Drought ; syria 3610

DIXON

rooted

SHADEEN

drought: syria

ARCH 3610

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CONTENT

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overview

SHADEEN DIXON

The Drought in Syria occurred between 2007−2010. It cause widespread crop failure and a mass migration of farming families to urban areas.

Researchers believe the drought was due to Global Warming.

Century-long observed trends in precipitation, temperature, and sea-level pressure, supported by climate model results, strongly suggest that anthropogenic forcing has increased the probability of severe and persistent droughts in this region

Drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortag causing adverse impacts on vegetation, animals, and people.

There are 4 types of Droughts: Meteorological Drought lack of moisture in the weather such as lack of precipitation, and the play of other weather conditions such as dry winds, high temperatures and so on. It is expressed in relation to the average conditions of the region over a long period of time.

Agricultural Drought refers to agricultural impacts, focusing on precipitation shortages, soil water deficits, reduced ground water or reservoir levels needed forirrigation.

The drought have affected the eastern and north eastern regions of Syria known as the “Syrian peninsula”.

The peninsula region has the largest of arable lands in Syria, and is considered the (agricultural) backbone of the country.

Hydrological Drought refers to persistently low water volumes in streams, rivers and reservoirs.

Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for water exceeds the supply.

The Syrian economy is highly dependent on agricultural production. The drought has led to assignificant reduction in agricultural production and a decline in the national economy.

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One of the major consequences of the drought is that it has driven the majority of the population from rural area towards the major cities in Syria such as the capital Damascus ,creating demographic changes.

Damascus

overview geography demography cause effect solution

Syrian peninsula euphrates river

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OVERVIEW

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geography

SHA D EEN DIXON

Syria is located in Southwestern Asia, north of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.

Syria consists of mountain ranges in the west and farther inland a steppe area. In the east is the Syrian Desert and in the south is the Jabal al-Druze Range. The former is bisected by the Euphrates valley.

A dam built in 1973 on the Euphrates created a reservoir named Lake Assad, the largest lake in Syria. The highest point in Syria is Mount Hermon (2,814 m; 9,232 ft) on the Lebanese border. Between the humid Mediterranean coast and the arid desert regions lies a semiarid steppe zone extending across three-quarters of the

It is bordered by Turkey on the north, Lebanon and Israel on the west, Iraq on the east, and Jordan on the south.

Land use:

24.8% arable land 4.47% permanent crops 70.73% other (2005) Irrigated land: 13.560 km2 (2003) Total renewable water resources: 46.1 cu km (1997)

Weather

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The climate in Syria is dry and hot in summer and cold in winter.The annual precipitation ranges between 75cm and 100cm. Most of the rain, carried by winds from the Mediterranean, falls between November and May. The annual mean temperatures range from 7.2째 C in January to 26.6째 C in August. The high mountain ridge in the north catch most of the rains from the Mediterranean, making the depression, located east of these mountains, is in a arid zone with warm, dry winds and scanty rainfall.

overview geography demography cause effect solution 2

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GEOGRAPHY

The Bashars, a Kurdish family from Syria

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10%

sunni

demography

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74%

christian

RELIGION muslim

87%

The family forms the basic building block of Muslim society.

DIXON

Population: 18,389,000 Capital: Damascus; 2,228,000 Area: 185,180 square kilometers (71,498 square miles)

Marriage forms the sole basis for sexual relations and parenthood

Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, Male figure is the dominant French, English person in the family structure. The birth of a boy Major Religion: is more prefer over a girl Islam & Christian

minaret

courtyard

prayer hall minbar

Currency: Syrian pound

TO MECCA

minhrab

Life Expectancy: 70

entrance

Traditional Syrian Beehive Houses

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The Beehive Houses was made going back to 3,700 B.C. thoughout the middle east but is only in Northern border of Syria today. It designed to be cool in summer and warm in winter, it also protects the residents from the desert winds.The house is made from the oldest building material :mud, dirt and straw which are widely available, cheap and easy to build with. The high domes collect the hot air, moving it away from the residents at the bottom of the house.the house has few to no windows to keep the the interior temperatures between 75ยบF 85ยบ F.

In Syrian society a few children is common due to the proverty and limited food supply.

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DEMOGRAPHY

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Precipitation history and long term trends mm/month

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cause

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CRU3.1 annual surface temperature greater Fertile Cresent mean

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B PDSI, annual, greater Fertile Cresent mean

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PDSI

degree C

CRU3.1 winter rainfall greater Fertile Cresent mean

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millions

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-2 -3

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C

Global Warming and Water Resources Global warming is effecting the region in two ways: higher temperatures that increase evaporation in already parched soils, and weaker winds that bring less rain from the Mediterranean Sea during the wet season (November to April).Scientists were able to determine on the climate change models, that the drier and warmer trend for Syria increased due to human greenhouse gas emissions.

Syrian total population midyear

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5 1900

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Since 1931 Syrian winter rainfall decreased by 13% on average.

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Summer temperatures are on a rising trend – aggravating the water problem.

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Drying out agricultural soils due to increased evaporation.

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Population rise as a possible driving factor to Arab Spring uprising.

The unsustainable farming practices in Syria led to a massive depletion of groundwater which was crucial for irrigating land beyond the reaches of the rivers.

A great Syrian drought 4,200 years ago.

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The dwindling groundwater was accompanied by a long term decline in rainfall in the region that affected farms watered from rivers.

Great civilization-threatening drought have happened before in Syria. They discovered a large increase in dust 4,200 years ago that likely coincided with a 100-year drought that brought a 30% decline in precipitation to Syria. The drought, called the 4.2 kiloyear event, is thought to have been caused by cooler sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic. The Akkadian Empire, which flourished in ancient Mesopotamia between 2334 BC - 2193 BC, also crashed at this time, giving credence to the idea that the drought may have been a key reason why.

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CAUSE

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Civil War

DIXON

effect

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Violent government response

Popular Uprising Rural Unrest

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Agriculture Productivity

drought

Weak State Response

Water Scarcity

SYRIA

Urban Unrest

7.6 million people displaced

1 IN 5 PEOPLE IS A SYRIAN REFUGEE

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JORDAN 623,241 1 IN 13 PEOPLE IS A SYRIAN REFUGEE

EGYPT

136,661

Michael Stephen,

Urbanization

1,622,839

1,174,313

”

Deputy Director of the Royal United Services Institute

TURKEY

LEBANON

There has never been an outright war over water but water has played extremely important role in many Middle East conflicts.

Control of water supply is crucial.

population

overview geography demography cause effect solution

IRAQ

242,468

Syrian Refugee Crisis Families Fleeing Violence.

There are nearly 4,000,000 Syrian refugees in more than 5 host countries. More than 15,000,000 people are in need of assistance inside and outside Syria.

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CAUSE

5*#&''0

UQNWVKQP

LIST OF NEEDS FOR PEOPLE /FAMILIES/COMMUNITY

function & size

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material & postuse

delievery method

build & deploy

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Damascus

SOLUTION function & size material & post use delievery method build/deploy

Syrian peninsula euphrates river 1

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SOLUTION

LIST OF NEEDS FOR PEOPLE /FAMILIES/COMMUNITY

prayer room/minhrab

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storage

medical

function & size

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earth

living

Baby

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salt water

fetus antibodies

tic sac nio m

courtyard

cells

hormones

entrance

santuary

pulpit

minaret

courtyard

prayer hall minbar

TO MECCA

minhrab

entrance entrance

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SOLUTION function & size material & post use delievery method build/deploy

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SOLUTION

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build & deploy

delievery method

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04 Total Weight: Weight Per Person: Packed Diameter: Packed Length: # Sleepers: Erected Diameter: Erected Height:

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12.12 lbs 1.51 lbs 8.26 in 25.98 in 6-8 15 ft 30 ft

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1 installation installation time time 55 mins mins

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SOLUTION

Post Use cover structure in mud and brick to make a well or house.

SHADEEN

30 ft

DIXON

A mesh net made of nylon or polypropylene collects droplets of dew that form along the surface. As cold air condenses, the droplets roll down into a container at the bottom of the tower. The water in the container then passes through a tube that functions as a faucet, carrying the water to those waiting on the ground.

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material

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Lightweight ripstop polyamide fabric. UV protected and silicone-coated on both sides. A carefully chosen, light and very fine standard fabric. Attractive red color makes it easier to find even in sandstorms or fading light conditions.

SOLUTION function & size material & post use delievery method build/deploy

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SOLUTION

SHADEEN

11. SOURCES

DIXON

http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/07/syrias-beehive-architect u r e / # s t h a s h . Y K X J 1 E v L . d p u f http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?ent r y n u m = 2 7 0 3 h t t p : / / w w w. g l y. u g a . e d u / r a i l s b a c k / G e o l o g i c a l D i a g r a m s 2 . h t m l http://www.infoplease.com/country/syria.html http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/syria-facts/ https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/operations/whole-of-syria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Syria http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/syria-facts/ h t t p : / / w w w. c i e s i n . c o l u m b i a . e d u / d o c s / 0 1 1 - 4 6 7 / 0 1 1 - 4 6 7 . h t m l http://www1.american.edu/ted/ICE/syria-jordan.html http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html http://www.made-in-syria.com/culture-and-religion-in-syria.html https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_adobe_beeh i v e _ a r c h i t e c t u r e _ o f _ S y r i a . j p g http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/07/syrias-beehive-architecture/ http://www.greenprophet.com/2009/07/syrian-beehive-houses/ https://www.google.com/search?q=syrian+water&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=895&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAmoVChMI2c - 1 i N j d x w I V x o 8 - C h 1 Z b w T- # i m g r c = s B J 1 X s F _ 8 W v 0 W M % 3 A https://www.google.com/search?q=syrian+water&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=895&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAmoVChMI2c - 1 i N j d x w I V x o 8 - C h 1 Z b w T- # i m g r c = X d i D B 7 AY U H Y _ s M % 3 A http://www.marketwatch.com/story/iraq-syri a - f o r c e d - t o - t u r n - t o - s e a - f o r- d r i n k i n g - w a t e r- 2 0 1 4 - 0 7 - 0 9 h t t p s : / / a m e r g e o g . w o r d p r e s s . c o m / h t t p : / / w w w. m e rc y c o r p s . o rg / a r t i c l e s / t u r k e y - i r a q - j o rd a n - l e b a non-syria/quick-facts-what-you-need-know-about-syria-crisis h t t p : / / w e a t h e r. a b o u t . c o m / o d / d r o u g h t / f / d r o u g h t s . h t m

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SHADEEN DIXON ARCH 3610