

6Ҧ1 3+Ҭ0

W & & * 3KLrQ EɠQ P͛L QkQJ FDR FͧD Kʄ WK͑QJ 3&$ Vɺ V͛P UD PɬW 1Ӝ, 2: -& !BC C%%? Ҧ1+ : C :=>Q C 2C! ! !+C +:2C?

R R T U R 9 V Oj QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿm WұQ GөQJ OӧL WKӃ FӫD KӋ WKӕQJ 3KkQ WtFK QăQJ VXҩW Yj FKL SKt 3URGXFWLYLW\ DQG &RVW $QDO\VLV 3&$ NӇ Wӯ NKL KӋ WKӕQJ Qj\ ÿѭӧF SKiW WULӇQ YjR ÿҫX QKӳQJ QăP WKѭӡQJ WLӃW NLӋP FKL SKt Wӯ ± SKҫQ WUăP Yj FҧL WKLӋQ QăQJ VXҩW OrQ WӟL SKҫQ WUăP %HQ $OH[DQGHU SKө WUiFK ӬQJ GөQJ FҳW FӫD QKj Vӣ KӳX GӏFK Yө Yj 3&$ WҥL 6HFR 7RROV FKR ELӃW ³3&$ Oj ORҥL GDR Fө PҥQK PӁ WURQJ Vӕ FiF ORҥL GDR Fө NKiF FKR SKpS NKiFK KjQJ WăQJ QăQJ VXҩW WҥL [ѭӣQJ GӉ GjQJ [iF ÿӏQK FiF ÿLӇP WKҳW Fә FKDL KRһF NLӅP FKӃ VҧQ [XҩW Yj GX\ WUu NLӇP VRiW FiF TX\ WUuQK VҧQ [XҩW FӫD Kӑ ´ +Ӌ WKӕQJ 3&$ JҫQ ÿk\ ÿm ÿѭӧF QkQJ FDR FKR SKpS NKiFK KjQJ ÿăQJ QKұS YjR QJkQ KjQJ Gӳ OLӋX WұS WUXQJ KyD [HP EiR FiR Yj WtFK KӧS QKұQ [pW $OH[DQGHU FKR ELӃW ³+Ӌ WKӕQJ PӟL Qj\ EDR JӗP OӟS WUuQK Ej\ +70/ Yj Fy WKӇ FXQJ FҩS FiF EiR FiR FKR QKLӅX QӅQ WҧQJ Wӯ Pi\ WtQK ÿӇ EjQ ÿӃQ Pi\ WtQK EҧQJ +Ӌ WKӕQJ FǊQJ WtFK KӧS WӕW KѫQ YӟL VҧQ SKҭP Yj Gӳ OLӋX NKiFK KjQJ FӫD FiF KӋ WKӕQJ FӕW O}L FӫD FK~QJ W{L FKR SKpS FK~QJ W{L KӑF KӓL Wӯ NLQK QJKLӋP FӫD QKӳQJ QJѭӡL NKiF´ 3&$ ÿѭӧF WKӵF KLӋQ EӣL ÿҥL GLӋQ FӫD 6HFR Yj WҩW Fҧ FiF EiR FiR ÿӅX KRjQ WRjQ VҹQ Fy WK{QJ TXD GӏFK Yө 3KLrQ EҧQ PӟL QKҩW FӫD 3&$ ÿm ÿѭӧF SKiW KjQK YjR WKiQJ QăP FKR SKpS NKiFK KjQJ WUX\ FұS WӕW KѫQ NK{QJ FKӍ YjR FiF EiR FiR 3&$ KRjQ WKLӋQ Pj FzQ WUX\ FұS YjR EiR FiR WKӱ QJKLӋP Fi QKkQ WKӱ QJKLӋP 1JKLrQ FӭX 3KiW WULӇQ Yj QJKLrQ FӭX 'DR Fө ÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃ WKDR Eӝ SKұQ &RPSRQHQW (QJLQHHUHG 7RROLQJ &(7 $OH[DQGHU FKR ELӃW ³&K~QJ W{L ÿDQJ WtFK OǊ\ WKұP FKt QKLӅX NLQK QJKLӋP Yj NLӃQ WKӭF KѫQ YjR KӋ WKӕQJ 9t Gө YӟL EiR FiR &(7 FK~QJ W{L WLӃS FұQ JҫQ KѫQ YӟL FiF QKj FKӃ WҥR GDR Fө Yj Fy WKӇ FXQJ FҩS QKLӅX FKL WLӃW Yj WtQK QKҩW TXiQ KѫQ WURQJ EiR FiR G FK~QJ W{L ÿDQJ ӣ ÿkX´ &ǊQJ Fy PӝW Vӕ NӃ KRҥFK ÿҫ\ WKDP YӑQJ WURQJ WѭѫQJ ODL ³&K~QJ W{L PXӕQ NӃW QӕL ӭQJ GөQJ YӟL KӋ WKӕQJ TXҧQ Oê NLӃQ WKӭF KLӋQ ÿDQJ ÿѭӧF [k\ GӵQJ ÿӇ FKLD Vҿ NLӃQ WKӭF Yj NLQK QJKLӋP WӕW KѫQ WURQJ WұS ÿRjQ 6HFR &K~QJ W{L FǊQJ PXӕQ FXQJ FҩS FKR FiF ÿӕL WiF Yj QKj SKkQ SKӕL TX\ӅQ WUX\ FұS QKLӅX KѫQ YjR ӭQJ GөQJ Qj\ 0өF WLrX FӫD FK~QJ W{L Oj ELӃQ QKkQ YLrQ NLQK GRDQK FӫD PuQK WUӣ WKjQK QJѭӡL Fy NLӃQ WKӭF QKҩW WUrQ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ NKL QyL ÿӃQ WKӵF KjQK FҳW QJj\ QD\ KLӇX ELӃW WӕW QKҩW YӅ QKӳQJ Ju GLӉQ UD WҥL KLӋQ WUѭӡQJ Yj FKXҭQ Eӏ WӕW FKR EҩW NǤ WKiFK WKӭF QjR EҵQJ FiFK FXQJ FҩS Gӳ OLӋX ӣ ÿӏQK GҥQJ ÿҽS Yj GӉ Vӱ GөQJ´

8 edge [1·2013]

7Uӣ OҥL WѭѫQJ ODL %HQ $OH[DQGHU NK{QJ SKҧL Oj QJѭӡL ÿҫX WLrQ WURQJ JLD ÿuQK PuQK OjP YLӋF ÿӇ SKiW WULӇQ KӋ WKӕQJ 3KkQ WtFK QăQJ VXҩW Yj FKL SKt 3URGXFWLYLW\ DQG &RVW $QDO\VLV 3&$ 7Uӣ OҥL ÿҫX QKӳQJ QăP FKD FӫD $OH[DQGHU ÿm WKDP JLD PӝW QKyP QKӓ WҥL 6HFR Oj QJѭӡL ÿm SKiW PLQK UD 3&$ WҥL 9ѭѫQJ TXӕF $QK +Ӌ WKӕQJ ÿm EҳW ÿҫX YӟL FiF EҧQJ WtQK Yj PDFUR QKѭQJ %HQ $OH[DQGHU Oj QJѭӡL EҳW ÿҫX OjP YLӋF WҥL 6HFR 7RROV QăP Yj OjP YLӋF WUrQ 3&$ Wӯ QăP ÿm Yj ÿDQJ FұS QKұW KӋ WKӕQJ YӟL FiF NKҧ QăQJ FKR WUX\ӅQ WK{QJ [m KӝL Pi\ WtQK EҧQJ Yj QJkQ KjQJ Gӳ OLӋX WұS WUXQJ KyD 7ҥL WKӡL ÿLӇP KӋ WKӕQJ ÿѭӧF SKiW WULӇQ 3&$ ÿm FXQJ FҩS SKѭѫQJ WKӭF Wѭ GX\ PӟL $OH[DQGHU FKR ELӃW ³6HFR PXӕQ FKR NKiFK KjQJ ELӃW UҵQJ FKL SKt GDR Fө WKӵF Vӵ Oj PӝW SKҫQ UҩW QKӓ WURQJ WәQJ FKL SKt VҧQ [XҩW +Ӌ WKӕQJ WҥR UD FiF NKRҧQ WLӃQ NLӋP OӟQ Yj QKLӅX OӧL QKXұQ WURQJ FiF OƭQK YӵF GR WăQJ ÿѭӧF QăQJ OӵF VҧQ [XҩW´ 9ӟL SKLrQ EҧQ SKҫQ PӅP PӟL QKҩW $OH[DQGHU ÿm Yj ÿDQJ SKӕL KӧS FKһW FKӁ KѫQ YӟL FiF QKkQ YLrQ Wӯ QKLӅX Eӝ SKұQ NKiF QKDX FӫD 6HFR ³&K~QJ W{L ÿm Fӕ JҳQJ WKX K~W QKLӅX QJѭӡL WKDP JLD QKҩW Fy WKӇ YjR KRҥW ÿӝQJ SKiW WULӇQ SKҫQ PӅP ÿӇ ÿҧP EҧR FK~QJ W{L ÿiS ӭQJ ÿѭӧF FiF \rX FҫX FӫD PӑL QJѭӡL Wӯ &(7 1JKLrQ FӭX 3KiW WULӇQ KRһF &177 &jQJ QKLӅX NLQK QJKLӋP ÿѭӧF WtFK OǊ\ WKu ӭQJ GөQJ FjQJ WӕW KѫQ Yj FK~QJ W{L K\ YӑQJ SKiW KX\ ÿLӅX Qj\ YӟL PӑL EҧQ FұS QKұW WURQJ WѭѫQJ ODL´

(= >=K! 2=B >S FR# 1 - R Q}: : ! % C -x C edge [1 ·2013]

&+,$ 6Ҿ .,ӂ1 7+Ӭ& 1Ӝ, 2: -& _!OC2 C>= Ҧ1+ O! += B M=B-

CXJ Y( 8(Z [ 4\ .5 '] &KɉɇQJ WUuQK JLiR GͥF Yj ÿjR WɞR GjQK FKR FiF FKX\rQ JLD Yɾ FɬW J͍W NLP ORɞL FͧD 6HFR 7RROV ÿm ÿɉͣF QkQJ WɤP Y͛L FX͑Q ViFK P͛L Wͫ P͙W FKX\rQ JLD OmR OX\ʄQ KjQJ ÿɤX WURQJ OśQK YͱF Qj\

) W V g W^ W ]k Y Z[ FXQJ FҩS FiL QKuQ WәQJ TXDQ ÿӝF ÿiR FӫD FiF Oê WKX\ӃW TXDQ WUӑQJ YӅ FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL Yj FiFK iS GөQJ FiF Oê WKX\ӃW Qj\ WURQJ WKӵF WӃ VӁ ÿѭӧF 6HFR 7RROV [XҩW EҧQ 7iF JLҧ -DQ (ULF 6WnKO *LiR Vѭ FKX\rQ QJjQK Nӻ WKXұW YұW OLӋX VҧQ [XҩW WҥL WUѭӡQJ ĈҥL KӑF /XQG 7Kө\ ĈLӇQ FKR ELӃW ³&XӝF ÿӡL W{L JҳQ Ey YӟL OƭQK YӵF FҳW NLP ORҥL ± WKHR FiFK QjR ÿy ÿk\ Oj F{QJ WUuQK Fҧ ÿӡL &KR ÿӃQ QD\ NLӃQ WKӭF Yj KLӇX ELӃW YӅ FҳW NLP ORҥL ÿm ÿѭӧF SKkQ WKjQK QKӳQJ PҧQJ QKӓ 9ӟL FXӕQ ViFK Qj\ PөF ÿtFK FӫD W{L Oj WұS KӧS QKӳQJ SKҫQ NKiF QKDX ÿy OҥL YӟL QKDX &XӕQ &͇W NLP OR̹L Oê WKX\͗W Yj P{ KuQK Oj WjL OLӋX Eә VXQJ PӟL TXDQ WUӑQJ FKR FiF &KѭѫQJ WUuQK JLiR GөF Nӻ WKXұW FӫD 6HFR 6HFR 7HFKQLFDO (GXFDWLRQ 3URJUDPPHV KD\ 67(3 WUDQJ Eӏ FKR FiF FKX\rQ JLD WURQJ QJjQK FҳW NLP ORҥL JLiR GөF Yj ÿjR WҥR YӅ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ GDR Fө FҳW KLӋX TXҧ Yj KLӋX VXҩW FDR ÐQJ 3DWULFN 'H 9RV *LiP ÿӕF JLiR GөF Nӻ WKXұW F{QJ W\ 6HFR 7RROV FKR ELӃW ³Ĉk\ Oj FXӕQ ViFK PӟL VӁ ÿѭӧF G QJ OjP QJXӗQ FXQJ FҩS WK{QJ WLQ Eә VXQJ +ҫX KӃW FiF P{ KuQK P{ Wҧ TX\ WUuQK FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL WURQJ FXӕQ ViFK FӫD *LiR Vѭ 6WnKO GӵD WUrQ F{QJ YLӋF WKӵF QJKLӋP ÿӗQJ WKӡL YLӋF Vӱ GөQJ FiF TX\ WUuQK Qj\ WURQJ WKӵF WӃ FǊQJ ÿѭӧF WKҧR OXұQ FKL WLӃW´ *ҫQ QJѭӡL ÿm WKDP JLD YjR 67(3 NӇ Wӯ NKL FKѭѫQJ WUuQK ÿѭӧF UD PҳW FiFK ÿk\ QăP ÐQJ 'H 9RV FKR ELӃW ³&ҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL NK{QJ SKҧL Oj P{Q NKRD KӑF FKtQK [iF EҥQ Fy WKӇ FKXҭQ Eӏ QKLӅX WKӭ EҥQ PXӕQ WUrQ JLҩ\ QKѭQJ WKӵF WӃ VӁ OX{Q NKiF 9LӋF ÿjR WҥR FӫD FK~QJ W{L VӁ FKXҭQ Eӏ

10 edge [1·2013]

³ FKͥQ YͅW OL͟X OjP GDR Fͽ WͩW QK̽W´ *LiR Vѭ -DQ (ULF 6WnKO ĈҥL KӑF /XQG

CR? x p! 9 BC + > CH F! - >,% OCH OuC O4+ >CH: F - < / - 1! /KQ F - C} 1: O + -:Q} O M %*+ !: < C -C! / -

3 +C}: >, F +P% B! 2 >CH: + / - 0 -C! / - +0C x: O, +I? M %*+ 2!? 3 +0C x:

Wѭ WѭӣQJ FKR KӑF YLrQ ELӃW Vӵ WKұW UҵQJ WKӵF WӃ VӁ NKiF ´ &KѭѫQJ WUuQK ÿjR WҥR 67(3 YӟL NKҧ QăQJ W \ FKӍQK FDR Fy WKӇ WKӵF KLӋQ WҥL Fѫ Vӣ FӫD NKiFK KjQJ KRһF WҥL EҩW NǤ WUXQJ WkP Nӻ WKXұW QjR FӫD 6HFR 7RROV WUrQ WRjQ WKӃ JLӟL Yj WURQJ Vӕ FiF QKj FXQJ FҩS GDR Fө ÿk\ Oj FKѭѫQJ WUuQK GX\ QKҩW FKӍ Fy WҥL 6HFR 7RROV ÐQJ 'H 9RV FKR ELӃW ³6HFR 7RROV ÿm Fy KѫQ QăP NLQK QJKLӋP YӅ FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL Yj FK~QJ W{L PXӕQ FKLD Vҿ NLQK QJKLӋP FӫD PuQK YӟL NKiFK KjQJ 0ӝW SKҫQ TXDQ WUӑQJ WURQJ FKLӃQ OѭӧF PDUNHWLQJ FӫD FK~QJ W{L Wӯ OkX ÿm NK{QJ FKӍ FXQJ FҩS FKR NKiFK KjQJ FӫD FK~QJ W{L GDR Fө Yj KҥW GDR Pj FzQ Fҧ JLiR GөF ÿjR WҥR Yj FXQJ FҩS WK{QJ WLQ FKR NKiFK KjQJ YӅ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ FiF GDR Fө Qj\ WӕW QKҩW Ĉy Oj Oê GR Yu VDR FK~QJ W{L JLҧQJ Gҥ\ FKR NKiFK KjQJ FӫD PuQK YӅ FiFK FKӑQ GDR Fө WӕW QKҩW FiFK Vӱ GөQJ GDR Fө Yj FiFK SKҧQ ӭQJ NKL Fy Ju ÿy NK{QJ KRҥW ÿӝQJ WKHR QKѭ PRQJ ÿӧL &K~QJ W{L OjP YLӋF Qj\ WKHR FiFK ÿm ÿѭӧF FҩX WU~F WKӵF Vӵ Yj ÿy Oj WҩW Fҧ QKӳQJ Ju Pj FKѭѫQJ WUuQK 67(3 KѭӟQJ ÿӃQ´ ) W m ) Z ;W Yj FKѭѫQJ WUuQK 67(3 PӟL ÿL NqP FӫD FXӕQ ViFK Qj\ ± FK~QJ Fy F QJ PӝW QKDQ ÿӅ ± SKөF Yө FKR FiF FKX\rQ JLD PXӕQ QkQJ WҫP NLӃQ WKӭF FӫD Kӑ ÐQJ

'H 9RV SKiW ELӇX ³7URQJ QKӳQJ QăP TXD FK~QJ W{L ÿm EҳW JһS QJj\ FjQJ QKLӅX FiF FkX KӓL Wӯ NKiFK KjQJ ÿm VҹQ VjQJ FKR PӝW EѭӟF WLӃQ PӟL ÿӇ QkQJ WҫP OrQ PӝW PӭF PDQJ WtQK KӑF WKXұW KѫQ ³.KiFK KjQJ PXӕQ Fy ÿѭӧF NLӃQ WKӭF FKX\rQ VkX KѫQ YӅ TX\ WUuQK FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL ÿӇ Kӑ Fy WKӇ Fy ÿѭӧF QăQJ VXҩW WKұP FKt FDR KѫQ Yj KLӋX TXҧ WLӃW NLӋP FKL SKt QKLӅX KѫQ´ *LiR Vѭ 6WnKO ÿm KӧS WiF YӟL 6HFR 7RROV WURQJ YjL QăP JLҧQJ Gҥ\ FKR FiF QKkQ YLrQ FӫD F{QJ W\ YӅ FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL Yj KӧS WiF WURQJ QJKLrQ FӭX Yj SKiW WULӇQ ÐQJ FKR ELӃW FXӕQ ViFK PӟL FӫD PuQK PDQJ QKLӅX WtQK Oê WKX\ӃW KѫQ Oj WKӵF WLӉQ *LiR Vѭ 6WnKO FKR ELӃW &XӕQ ViFK EDR KjP YӅ OӵF Fѫ KӑF QKLӋW ÿӝ Yj WҧL PD ViW Yj WUuQK Ej\ YӅ FiFK WKӭF WѭѫQJ WiF OүQ QKDX FӫD QKӳQJ KLӋQ WѭӧQJ Qj\´ ³&XӕQ ViFK [HP [pW YӅ FiFK WKӭF FK~QJ WD Fy WKӇ [ӱ Oê QKӳQJ JLD WҧL Qj\ WKHR FiFK WӕW QKҩW ÿӇ WҥR UD KuQK GҥQJ WӕW QKҩW Yj FKӑQ YұW OLӋX OjP GDR Fө WӕW QKҩW´ %ҵQJ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ Yt Gө YӅ PӝW VLrX KӧS NLP WURQJ WXDELQ KѫL QѭӟF KRһF NKt *LiR Vѭ 6WnKO FKR ELӃW Fy QKӳQJ JLD WҧL ÿӝF ÿiR SKҧL ÿѭӧF [ӱ Oê EҵQJ FiFK ÿLӅX FKӍQK KuQK KӑF WӕW QKҩW FӫD GDR Fө Yj WKXӝF WtQK YұW OLӋX OjP GDR Fө SK KӧS ÐQJ FKR ELӃW ³7ҩW QKLrQ Fy ÿLӇP ÿӝF ÿiR GX\ QKҩW WURQJ PӛL QKyP YұW OLӋX Yj PӛL WUѭӡQJ KӧS JLD F{QJ QKѭQJ Fӕ QKLrQ VDX ÿy FK~QJ WD NK{QJ WKӇ WҥR UD FiF GDR Fө FKR PӑL ӭQJ GөQJ ÿѫQ Oҿ FK~QJ WD FҫQ QKyP FK~QJ WKjQK FiF OƭQK YӵF ӭQJ GөQJ´ ³1KѭQJ FXӕQ ViFK FӫD W{L VӁ P{ Wҧ Oê WKX\ӃW QӅQ WҧQJ Qj\ FXQJ FҩS KLӇX ELӃW YӅ FiFK WKӵF KLӋQ F{QJ YLӋF Qj\´

:0 R & &͇W JͥW NLP OR̹L Oê WKX\͗W Yj P{ KuQK

) U& -DQ (ULF 6WnKO *LiR Vѭ FKX\rQ QJjQK Nӻ WKXұW YұW OLӋX VҧQ [XҩW WҥL WUѭӡQJ ĈҥL KӑF /XQG

W d & ĈѭD UD ÿѭӧF P{ Wҧ PҥFK OҥF FKһW FKӁ YӅ FiF TX\ WUuQK FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL GӵD WUrQ QӅQ WҧQJ NLӃQ WKӭF YұW Oê PҥQK PӁ ' Z ' U ` k & 1JѭӡL G QJ Fy NLӃQ WKӭF QkQJ FDR YӅ GDR Fө JLҧQJ YLrQ FӫD FiF NKyD KӑF YӅ FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL VLQK YLrQ WKHR KӑF 7KҥF Vƭ Yj 7LӃQ Vƭ F QJ YӟL EҩW NǤ DL PXӕQ WuP KLӇX WKrP YӅ FiF QӅQ WҧQJ NLӃQ WKӭF YӅ FҳW JӑW NLP ORҥL W) W W& &XӕL QăP

.,1+ 1*+,ӊ0 /¬0 9,ӊ&

Ҧ1+ _C=-? CO! ?

?: _ :

: C& - - CH#& .ӻ Vѭ Fѫ NKt Nӻ WKXұW

C : & ³%DQ ÿҫX FiFK ÿk\ QăP W{L OjP OұS WUuQK YLrQ GҫQ GҫQ W{L WKDP JLD YjR WKLӃW NӃ GDR Fө Yj JLӡ ÿk\ W{L ÿDQJ SKө WUiFK SKiW WULӇQ Yj WLQK FKӍQK FiF Gӵ iQ SKD\´ C! FP & 9ӧ Yj FRQ QJj\ WXәL + M} -?,C& .KLrX YǊ KiW Yj ÿL Eӝ ÿѭӡQJ GjL WKHR QKyP WҥL 3\UHQHHV

7ɞL P͙W F{QJ W\ VɠQ [XɢW FiF E͙ SKɪQ EɮQJ QK{P ͟ 7k\ %DQ 1KD $OIRQVR 0ROLQHU Yj 5D~O $UQDV OjP YLʄF F QJ QKDX ÿʀ W͑L ɉX KyD VɠQ [XɢW

>% ^ KѫQ QKkQ YLrQ Yj FK~QJ W{L OjP YLӋF JҫQ QKѭ FKX\rQ ELӋW FKR QJjQK F{QJ QJKLӋS { W{ FKӫ \ӃX Oj VҧQ [XҩW WXDELQ [\ ODQK SKDQK Yj Eӝ WUDR ÿәL QKLӋW &K~QJ W{L KLӋQ ÿDQJ ÿ~F pS EҵQJ iS OӵF WUXQJ EuQK WҩQ QK{P PӛL QJj\ FK~QJ W{L ÿm YѭӧW TXD NKӫQJ KRҧQJ NLQK WӃ QKӡ YjR [XҩW NKҭX Yj SKiW WULӇQ FiF Gӵ iQ PӟL ĈӇ WӕL ѭX KyD FiF TX\ WUuQK EҵQJ Pi\ KLӋQ WҥL FK~QJ W{L OjP YLӋF WKHR QKyP &K~QJ W{L [iF ÿӏQK FiF GDR Fө VӁ FKR SKpS FK~QJ W{L WKӵF KLӋQ F{QJ YLӋF Qj\ Yj WuP QKj FXQJ FҩS SK KӧS 6DX ÿy FK~QJ W{L NLӇP WUD OҥL FiF KӋ WKӕQJ Pj FK~QJ W{L WULӇQ NKDL [HP Fy PDQJ OҥL KLӋX VXҩW QKѭ PRQJ PXӕQ /j PӝW QKyP FK~QJ W{L QKҩW WUt [HP GDR Fө QjR FK~QJ W{L VӁ WKӱ QJKLӋP Yj ÿk\ Oj O~F 6HFR ÿӃQ FXQJ FҩS QKӳQJ KLӇX ELӃW Fy JLi WUӏ YӅ YLӋF [iF ÿӏQK GDR Fө ÿӇ WKӵF KLӋQ NK{QJ FKӍ PөF ÿtFK Fө WKӇ VҳS WӟL Pj Fҧ QKӳQJ F{QJ YLӋF VҧQ [XҩW WѭѫQJ Wӵ +LӋQ WҥL FK~QJ W{L Fy WKӇ NLӇP VRiW QKLӅX KѫQ FiF TXi WUuQK JLD F{QJ GDR Fө Yj KӋ WKӕQJ KLӋX FKӍQK KLӋQ ÿҥL FKR SKpS FK~QJ W{L

: C& - - CH#& 7Kӧ FKӃ WҥR GDR Fө VҧQ [XҩW UD FiF Eӝ SKұQ әQ

C : & ³7{L ÿm KRjQ WKjQK ÿjR WҥR QJKӅ ÿӏQK FKҩW OѭӧQJ FDR KѫQ WKӧ Fѫ NKt NLP ORҥL Yj OjP YLӋF WҥL $OXPDOVD ÿLӅX Qj\ VӁ Oj QJXӗQ ÿҧP ÿѭӧF QăP 7{L TXҧQ Oê NLӇP WUD OѭX NKR EҧR WKLӃW \ӃX FKR WѭѫQJ ODL FӫD F{QJ W\ Yj WU{QJ QRP GDR Fө Yj FǊQJ OjP YLӋF &K~QJ W{L KӃW VӭF KjL OzQJ YӅ QJKLrQ FӭX Yj SKiW WULӇQ FҧL WLӃQ WҥL NKL [HP [pW WҩW Fҧ NӃW TXҧ $OIRQVR´ NLӇP WUD Yj WKӱ QJKLӋP PDQJ C! FP & 9ӧ Yj KDL FRQ WXәL Yj WXәL OҥL NKL TX\ WUuQK ÿm ÿѭӧF FҧL + M} -?,C& 7Uz EyQJ QѭӟF Yj WLӃQ ÿiQJ NӇ 6ӵ KjL OzQJ GjQK WKӡL JLDQ FKR JLD ÿuQK FǊQJ [XҩW SKiW Wӯ YLӋF FK~QJ W{L Fy WURQJ WD\ F{QJ QJKӋ WӕW QKҩW WUrQ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ Yj FK~QJ W{L KLӇX UҵQJ QKӡ QKӳQJ GDR Fө Qj\ FK~QJ W{L WUӣ WKjQK F{QJ W\ KjQJ ÿҫX WURQJ OƭQK YӵF FӫD PuQK

+ͯ WUͻ QKyP

1Kj FXQJ FҩS Vӕ FӫD $OXPDOVD 6HFR KLӋQ ÿDQJ Kӛ WUӧ $OIRQVR Yj 5D~O F QJ YӟL Qӛ OӵF FӫD Kӑ ÿӇ FҧL WKLӋQ KLӋX VXҩW EҵQJ YLӋF W \ FKӍQK GDR Fө 3&' FӫD 6HFR 6ӵ Kӛ WUӧ Nӻ WKXұW Yj NLӃQ WKӭF YӅ OƭQK YӵF 3&' FӫD 6HFR ÿm WҥR UD Vӵ WLӃQ Eӝ WX\ӋW YӡL

ยข U W ;8 +ัฌำ 1* 72ยฌ1 &าช8

U m> -

7521* 1*ยฌ1+ &าฒ7 *ำ 7 .,0 /2าค,

_ ( b Oj WUัญำฃQJ Yฤ Q SKzQJ NKX YำตF %RXUJHV FำซD 7K\VVHQ.UXSS 0DWHULDOV )UDQFH 3KiS Pำ W FKX\rQ JLD Yำ SKkQ SKำ L Yj Gำ FK Yำฉ [ำฑ Oรช WKpS Yj NLP ORาฅL NK{QJ FKำญD VาณW ร QJ FKLD Vาฟ QKำณQJ รฟLำ X {QJ ELำ W รฟัญำงF Yำ QKำณQJ Ju KLำ Q รฟDQJ GLำ Q UD WURQJ QJjQK Qj\ 1ำ , 2: - ! ยก:== +ร 1+ %C ย ! p? ! ? B . +? <# ?+?

f( ( .Y jC2 '6 ( * 6 k l ยณ%ำ L FางQK NLQK Wำ KLำ Q QD\ QJKฦญD Oj FiF QKj VางQ [XาฉW QKj SKkQ SKำ L Yj QJัญำกL G QJ FXำ L WาฉW Fาง รฟำ X รฟDQJ Eำ FKL SKำ L EำฃL F QJ Pำ W PำฉF WLrX รฟy Oj OjP QKDQK Yj Wำ W .KiL QLำ P 4XางQ Oรช FKXำ L FXQJ ำญQJ รฟDQJ QJj\ FjQJ WUำฃ QrQ SKำ ELำ Q WาฅL 3KiS รฟำ L Yำ L WาฉW Fาง FiF ORาฅL KuQK GRDQK QJKLำ S รฟDQJ WuP FiFK รฟำ JLางP WKำกL JLDQ TXD\ YzQJ VางQ [XาฉW QKาตP รฟiS ำญQJ FiF \rX FาซX FำซD QJัญำกL G QJ FXำ Lยด

*6 '6 5( Z ยณ%าตQJ FiFK JLางP WาฅR UD FKาฉW WKางL FiF F{QJ W\ Fy WKำ KาฅQ FKำ WiF รฟำ QJ FำซD PuQK Wำ L P{L WUัญำกQJ Yj JL~S WLำ W NLำ P รฟiQJ Nำ ฤ Lำ X Qj\ Fว QJ TXDQ WUำ QJ รฟำ JL~S FiF F{QJ W\ NK{QJ SKางL WKำ D KLำ S JLำณD DQ WRjQ Yj Qฤ QJ VXาฉW &iF QKj TXางQ Oรช SKางL รฟางP EางR FiF รฟLำ X NLำ Q OjP YLำ F DQ WRjQ WURQJ NKL รฟy YาฏQ GX\ WUu รฟัญำงF KLำ X TXาง NLQK Wำ ยด

` /a 0 8(7 /* (

( C Cb

ยณ&iF F{QJ W\ VางQ [XาฉW WKpS รฟDQJ Wฤ QJ FัญำกQJ KำงS Oรช KyD VางQ [XาฉW รฟำ WLำ W NLำ P WLำ Q EาตQJ FiFK WาฑS WUXQJ YjR VางQ [XาฉW Vำ OัญำงQJ Oำ Q FiF VางQ SKาญP WLrX FKXาญQ 'ฦญ QKLrQ FiF F{QJ W\ Qj\ VางQ [XาฉW FiF VางQ SKาญP Fำฉ WKำ WKHR \rX FาซX QKัญQJ FKำ Yำ L Vำ OัญำงQJ Oำ Q &iF QKj SKkQ SKำ L NLP ORาฅL KLำ Q รฟDQJ รฟyQJ YDL WUz Oำ Q KัซQ GR Kำ WาฅR Pำ L OLrQ Nำ W JLำณD QKj FKำ WาฅR Yj QJัญำกL G QJ FXำ L QKj VางQ [XาฉWยด

d ef g ` 8h Ci

ยณ'R Nำป Qฤ QJ Yj QKX FาซX WUำฃ QrQ รฟD GาฅQJ KัซQ FiF Nำป Qฤ QJ Yj NLำ Q WKำญF FKX\rQ P{Q Nำป WKXาฑW Yำ YาฑW OLำ X รฟDQJ Eำ PDL Pำ W +Lำ Q WาฅL FKำ Fy Pำ W Vำ tW FiF F{QJ W\ Fy SKzQJ WKt QJKLำ P FำซD ULrQJ PuQK Yu Yาฑ\ FiF NKiFK KjQJ FำซD FK~QJ W{L WLQ WัญำฃQJ รฟำ FK~QJ W{L Wัญ YาฉQ FKR Kำ 1Kj SKkQ SKำ L OาฅL WUำฃ WKjQK UD รฟำ L WiFยด

6 8 G c T C 'A 5 (K ยณ1JjQK Qj\ รฟDQJ SKiW WULำ Q QKDQK FKyQJ WK~F รฟาญ\ FiF F{QJ W\ VางQ [XาฉW SKiW WULำ Q YาฑW OLำ X Pำ L KLำ X VXาฉW FDR \rX FาซX NLำ P VRiW FKาฉW OัญำงQJ FKาปW FKำ Yj WK{QJ Vำ Nำป WKXาฑW FKX\rQ VkX &iF F{QJ W\ VางQ [XาฉW Pi\ ED\ Yj QKj WKาซX SKำฉ FำซD Kำ รฟzL Kำ L SKาฅP YL FiF ORาฅL YาฑW OLำ X SKRQJ SK~ ำฃ PำญF JLi WKาฉS QKาฉW Fy WKำ edge [1 ยท2013]

1*¬1+ &Ð1* 1*+,ӊ3 VW VW )

(£

(£ ¡ ¤ (£ 0͙W QKj VɠQ [XɢW EɇP FͧD %UD[LQ FɤQ ORɞL GDR Fͥ ÿɴF ELʄW ÿʀ P͟ U͙QJ YjR OśQK YͱF NKDL NKRiQJ

1Ӝ, 2: -& B !>2? ?%C Ҧ1+ : C! ? : ?q O, ? %!-=

ย + ย (B! KC

CR +Bย K: L+ < $: z% 5677& Wำน 86 ' xy - , - -C!? z% 5677& WULำ X W าฉQ

ย +Bย - + B? - <C% -I K:L+ < $: ย :0 -C! & xy - 2S +Bย & Wำน FKLำ P WาฉQ OัญำงQJ G ำต WUำณ FำซD WKำ JLำ L Oj Wำน WาฉQ

c ยค c

NC !B!ยฅ! ย (B!KC >, tC +Bย >xy - ย :* - ย + >u L+ O, +C < C + L+ +B} + -CuC

1*¬1+ &Ð1* 1*+,ӊ3 VW VW ) (t% ! ( ? > OS < !C < ?R - Fxy +I? M¦ - y# <C% C<= : %,C %A !?r 1 - -L# M0 > R Ms # 4 >,% M¦ - -! - + x -

( b 'Z e W W Wӯ QKӳQJ UӯQJ PѭD UӝQJ OӟQ Eӡ ELӇQ GjL NP Oj TXӕF JLD Fy WKѭѫQJ PҥL OѭѫQJ WKӵF WUrQ TX\ P{ WRjQ FҫX OӟQ QKҩW VDX +RD .Ǥ Yj Oj NKX YӵF F{QJ QJKLӋS SKiW WULӇQ QKҩW 0ӻ /D WLQK 1KѭQJ ÿLӅX Qj\ FǊQJ Fy ÿѭӧF Wӯ VҳW 5ҩW QKLӅX VҳW 4XӕF JLD Qj\ Oj QKj VҧQ [XҩW TXһQJ VҳW OӟQ WKӭ KDL VDX ÒF Yj ÿk\ Oj TXr KѭѫQJ FӫD PӝW WURQJ ³ED QJѭӡL NKәQJ Oӗ´ WUrQ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ NKDL NKRiQJ WKӃ JLӟL 9DOH 6 $ 0һF G Fy Vӵ JLҧP QKҽ YӅ GRDQK Vӕ GR ҧQK KѭӣQJ FӫD YLӋF 7UXQJ 4XӕF JLҧP QKX FҫX YӅ VҳW %UD]LQ YүQ Gӵ NLӃQ VӁ [XҩW NKҭX WULӋX WҩQ TXһQJ VҳW QăP Vӕ OѭӧQJ [XҩW NKҭX QăP QJRiL WUӏ JLi Wӹ ÿ{ OD 0ӻ /j QJXӗQ WjL QJX\rQ FKtQK ÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW WKpS TXһQJ VҳW ÿҥL GLӋQ FKR VҧQ SKҭP TXDQ WUӑQJ QKҩW WURQJ EҧQJ FiQ FkQ WUDR ÿәL QJRҥL WKѭѫQJ FӫD TXӕF JLD Qj\ Yj Kӛ WUӧ FKR KjQJ QJjQ QKj FXQJ FҩS F{QJ QJKLӋS WURQJ FKXӛL NKDL NKRiQJ ,0%,/ F{QJ W\ VҧQ [XҩW WKLӃW Eӏ EѫP Fy WUө Vӣ ÿһW WҥL ,WDSLUD PӝW WKjQK SKӕ Q{QJ F{QJ QJKLӋS FiFK 6mR 3DXOR NP Oj PӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ QKj FXQJ FҩS ÿy ĈѭӧF WKjQK OұS QăP GѭӟL GҥQJ GRDQK QJKLӋS JLD ÿuQK YӟL QKkQ YLrQ WKX QKұS FKӫ \ӃX FӫD F{QJ W\ Oj Wӯ FiF QKj VҧQ [XҩW HWDQRO Yj ÿѭӡQJ QKѭQJ F{QJ W\ FǊQJ EiQ FiF JLҧL SKiS EѫP FKR FiF F{QJ W\ WKӫ\ OӧL KyD GҫX EӝW JLҩ\ Yj JLҩ\ GӋW PD\ Yj YӋ VLQK P{L WUѭӡQJ W) 76 a 5676r ,0%,/ EҳW ÿҫX SKiW WULӇQ PӝW GzQJ VҧQ SKҭP ÿһF ELӋW FKR FiF KRҥW ÿӝQJ NKDL NKRiQJ GR QKj Pi\ NKDL WKiF TXһQJ Fӥ WUXQJ Qj\ ÿzL KӓL JҫQ KӋ WKӕQJ EѫP 7X\ QKLrQ QKӳQJ ÿLӅX NLӋQ FӵF NǤ NKy NKăQ Yj PjL PzQ FӵF OӟQ GR TXһQJ VҳW Yj E{ [tW WҥR UD ÿm ÿһW UD WUӣ QJҥL ÿzL KӓL SKҧL Vӱ GөQJ KӧS NLP QLNHQ FӭQJ ÿӝ EӅQ FDR JҩS EӕQ OҫQ VR YӟL FiF Eӝ SKұQ EҵQJ JDQJ WK{QJ WKѭӡQJ 7Uӣ QJҥL FKtQK NK{QJ SKҧL Oj ÿҥW ÿӃQ FiF WK{QJ Vӕ Nӻ WKXұW SK KӧS FӫD KӧS NLP Pj Oj WuP UD FiFK ÿӇ JLD F{QJ YұW OLӋX ÿy ÐQJ $GDOEHUWR /DUVHQ *LiP ViW Nӻ WKXұW VҧQ

16 edge [1·2013]

³1yL PͱW FiFK ÿ˿Q JL̻Q FK~QJ W{L V͕ NK{QJ WKΉF KL͟Q ÿ́ͻF ÿL͙X ÿy Q͗X NK{QJ Fy JL̻L SKiS 3&%1 FͿD 6HFR´ $GDOEHUWR /DUVHQ *LiP ViW Nӻ WKXұW VҧQ [XҩW FӫD ,0%,/

[XҩW FӫD ,0%,/ FKR ELӃW ³1JD\ Fҧ NKL Vӱ GөQJ GDR Fө WӕW QKҩW WUrQ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ OjP EҵQJ NLP ORҥL FӭQJ KRһF JӕP FK~QJ W{L YүQ NK{QJ WKjQK F{QJ Yj TXi WUuQK WKjQK UD OҥL UҩW JLDQ QDQ´ 0ӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ YҩQ ÿӅ FKtQK Oj WӕF ÿӝ WKD\ WKӃ KҥW GDR ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ WURQJ TXi WUuQK JLD F{QJ FDR 6HFR QKj FXQJ FҩS GjL KҥQ FKR FiF F{QJ W\ VҧQ [XҩW WKLӃW Eӏ EѫP ÿm JL~S ,0%,/ ÿL ÿӃQ PӝW JLҧL SKiS WK{QJ TXD PӕL TXDQ KӋ KӧS WiF FӫD ,0%,/ YӟL YăQ SKzQJ FӫD 6HFR WҥL ÿӏD SKѭѫQJ $OWDLU 6EHUJD ĈҥL GLӋQ EiQ KjQJ ÿӝF TX\ӅQ FӫD 6HFR QKӟ OҥL ³&K~QJ W{L ÿm QKuQ WKҩ\ Fѫ KӝL ÿӇ SKiW WULӇQ PӝW JLҧL SKiS ÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃ ÿһF WK VӁ SK KӧS YӟL QKӳQJ \rX FҫX YӅ QăQJ VXҩW FӫD Kӑ´ 7URQJ VXӕW PӝW QăP FiF FKX\rQ JLD WҥL %UD[LQ Yj 7Kө\ ĈLӇQ ÿm WKLӃW NӃ Yj WKӱ QJKLӋP QKLӅX JLҧL SKiS WKD\ WKӃ FKR GDR Fө KҥW GDR 3&%1 W \ FKӍQK WKHR QKX FҫX FӫD ,0%,/ .ӃW TXҧ ÿm YѭӧW TXi Fҧ Vӵ PRQJ ÿӧL ÐQJ /DUVHQ FKR ELӃW ³1yL PӝW FiFK ÿѫQ JLҧQ FK~QJ W{L VӁ NK{QJ WKӵF KLӋQ ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX ÿy QӃX NK{QJ Fy JLҧL SKiS 3&%1 FӫD 6HFR´ ĈӕL YӟL ,0%,/ WKjQK TXҧ TXDQ WUӑQJ QKҩW Oj WăQJ QăQJ VXҩW 7ӕF ÿӝ VҧQ [XҩW WăQJ WURQJ NKL ÿy FKL SKt JLD F{QJ JLҧP 'DR Fө 3&%1 W \ FKӍQK Yj WLrX FKXҭQ ÿm ORҥL Eӓ KDL EѭӟF WURQJ TXi WUuQK JLD F{QJ 7UѭӟF ÿy KӧS NLP QLNHQ

edge [1 ·2013]

1*¬1+ &Ð1* 1*+,ӊ3 VW VW )

uC -C"C # R# ( r ( + + -C"% R -C!C F?I " K:L+ K:0 - %s+ +BP +S >A !? O, 1 - 23 - +CH 2:Q L+

FӭQJ SKҧL ÿѭӧF [ӱ Oê KDL OҫQ WURQJ Oz FDR Yj FKX\ӇQ KDL OҫQ TXD PӝW ӭQJ GөQJ WLӋQ ÿӇ ÿҥW ÿѭӧF FKҩW OѭӧQJ QKѭ FiF Nӻ Vѭ FӫD ,0%,/ PRQJ ÿӧL 9ӟL JLҧL SKiS 3&%1 F{QJ W\ Fy WKӇ FҳW JLҧP FiF JLDL ÿRҥQ VҧQ [XҩW Qj\ [XӕQJ WKjQK PӝW WUuQK Wӵ Oz FDR Yj ӭQJ GөQJ WLӋQ GX\ QKҩW ÐQJ 9ODGLVODY 6LTXHLUD QJѭӡL ViQJ OұS Yj *LiP ÿӕF ÿLӅX KjQK FӫD ,0%,/ FKR ELӃW ³'DR Fө FӫD 6HFR FKR SKpS FK~QJ W{L JLҧP WKӡL KҥQ JLDR KjQJ FKR NKiFK KjQJ Yj F{QJ W\ ÿyQJ YDL WUz TX\ӃW ÿӏQK WҥR QrQ WKjQK F{QJ FӫD Gӵ iQ Qj\´ 'ӵ ÿRiQ FӫD ,0%,/ YӅ QJjQK NKDL NKRiQJ ÿDQJ PDQJ OҥL KLӋX TXҧ 3KkQ NK~F Qj\ ÿm WUӣ WKjQK PҧQJ PDQJ OҥL GRDQK WKX OӟQ WKӭ KDL FKR F{QJ W\ NӇ Wӯ NKL YLӋF VҧQ [XҩW FӫD F{QJ W\ EҳW ÿҫX YұQ KjQK ÿҫ\ ÿӫ YjR WKiQJ QăP 7ѭѫQJ ODL FӫD QJjQK NKDL NKRiQJ WҥL %UD[LQ WLӃS WөF Fy Yҿ ViQJ VӫD 4XӕF JLD Qj\ Gӵ NLӃQ VӁ ÿѭӧF KѭӣQJ PӭF ÿҫX Wѭ Wѭ QKkQ FDR QKҩW WKӃ JLӟL FKR OƭQK YӵF NKDL WKiF OkQ Yj NDOL ÿӇ OjP SKkQ EyQ FKR ÿӃQ QăP %UD[LQ FǊQJ ÿѭӧF FRL Oj QJXӗQ FKtQK FXQJ FҩS ÿҩW KLӃP \ӃX Wӕ WKLӃW \ӃX Yj ÿҳW ÿӓ FҫQ WKLӃW FKR FiF VҧQ SKҭP F{QJ QJKӋ FDR QKѭ ÿLӋQ WKRҥL WK{QJ PLQK Yj SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ FKҥ\ EҵQJ ÿLӋQ 9u Yұ\ NKL QKӳQJ WULӇQ YӑQJ FӫD QJjQK F{QJ QJKLӋS NKDL NKRiQJ WUӣ WKjQK KLӋQ WKӵF WKu Fy Yҿ FǊQJ Oj PӝW WѭѫQJ ODL UҩW WӕW FKR ,0%,/

18 edge [1·2013]

,0%,/ ,QG~VWULD H 0DQXWHQomR GH %RPEDV ,7$ /WGD

'§ ' ¨ & ,WDSLUD %DQJ 6mR 3DXOR %UD[LQ W\ k & U W© & 7KLӃW Eӏ EѫP FKR FiF ӭQJ

GөQJ WҥL FiF Fѫ Vӣ Q{QJ F{QJ QJKLӋS WKӫ\ OӧL KyD GҫX EӝW JLҩ\ Yj JLҩ\ GӋW PD\ Yj YӋ VLQK P{L WUѭӡQJ

W§ Z[ Wj W& (WDQRO PtD ÿѭӡQJ Yj FiF KRҥW ÿӝQJ NKDL NKRiQJ

¡ WX & 6HFR Oj QKj FXQJ FҩS GDR Fө OkX GjL FKR KҫX KӃW FiF GzQJ VҧQ SKҭP FӫD ,0%,/ &iF JLҧL SKiS EDR JӗP NKRDQ &URZQORF Yj 3HUIRUPD[ SKD\ 'RXEOH 2FWRPLOO Yj 6TXDUH PӝW Vӕ JLҧL SKiS SKD\ FKR JDQJ WKpS WKpS NK{QJ JӍ Yj KӧS NLP QLNHQ FӭQJ GDR WLӋQ 0'7 Yj GDR NҽS (3%

V g W^ W ]k \ 7+e3 .+Ð1* *ӌ

.K{QJ FzQ JɴS NKy NKăQ Y͛L WKpS NK{QJ Jʆ ÐQJ 3DWULFN GH 9RV *LiP ÿӕF JLiR GөF Nӻ WKXұW F{QJ W\ 6HFR JLҧL WKtFK YӅ Oê GR WҥL VDR WKpS NK{QJ JӍ [ӭQJ ÿiQJ SKҧL Fy GDR Fө Yj TX\ WUuQK FKӑQ Gӳ OLӋX FҳW FӫD ULrQJ PuQK

Ĉӝ EiP GtQK Q Pz

ӝ P

nW T _ o WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ WURQJ FiF P{L WUѭӡQJ Yj ӭQJ GөQJ NKҳF QJKLӋW ÿzL KӓL NKҧ QăQJ FKӏX PzQ KRһF NKҧ QăQJ GX\ WUu VӭF EӅQ Fѫ KӑF ӣ QKLӋW ÿӝ FDR 1KѭQJ YӅ ÿһF WtQK JLD F{QJ FK~QJ WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF JӝS FKXQJ YӟL WKpS ³WKѭӡQJ´ 7KpS NK{QJ JӍ Oj Ju" 7KpS ÿѭӧF FKR Oj NK{QJ JӍ NKL FK~QJ Fy NKҧ QăQJ FKӏX PzQ FDR ĈӇ ÿҥW ÿѭӧF FKҩW OѭӧQJ Qj\ QJѭӡL WD KzD WDQ PӝW OѭӧQJ ÿӫ FU{P YjR WURQJ VҳW QӗQJ ÿӝ tW QKҩW Oj ÿӇ WҥR UD PӝW PjQJ FU{P {[LW EҧR YӋ WUrQ EӅ PһW Fy ÿһF ÿLӇP OLӅQ PҥFK EiP GtQK Yj Wӵ WiL WҥR +ҫX KӃW WKpS NK{QJ JӍ ÿӅX GӵD WUrQ KӋ )H &U & Yj )H &U 1L & QKѭQJ FiF SKҫQ Wӱ KӧS NLP NKiF FǊQJ TXDQ WUӑQJ 6ӕ ORҥL KӧS NLP Fy VҹQ Oj PӝW FRQ Vӕ NKәQJ Oӗ 'ӵD WUrQ JLDL ÿRҥQ FKӫ \ӃX WҥR QrQ YL FҩX WU~F WKpS NK{QJ JӍ Fy WKӇ ÿѭӧF SKkQ ORҥL WKjQK QăP ORҥL FKtQK WKpS NK{QJ JӍ DXVWHQLWLF IHUULWLF GXSOH[ PDUWHQVLWLF Yj 3+ ELӃQ QK

ӃQ

% 40% 0% 20

Fӭ

Xӝ

0% 0% 10 6 0% 8

ª# < / - -« : += C+C 5 B ?

Ĉӝ FӭQJ

7tQK GүQ QKLӋW WKҩS

FӭQJ SKkQ WiQ 1ӃX VR ViQK WKpS NK{QJ JӍ DXVWHQLWLF YӟL &U0R WKpS KӧS NLP WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ OjP YұW OLӋX WKDP FKLӃX ÿӇ WtQK FKӍ Vӕ JLD F{QJ WUrQ Pi\ FK~QJ WD QKұQ WKҩ\ QKӳQJ ÿLӇP NKiF ELӋW ÿiQJ FK~ ê 7KpS NK{QJ JӍ FKR WKҩ\ NKX\QK KѭӟQJ EiP GtQK Yj ÿӝ GҿR FDR KѫQ WKpS ĈLӅX Qj\ Fy QJKƭD Oj FiF YұW OLӋX ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ ÿӇ FҳW WKpS NK{QJ JӍ SKҧL EӅQ KѫQ Yj FiF OӟS SKӫ SKҧL WKXӝF ORҥL ³FKӕQJ EiP GtQK´ +uQK KӑF YL P{ FӫD OѭӥL FҳW UҩW TXDQ WUӑQJ Yu Qy Fy WKӇ E FKR ÿӝ GҿR FDR FӫD WKpS NK{QJ JӍ Yj ÿҧP EҧR KuQK WKjQK SKRL WӕW 6R YӟL WKpS ³WKѭӡQJ´ WӕF ÿӝ FҳW VӁ ÿѭӧF WăQJ OrQ ÿӇ E FKR NKX\QK KѭӟQJ EiP GtQK FDR Yj SKҧL OѭX ê ÿһF ELӋW ÿӃQ KLӋQ WѭӧQJ PzQ YL P{ GR WtFK Wө ӣ OѭӥL PjL PzQ GҥQJ FKӳ 9 Yj WUyF EӅ PһW OӟS SKӫ 7KpS NK{QJ JӍ FǊQJ FKR WKҩ\ NKX\QK KѭӟQJ EL͗Q F΁QJ QJXͱL FDR KѫQ PӝW ÿһF WtQK FӫD YұW OLӋX Fy KұX TXҧ Wӵ QKLrQ Oj OjP WăQJ PjL PzQ GҥQJ FKӳ 9 Yj PzQ OѭӥL FҳW +uQK GҥQJ YL P{ FKtQK [iF FӫD OѭӥL FҳW Fy WKӇ E FKR ÿLӅX Qj\ Yu OѭӥL FҳW VҳF KѫQ JLҧP ELӃQ FӭQJ QJXӝL WURQJ TXi WUuQK FҳW Ĉӝ VkX FҳW FǊQJ WLӃS WөF ÿѭӧF WKD\ ÿәL ± ÿӇ WUҧL ÿӅX QJX\ Fѫ PjL PzQ GҥQJ FKӳ 9 TXi QKLӅX Wӯ JLDL ÿRҥQ FҳW FKR

ÿӃQ OӟS ÿm ELӃQ FӭQJ QJXӝL ± Yj OѭӧQJ ăQ GDR FjQJ FDR FjQJ WӕW 7KpS NK{QJ JӍ Fy WtQK G̓Q QKL͟W WKҩS KѫQ Fy QJKƭD Oj QKLӋW WҧQ ÿL WKHR SKRL VӁ tW KѫQ 1KLӅX QKLӋW KѫQ VӁ ÿL YjR OѭӥL FҳW GүQ ÿӃQ QKLӋW ÿӝ FDR KѫQ Yu Yұ\ ÿӝ FӭQJ QKLӋW FӫD YұW OLӋX FҳW Oj ÿһF ÿLӇP TXDQ WUӑQJ 7ӕF ÿӝ FҳW Yj OѭӧQJ ăQ GDR SKҧL ÿѭӧF FKӑQ UҩW FҭQ WKұQ ÿӇ KҥQ FKӃ VLQK QKLӋW Yj Fy ÿѭӧF ÿӝ KҩS WKө QKLӋW WӕL ÿD YjR SKRL %LӃQ GҥQJ GҿR Oj PӝW Fѫ FKӃ PjL PzQ GDR Fө ÿLӇQ KuQK ÿӕL YӟL WKpS NK{QJ JӍ Ĉͱ F΁QJ FӫD WKpS NK{QJ JӍ Fy WKӇ VR ViQK YӟL WKpS /ӵF FҳW FǊQJ ӣ PӭF ÿӝ WѭѫQJ ÿѭѫQJ Yu Yұ\ NK{QJ FҫQ SKҧL WKӵF KLӋQ ELӋQ SKiS SKzQJ QJӯD ÿһF ELӋW QjR ÿӇ E OӵF FҳW FǊQJ QKѭ ÿӝ VkX FҳW Yj OѭӧQJ ăQ GDR NK{QJ FҫQ Eӏ KҥQ FKӃ VR YӟL FiF ӭQJ GөQJ WKpS 7KpS NK{QJ JӍ FKR WKҩ\ ÿͱ PjL PzQ FDR KѫQ Jk\ UD PjL PzQ O}P QKDQK 9ӟL NKҧ QăQJ FKӕQJ PjL PzQ WҥL OӟS SKӫ WăQJ GDR Fө Fy NKҧ QăQJ NKDL WKiF FDR KѫQ Wӹ OӋ ORҥL Eӓ YұW OLӋX WUrQ PӛL ÿѫQ Yӏ WKӡL JLDQ WXәL WKӑ 5} UjQJ ÿһF WtQK JLD F{QJ FӫD WKpS NK{QJ JӍ SKҧL ÿѭӧF [iF ÿӏQK ULrQJ VR YӟL ÿһF WtQK JLD F{QJ FӫD WKpS 7KpS NK{QJ JӍ [ӭQJ ÿiQJ SKҧL Fy TX\ WUuQK OӵD FKӑQ GDR Fө FӫD ULrQJ PuQK Yj ÿLӅX NLӋQ FҳW SKҧL ÿѭӧF FKӑQ FKR SK KӧS 3DWULFN GH 9RV SDWULFN GH YRV#VHFRWRROV FRP

¬ W ¨ Wk WURQJ FiF FKѭѫQJ WUuQK JLDR GөF 67(3 FӫD 6HFR

edge [1 ·2013]

&+Æ1 '81* Wl ¬ W ]X k

/jP WuQK QJX\ʄQ E͉QJ WK͵L JLDQ

7ɞL WUͥ V͟ 1$)7$ FͧD 6HFR WɞL 0LFKLJDQ +RD .ƒ TX\rQ JyS Wͫ WKLʄQ FͧD F{QJ W\ EDR J͓P Fɠ JL͝ OjP YLʄF FͧD QKkQ YLrQ 1Ӝ, 2: - 9¬ Ҧ1+ _C- + = 2B? <C

9 V+ T , EҳW ÿҫX NpR ÿӃQ YjR QăP ÿm WҥR UD QKӳQJ ÿӧW VyQJ FKDR ÿҧR WUrQ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ WjL FKtQK WKӃ JLӟL Yj FiF FKtQK SKӫ &ә SKLӃX JLҧP FiF ÿӏQK FKӃ WjL FKtQK OӟQ VөS ÿә Yj FiF FKtQK SKӫ WUrQ WRjQ WKӃ JLӟL ÿm SKҧL JLҧL FӭX FiF QJkQ KjQJ ³TXi OӟQ ÿӇ VөS ÿә´ 7ҥL +RD .Ǥ NK{QJ Fy WLӇX EDQJ QjR OҥL Eӏ WiF ÿӝQJ QһQJ QӅ Yj OkX GjL KѫQ 0LFKLJDQ QѫL NKDL VLQK JӕF FӫD QJjQK F{QJ QJKLӋS { W{ 9jR FXӕL QăP NKL Wӹ OӋ WKҩW QJKLӋS WUXQJ EuQK WҥL +RD .Ǥ Oj WKu 0LFKLJDQ ÿӭQJ ӣ PӭF .KL GRDQK Vӕ EiQ [H FKұP QKѭ U D FiF F{QJ QKkQ ӣ 0LFKLJDQ SKҧL WUҧL TXD QKӳQJ ÿӧW VD WKҧL PҥQK WD\ FKR ÿӃQ NKRҧQJ P D Kq QăP Wӹ OӋ WKҩW QJKLӋS FKtQK WKӭF ÿӭQJ ӣ PӭF KѫQ Yj JҫQ ÿӕL YӟL F{QJ QKkQ WҥL 'HWURLW ± Wӹ OӋ WKҩW QJKLӋS WӗL WӋ QKҩW FӫD WKjQK SKӕ NӇ Wӯ QăP 9jR FXӕL QăP PӝW Vӕ QKkQ YLrQ OjP YLӋF WҥL 7Uө Vӣ 1$)7$ FӫD 6HFR WҥL 7UR\ 0LFKLJDQ Wӵ KӓL OjP FiFK QjR Kӑ Fy WKӇ JL~S ÿӥ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL KjQJ [yP ÿDQJ JһS NKy NKăQ Yj &KѭѫQJ WUuQK WuQK QJX\ӋQ FӫD F{QJ W\ &RUSRUDWH 9ROXQWHHU 3URJUDP KD\ &93 UD ÿӡL 'ӵD WUrQ ÿӅ [XҩW FӫD 1KyP SKiW WULӇQ YăQ KyD QKyP ÿѭӧF KuQK WKjQK YjR QăP ÿӇ WuP FiFK WK~F ÿҭ\ YăQ KyD F{QJ W\ WURQJ ÿӝL QJǊ QKkQ YLrQ &93 Oj ÿӭD FRQ WLQK WKҫQ FӫD ED QKkQ YLrQ WҥL 6HFR 7UR\ &KX\rQ JLD SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ Yj WKLӃW NӃ $PDQGD &KLOGUHVV &KX\rQ JLD SKkQ WtFK JLi 0DU\ 6KHULGDQ Yj *LiP ÿӕF SKiW WULӇQ QKj SKkQ SKӕL 5RQ %DZRO KLӋQ ÿm QJKӍ KѭX &93 ÿѫQ JLҧQ WURQJ WKLӃW NӃ QKѭQJ KLӋX TXҧ OҥL PҥQK PӁ &iF QKkQ YLrQ ÿѭӧF WUDR FKR JLӡ Fy KѭӣQJ OѭѫQJ PӛL QăP ÿӇ OjP WuQK QJX\ӋQ FKR PӝW Wә

20 edge [1·2013]

FKӭF Pj Kӑ OӵD FKӑQ &KLOGUHVV FKR ELӃW &K~QJ W{L PXӕQ PӝW FiFK ÿӇ WKDP JLD YjR KRҥW ÿӝQJ Wӯ WKLӋQ Pj NK{QJ FKӍ Fy Nê YjR VpF FӫD F{QJ W\ &iFK TX\rQ JyS FӫD FK~QJ W{L FKR FӝQJ ÿӗQJ Oj FKR ÿL WKӡL JLDQ FӫD QKkQ YLrQ´ 9j PһF G WӕQ WKӡL JLDQ ÿӇ [k\ GӵQJ FKѭѫQJ WUuQK WKӵF Vӵ WULӇQ NKDL YjR QăP QJj\ QD\ Fy NKRҧQJ QKkQ YLrQ WҥL 0LFKLJDQ WKDP JLD Ĉk\ NK{QJ SKҧL Oj FKѭѫQJ WUuQK GR FKӍ ÿҥR Wӯ WUrQ [XӕQJ &ҧ &KLOGUHVV Yj 6KHULGDQ ÿӅX QKҩQ PҥQK UҵQJ FKuD NKyD ÿӇ WKjQK F{QJ Oj WLQK WKҫQ FKӫ ÿӝQJ Yj QҳP YӳQJ FKtQK ViFK FӫD QKkQ YLrQ &KLOGUHVV FKR ELӃW ³1ӃX Fy ÿLӅX Ju ÿy JҫQ JǊL Yj WKkQ WKLӃW YӟL EҥQ Km\ ELӃQ ÿLӅX ÿy WKjQK PӝW SKҫQ FӫD PuQK ҩS ӫ WKӵF KLӋQ Yj NrX JӑL PӑL QJѭӡL F QJ WKDP JLD´ < U U ^% QKұQ Kӛ WUӧ EDR JӗP +ӝL FKӳ WKұS ÿӓ +ӝL XQJ WKѭ +RD .Ǥ TXӻ Wӯ WKLӋQ 0DUFK RI 'LPHV Yj QKLӅX QKyP Yj Wә FKӭF QKӓ KѫQ $QRXFN :KLWH ĈҥL GLӋQ GӏFK Yө NKiFK KjQJ ÿһF ELӋW TXDQ WkP ÿӃQ VӭF NKӓH WKӇ FKҩW Yj VӭF NKӓH WLQK WKҫQ F{ WKѭӡQJ ÿL ÿҫX WURQJ YLӋF Wә FKӭF FiF Vӵ NLӋQ NK{QJ FKӍ JL~S ÿӥ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FҫQ JL~S ÿӥ Pj FzQ QkQJ FDR WKӇ OӵF FӫD QKkQ YLrQ &{ JLҧL WKtFK ³7{L ÿm WUҧL TXD PӝW NKRҧQJ WKӡL JLDQ QһQJ QӅ FiFK ÿk\ PӝW YjL QăP NKL FKӗQJ W{L Eӏ EӋQK QһQJ 7{L Oj QJѭӡL 3KiS Yj NK{QJ Fy JLD ÿuQK ӣ Gk\ Yu Yұ\ W{L KѭӟQJ ÿӃQ EҥQ Eq 7{L QKұQ UD UҵQJ DL FǊQJ Fy O~F FҫQ JL~S ÿӥ +LӋQ FK~QJ W{L ÿDQJ KӗL SKөF ÿLӅX TXDQ WUӑQJ ÿӕL YӟL W{L Oj JL~S ÿӥ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL NKiF &{ :KLWH FKӍ UD Yt Gө YӅ FKѭѫQJ WUuQK 5HOD\ IRU /LIH 7LӃS VӭF FKR FXӝF VӕQJ PӝW FKѭѫQJ WUuQK WURQJ ÿy QKkQ YLrQ WKX WKұS FiF NKRҧQ ÿyQJ JyS ÿm FDP NӃW Yj ÿL Eӝ WURQJ

el p p CXH ) G X q * * r*/C W * 7 X rWs 7KӡL JLDQ WuQK QJX\ӋQ Fy KѭӣQJ OѭѫQJ Oj JLӡ PӛL QKkQ YLrQ PӛL QăP &iF Vӵ NLӋQ Yj KRҥW ÿӝQJ GR F{QJ W\ WjL WUӧ W \ QKkQ YLrQ OӵD FKӑQ ÿL Eӝ Jk\ TXӻ SKөF Yө EӳD ăQ WҥL ÿӏD ÿLӇP SKiW FKҭQ ÿӗ ăQ YӋ VLQK P{L WUѭӡQJ TX\rQ JyS ViFK Yj TX\rQ JyS FӭX WUӧ WһQJ Yj SKkQ SKiW TXҫQ iR FKR FiF JLD ÿuQK Yj JL~S [k\ QKj ӣ WKX QKұS WKҩS &iF Vӵ NLӋQ W{Q JLiR KRһF Vӵ NLӋQ FKtQK WUӏ NK{QJ ÿѭӧF FKR SKpS 7әQJ Vӕ WLӅQ TX\rQ JyS FKR FKѭѫQJ WUuQK Oj 86' WLӅQ PһW Yj KjQJ KyD PӛL QăP 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL WuQK QJX\ӋQ ÿm ÿyQJ JyS JLӡ PӛL QăP KD\ NKRҧQJ 86' JLӡ F{QJ ODR ÿӝQJ

?: < C+=r +BRC¯ %! 2! C>2B= r # ! !:¯ !BQ =BC2! r BC C - !>Q +r # "Cr +Bxu M1 +B! +x - +B3 ! = ?r B?Qr C C-! r +xy - +Bx - ? +C + +P -:QH O, <° ! 66 | OC} ! = ?

/ʹ, .+8<Ç1 Ĉ͚ 7+,͖7 /̈́3 &+̀˾1* 75Î1+ 7Î1+ 1*8<͞1 &;$ &Ð1* 7<

S CH / - OCH >,% +IC , ! MI GӵD WUrQ FiF Wә FKӭF WLӃS QKұQ WLӅP QăQJ %ҥQ FҫQ QKӳQJ F{QJ YLӋF SKL OӧL QKXұQ WӕQ tW WKӡL JLDQ ÿӇ SKҫQ OӟQ Vӕ WLӅQ ÿӃQ WUӵF WLӃS YӟL QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FҫQ ÿӃQ

B:Q FI+ ? QKkQ YLrQ FӫD EҥQ FKtQK Oj FKuD NKyD +m\ FұS QKұW WK{QJ WLQ FKR QKkQ YLrQ Yj JLӳ Kӑ WKDP JLD Yj NKX\ӃQ NKtFK Kӑ WuP WKrP EҥQ Eq Yj JLD ÿuQK

,% ? ?I+ Fs - +B } O:C O® 0ӑL QJѭӡL ÿӅX EұQ UӝQ Yj SKҧL OjP YLӋF YҩW Yҧ Yu Yұ\ Km\ JLӳ FKR FiF KRҥW ÿӝQJ WuQK QJX\ӋQ Yj FKѭѫQJ WUuQK VӭF NKӓH FjQJ WK~ Yӏ FjQJ WӕW edge [1 ·2013]

&+Æ1 '81* Wl ¬ W ]X k

%! 2! C>2B= | OC} ! = ?r +BRCr ?: < C+= | OC} ! = ?r # "C O, BC C>>! =B<C r CR% F0 # R+ +BC xt - +BP - "C Fz -r OuC + ² - R O4+ # $% :Q} - # Fxy

ZC 0 B(JC p B0 t u( '6 &

(Z 'P( 4 3 vX 4(Z B(JC B0 6 7w t ) 7p 3 2 )3 A (H '6 8 C ( 7 ( ef( x 7 ( yz JLӡ &KѭѫQJ WUuQK WLӃS VӭF WURQJ WKiQJ ÿm Jk\ TXӻ ÿѭӧF 86' FKR QJKLrQ FӭX XQJ WKѭ Z[ W` WZi Z Wj W FӫD FKѭѫQJ WUuQK Oj Fѫ TXDQ GӏFK Yө [m KӝL Fy WrQ JӑL Oj 1JӑQ KҧL ÿăQJ FӫD KҥW 2DNODQG FXQJ FҩS GӏFK Yө FKR QKӳQJ JLD ÿuQK ÿDQJ JһS NKy NKăQ Wӯ YLӋQ WUӧ OѭѫQJ WKӵF NKҭQ FҩS Yj WUӧ JL~S \ WӃ FKR ÿӃQ ÿjR WҥR YLӋF OjP Yj ÿL OҥL %rQ FҥQK FXQJ FҩS WKӵF SKҭP VҧQ SKҭP FKăP VyF Fi QKkQ Yj WLӅQ TX\rQ JyS ÿѭӧF 6HFR FǊQJ FXQJ FҩS FiF WuQK QJX\ӋQ YLrQ FKR FKѭѫQJ WUuQK Kӛ WUӧ QKj ӣ ÿӝF ÿiR 1JӑQ KҧL ÿăQJ 1KkQ YLrQ GjQK WKӡL JLDQ FKXҭQ Eӏ FiF FăQ SKzQJ FKR FiF Ej Pҽ Yj FRQ FӫD Kӑ GӑQ GҽS Yj VѫQ VDX ÿy GӑQ ÿӗ QӝL WKҩW YjR &KLOGUHVV FKLD Vҿ ³7KұW QJҥF QKLrQ NKL WKҩ\ WuQK FҧP QӗQJ QjQ Yj Vӵ KjR SKyQJ Pj PӑL QJѭӡL PDQJ ÿӃQ´ 1KkQ YLrQ ÿm WuP ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ FiFK ViQJ WҥR NKiF ÿӇ ÿyQJ JyS FKR FKѭѫQJ WUuQK 7KѭӡQJ [X\rQ Fy

22 edge [1·2013]

³1Jj\ ÿӗ MHDQ´ YjR K{P ÿy QKkQ YLrQ Fy WKӇ WUҧ ÿ{ OD ÿӇ PһF TXҫQ iR JLҧQ Gӏ KѫQ NKL OjP YLӋF ĈӝL QJǊ EiQ KjQJ WKX WKұS FiF YұW GөQJ YӋ VLQK Fi QKkQ QKӓ GҫX JӝL ÿҫX Yj NHP ÿiQK UăQJ FKR QKӳQJ JLD ÿuQK FҫQ ÿӃQ %DQ TXҧQ Oê Wә FKӭF JLҧL J{Q Wӯ WKLӋQ 9j EҩW NǤ SKzQJ EDQ QjR FǊQJ Fy WKӇ WjL WUӧ PӝW EӳD WLӋF QѭӟQJ QJRjL WUӡL FKR QKkQ YLrQ ÿӇ [k\ GӵQJ WuQK EҥQ KӳX WKkQ WKLӃW Yj TX\rQ JyS WLӅQ ĈӕL YӟL QKӳQJ WKҧP KӑD ӣ [D FKҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ WUұQ VyQJ WKҫQ ÿm WjQ SKi 1KұW %ҧQ YjR QăP 6HFR ÿm FKL WKrP EҵQJ YӟL Vӕ WLӅQ TX\rQ JyS FӫD QKkQ YLrQ JL~S WăQJ JҩS ÿ{L Vӕ WLӅQ FӭX WUӧ WKX ÿѭӧF &{ 6KHULGDQ FKR ELӃW ³6ӵ Kӛ WUӧ FK~QJ W{L QKұQ ÿѭӧF Wӯ EDQ TXҧQ Oê FҩS FDR WKұW NK{QJ WKӇ WLQ ÿѭӧF´ Ĉ{L NKL YăQ SKzQJ 7UR\ KӧS WiF YӟL Fѫ Vӣ VҧQ [XҩW FӫD 6HFR WҥL 7KjQK SKӕ /HQRLU 7HQQHVVHH ÿӇ Fy ÿѭӧF WiF ÿӝQJ WR OӟQ KѫQ i ± f W W _ X UҩW OӟQ YӅ FKѭѫQJ WUuQK &93 FKѭѫQJ WUuQK NKi ÿӝF ÿiR WURQJ Vӕ FiF FKѭѫQJ WUuQK FӫD F{QJ W\ YӅ SKҥP YL FǊQJ QKѭ WtQK KLӋX TXҧ FӫD FKѭѫQJ WUuQK &{ &KLOGUHVV FKR ELӃW ÿӕL YӟL QKLӅX QKkQ YLrQ ³&ӕQJ KLӃQ ÿӇ ÿѭӧF QJKH YӅ QKӳQJ ÿLӅX WӕW Pj 6HFR WKӵF KLӋQ ĈLӅX TXDQ WUӑQJ ÿӕL YӟL QKkQ YLrQ Oj FҧP QKұQ µ7{L Oj PӝW SKҫQ FӫD FiL Ju ÿy WR OӟQ KѫQ Oj FKӍ VҳS [ӃS QKӳQJ JLҩ\ Wӡ Qj\ PӛL QJj\¶´

%ӄ1 9Ӳ1*

W g ( m SECO 1Ӝ, '81* !BC C%%? Ҧ1+ BC = W!+ -= + ?>>Q . ?

/ɉͣQJ NKt WKɠL FDFERQ FͧD F{QJ W\ SKiW ÿ͙QJ YLʄF ÿyQJ JyS FKR TX͹ *UHHQ )XQG 4X͹ ;DQK ÿʀ Fy FiF NKRɠQ ÿɤX Wɉ FKR P{L WUɉ͝QJ

7+Ð1* 48$ 48Ӻ *5((1 )81' &Ӫ$ &Ð1* 7< 6HFR WUtFK PӝW NKRҧQ WLӅQ OLrQ TXDQ ÿӃQ OѭӧQJ &2 ÿѭӧF WҥR UD GR FiF FKX\ӃQ ÿL F{QJ WiF Yj YұQ FKX\ӇQ VҧQ SKҭP 6DX ÿy WLӅQ WKX ÿѭӧF ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ FKR FiF NKRҧQ ÿҫX Wѭ FKR P{L WUѭӡQJ NKiF QKDX *XQQDU /REHOO ĈLӅX SKӕL YLrQ P{L WUѭӡQJ WRjQ FҫX FKR ELӃW ³9ұQ FKX\ӇQ ÿӃQ Yj Wӯ FiF WUXQJ WkP SKkQ SKӕL FӫD FK~QJ W{L ÿӃQ NKiFK KjQJ Fy WiF ÿӝQJ OӟQ YӅ PһW NKt WKҧL &2 Yu Yұ\ FK~QJ W{L WӕL ѭX KyD FiF JLҧL SKiS YұQ FKX\ӇQ &K~QJ W{L OLrQ WөF SKkQ WtFK KӋ

WKӕQJ SKkQ SKӕL Yj NKR YұQ 9ӏ WUt FӫD FiF WUXQJ WkP SKkQ SKӕL Yj WӕL ѭX KyD VҧQ SKҭP OѭX NKR JL~S JLҧP WKLӇX YLӋF Vӱ GөQJ YұQ FKX\ӇQ EҵQJ ÿѭӡQJ KjQJ NK{QJ WURQJ NKL YүQ GX\ WUu ÿѭӧF YLӋF WKӵF KLӋQ JLDR KjQJ QKDQK &iF FKX\ӃQ F{QJ WiF FǊQJ ÿѭӧF JLҧP WKLӇX EҵQJ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ KӝL QJKӏ YLGHR QKLӅX KѫQ´ 7ҩW QKLrQ NK{QJ SKҧL PӑL YLӋF ÿL OҥL Yj YұQ FKX\ӇQ ÿӅX Fy WKӇ ÿѭӧF ORҥL Eӓ ÿy Oj QѫL TXӻ *UHHQ )XQG Fy PһW &ӭ PӛL WҩQ &2 ÿѭӧF WҥR UD TXD YұQ FKX\ӇQ KRһF ÿL OҥL F{QJ WiF 6HFR VӁ JӱL 6(. YjR TXӻ 1ăP WәQJ FiF NKRҧQ ÿҫX Wѭ Oj NKRҧQJ WULӋX 6(. &KR ÿӃQ QD\ Vӕ WLӅQ Qj\ ÿѭӧF FKLD WKjQK KDL NKRҧQ ÿҫX Wѭ YjR ҨQ Ĉӝ Yj PӝW NKRҧQ ÿҫX Wѭ YjR 9ѭѫQJ TXӕF $QK 7ҥL ҨQ Ĉӝ TXӻ *UHHQ )XQG ÿDQJ JL~S [k\ OҥL KӋ WKӕQJ FҩS ÿLӋQ ÿӇ WҥR ÿLӋQ QăQJ әQ ÿӏQK KѫQ FKR QKj Pi\ FӫD 6HFR ĈLӅX Qj\ VӁ JL~S JLҧP QKX FҫX ÿӕL YӟL ÿLӋQ WҥR EҵQJ GҫX GLHVHO Yj EuQK ҳF TX\ /REHOO FKR ELӃW 9ӟL GzQJ ÿLӋQ әQ ÿӏQK KѫQ FK~QJ W{L Fy WKӇ JLҧP FiF Pi\ SKiW ÿLӋQ EҵQJ GҫX GLHVHO Yj FҳW JLҧP OѭӧQJ NKt WKҧL &2 NKRҧQJ WҩQ PӛL QăP 7LӅQ FӫD TXӻ *UHHQ )XQG FǊQJ VӁ ÿѭӧF ÿҫX Wѭ YjR QKj Pi\ [ӱ Oê QѭӟF PӟL JL~S JLҧP EӟW Vӵ SKө WKXӝF YjR QJXӗQ WjL QJX\rQ QѭӟF KҥQ FKӃ FӫD ҨQ Ĉӝ NKRҧQJ OtW QѭӟF PӝW QăP 7ҥL $QK 6HFR ÿDQJ [k\ GӵQJ QKj Pi\ PӟL ÿѭӧF WUDQJ Eӏ FiF WҩP SLQ PһW WUӡL VӁ JLҧP 0:K ÿLӋQ PӛL QăP Yj JLҧP NKt WKҧL &2 NKRҧQJ WҩQ PӛL QăP &iF WҩP SLQ PһW WUӡL VӁ FҩS OѭӧQJ ÿLӋQ Gѭ WKӯD FKR OѭӟL ÿLӋQ F{QJ FӝQJ /REHOO FKR ELӃW 0өF ÿtFK Oj OjP FKR TXӻ *UHHQ )XQG WUӣ WKjQK PӝW KRҥW ÿӝQJ OkX GjL &KӯQJ QjR FK~QJ W{L FzQ Fy NKӍ WKҧL Wӯ VҧQ SKҭP Yj ÿL OҥL YұQ FKX\ӇQ FK~QJ W{L VӁ WLӃS WөF WUtFK PӝW SKҫQ WLӅQ ÿӇ Vӱ GөQJ FKR TXӻ *UHHQ )XQG

*L̻P WiF ÿͱQJ 4Xӻ *UHHQ )XQG FKtQK WKӭF EҳW ÿҫX YjR QăP Oj PӝW SKҫQ Qӛ OӵF FӫD 6HFR ÿӇ E FKR PӑL WiF ÿӝQJ WLrX FӵF ÿӃQ P{L WUѭӡQJ FӫD YLӋF YұQ KjQK Yj FiF KRҥW ÿӝQJ FӫD F{QJ W\ &{QJ W\ ÿm QKұQ ÿѭӧF FKӭQJ FKӍ ,62 Wӯ QăP Yj FǊQJ ÿm ÿһW UD PӝW Vӕ PөF WLrX ÿӇ JLҧP WKLӇX WiF ÿӝQJ FӫD PuQK ÿӕL YӟL P{L WUѭӡQJ FKҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ JLҧP WKLӇX FKҩW WKҧL WiL FKӃ FKҩW WKҧL Yj PXD OҥL FiF KҥW GDR Yj GDR Fө QJX\rQ NKӕL ÿm TXD Vӱ GөQJ Wӯ NKiFK KjQJ ÿӇ WiL FKӃ

edge [1 ·2013]

± c

3+$<

785%2 ĈɈ͢& 0¬, ,W V { %| rRV % }~ 9 >{?V ~ ÿӇ SKD\ EұF KLӋQ WҥL Oj YLӋF Pӣ UӝQJ SKҥP YL KҥW GDR EDR JӗP Fҧ FiF OӵD FKӑQ WKD\ WKӃ KҥW GDR ÿѭӧF pS WUӵF WLӃS Yj KҥW GDR ÿѭӧF PjL +ҥW GDR pS WUӵF WLӃS Fy SKҥP YL EiQ NtQK UӝQJ KѫQ YӟL EiQ NtQK JyF Wӯ ÿӃQ PLOLPHW 9LӋF Pӣ UӝQJ SKҥP YL KҥW GDR PjL EDR JӗP FiF KuQK KӑF FKR YұW OLӋX NKy JLD F{QJ QKѭ QK{P WKpS NK{QJ JӍ KӧS NLP WLWDQ Yj FiF YұW OLӋX EҵQJ KӧS NLP NKiF &iF OӵD FKӑQ WKD\ WKӃ FӫD KҥW GDR PjL FǊQJ Fy VҹQ YӟL SKҥP YL EiQ NtQK FKR EiQ NtQK JyF Wӯ ÿӃQ PLOLPHW

-$%52

" # $%&

/ - +C + }%&

0ӣ UӝQJ KuQK KӑF FӫD 7XUER

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP WXUER

'DR [RҳQ ӕF 7XUER

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP WXUER KHOLFDO

6ҧQ SKҭP Eә VXQJ 0LQLPDVWHU 3OXV

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP PLQLPDVWHUSOXV

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP B

+LJKIHHG

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP KLJKIHHG

3KҥP YL FDVVHWWH 6TXDUH %ә VXQJ ÿѭӡQJ NtQK ± PP

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP VTXDUH

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP PN

" # $%&

& &

/ - +C + }%&

6ҧQ SKҭP Eә VXQJ -DEUR +30 -+3

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP MKS

6ҧQ SKҭP Eә VXQJ -DEUR &RPSRVLWHV

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP MDEUR FRPSRVLWHV

6ҧQ SKҭP Eә VXQJ -DEUR 6ROLGð ,QFK

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP MDEURVROLG

6ҧQ SKҭP Eә VXQJ -DEUR +30 ,QFK

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP MDEUR KSP

&Ҳ7 5(1 " # $%&

/ - +C + }%&

ĈҫX FһS 6HFR &DSWR 6QDS 7DS

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP VHFR FDSWR

24 HGJH > ā @

6ɲQ VjQJ FKʈX PjL PzQ ɲ %T}~ ~ R V < V %- ÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃ ÿһF ELӋW ÿӇ SKD\ JDQJ YӟL Gӳ OLӋX FҳW NKiF QKDX WURQJ Fҧ FiF ӭQJ GөQJ { W{ FKR NKӕL ÿӝQJ Fѫ Yj ÿҫX [\ ODQK FKҷQJ KҥQ Yj ӭQJ GөQJ Nӻ WKXұW FKXQJ 'DR Fө Fy VҹQ YӟL FKӭF QăQJ WҧQ QKLӋW FKR WҩW Fҧ FiF ORҥL JDQJ Yj NK{QJ Fy FKӭF QăQJ WҧQ QKLӋW FKR JDQJ FҫX 7KD\ WKӃ 0. Yj ± ӣ SKҥP YL QjR ÿy ± 0. 0. Fy FKҩW QӅQ Fy ÿӝ FӭQJ FDR PӟL ÿѭӧF SKiW WULӇQ FKR YӃW PzQ SKҷQJ Yj Fy NLӇP VRiW QJKƭD Oj WXәL WKӑ GDR Fө GjL Yj ÿӝ DQ WRjQ FӫD ӭQJ GөQJ FDR

;2าฒ1 ำ &

>{?V ~ ย ย % YjR GzQJ VางQ SKาญP GDR [RาณQ ำ F KLำ X VXาฉW FDR FำซD 6HFR PDQJ รฟำ Q OัญำงQJ ฤ Q GDR FDR FKLำ X VkX FาณW Uำ QJ Yj Wำน Oำ ORาฅL Eำ NLP ORาฅL FDR WURQJ FiF ำญQJ GำฉQJ SKD\ ELrQ Yj SKD\ FKpS KuQK 'DR Fำฉ Qj\ Fy WKำ รฟัญำงF Vำฑ GำฉQJ รฟำ SKD\ UmQK SKD\ Kำ F Yj SKD\ QJKLrQJ Fว QJ QKัญ SKD\ WUzQ Yj SKD\ [RาณQ ำ F +HOLFDO 7XUER Fy NKาง Qฤ QJ WาฅR FKLำ X VkX FาณW Wำ W KัซQ VR Yำ L FiF ORาฅL SKD\ EาฑF WK{QJ WKัญำกQJ 'DR Fำฉ Fy รฟาปF รฟLำ P Qำ L EาฑW Oj FiF รฟำ WำตD KาฅW GDR Yำ L รฟำ FKtQK [iF Yj Eำ รฟำฅ Kัญำ QJ WUำฉF รฟัญำงF FางL WKLำ Q JL~S JLางP WKLำ X KLำ Q WัญำงQJ NK{QJ NKำ S JLำณD FiF FาฉS รฟำ KาฅW GDR +าฅW GDR WURQJ SKLrQ EางQ ;20; 7 Yj ;2(; 7 Fy KuQK Kำ F รฟHP รฟำ Q OำตF FาณW WKาฉS +HOLFDO 7XUER Fy EiQ Yำ L FiF Kำ WKำ QJ OาณS JKpS &RPELPDVWHU $UERU 6HFR &DSWR :HOGRQ Yj 6HFR :HOGRQ

HGJH > ฤ @

± c

7Ҥ2 /Ӛ " # $%&

/ - +C + }%&

&URZQORF 3OXV

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP FURZQORFSOXV

&URZQORF 3OXV ['

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP FURZQORFSOXV

0{ ÿXQ YiW &URZQORF 3OXV

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP FURZQORFSOXV

*LD F{QJ FRPSRVLW ± 'DR Fө 3&' %ѭӟF Vӕ

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP IHHGPD[ SFG

7KDQK QӕL -XPER $ 6 Yj PӟL

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP MXPEREULGJHEDU

ĈҫX NKRDQ NLӇX P{ ÿXQ 6' ± Fy WKӇ ÿLӅX FKӍQK

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP 6'

3KҥP YL 1DQR¿[ QJҳQ ± 7KLӃW NӃ W \ FKӍQK

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP QDQR¿[

$[LDERUH Fy NӃW QӕL 6HFR &DSWR

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP D[LDERUH

9Ұ7 /,ӊ8 1Æ1* &$2 " # $%&

/ - +C + }%&

6ҧQ SKҭP WKD\ WKӃ &%1 3KҥP YL &%1 WKҩS NK{QJ OӟS SKӫ

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP FEQ

+uQK KӑF Eҿ SKRL FӫD 3&%1

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP SFEQ

26 HGJH > ā @

7L͟Q E͙Q K˿Q ? ~ ~ R < V ? .KӕL ER QLWULW ÿD WLQK WKӇ 3RO\FU\VWDOOLQH &XELF %RURQ 1LWULGH KD\ 3&%1 NK{QJ OӟS SKӫ ÿѭӧF FKӃ WҥR FKӫ \ӃX ÿӇ WLӋQ WKpS W{L 'DR Fө Qj\ WKD\ WKӃ &%1 Yj &%1 Fy YL FҩX WU~F ÿӗQJ ÿӅX KѫQ YӟL NKҧ QăQJ FKӕQJ PzQ OѭӥL FҳW WӕW KѫQ ĈLӅX Qj\ ÿm ÿҥW ÿѭӧF EҵQJ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ FiF SKѭѫQJ SKiS VҧQ [XҩW PӟL ÿѭӧF SKiW WULӇQ 6R ViQK YӟL FiF WKӃ KӋ WUѭӟF FӫD GDR Fө Qj\ &%1 EӅQ KѫQ Yj Fy NKҧ QăQJ FKӕQJ PjL PzQ WӕW KѫQ GR ÿy WăQJ ÿӝ WLQ Fұ\ Yj NKҧ QăQJ Gӵ ÿRiQ WXәL WKӑ GDR Fө 'DR Fө Qj\ FKӫ \ӃX ÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃ ÿӇ JLD F{QJ WLQK Yj Fy EiQ ӣ ED GҥQJ KҥW GDR NKiF QKDX PǊL FҳW QJX\rQ NKӕL Yj QJX\rQ NtFK Fӥ WҩW Fҧ ÿӅX Fy Vӵ OӵD FKӑQ G QJ PһW SKҷQJ ZLSHU

|% *# 8 %C B? (3% Oj KӋ WKӕQJ PkP FһS PӟL Fy ÿӝ OӋFK WkP JLҧP [XӕQJ FKӍ FzQ WӕL ÿD PLFURQ 6ҧQ SKҭP ÿHP OҥL JҩS KDL ÿӃQ ED OҫQ P{PHQ [RҳQ Fy WKӇ WUX\ӅQ FӫD FiF NLӇX PkP FһS KLӋQ WҥL 'DR Fө ÿѭӧF JҳQ FKһW EҵQJ FiFK VLӃW FKһW ÿDL ӕF EҵQJ FҫQ VLӃW OӵF FRQ OăQ FKX\rQ GөQJ 'R KuQK GҥQJ KuQK WUө FӫD GDR Fө NK{QJ Fy EҩW NǤ SKҫQ NK{QJ ÿӕL [ӭQJ QjR Yj ÿӝ FkQ EҵQJ FKtQK [iF FӫD GDR Fө (3% SK KӧS FKR JLD F{QJ WӕF ÿӝ FDR 0kP FһS Fy WKӇ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ YӟL FiF ӕQJ NҽS Fy ÿѭӡQJ NtQK NҽS NKiF QKDX FKR ÿѭӡQJ NtQK FiQ GDR Wӯ ÿӃQ PLOLPHW

+ӊ 7+Ӕ1* .Ҽ3 " # $%&

/ - +C + }%&

ӔQJ NҽS ÿjQ KӗL FKtQK [iF FDR (3%

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP HSE

ĈҫX FһS 6KULQN¿W +6. $ ÿѭӧF JLD Fӕ ORҥL

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP PRQREORF

(DV\VKULQN %ӝ Vӕ WKD\ WKӃ FiF P{ ÿXQ ULrQJ Oҿ

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP HDV\VKULQN

" # $%&

/ - +C + }%&

/ѭӥL FҳW ; ±

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP [

7*. ± 0'7 /RҥL *DQJ

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP WJN

&DVVHWWHV JLD F{QJ KҥQJ QһQJ

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP KHDY\PDFKLQLQJ

+uQK KӑF Eҿ SKRL 0 ,62

Ĉ$1* %È1

ZZZ VHFRWRROV FRP P

7,ӊ1

HGJH > ā @

{V {V Oj QKj FXQJ FҩS FiF KӋ WKӕQJ Yj GӏFK Yө QăQJ OѭӧQJ KjQJ ÿҫX WKӃ JLӟL ÿӇ Vӱ GөQJ WUrQ PһW ÿҩW WUrQ NK{QJ Yj WUrQ ELӇQ YӟL Yӏ WKӃ PҥQK ӣ QKLӅX WKӏ WUѭӡQJ WRjQ FҫX ĈӝQJ Fѫ FӫD 5ROOV 5R\FH FXQJ FҩS ÿLӋQ TXDQK QăP FKR FiF JLjQ NKRDQ GҫX QJRjL NKѫL Yj WURQJ PӑL ÿLӅX NLӋQ Fy WKӇ KuQK GXQJ ÿѭӧF

8.000 kW

w l r } '6 r Fy WKӇ FXQJ FҩS QăQJ OѭӧQJ Wӯ ÿӃQ N:

ĈӝQJ Fѫ %HUJHQ FӫD 5ROOV 5R\FH Vӱ GөQJ GDR 3KD\ EѭӟF WLӃQ FDR 5 5 & FӫD 6HFR ÿӇ JLD F{QJ WK{ NKӕL ÿӝQJ Fѫ 7KӡL JLDQ JLD F{QJ ÿӇ PjL SKҷQJ EӅ PһW ÿҫX Yj [\ ODQK WKӵF WӃ ÿm ÿѭӧF JLҧP ÿL PӝW QӱD EҵQJ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ 3KD\ EѭӟF WLӃQ FDR &{QJ W\ FǊQJ Vӱ GөQJ FiF ORҥL GDR Fө WҥR Oӛ NKRDQ Yj ÿҫX PyF Oӛ GR 6HFR FXQJ FҩS

320x400

7ҩW Fҧ ÿӝQJ Fѫ Fy Oӛ PP YӟL NKRҧQJ FiFK PP

750vòng/phút 2 Y Bw l BJC 0

K C 2 ~~ 8

7g( jX / ] N Bw ~ ' M z

'f b n o %ҥQ Fy Vӱ GөQJ FiF ORҥL GDR Fө FӫD 6HFR ÿӇ FKӃ WҥR UD VҧQ SKҭP WX\ӋW KҧR NK{QJ" +m\ OLrQ KӋ YӟL FK~QJ W{L WҥL HGJH#VHFRWRROV FRP 67 91

Ҧ1+ 526 52%(576 *(77< ,0$*(6

*,¬1 .+2$1

&͇W JL̻P PͱW Q΅D WK͵L JLDQ JLD F{QJ