Bangkok Port Case Study

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN | 901 PORT OF BANGKOK , THAILAND

PRESENTATION BY : SHAMIK SHINDE, SHRUTI PATKAR, SHALIN KAPDI, AJAY KUSHWAHA

WHAT IS A PORT ?

An area of land and water including facilities destined mainly for receiving vessels, loading, unloading and storing cargoes, receiving and delivering the cargoes from/to land transport means; they may also include activities of firms linked to the sea-borne trade

Bangkok Port popularly known as Khlong Toei Port is an international port on the Chao Phraya River in Khlong Toei District of the Thai capital city, Bangkok It is operated by the Port Authority of Thailand.

Until recently, Bangkok Port was one of the world's 100 busiest container ports.

The port also offers a conventional quay for loading and unloading cargo.

Bangkok Port was constructed in 1938 with the purpose to enable large sea- going ships to transport goods directly to Bangkok. The work was interrupted during the second world war and completed after the war ended.

Since 1977 the loading and unloading of containers at the Bangkok Port had been gradually increased every year until the Port began to be congested with containers due to the insufficient of handing equipment.

In 1961, the Royal Thai Government started its effort to construct a new deep-sea port at Laem Chabang, Chonburi to accommodate larger vessels which could not enter the Bangkok Port.

Between 1987 – 1989 the severe congestion condition was taken place and the PAT had accelerated the development of the East Quays into the berths by installing 7 Gantry cranes in the first place and had been added through the purchasing until now there are altogether 14 Gantry cranes in service.

The areas behind the port was improved so that the containers could be placed effectively and necessary handling equipment were provided

HISTORY

Classification of Ports in Thailand • Ports developed and constructed by Marine Department management.

• Ports developed and managed by state enterprises.

• Private ports.

The Bangkok port falls under PAT, A management authority of Thailand.

Purpose • To handle the increasing volume of containers and greater number of coastal vessels calling at Bangkok Port • To increase the container yard capacity for serving a larger number of containers from coastal vessels in the future • To offer port users more alternatives, convenience, rapidity, and safety in cargo transport services

Capacity : 240,000 TEUs / year Start implemented in March 2018 Wharf length: 250-meter 3 coastal vessels can be served at a time 2 Units of Rail-Mounted Gantry Cranes

WEST QUAY

EAST QUAY

BANGKOK PORT PLAN

Bangkok Port stands on a plot of land of about 944 acres.

344 acres are inside the Customs fence and are utilized for operational purposes.

It consists of transit sheds, warehouses, open storage areas, administration buildings and wharves.

Another 51 acres are outside the customs fence, 29 acres for future expansion. 344 acres are for business use, 100 acres are slum area and 76 acres are for access roads.

AREA DISTRIBUTION

CONNECTIVITY

Bangkok port is continuously working on capacity development and progressive capacity enhancement.

• Because of which there is a lot of vessel and container traffic on west quay terminal ,to divert and distribute the traffic of west, • the port have come up with east quay terminal.

• Now there are 2 harbour service division 1.East quay terminal 2.west quay terminal •

site map ​ • • • •

Quantity –8 quays Harbour Length-1,528 meters Annual capacity-1.5 millions of TEUs of containers Vessel type: 1.costal vessel 2.container vessel (Max.depth-8.2m​ Max.length-172m)

1.East quay terminal ​

FORM AND USED BEHAVIOUR – EAST QUAY

Container vessel

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EAST QUAY

1,600 M

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2. West quay terminal ​ • • •

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Quantity –10quays Harbour Length-1,600 meters Annual capacity-1.5 millions of TEUs of containers Vessel type: 1.Cargo vessel 2.Costal vessel 3.Cruise vessel

WEST QUAY

1

2 3 4

5

Plan showing cargos area in west quay terminal 1,17,575 sq.m of area of west terminal is occupied by cargo, which includes1.Transit cargo 2.Dangerous cargo 3.Unclaimed cargo 4.Bonded cargo 5.Automobile cargo

WEST QUAY

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

CARGO OPERATION PLANNING

Pre Arrival Planning

Working Schedule

Berth Allocation

Resources Allocation

Estimating Operation Time

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

Performance Review

SHIP OPERATION

Organizing • • •

General supervision (making hatch list) Tallying Safety

Loading • • •

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Preparation Lifting Up hooking and cargo storage Hook return to quay.

Unloading • • •

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From the ship – to the quay– containers wait to be picked up by a truck

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

Preparation and hooking on of cargo in the hold Lifting of cargo to quay Landing of cargo and unhooking Return of hook to hold.

Machinery used to load/ unload the cargo -

1. Reach stackers -

2. Rubber Tyred Gantry –

Rubber tyred gantries have wheels. Larger version may run on tracks.

Can straddle multiple rows of containers Fully or semi-automatic

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

QUAY TRANSFER OPERATION

Cargo Loading Transfer • • • •

Pick-up of cargo Transfer to quay apron Landing of cargo under the hook Return to the storage area

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

Cargo Unloading Transfer • • • •

Pick-up of cargo Transfer to storage Landing/ Stacking Return to quayside

STORAGE OPERATION

Planning Storage Operation • • •

Supervision Storage Operation

Empty Container Area Incoming Container Area Outgoing Container Area

Storage • • •

Transit Storage (short term) Long-term storage Re-processing (logistic)

1.

Empty Container Area – Empty containers are dropped off or picked up

2.

Incoming Container Area – a. Incoming dry, b. Incoming Reefer. Containers offloaded from the vessel are moved here to await pick up

3.

Outgoing container area – a. Outgoing dry, b. Outgoing Reefer. Containers to be loaded on vessel are unloaded and stored in this area.

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

In storage yard Most efficient way to stack the containers – Ensure the container isn’t burried too deep in stacks.

While planning – reducing number of operations required to access the required container.

Time required to load containers on ship – 40 to 50 containers per hour.

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

RECEIPT/ DELIVERY

Co-ordination

Positioning

Loading/ Discharging

Road

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

Dispatch

Rail

Barge

FLOWCHART OF PORT SYSTEM

1. Dredging Dredging is excavation carried out underwater or partially underwater, in shallow waters or ocean waters. It keeps waterways and ports navigable, by gathering up bottom sediments and transporting it elsewhere.

Dredging is a four-part process: loosening the material, bringing the material to the surface (together extraction), transportation and disposal. Proper transportation facilities and roads should be made to carry the extracted material.

2. Vessel traffic service is a marine traffic monitoring system established by harbor or port authorities, similar to air traffic control for aircraft. A traffic organization service is a service to prevent the development of dangerous maritime traffic situations and to provide for the safe and efficient movement of vessel traffic within the VTS area.

A control center is needed to perform this specific activity.

3. Storage and warehousing of merchandise on land Warehousing is of critical importance because it allows businesses to store their goods at a port, as opposed to a separate distribution center. Thus it is economical to have warehouses on the port itself.

FUNCTIONS AND ACTIVITIES BY PORT

4. Offices - Office buildings are necessary to house the large workforce operating the port.

5. Utility uses - Toilets, Water supply facilities, Electricity facilities are also necessary.

6. Infrastructure links - Railways, roads, canals, tunnels and bridges within the port area

7. Cargo Handling the activity of moving goods on and off ships.

Gantry cranes are used for this purpose & a good amount of space is required for cargo handling.

Main Facilities – 1.Marshaling Yard •Where ships are assembled and goods are loaded •For closed container terminal system and closing time, gates with required number of lanes must be prepared at entrance of marshaling yard.

•Usually divided in some yards controlled by individual units.

SPACE PROGRAM

2.Container Freight Stations (CFSs) •It is a distribution facility/ warehouse where import and export shipments are consolidated and de-consolidated. CF’s are key component in any supply chain, moving interior point intermodal (IPI) freight.

•IPI freight is used to define inbound freight moves from a port to a shipper’s door within the interior of the country via a domestic or international intermodal container.

•Freight - goods transported in bulk by ship.

3.Storage Yard For Empty Containers148,193 sq .m(capacity of 2,296 TEUs)

​ 4.Parking lot of container chassis and tractors •Required no of container chassis – 210 and tractors – 110 •Chassis – length : 12.4m, width: 2.5m •Tractor – length : 12.19m, width: 2.44m, height: 2.9m

7.Area of Cargo-Handling Machines and cargo storage -5,569 square meters

8.Parking Lots •This is at the gate •2590 passenger cars •420 trucks •80 tractors – chassis units

9.Area for Offices near Checking Post 1 •Fire Station and common use building – floor space – 2550sqm •Site Area of 892 sqm to be left

5.Repair Shop and Cleaning Area •A repair shop of damaged containers with site area of 1500sqm planned to be prepared within storage yard for empty containers at this port.

•Cleaning Area is also allocated at the same yard.

6.Terminal Offices •Floor space area of 600sqm (at gate3)

10.Required Numbers of machines for handling conventional cargoes

•Forklifts (5 to 10 tons) – 28 •Forklifts (5 tons) – 14 •Forklifts (3 tons) – 18 •Tractor – trailer/trucks – 33

11.LCL Reefer Yard •Reefer Yard – Big fridges that are used to transport temperature controlled cargos such as fruits, meat, fish, etc.

•LCL – Less than Container Load •FCL – Full Container Load •This area needs plugs. (340 estimated for Bangkok port )

12.Required Number of Lanes at the Terminal Gate •Designed according to the result of the simulation in terms of daily traffic volume through the terminal gates •7 lanes at each gate

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Port warehouses have some unique requirements that inland warehouses do not.

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Warehouses in and around ports often need appropriately surfaced, open yard areas to accommodate the handling of heavy containers. These warehouses frequently specialize in heavy lifts, and abnormal cargo, meaning their architectural design and material handling equipment requirements differ from inland warehouses.

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Forklifts, front-end loaders, reach stackers and gantry cranes facilitate the handling of a variety of commodities at the ports.

A port warehouse needs to consider the use of overhead gantry cranes to lift heavier items and/or containers and it is often necessary for an on-site rigger to be employed to oversee special lifting jobs.

Due to the nature of the goods being imported and exported, fumigation, lashing and dunnaging services are often needed, while private rail sidings are used to assist in the movement of bulkier items.

REQUIREMENTS OF WATERFRONT WAREHOUSING

INCOMING

• GOODS-INTAKE • SORTING

PROCESSING

• BULK STOCK STORAGE • STOCK PICKING

OUTGOING

• ORDER ASSEMBLY • CHECK-OUT LOADING STORAGE OPERATION

 Warehouse building selection depends on scale and type of storage operation.  Different methods of storage unit loads imply various levels of efficiency in building volume and accessibility to load.  This also affects selection of mechanic handling equipment  Usually 1/3rd area is given to high bay area and 2/3rd is given to lower bay area for order picking and assembly.

A gross area of 70,000 to 90,000 square feet can be provided for a port warehouse.

The width and length can be determined from the dimensions of the site and the space required for access roads and railroad sidings.

A clear height of 22 to 24 ft should be given It would be ample to allow for automatic sprinklers for fire protection and pendant electric lights .

Bay spacing of 20 to 40 ft appears to be common practice.

STANDARDS OF WATERFRONT WAREHOUSING

MIN.REQUIREMENTS OF WATERFRONT WAREHOUSING

It can be divided into three separate and approximately equal storage areas by 12-inthick precast reinforced concrete transverse fire walls.

Columns at the exterior walls and fire walls should be preferably reinforced concrete, poured-in-place.

Interior columns should be structural steel spaced 50ft apart, and column bays to be spaced 40 ft apart.

Steel doors measuring 16 ft wide by 16 ft high .

A. ​

A. ​ B. ​ C. ​

C. ​

D. ​

B. ​

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANS OF BKP

D.

Program component

Space

No.of spaces /users

Empty cointainer yard

1.Maintainance shop(1700 sqm) 2.cointainer cleaning area(4000 sqm) 3.2 office(6,350sqm)

Area (sq.m)

Description

West quay

Export cfs

Import cfs

25,150

3 Stations with 9,000 sqm each (180X 50 m )

27000

4 stations with 7,500 sqm each (150x50m)

30,000

Storage yard for dangerous cargo

Shed Bus station

AREA PROGRAM OF BKP

A warehouse where cargo that belongs to various exporters is consolidated before being exported A warehouse where cargo that belongs to various importers is unconsolidated before being imported Area for hazardous cargo

82,600

Open storage yard Cargo-handling equipment's area

containers are stored or held in transit, once they are unloaded.

This depot provides a single place where shipping and logistics companies can keep their containers until it is time for reloading.

30,300

Open storage where cargos unload and later repositioned

1.Gas station 2.Repair shop for handling units (2 numbers) 3.Canteen 4.Office

44,500

Area for servicing of various handling equipment's used on port

Refer yard

30,350

14,000

Program component

Space

No.of spaces /users

Area (sq.m)

Description

West quay Parking for chasis and tractor 32,300

Parking lot

2 numbers 1,11,000

East quay

ggff Terminal 1 and 2

Terminal 3

Rtg station 1-235 sqm Rtg station 2-856 sqm

84,550

Rtg station3-340 sqm

Area for storage of container vessel Area for storage of costal vesel

30,300 Reefer bay

Rtg station 4-227 sqm 45,265

Office

210

Parking lot 1750

AREA PROGRAM OF BKP

Area where refeer containers(big fridges that are used to transport temperature controlled cargoes such as fruits, meat, fish, seafood) are stored

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Bangkok port have empty container zone of 25,000 sqm in east quay with total container capacity of 10,400 TEU's

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Combine terminal 1 and terminal 2 area of 84,000 which stores container vessel with capacity of 7,680 TEU's

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Terminal 3 , area of 30,300 sqm stores costal vessel with capacity of 3,700 TEU's

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Refeer bay with area of 45,000 sqm stores refeer containers with capacity of 1,000 TEU,s

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Therefore ,the total stoarge capacity of containers in BKP is 22,780 TEU's

Note : The data of container capacity have been calculated with respect to bays,rows and tiers provided in plans and section drawings of BKP

CONTAINER CAPACITY IN TEU'S OF BKP

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvGAWo2r8oQ

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https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/2.2_Country%20presentation_Thailand_Marine%20department.pdf

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http://gec.jp/jcm/seminar/2019thailand/4-1_PAT.pdf

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https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2096&context=all_dissertations

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http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/THA_Port_of_Bangkok_1538.php

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https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/217233246.pdf

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JcHMhtH6_s

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfDFKgGNP6s

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQM-4yZVe0c

REFERENCES