33
MIX HOUSING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT :
CIDADE INDUSTRIAL CURITIBA A STUDY OF :
HOW INCOME AND FUNCTIONAL MIX HOUSING DEVELOPMENT CAN IMPROVE SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY AMONG DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES
SOVINA CHOW
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
INTENSE POLARISATION INTENSE POLARISATION Brazilian intense polarisation has remain as one of the most significant socioeconomic problem of the country. With the top 10% of the population controlling more than 50% of the National income and 50 % of the population only control 9% of the national income. This intense polarisation caused extreme inequality in terms of living standard, social connection and income living among the different income classes.
10 %
40 %
50 %
51 % National Income
40 % National Income
9 % National Income
Population
Population
Population
1
Affairs strategic social and income: The middle class Brazilian
CURRENT LOW INCOME HOUSING
To response to this inequality, multi social housing program had been putted into place since the start of 21st century, which aim to provide legal housing for the increaseing number of residential in the informal settlement (Favele). One of this programs, the “Minho Casa, Minha Vida” (My life, my home) are targeted to provide over 1 million housing in between the 2009-2011. This program is both a public and privatively run, and believes to create more this 1.3 million jobs to the country based on date from the Brazilian government.
1 million social housing Between 2009 - 2011
1.3 million job created Claim by Brazilian Government
NO. OF HOUSING DURING PHASE
“MINHO CASA, MINHA VIDA”
North 79937
Northeast 25879
Central West 72986 Southeast 35740
South 90994
Number of housing provided during phase one of “Minho Casa, Minha Vida”
Development Process (MCMV- Far Market oriented housing projection)
RAISING OF MIDDLE CLASS INCOME DISTRIBUTION: GOVERNMENT DATA From the data provided by the Brazilian Affairs Strategic, it shows that the income gap between Upper, Middle and lower class had decrease since 2007. By 2011, the middle 40% exceed the top 10% for the first time. Indicating the distribution of incomes are changing. Note that even the distribution of national income among the low 50% has increase, there are still a significant gaps between the mid 40% and the low 50%. Half of the population still only have control of less then 20% of the national income.
Top 10% of population Middle 40% of population Low 50% of population
Peak polarisation
Stable
Gap closing
60 50
40
% of ntaional income
30
Middle 40% exceed the top 10% in total income
20
10
0 1985
Year
1989
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
MIN
MINIMUM MONTHLY WAGES 10 YEARS DATA: TRADING ECONOMICS From the data provided by Trading economics, the minimum monthly wages of average Brazilian had a stable liner growth since 2006. The current minimum wages at the start of 2016 is $ 850 per month, which had double in 10 years time. If a stable liner growth are presented in the minimum wages, indication of more social housing available for the lower income families and a decrease in polarisation (Government’s data) , surely it is logical to assume that the living standard among the low income group should have improved.
10 YEARS DATA MINIMUM MONTHLY WAGES:
FROM TRADING ECONOMICS
1000
800 th
row ar g
Line
600
$850 BRL per month in 2016
Year
BRL/month
400
200 2006
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Is this really the case? Do these data really reflects on the real situation in Brazil, and specially in the lower income families ?
SOCIAL HOUSING PROGRAM “MINHO CASA, MINHA VIDA” A second phase of “Minha casa, Minha Vida” had been started in 2012, and this time the government are aimed to provide additional 2 million housing within the time frame of 2012 to 2016.
2 million social housing 2nd phase: 2012 -2016
Images
Presidency of the Republica strategic affairs secretariat 2014
???
USER’S SANCTIFICATION “NO BETTER THEN SLUM?” Yet numerous news report and interview had review that user’s of these social housing project are unsatisfying with their “new home”, due to poor construction standard, lack of attentive housing type and isolated location.
GINI INDEX THE WORLD BANK From The World Bank Gini index intended to represent the income distribution of a nation’s resident and inequality. From these data, the Gini index had drop significantly since the start of 21st century. A intense drop can be observes from 2006 to 2012.
Gini Index
Intense drop
Year
However starting from 2012 the GIni Index had increase first time since 2001 and are predicated to increase in the coming years.
GINI INDEX
THE WORLD BANK
Gini Index
Predictable increase
Year
POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE INDES MUNDI: THE WORLD BANK Moreover, with the unchanged % population below poverty line since 2008, this data indicated that income levels for the lower income groups had not been change, and their living standard would therefore remain the same.
30
% of population below poverty line had not been change since 2008
% population below poverty line
25 20 15 10 5 0 1988
Year
1993
1998
2003
2008
2013
???
What is the problem? UN HABITAT REPORT
MInho Casa, Minha Vida (My life, My house) “Rather than integration, they promote further isolation in terms of Spatial, Social and Economic inequality”3.
CURRENT LOW INCOME HOUSING “MINHO CASA, MINHA VIDA” : Typical hosue and apartment plans
TYPICAL APARTMENT
TYPICAL HOUSE
Housing that are provide by “Minho casa, Minha Vida” are typically the same across the entire development. The housing are design based on a “nuclear family” type, which include 2 adult and 2 children. Also these development are design to only target towards low income class, where the user usually receives the least consideration during the design process.
Total area: 42 m2 Internal area: 37 m2 Bed room 1 : 8.7 m2 Bed room 2 : 5.2 m2 Living area: 13.3 m2 Bathroom: 4.3 m2 Kitchen: 5.2 m2
Total area: 42 m2 Internal area: 37 m2 Bed room 1 : 8.7 m2 Bed room 2 : 5.2 m2 Living area: 13.3 m2 Bathroom: 4.3 m2 Kitchen: 5.2 m2
Bed room 1
Bed room 2
Bathroom Living Kitchen
Bed room 1
Bed room 2
Bathroom Living Kitchen
CURRENT LOW INCOME HOUSING Issues with current housing model: These projects are highly quantitative driven, with minimum construction time, cost. Lack of design alternative, Inadequate spaces, no consideration of the diversity of its user groups. Most importantly, they are at usually at remote and isolated location, where social services, jobs and education opportunities are low. Resulting high unemployment rated within these developments.
N
32-42m2
Minimum construction cost
Strict Criteria/ Control
nuclear family plan
Mono-type plan
Lack of alternatives
ISOLATED LOCATION
Minimum construction time
Inadequate spaces
LIMITED DESIGN CONCERN
LOW CONSTRUCTION QUALITY
Quantitative Driven
Lack of health services
High unemployment
Lack of education opportunities
Lack of sense of belonging
Long travel distance
No consideration of Environmental issues
RATIONALE OF STUDY
POSITION HYPOTHESIS Form the data and research gathered above, it is clear that increase the number of house ownership, does not automatically generate a social and economical growth for its citizen. Certainly this will not decade the inequality between different income classes.
INCREASE IN HOUSE OWNERSHIP FOR CITIZEN
SOCIOECONOMIC GROWTH OF CITIZEN
POSITION HYPOTHESIS Rather to try to close the gap between the top 10% and the mid 40%, where their living standard are relatively stable and good. Nervelessly to mention trying to close the gap between the top 10% and 50%, as this is unrealistic.
60 50
40
Rather then closing gap between Mid and High income classes
% of ntaional income
30
20
10
0 1985
Year
1989
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
POSITION HYPOTHESIS The aim of the project is to look into ways that can help to close the gap between the Min 40% and the Low 50%, which added up to 90% of the population.
60 50
40
Focus to close the gap between Mid and Low income classes
30
20
10
0 1985
Year
1989
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
POSITION HYPOTHESIS In terms of approaching this inequality issues between Middle and lower classes, this research is aim to provide a solution in an architectural manner by looking into the possibility of a have mix income housing development, in order to try to integrate the two income class together, in hopping to improved the inequality among different income groups within the Brazilian context, especially in our targeted city: Curitiba, where mix income development is part of their newly made city strategies plan.
MIX INCOME DEVELOPMENT
Break down of Curitiba’s income classes:
Over 50% of the population falls under the middle income categories.
Class A Upper Class B Middle Upper Class C Middle Class D Lower Middle Class E Lower
Monthly household income > 10,200
Number of household 23261
% of total household 4.0%
> 5,100
57115
9.9%
> 2,040
150233
26.1%
> 1,020
167813
29.2%
< 1,020
177100
30.8% over 50% of population can be classify as middle class
Mirostaw Wojtowicz (2014) “Racial and economic segregation in Curitiba” , Environmental and social-economic transformation in developing areas as the effect of globlization.
INCOME CLASS BRAZIL
Upper Class > $10,200 Tertiary Study Banker, Investors, Owner, landowner
Upper Middle Class > $5,100 Tertiary Study Professional, mangers Politicians
Middle Class > $2,040 Technical/High School Services Sector, Public Servant
Lower Middle Class > $1,020 > High School Housemaids, driver, construction workers
Lower Class < $1,020 Elementary/illiterate Cleaners, street sweeper, unemployed
GOV. SOCIAL HOUSING TARGET GROUPS
Upper Class > $10,200 Tertiary Study
Upper Middle Class > $5,100 Tertiary Study
Banker, Investors, Owner, landowner
Professional, mangers Politicians
VERY UNLIKELY TO CHANGE WHERE THEY ARE LIVING
Middle Class > $2,040 Technical/High School
Lower Middle Class > $1,020 > High School
Lower Class < $1,020 Elementary/illiterate
Services Sector, Public Servant
Housemaids, driver, construction workers
Cleaners, street sweeper, unemployed
VULNERABLE TO FALL BACK TO POVERTY
Upper Class
MIX INCOME TARGET GROUP
> $10,200 Tertiary Study Banker, Investors, Owner, landowner
Upper Middle Class > $5,100 Tertiary Study Professional, mangers Politicians
Middle Class > $2,040 Technical/High School Services Sector, Public Servant
Lower Middle Class > $1,020 > High School Housemaids, driver, construction workers
Lower Class < $1,020 Elementary/illiterate Cleaners, street sweeper, unemployed
The target groups for this project will be the Middle class and Lower class. Middle class are generally knows as the services group to the upper class, and the lower class are make up of citizen that live off with lower skill requirement jobs, such as cleaners, street sweeper, gardener, etc.
VS
MIDDLE VS LOWER INCOME CLASS COMPARING CURRENT ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES By looking closely to the social and economical issues that are facing by these two classes, we can see that the issues that they are facing are very similar. So despite their income levels, it make sense to try to mix the two groups to gather and provide solutions to these problem simultaneously. ECONOMICAL FACTORS
SOCIAL FACTORS
GOV.
Middle Class
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
Lower Class
PUSH & PULL FACTORS FOR MIDDLE INCOME AND LOW INCOME By providing a mix income development, the following are the push and pull factors that are beneficial to both income groups.
PUSH
Middle Class
Lower Class
PULL
- High living expanse (Closer to the city) - High housing price - Lack of housing alternative - No Government funding
- Cheaper living expanse - Cheaper housing values - Gov. support - Multi job income opportunities - More public infrastructure - Hope for a sense of community
- Limited job/income opportunities - â&#x20AC;?Gratedâ&#x20AC;? to get ahead of life - Poor living standard - No alternative housing choices
- Gov. support - Higher educational opportunities - Job opportunities - Hope/vision to increase income - Identity/belonging/social networking - Higher living standard
KEY CHALLENGED FOR MIX INCOME FOR MIDDLE INCOME AND LOW INCOME However regardless of the push and pull factors, there are still many challenges that would be faced by a mix income development. As follow:
- Fear of in-security against the poor - Stereotyping of violence/crime - Gated community - Discrimination against the poor
Middle Class
- limited job/income opportunities - Internal Social/ Economical Inequality - Feel discriminate/ disadvantage - Insecurity Lower Class
Though looking into providing diverse housing types, creating a self- help and sharing community, generating economical growth locally and looking into integration of environmental sustainable, it is the aim of this project to break though this barriers and provide a highly diverse and dynamic community in hopping to close the gap of inequality between different income classes.
DIVERSE HOUSING TYPES SELF HELP COMMUNITY ECONOMICAL GROWTH ENVIRONMENTAL
SITE ANALYSIS
SITE CONTEXT
Curitiba: CIDADE INDUSTRIAL
10km from the CBD
Parana
Curitiba
ACCESS POINT AND TRANSPORTATION
SURROUNDING CONTEXT, ROADS, TRANSPORTATION, SELF-MADE SPACE
The site itself is located close to the main street where two bus are regular run to and from the CBD that located 10km away. A self developed “betec” (corner store) are set up at someone’s house front to provide snacks, drinks and newspaper. A Self made worship sapce are created within the protective forest area. Clearly indicating the needs for communal space within the community.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUN ORIENTATION, WIND DIRECTION With north facing 24 degree off the top of the site, the sun runs towards the longer side of the site. Majority of the wind running from the east towards west as indicated on the diagram. Due to the face that the sun and wind run perpendicular to each other, this would creates a lot of design problem, which requires compromisation to create a well balance in term of addressing the issues with natural lighting and natural ventilations.
SITE CONSTRAINS EXITING ISSUES ON SITE
A 12 m height difference were measured on the site , which is above 3 story difference from the top right corner to the bottom left corner. Extensive soil runoff are presented upon site visit. Also the extensive slope might also create over shadowing and this have to be address later in the design process. Due to the location of the protective forest, the road next to it is underused, and lots of rubbish had been seen on site, and there is a sense of insecurity. A short cut are created by the local to cut though the bottom of the site to the top. Again extensive rubbish are being seen on site.
?
SURROUNDING SITE INCOME CLASS
SUN ORIENTATION, WIND DIRECTION Looking at the surrounding site context. A local mix income hosing are identify as shown in diagram. This had provided extra support to my argument of having a micro scale mix income development.
DESIGN CONCEPT
SITE ACCESS
SURROUNDING CONTEXT, ROADS, TRANSPORTATION, SELF-MADE SPACE
Due to the sun angle and wind direction, major assess path are introduce, running in a E-W manner, in hopping to capture and intensify the wind that go though these access paths, and allow for housings to face north. Minor access paths will be running from N-S, providing a communal path way across the site. The road next to the protective forest would be included into the development, in hopping to further protected it from further illegal used.
3X3 GRID DIVIDE THE SITE INTO 3 X 3 GRID A 3 x 3 grid were place in, this size are determine inconsideration of standard materials size, easy constructibility, and size surrounding housings. The grid is placed 24 degree off north, as this is the best angle for natural lighting and solar heat gain from ECOTEC simulation.
SURROUNDING SITE PROGRAMS EXITING PROGRAMS IN SURROUNDING . The site is then divided into 4 main categories, social and economical, residential and green space, in response to exiting surrounding programs.
MIX PROGRAM FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESIDENTIAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL A functional analysis had took place to identify the spaces that are required in a mix income housing development, and chances to overlap and integrated these spaces with each other. In order to provide a well mixed and multi functional housing developments. The following diagram shows that space are then divided up in to 4 contagious, where residential spaces are the core to link up these functional spaces.
SPORTS FACILITIES WASTE COLLECTION MEETING PLACE PLAYGROUND
INDIVIDUAL SHOPS
GARDEN
BEDROOM
STORAGE
TREES
BATHROOM
WORKSHOP
GRASSLAND
STORAGE
INDIVIDUAL OFFICE
FRAMING
PRIVATE LIVING
SOLAR ENERGY
PRIVATE DINNING
WATER STORAGE
PRIVATE KITCHEN
PUBLIC SHARING SPACES
PRIVATE LAUNDRY
25% GREEN SPACE
25% RESIDENTIAL
TRAINING WORKSHOP
VEGGIE GARDEN
VEGGIE GARDEN
COMMUNAL LIVING
CATERING SERVICES
LOCAL FARM
LOCAL FRAM
COMMUNAL DINNING
WASTE REGENERATION
SOLAR ENERGY
SPORTS
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
SHARING COMPUTERS
WASTE RECYCLING
LEISURE/RELAXATION
COMMUNAL LAUNDRY
DIY CONSTRUCTION
RECYCLE WATER
SOCIAL SPACE
LESSONS CHILDCARE
25% SOCIAL 25% ECONOMIC
HOME BUSINESS
ROOF GARDEN
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
HOME OFFICE
BALCONY GARDEN
COMMUNAL LAUNDRY
CATERING SERVICES
URBAN HOME FARMING
VEGGIE GARDEN
CLARNING SERVICE
FOOR WASTE RECYCLE
URBAN FARMING
REPARING
WASTE RECYCLYING
DIY CONSTRUCTION
SPORTS
LESURE CLASS
MIX PROGRAMS
RESIDENTIAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL & GREEN SPACE By further cutting down and mixing these spaces, from the top diagram, we can see that these spaces had blend in with and inter-graded with each other.
MIX INCOME HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
DIVERSE USER GROUP Different income, size, type
One of the key issues of the current social housing development is that is only design for one single type of user group: nuclear families. Therefore it is important for us to considerate not only the difference needs and affordability of the middle and low income class, but also consider the differer size and scenario of a family.
LOW INCOME
MIDDLE INCOME
SINGLE
SINGLE ELDERLY
YOUNG COUPLES
SINGLE MUM/DAD CHILDREN
MIDDLE AGE COUPLES
ELDERLY COUPLES
FMAILY (2 ADULT + 1-3 CHILDREN)
DISABLE
FAMILY (2 ADULT, 4 +CHILDREN)
FAMILY (BATERD WOMEN/BABY)
FAMILY GRANDPARENT
SHORT STAY
USER FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS STUDIES
A set of userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements, need, affordability, demands for future growth/customisation had been made to fully understand the difference and similarity between the two income groups and the different type of families groups.
ENERGY COST (PRO-OCCUPANCY)
EXPANDABLE
OPTIONS USER FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functional requirement evaluation: Mid VS Low income
DEGREE OF FINISH QUALITY
INTITIAL COST PRIVICY
LOW INCOME MID INCOME
LOCATION
INDIVIDUAL SPACE
VIEWS
ENERGY COST (PRO-OCCUPANCY)
EXPANDABLE OPTIONS DEGREE OF FINISH QUALITY
LOW INCOME MID INCOME
SINGLE
SINGLE ELDERLY
USER FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
YOUNG COUPLES
PERMEABILIFLEXIBILITY
Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functional requirement evaluation: General requirement
COMMUNAL NEEDS ASSISTANCE ACCESSIBILITY PRICICY ENERGY COST
SINGLE MUM/DAD CHILDREN
DISABLE
DEMAND FOR GROWTH SHORT STAY
SINGLE
SINGLE ELDERLY
YOUNG COUPLES
MIDDLE AGE COUPLES
ELDERLY COUPLES
FMAILY (2 ADULT + 1-3 CHILDREN)
SINGLE MUM/DAD CHILDREN
DISABLE
SHORT STAY
FAMILY (2 ADULT, 4 +CHILDREN)
FAMILY (BATERD WOMEN/BABY)
FAMILY GRANDPARENT
Bed room
SINGLE
SINGLE ELDERLY
USER FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
YOUNG COUPLES Communal space Bed room
Renting opportunities
Communal space
Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functional requirement evaluation: Mid vs Low future growth need
Renting opportunities
Bathroom
Living areas
Home office Home office
Home business
LOW INCOME
SINGLE SINGLE
SINGLE ELDERLY SINGLE ELDERLY
YOUNG COUPLES YOUNG COUPLES
SINGLE MUM/DAD CHILDREN SINGLE MUM/DAD CHILDREN
DISABLE DISABLE
SHORT STAY SHORT STAY
LOW INCOME SHORT STAY MID INCOME
SINGLE MUM/DAD CHILDREN
DISABLE
MIDDLE AGE COUPLES
ELDERLY COUPLES
FMAILY (2 ADULT + 1-3 CHILDREN)
FAMILY (2 ADULT, 4 +CHILDREN)
FAMILY (BATERD WOMEN/BABY)
FAMILY GRANDPARENT
MID INCOME
Home bu
HOW?
Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functional requirement evaluation: Mid vs Low future growth need
How do we provide a range of design that can meet the needs for Groups of diverse users , but at the same time provided that the development is low cost, easily constructed, meeting local construction norms, expandable and environmental sustainable?
HOUSING MODULE 33 MODULE A 33 base module are created to standardise the size and the cost of the housings that will be provided by this development. Each house/ apartment size would be a multiple of the 33 module. Based on current social housing project, government would subsidies 4 X the base module (36m2) for both income groups. Although the amount of subsidies of areas is similar to exiting social hosing system, this development provide the options to either “downgrade” (purchases less modules) or “upgraded” their apartment/houses (purchases more modules) based on their needs and affordability. More modules can be purchses in the furture, or they can be purchses and rent out, to generate income locally.
33 = Standard $$ BASE MODULE
standard $$ x N
33 X 4 =36 m3 Max Gov. Subsidies
HOUSING PROGRAM MODULE 33 MODULE Private function within the house/apartment are also in multiplies of the 33 base modules, where they can be easily intergarded in to the housing according to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs .
2.0
1.5
1.0
BEDROOM
0.5
KITCHEN
0.2
0.4
STAIRS
0.5
0.4
0.2
BATHROOM
LIVING/ DINNING
FOUNDATION SYSTEM MICRO PILLING SYSTEM
Due to the extensive slope of the site, micro piling system are introduce to allow for minimum excavation and use of retaining walls. This system would not only require for less materials but also allows for a quicker construction phase. Piling system would also provide stronger support then traditional footings with less material, in our case, we would like to provide a stronger support for the opportunity for future self building customisation.
STRUCTURE FRAME
RESIDENTIAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL & A standard 6m x 12m structure frame are introduce for easy and quick construction. The modules is a multiple of the 33 grid, which wall and other building element can be easily fit in. This structure would allows for a open plan where the interior can be easily divided up, both flexible and adaptable.
DIFFERENT HOUSING FINISHES
BARE SHELL
All house type allows for either a bare shell or full finish depends on user’s affability
% OFF
33 = Standard $$
BARE SHELL OPTION
BASE MODULE
- NO WALL FINISHES - GAS/WATER/DOWN PIPE - LESS WINDOW - HALF BUILD TOILET
In this case user might be able to granted more gov. subsidies 33 modules as the construction cost would be less. 3x6
DIFFERENT HOUSING FINISHES FULL FINISH
All house type allows for either a bare shell or full finish depends on user’s affability
FULL
33 = Standard $$
FULL FINISH OPTION
BASE MODULE
- INCLUDES WALL FINISH - KITCHEN - MORE WINDOW - FULL BUILD TOILET
3x6
OVERLAPPING SPACES COMMUNAL KITCHEN AND LAUNDRY TO INCREASE SOCIAL Drawing from the mixed functional concept, no private laundry would be provided in the individual house/apartment and kitchen are optional. This is not only to reduce build cost, but also provide more individual living spaces and encourage social interaction with each other. This would help to create a sense of belonging and provide the opportunities for the different income class to get to know each other.
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
COMMUNAL LAUNDRY
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE ORIENTATION, LOCAL WATER HARVESTING , SOLAR ENERGY, NATURAL VENTILATION 6m
3m
3m 3m
services services
3m
Opening are placed on both end of the house/apartment to allow for cross ventilation. No rooms size are deeper then 3m if only one wall has opening, to provide sufficient space stack effect. Double hung window are chosen to intensify this effect.
WATER COLLECTION
SOLAR PANEL
In order to gain maximum natural lighting and solar heat gain. The gird is rotated 24 degree from the North as this is the best angle from ECOTEC analysis. Living spaces, such as living room and dining would be facing towards this direction, while other program such as bedroom, bathroom that does not require as much lighting can be located elsewhere.
NATURAL VENTILATION
NORTH ORIENTATION
6m
Rainwater would be collected from roofs and other permeable surface, later to store underground for general household use or communal use. (communal laundry, communal kitchen and veggie garden).
PV panel are optional as it is very expensive to our target mid â&#x20AC;&#x201C; low income group. PV panels will be installed on top of the multifunctional workshop space. And exceed solar energy generation would be used in public spaces potential generate enough to contributes to the grid.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE MATERIAL USE AND BUILDING SYSTEM The following suggesting list are made based on studies with HOT2000 (see Appendix). Since half of the target groups are made up with low income families and another half with middle income, it is unrealistic to implement materials and system such as double glaze, low-e window, high R values insulations etc., as it will be too expensive to afford. Therefore a list of low cost but relativity effiective material and system had been made, and are suggested to be use in the development. Double Brick
Double hung window
More preferable material for the local Nice thermal mass Air gap in between walls act as insulation layer Can be easily recycle & relativity low embodied energy compare to concrete.
To increase natural ventilation and stack effect
WINDOW
Timber window frame Reduce heat lost through openings Perform better then metal frame
WALL
Timber stud frame Allow for easy installation of insulation 3 or more R value insulation
External window shutters
Reduce heat solar heat gain during summer hence cooling energy consumption
Air gap ^f o=
Free insulation!!!
Curtain
By using curtain can reduce up to 8 % of cooling energy consumption to avoid heat gain
Share wall Protected by neighbour from heat gain or heat lost Less energy consumption
Thermal break
Wood Joist
Relativity cheap option compare to insulate the whole slab
Free insulation
ROOF
12mm gypsum board Relativity cheap option
SLAB
HOUSING TYPES
E ELDERLY
SABLE
Y COUPLES
USER’S NEEDS MATRIX
To evaluate user’s needs and help to define the best housing options for user
Each household group would be evaluated base on their income level, size, energy consumption, future customization options etc using the functional analysis method (as shown) , to determined the best suitable housing type that fulfill YOUNG COUPLES
For example:
LOW INCOME
2 ADULT + 2 KIDS
???
SHORT STAY
FMAILY General requirement (2 ADULT + 1-3 CHILDREN) (including energy consumption )
Mid VS Low
Customization options
A B C D / A1 C3 D2 / C3 D3 / D2 /
E E3 E3 E1 D1 /
F F2 F1 C3 D3 E2 /
G G2 G2 C2 D1 E2 F1 /
H H1 H1 C1 D2 E3 H2 H2 /
I I1 I1 C3 D3 E1 I1 I2 H2 /
J J3 J3 C2 D1 E1 J3 J2 J1 J3 /
K K3 K3 K1 K2 K2 K2 K1 K2 K2 K1 /
Multiplier Energy Cost 11.60% Finishes (Bare Shell) 12.70% Expandable Options 11% Flexiability 11% Communal Needs 12% Demand for growth 17.1
L L2 L2 C2 D2 E2 F1 G1 H2 I2 J2 K2 /
M M1 M1 C2 D3 E2 F2 G2 H2 I2 J3 K2 L1 /
N N3 N3 N1 N2 N3 N3 N3 N2 N2 N1 N2 N3 N3 /
Type 1
2 3 2 4 1 2
Objective Location (upper/lower hill) Views Energy Cost Finishes (Bare Shell) Expandable options Individual spaces Privicy Size Permeability Flexiability Communal needs Assitance Accessbility Demand for growth
23.2 38.1 22 22 24 34.2 163.5
Type 2
2 1 5 0 1 1
23.2 12.7 55 0 12 17.1 120
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Score 1 0 21 23 20 7 7 12 9 20 23 5 2 31
Type N
/ / / / / /
% 0.55 0 11.6 12.7 11 3.8 3.8 6.6 4.9 11 12.7 2.7 1.1 17.1
/ / / / / / /
TYPE 1
HOUSING TYPES 18 different type are design base on different requirement and needs by the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirement studies that had been made before. Four factors are shown as example (size, growth, energy consumption and flexibility), where potentially more factors can be allocated to each housing type. However due to time limits, only 4 had been consider. SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
Future Customisation options were also been made, however these are only suggestions, user should be able to freely customisase their house/apartment according to their needs. This is also a reason why the structure frame are 6 x 12m (where most of the housing type are within the size of 6 x 9m) to allow for opportunities to grow out in the future. It might due to increase in family size, change into a shop house, create a home office/studio, or for renting opportunities or the income of the family had grow and financially allow to punches a bigger space.
CUSTOMISATION
TYPE A
33 X 2 STUDIO APARTMENT SIZE GROWTH
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CUSTOMISATION
FLEXIBILITY
BARE SHELL
FULL FINISH
TYPE B
33 X 3
1 BED APARTMENT SIZE
GROWTH
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CUSTOMISATION
FLEXIBILITY
BARE SHELL
FULL FINISH
TYPE C
33 X 3 1 BED APARTMENT : WITH KITCHEN SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CUSTOMISATION
FLEXIBILITY
BARE SHELL
FULL FINISH
TYPE D
2 BED HOSUE
33 X 5
SIZE
GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
DP
FLEXIBILITY
G
CUSTOMISATION
BARE SHELL
TYPE E
33 X 6 2 BED HOUSE: WITH LIVING SIZE
GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CUSTOMISATION
FLEXIBILITY
FULL FINISH
TYPE F
33 X 6 2 BED HOUSE: WITH LIVING SIZE
GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CUSTOMISATION
G
DP
BARE SHELL
FLEXIBILITY
TYPE G
33 X 4.5
2 BED APARTMENT SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
FLEXIBILITY
DP
G
CUSTOMISATION
BARE SHELL
TYPE H
33 X 5 2 BED APARTMENT SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
FLEXIBILITY
CUSTOMISATION
FULL FINISH
TYPE I
33 X 6
2 BED HOUSE SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
CUSTOMISATION
FULL FINISH
TYPE J
33 X 7
3 BED HOUSE SIZE GROWTH
CUSTOMISATION
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
G
DP
BARE SHELL
FULL FINISH
TYPE K
33 X 6
3 BED APARTMENT SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
CUSTOMISATION
DP
G
FULL FINISH
BARE SHELL
TYPE L
33 X 8
3 BED HOUSE: WITH PRIVATE OUTDOOR SPACE SIZE
GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION
STORAGE
CUSTOMISATION
STORAGE
FULL FINISH
FLEXIBILITY
TYPE M
33 X 8.5
4 BED HOUSE
SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
FULL FINISH
CUSTOMISATION
SHOP HOSUE : 1 BED
DP
33 X 6 DP
TYPE N
G
G
SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
BARE SHELL
CUSTOMISATION
TYPE O
33 X8 SHOP HOUSE : 3 BED
GROWTH
DP
SIZE G
ENERGY CONSUMPTION DP
FLEXIBILITY
G
BARE SHELL
CUSTOMISATION
TYPE P
33 X 5 SHOP HOSUE : 1 BED
SIZE GROWTH FLEXIBILITY
ENERGY CONSUMPTION G
DP
BARE SHELL
CUSTOMISATION
TYPE Q
33 X 9 SHOP HOUSE : 1 BED
SIZE
FLEXIBILITY
DP
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
GROWTH G
BARE SHELL
CUSTOMISATION
TYPE R
33 X 11.5
SHOP HOUSE : 1 BED SIZE GROWTH ENERGY CONSUMPTION FLEXIBILITY
CUSTOMISATION
BARE SHELL
HOUSING TYPES
MODULES BASED ON USERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S REQUREMENT After the the household group had made their choose on the housing type, they will be allocated a destination spot on site, again based on their income levels, needs and requirement. For example, a low income family would more likely to place in between two housing/ apartment, as they share the wall, in order to reduce energy consumption cost. Where by a mid income family with a shop house might be place near the main road in order for better business opportunities.
MIX HOUSING COMMUNITY
OUTDOOR FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE SYSTEM 3 x 3 frame
A removable structure system will be created, to allow for a dynamic, flexible and removable shelter/ structure system. It can be use as shelter support, temporary planting support or even turn in to a fix structure for communal use.
3m
3m
3m
SOCIAL ECONOMICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOCIAL
A range of social space are designed and take into place in order to increase the social interaction between different household. Since this is a mix income development, it is very important to be able to create a sense of belong to the residential in order to break the fear of living with different income class. Drawing example from the favela, although it had been know as a “dangerous” place from the outsider, yet within the community there are the unspeakable “norms and rules” that one are not allow to steal from your neighbor and they would self volunteer for anyone that needed help. By providing housing that are attach, aimed to restore some of these element from the favela and try to create this sense of belonging and community in this development.
SOCIAL
COMMUNAL SHARE SPACES HORIZONTAL COMMUNAL CORRIDOR
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
COMMUNAL LAUNDRY
SOCIAL
COMMUNAL OUTDOOR SPACES VERTICAL COMMUNAL CORRIDOR
OUT DOOR STEP
PUBLIC FURNITURE
SOCIAL
COMMUNAL RECREATION SPACES
TABLE TENNIS
BASKETBALL
PLAYGROUND
SOCIAL
WORSHIP SPACE
WORSHIP SPACE
ECONOMICAL
Local business are encourage as most Houses type allow for easy change into a shop house, home office and studio. Different sizes and layout of shop houses are also available to compromise different type of business. Example has provide that local small business would encourage more job opportunities and help to generate a more helpful and health community. At the same time local business allows for individual income growth, noncontributing our aim to allow for improving the income level of its users. The 33 modules system also allows for rental opportunities to, creating another level of income growth. Moreover a services and knowledge exchange system will be created. As most of the middle income family would need to work during the day, there will be a demand in terms of household services, such as catering, cleaning, gardening and child care. These service can then be provided by low income families (where these are jobs that can been done without a high skills requirement), in exchange, the middle income family need to returned with either a services cost or to teach a skills that would enable these low income group to go independent in the future and open up more doors for different job types.
ECONOMICAL PRIVATE RENTAL OPPORTUNITIES
RENTAL BED
RENTAL SINGLE ROOM
RENTAL DOUBLE
ECONOMICAL SHOP HOUSE
BARE SHELL SHOP HOUSE
ECONOMICAL SHOP HOUSE
NEWSPAPER STORE
“BETECO”
VERTICAL BUSINESS STREET
ECONOMICAL SERVICES AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
Food waste would be collected locally from both individual household and communal kitchen to use as fertiliser in the local veggie garden. This will not only serve as a good sustainable approach, once again to create a sense of belonging and community as people are sharing and working together as a group. Local food will be produce at the veggie located next to the protective forest, a 1 x1 m probable planet box will be made as they can be easily move around and changeable according to seasonal needs. The outdoor flexible can also provide shelter to these planet if needed. Each household would be allocated 1 - 2 boxes. They would have the options to either use it themselves, ask someone to look after them (income) or renting it to someone else. Vertical urban farming can also be easily integrated into house/apartment, people can actually grow their own food and consume them. Saturday market will be set up regularly to sell off these farming product, or even turn one of the individual spaces into a vegetable store and provide locally/ organic vegetable. Outdoor green space would also be provided (can be maintain by hiring local resident), not only to provide a much healthy outdoor spaces but also help to slow down the excessive water run off on site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICAL
LOCAL FOOD
1m
1m
VERTICAL URBAN FARMING VEGGIE GARDEN BEE HARVESTING
1m
1m
ENVIRONMENTAL FOOD WASTE RECYCLE
FOOD WASTE RECYCLE DECOMPOSER
ENVIRONMENTAL OUTDOOR GREEN SPACE SLOW DOWN SURFACE RUNOOFF
GREEN PUBLIC SPACE
A multi-functional workshop space would also be included which are made out of 4 main component.: - Share office space: includes public computer, mini library, allows for resident to hire space to carry out their works - Multi-funtioanl studio: open space for meeting, lessons, dancing, music training. - Waste regeneration hub (where plastic are recycle locally and made into new produces, ie 3d Print materials/ product) * this might need more considerationas it would require a special skill sets and start up money -Training workshop: service and knowledge system, demonstration of how to customize individuals spaces, a space to produce products such as furnitures or household items.
MULTIFUNCTION STUDIO
MULTI FUNCTIONAL WORKSHOP CENTER WASTE REGENERATION HUB
SHARE OFFICE SPACE MINI LIBRARY
TRAINING CENTER
33
MIX INCOME HOUSING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT : A STUDY OF : HOW INCOME AND FUNCTIONAL MIX HOUSING DEVELOPMENT CAN IMPROVE SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY AMONG DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES