Augmented Reality in Architecture

AUGMENTED SHEET

— A N O T H E R L O O K AT A U T O M AT I O N // TEAM-N4

Research Cluster 4, 2017-2018 M.Arch Architectural Design

UCL, The Bartlett School of Architecture

RESEARCH CLUSTER 4

Gilles Retsin, Manuel Jimenez Garcia, Soler Senent Vicente

TEAM N4

Chao Shen, Guoqiang Zou, Hongyu Zhang, Yuanfu Lian

CONTENTS

00 INTRODUCTION

0.1 comparison with Wiki House 0.2 project statement 0.3 comparison with robot assembly 0.4 project workflow 0.5 architecture reference 0.6 architecture language

01 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

1.1 sheet-based based piece design 1.2 pombination logic and bounding box, Spatial arrangement 1.3 pieces scale and the dimension 1.4 structure test 1.5 material test 1.6 joint design 1.7 Initial Generation 1.8 Discrete functional units design

02 AR SYSTEM

2.1 AR interface 2.2 test for AR system

03 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATION LOGIC 3.1 Generation test of simple logic 3.2 Generation workflow 3.3 Generation process example 3.4 Assembly logic

04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.1 form and structure generation 4.2 The grid and logic of voxel connection 4.3 architecture pattern

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Load bearing spanning test 5.2 Material Research 5.3 Fabrication CNC workflow 5.4 CNC Model Pieces 5.5 1:1 Structure Model 5.6 House assembly logic (large scale)

06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.1 Structural Architecture prototype 6.2 Inhabitable Architecture prototype 6.3 Architecture experiment 6.4 House service strategy 6.5 Augmented Sheet Housing Prototype

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Appendix 1 WORKSHOP 1 (Unity Game Design) A.1 Flip spatial filling game A.2 Cyber Networking Automated Construction Games

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Appendix 2 WORKSHOP 2 (Robot Test) B.1 The robot nature noise test video B.2 The structure optimization

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00 INTRODUCTION Design Aims and Scenario For our discrete architecture design, we want to achieve an affordable, reversible and automated production architecture system. This discrete system would not include complicated pieces; we would assemble easy crafted 'sheets' as discrete tiles. This would largely decrease the time and cost in craftsmanship and offers more possibility in practical assembly construction (Retsin, 2016). Our project aims to demonstrate a digital model for the public that is not from architecture background or even people have absolutely zero knowledge in design to actually participate in design and construction process of building.

Project overview SCENARIO This project aims to demonstrate a digital model for th epeople that is not from architecture background or even people have absolutely zero knowledge in design to actually participate in design and construction process of building.

AR APP system 1 Computation form generation system and interaction system for the public to follow the guide step by step and actually build the whole structure 2 AR interface would be used to illustrate the whole PROBLEM-SOLVING For the consideration of social problems, as architects, we hope our project could help the update of UK social housing. Because of some economic and social reasons, the housing production and distribution in the UK is flawed and thus failing to achieve its ultimate goal of providing high quality affordable and democratic accommodation.

From the APP system to, tile material and building system, everything in the project has the concern of cost-efficiency, easy assembly and reversible. Hopefully, this helps us to face the issue of social housing construction.

Design Aims For our discrete architecture design, we want to achieve an affordable, reversible and automated production architecture system. This discrete system would not include complicated pieces, we would assemble easy crafted 'sheets' as discrete tiles. This would largely decrease the time and cost in craftsmanship and offers more possibility in practical assembly construction. Sheets assembly construction is suitable for robot assembly due to its limited movement and easy motion control (plug-in).

Material Choices Consider the aims we want to achieve, wood sheets, CLT could be our initial material choices. Wood is always the most commonly used material in architecture design and building construction. It is easy to reach and can be processed into multiple prefabricated materials. It is also environmentally friendly and reproducible.

Our method only needs few step to transfer raw wood sheets to discrete tiles.

Sustainable Low carbon strength with less mass easy to transport

Structure Strength We would not treat our building system as a structure combined as timber beams, columns and board finishing or cladding and decoration. The wood sheets would be our structural units and floor covers, using a plug-in connection, increase the strength by increasing density of sheets connections.

On the other hand, strong wood materials like Glulam and CLT timber are considered as the material of the sheets as well, for their high strength in the small section.

Universal plywood sheets dimension 2440mm x 1220mm x 21mm Our discrete wood sheets: 600mm x 300mm x 18mm Digital Assembly System Digital Assembly System is defined as a discrete modular system where each part within a kit exhibits a certain amount of design agency which results in a distinct emergent aesthetic and spatial arrangement profiles. Such system has the potential to simultaneously systematise and personalise living environments creating the inherently responsive type of architecture. Flexible yet context specific, it can be deployed in a range of scales, shapes and environments.

00 INTRODUCTION 0.1 comparison with Wiki House

Wiki house is an open source architecture project aims to offer a new way of building the house. The design data of each Wiki House can be shared as the illustration or the code for everyone. Its digital model contains all open source information, which allows users to customise its own design and fit the site they want. The Wiki House can be assembled by the building components cut by large CNC machines .

When Compared to that, our Augmented Sheet architecture project is developed base on all advantages of the Wiki House, but completely update the whole workflow on the key aspects.

The Wiki House is using wood sheets as building materials, which is relatively cheap, light and easy to make. However, in the design perspective, the Wiki House is still using the traditional house prototype, this contains too much large building components in different types and sizes such as 6 meters tall solid wooden housing frame and heavy prefabricated floor panel. Our project only contains lots of three types of easily fabricated lightweight discrete pieces, which are easy to distinguish and lift by one person.

On the other hand, the Wiki house’s construction process is way complicated for user themselves without the help of formal construction workers due to its complicated instruction and traditional construction methods. On the contrary, in the assembly process of our project, we would settle the AR (augmented reality) System to help users even they have limited architecture knowledge.

Taking the single room building prototype as an example, ideally, the construction process of the Wiki house takes a few days, our project could decrease the time to 24 hours without a worker’s help.

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People with no architectural or constructional background may have difficulty with the assembly work

Too many pieces, each piece has specific function, so the whole system is not reversible enough

Time consuming

Wiki House

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00 INTRODUCTION 0.2 project statement

Augmented sheet project is the modular timber sheet-based discrete architecture system that can be assembled manually at any sites with the assistance of augmented reality AR system. In architecture perspective, this would be a different look at the architecture automation, and new quick assemble and affordable architecture prototype.

Keywords: discrete architecture automation, piece design, voxel system, augmented reality (AR) This is the sheet-based project assembled manually at any sites with the assistance of AR visualization and feedback system.

Modular timber sheets for assembly with augmented reality.

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Design Aims and Research Question We want to achieve an affordable, flexible and automated produced architecture system. The main framework for our project is based on the discrete design method, which divides the building into lots of unified parts -- 'building pieces' or 'tiles'. These parts are designed in certain types and are able to integrate to build large architecture structure. This would largely decrease the time and cost of fabrication of building components and offers more possibility in practical assembly construction. The next generation of discrete architecture would focus on the material study and assembly method (Retsin, 2016).

As a result, we aimed to face the challenge of architecture automation and try to explore another automation method.

CNC-MILLED Sheet

Assemble with Augmented Reality (AR)

Augmented Reality (AR) interface

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00 INTRODUCTION 0.3 comparison with robot assembly

Normally, automated with robots requires expensive equipment and infrastructure, for example, the gantry robot system of Laboratoire de fabrication ro- botisée à ETH Zurich (figure x). Due to the design aim of achieving affordable house, we try to explore a different architecture system that can automate the architecture without the use of the heavy machines.

The intail idea of structure generation is still typical digital formation, we use computational logic to grow aggregation first, however, we started to question the truth of the architecture automation, and look this process in another look by using the method of manuly assembly with the assistance of the AR system instead of using the robot or large modular building components.

Ar system We aim to use computational logic to grow aggregation, however, we would treat the process in another look, we would not use the robot or large modular components. We want people without architecture background can assemble the house with the AR system.

Laboratoire de fabrication robotisée à ETH Zurich (copyright Gramazio Kohler Research) Normally, automated with robots requires expensive equipment and infastructure, we are actually thinking about the different architecture system that can automate generate architecture without the use of the heavy machines.

AR assembly

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robot assembly

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00 INTRODUCTION 0.4 project workflow Based on the comparative analysis of the Wiki house and the method of the ETH Zurich robot, we developed the whole workflow of our project:

Step 4 settle down AR system (headset)

Step 1 generates the fundamental geometry

project workflow

PUT ON THE AR HEADSET

Step 2 fabricates the building pieces 8

Step 3 transfer the building pieces and AR device to the site 9

00 INTRODUCTION 0.5 architecture reference

Hiromi Fujii is a Japanese architect, in the 1960s; he explored a grid system to explore several transformations of each project by way of solving the program and the dimensions of each component such as the wall, floor panels and ceiling boards.

This recombination of the basic building elements in order to produce new “morphologies”, this leads to the clear sub-divisions of function units within the three-dimensional main grid (Frampton, 1987).

Hiromi Fujii (1976), House within a House, Todoroki Residence.

In 1970, a group of avant-garde Italian architects formed the Superstudio, they developed a series of objects that they called “Istogrammi di Architettura” (Histograms of Architecture). Rem Koolhaas admired their works and define it as the ultimate destruction of design and of any further spatial and formal invention by means of architecture (Lang and Menking, 2003).

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Superstudio

Philippe Morel Diagram of universal housing Philippe Morel is an academic and architectural theoretician concerned with the implications of computation design. His project “Universal House” represents the possibilities of using smart design detail to form the universal piece that allows people to build whatever type of housing blocks they want (Morel, 2016).

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00 INTRODUCTION 0.5 architecture reference

CLT could be CNC cutting or traditional manufactured into lots of shapes. It has great flexibility and load bearing ability with the small section.

hinge joints, actuation, conductivity, and structure.

CLT has the great capability of fire proving and energy saving, its productio cost only 50 % concrete or 1% steel. Eco-friendly, and sustainable material.

Actuator bricks connection.

Ergonomics, medicine Transportation ,Architecture.

Prefabricated sheets or board that can be quietly assembled during the construction process.

Waugh Thistleton Timber Tower Murray Grove

GIK V2 MIT Prof. Neil Gershenfeld

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00 INTRODUCTION 0.6 architecture language

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Modular timber sheets for assembly

Modular timber sheets for assembly

the structure formed by discrete pieces

the structure formed by discrete pieces 15

01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 sheet-based based piece design tile parameters

the thickness of the sheets

The tile design is based on the rule of simply intergratepieces by pieces, interlocked all pieces together into the large structure. As a result, the dimension of the design of the piece is based on the dimension and thickness of the wood sheets we would use for fabrication and the human scale that is suitable for people to hold it easily.

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Fundamental connection piece

Major Piece

Diagonal connection piece

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 sheet-based based piece design rule of piece connection

Horizontal Spanning

Alternating Connection

Horizontal structure connected by fundamental units represent as the construction slab

Alternating connection helps to strengthen the whole structure by stabilising the structure and decrease the force to several smaller one.

The basic rule of Integrate

Alternating spanning

Structure connected by major pieces, piece by piece, step by step.

Alternating connection helps to strengthen the whole structure by stabilising the structure and decrease the force to several smaller one.

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 sheet-based based piece design rule of piece connection

Type B1

Type A

Combination A-A

Type B

Combination B-B

Combination B-A

Type B2 Combination B1-A

Type C 22

Combination C-B

Combination C-B-B1 23

01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 sheet-based based piece design rule of piece connection

Structure connection rules As the founder of architecture computationalism, Philippe Morel is an architectural theoretician concerned with the implications of computation design during the architecture automation. His project 'Universal House' represents the possibilities of using smart design detail to form the universal piece that allows people to build whatever type of housing blocks they want (Morel, 2016). This idea of using universal piece inspired us to design the piece within a universial form but with various spanning capability. What is been learned and updated on from this project is also seen in design detail, we questioned about the structural behaviour of the 'universal blocks'. Because of the role of spanning to multiple directions, Morel's block still contains two parts, one is simply the solid building block that could be any material, the other is the joint takes the role of interconnects each building blocks.

Due to our design aim of easy fabricated and easy assemble, we combined these two elements 'joint' and 'building blocks' into one thing, which leads to the simple flat sheet-based building piece with the structure notches on each edge. These architects’ rational thoughts and use of grid system offer us the starting point for exploring the hierarchy and components assembly logic, which gives the clear direction for our project in architectural scale.

Alternating horizontal Connection

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.1 sheet-based based piece design rule of piece connection

spatial conection structure

Connection strategy The diagonal piece is designed to not only strengthen the whole structure but also offers the unique aesthetic feelings.

With the set up of the simple connection rules and the ‘universal connection’ joints we design, our pieces could span straight, vertical and horizontal or even span in spatial arrangement.

Floor structure strategy

sheet locker insert on the Column units

sheet locker insert on the floor units

Floor structure strategy

Diagonal piece connection

direct sheets connection

discrete sheets connection

Diagonal Piece Connection 26

Solid sheets assembly

Solid sheets structure

Floor structure

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.2 Combination logic and bounding box, Spatial arrangement

logic line of triangle structure

logic sureface of triangle structure

triangle structure

combination of triangle structure in different scale

Basic Unit

Discrete Grid (bounding box) System

Discrete Grid (bounding box) System

To aggregate into architecture scale structures, we keep the solid structure units in the based hierarchy of bounding box, which is learned from the historical development of the architecture grid system. Furthermore, the pieces or units generate a meta-part in the bounding box.

The variation of the number of pieces in units leads to the production of multivariate aggregations. Generally, the bounding box is a cube or polyhedron, which has free and variable but rational and connected parameters in the hierarchical system.

Inside the meta-parts, all pieces and the solid structure they form follows the specific rules would connect into different forms. Our system wants people with zero architecture and design background can build it, so the pieces are produced in specific scale. The solid structure in the bounding box can form the new spatial lattice, by increasing the number of pieces connection between these bounding boxes and connects them under the simple rules of interlock, the large-scale structure and blocks would be aggregated.

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tetrahedron structure

muti-dimension structure

muti-dimension structure

Combination of Basic Units

muti-dimension structure

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.2 Combination logic and bounding box, The series of column

The rules for the internal column

the X shaped column system

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the X shaped column system

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.3 Pieces scale and the dimension

Pieces types and the dimension of the piece (human scale) This project contained three types of discrete pieces: major structural pieces (600 x 300), connection pieces (270 x 270) and diagonal pieces which are designed for increasing the bearing capability of the structure and connects two structure layers, also offers aesthetic fleeings. By simply integrate major pieces into the fundamental structure and adding connection pieces into the side gaps, and caging the direction of their position, horizontal spanning and vertical spanning could easily achieve.

Because of the human scale of the discrete pieces (600 x 300), the basic scale for a single grid unit is been keeping as 600 x 600. This is the most suitable scale for piece placement and structure generation. The dimension is based on the universal scale of OSB, plywood and CLT sheets and the suitable scale for a person to carry it and does not feel heavy.

1850mm

200mm 1750mm

400mm

850mm

600mm Human Scale

1935mm

vertical connection

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horizontal connection

Alternating structure

3 pieces ‘interlock’

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.4 Structure test enclosed space test

Housing units Physical model 1:100 small scale material choice: Plywood Farchitectural material choice: CLT The test anout piece assembly of floor and wall compoenets, the model offers a encloesd space feeeling.

form and strcuture test

Span of ceilling strategy

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The assembly of the floor strategy

form and strcuture test

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.4 Structure test form and strcuture test

Wall and Slab like strcutre Physical model 1:1 Piece dimension: 200mm x 400mm Material choice: Populus Plywood Farchitectural material choice: CLT The test is about piece assembly of floor and wall sections, the test of vertical and horizontal connections + diagonal pieces

STRUCTURE SECTION the 1:1 model we build

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VERTICAL SPANNING with the diagonal piece connection

CANTILEVER Test of load bearing of vertical and horizontal connection

ENCLOSE SPACE

HORIZONTAL SURFACE with the diagonal piece connection

VERTICAL SPANNING Test of vertical and horizontal connection

LINEAR VERTICAL SPANNING Test of load bearing of vertical and horizontal connection

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.5 material test design and material

material test We used wood sheets as building materials, which is relatively cheap, light and easy to make.

As a commonly used construction material, Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is the wood sheet material made by glueing several layers of solid-sawn lumber.

Here is the material test we have done to see the structure performance, plywood has great capability for structure and the MDF is light and cheap but not waterproofed. OSB has the great capability as well.

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12.5 mm PLYWOOD SPRUCE

9 mm PLYWOOD Populus

9 mm PLYWOOD BIRCH

12 mm MDF

F

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.6 joint design

Joint study We have learned the significance of the Architecture Construction joint from Kango Kuma’s wood structure building GC Prostho Museum Research Center. When increasing the contact area and joint complexity of structure notches on each building components, the strength of the entire structure would be strengthened. As a result, we increased the structure notches and leave sub-notches on each opening.

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Piece model

joint detail

Piece model

joint detail

Piece model

joint detail

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.7 Initial Generation

generation medium scale plan by finding the sortest path from the end of the frame to the point on the diagonal line

top view

SHORTEST PATH

by mirroring and rotation the plan, to generate larger structure.

DLA with plane generation

minimum material are used

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DIFFUSION LIMITED AGGREATION (DLA)

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.7 Initial Generation

Generation Possibilities of form generation under the basic connection rule

Possibilities of form generation under the basic connection rule

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.7 Initial Generation

Generation Possibilities of form generation under the basic connection rule Machine learning of the Form generation

later on, we decided to improve the logic into pieces by pieces generation. in this case, it simply picks the centre of each surface and connects them together randomly, which could generate many interesting structures and we could twist the index to fit the need of the user or use the machine learning to select the best structure for them.

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.7 Initial Generation

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The generation of the grid system

The generation process of the structure

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Site scanning

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The generation of the bounding box

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The generation process of the structure

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The generation process of the structure

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The generation process of the structure

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The generation of diagonal pieces connection

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The generation process of the structure

The generation process of the structure

The pavilion structure

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.7 Initial Generation

The Pavilion Design: This structure is designed to be a tempory architecture for the exhibition. We use this model to test structure capability, load bearing of the cantilever, and the geometry that we can generates when largely increase the number of the discrete pieces.

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 1.7 Initial Generation

Single Story Housing: Again, keeps the simple and basic connection rules, image the users order a truck to transfer all pieces to the side, and set up our AR system, hopefully, this would be a relatively quick, cheap and playful way to build a lakeside cabin.

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.8 Discrete functional units design

structure generation process

Type A is a seating area for chatting, meeting and working in a dynamic open plan environment.

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basic model

scan and contour

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.8 Discrete functional units design sitooterie

structure generation process

Type A is a seating area for chatting, meeting and working in a dynamic open plan environment. By simply connects two type A, a large sitooterie could be made.

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basic model

scan and contour

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.8 Discrete functional units design Office Pod Design

Office pod The idea for these products l is based on ‘sharing economy’, no one actually owns this multi-functional pod in the city, and it is more like a smart architecture system for people to share in public space and co-working area.

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.8 Discrete functional units design Initial generation method

House model

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scan and contour

structure generation process

structure generation

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.8 Discrete functional units design house unit

Unit Housing Again, keeps the simple and basic connection rules, image the users order a truck to transfer all pieces to the side, and set up our AR system, hopefully, this would be a relatively quick, cheap and playful way to build a lakeside cabin.

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01 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1.8 Discrete functional units design house unit

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 AR interface user intreaction and dicision making

AR SYSTEM INTERFACE

user intreaction and dicision making

By scanning the dimension of the site, a user could start to enter their different requirements (function, levels and plan area).

By choosing the type of the structure and roughly divided the space that needs, the system would generate the structure.

the system would divide the build of the structure into different steps, and guide people to build it. the AR device would help the construction.

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 AR interface user intreaction and dicision making

AR FURNITURE TEST the test interface

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AR FURNITURE TEST user intreaction and volume test

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 AR interface AR device

transfer the AR APP and Interface to more directive and easily carry model.

AR equipment: Microsoft HoloLens

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Microsoft HoloLens AR

AR Test Process

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 AR interface AR Storyboard

scan the ground and generate the space mapping 76

put down the marker on the ground, marked the generation outline for the structure 77

02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 AR interface AR Storyboard

follow hte guide and generate the structure by personal requirment

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click the plus icon on the structure and see the instuction of how to put together it step by step 79

02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.1 AR interface AR Storyboard

follow hte guide and generate the structure by personal requirment

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click the plus icon on the structure and see the instuction of how to put together it step by step

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.2 test for AR system

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strcutre model Physical model 1:1 Piece dimension: 200mm x 400mm Material choice: z Plywood Farchitectural material choice: CLT The test is about piece assembly of floor and wall sections, the test of vertical and horizontal connections + diagonal pieces 82

WALL SYSTEM with the diagonal piece connection

ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION Assembly logic of physical structure test

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.2 test for AR system

Assembly Instruction

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Assembly Instruction

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.2 test for AR system

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4 Structure assembled by non-architectural background users with the Instruction and AR assistance

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8 Test results: two people form zero architecture background assembled the whole structure under the AR and instruction in 30mins.

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.2 test for AR system

1st step: Bring the pieces to the site by the box.

2nd step: Put on the AR headset.

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3rd step: Open the building app.

4th step: Put down the marker and scan it, as the original point for the structure generation.

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.2 test for AR system

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5th step: The user put in the requirement for the structure, and the app would generate the structure for them.

7th step: After selecting the structure, the user can enter the build mode to build it, the help menu would turn up to show the user what to do next.

6th step: They can see the structure close up in the real world context, and feel if it fit their needs.

8th step: When a user picks up one sheet, The AR Headset would scan it and tell the user what type of piece it is.

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02 AR DEVELOPMENT 2.2 test for AR system

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9th step: Then it will show the user where to put it and how to install it by hologram.

11th step: Also, it really helps to install the upper layer, where the user may get confused when using are paper instruction.

10th step: The holograms are very useful when assembling the diagonal piece because of the immersive experience it provides.

12th step: After finish one section, the next section will light up, and the user can start to build the next part until finished the structure.

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03 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATION LOGIC

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3.1 Generation test of simple logic

Generation logic Lionel March is one of the first scholars contributes to analysing and investigating computer-aided architecture. His indicated the significance of the relationship between the design logic of architecture and the computation logic, and positively pointing out the use of computation generation in architecture’s necessity (re).

set the area size, pieces type, max number of each piece

the generation would stop when met the max number of piece it can put

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it would start to put the piece in place randomly

turn on the physics and test out the structure stability

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03 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATION LOGIC

3.1 Generation test of simple logic Face to face logic

Generation logic In the generation logic, we keep that solid structure as voxel and grid, by increase the grid, we could generate multiple dimensional structures. Generally, the grid is a cube or polyhedron, which has free and variable but rational and connected parameters in the hierarchical system.

However, rather than settle down the structural units based on its function and then repeatedly connects them together and arrange the direct circulation to form a large-scale building, our project aims to follow a digital and dynamic grid system, using structure elements to replace voxel to form architectural scale structure.

Basic structure voxel

Rule of face to face connection

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DENSITY

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3.2 Generation workflow

Generation workflow

Step4 Rule of voxel integration

Step1 Grid system based on user requirements

This process is the rule and calculation of how voxels actually integrate. The 'basic structural unit' is integrated by two types pieces: major piece and connection piece, which increase the characteristic of 'universal', due to the structural notches on each edge of pieces could integrate from the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis. This connection capability is strong enough to build the house, however, after the calculation of the permutations, we settle down the connection rule and simplify it into the face-to-face connection of the grid, by applying different information on each surface of the grid, the solid voxel could connect with each other in 6 directions and fulfil different functional requirement.

In order to demonstrate the user participation in the design process, we aim that the automation process should open to the user and the building generation should start with the user requirements, our system would generate the basic grid system based on the certain scale.

Basic user requirements: 1. Site information (place, dimension and typology) 2. Functional space (functions, dimension and spatial arrangement) 3. Layout (the interior design and structure) 4. Structure information (the floor height and structure types) Step2 Grid (voxel) Generation Once we have the basic geometry grid from user requirements, the next step is making it rational and calculatable by dividing in a given space in 600*600*600 voxel.

Step3 Space (voxel) filling Next, the system would fill the rest space with our basic structural unit to form the initial building geometry that only represents the clear distribution of the entire structure and using space.

Step5 Optimization by the strength analysis After replacing the basic grid to solid voxel, At this stage, all pieces and the voxel they form contains the physical characteristics. Our system would do a strength analysis for the complex of the voxels to test the load bearing capability of each voxel when they connect to form the solid structure.

By doing that, the analysis would highlight the place with relatively weak structure and need more pieces to support. For example, this diagram shows the part above the cantilever is weak, and requires the more solid structure to increase the stability; this would lead to the automatic optimization by adding more voxel or rearrange the layout of the voxel on this part.

1.user requirments:users tell us the functional space they need and as architects,we do the design work

2.grid genration:we divide in a given space in 600*600*600 voxel

3.space filling:fill the rest space with our components

Step6 Rationalization the Final Geometry The system would generate the final geometry of the building and start to add details like architectural patterns and material quality.

4.structure analysis:

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5.final model(sample):

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3.2 Generation workflow

In order to demonstrate the user participation in the design process, we aim that the automation process should open to the user and the building generation should start with the user requirements, our system would generate the basic grid system based on the certain scale.

Basic user requirements:

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1. Site information (place, dimension and typology) 2. Functional space (functions, dimension and spatial arrangement) 3. Layout (the interior design and structure)

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3.2 Generation workflow

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Step2 Grid (voxel) Generation Once we have the basic geometry grid from user requirements, the next step is making it rational and calculatable by dividing in a given space in 600*600*600 voxel.

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3.2 Generation workflow

Step3 Space (voxel) filling Next, the system would fill the rest space with our basic structural unit to form the initial building geometry that only represents the clear distribution of the entire structure and using space.

Step4 Rule of voxel integration This process is the rule and calculation of how voxels actually integrate. The ‘basic structural unit’ is integrated by two types pieces: major piece and connection piece, which increase the characteristic of ‘universal’, due to the structural notches on each edge of pieces could integrate from the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis. This connection capability is strong enough to build the house, however, after the calculation of the permutations, we settle down the connection rule and simplify it into the face-to-face connection of the grid, by applying different information on each surface of the grid, the solid voxel could connect with each other in 6 directions and fulfil different functional requirement.

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03 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATION LOGIC

3.2 Generation workflow

Step5 Optimization by the strength analysis After replacing the basic grid to solid voxel, At this stage, all pieces and the voxel they form contains the physical characteristics. Our system would do a strength analysis for the complex of the voxels to test the load bearing capability of each voxel when they connect to form the solid structure. By doing that, the analysis would highlight the place with relatively weak structure and need more pieces to support. For example, this diagram shows the part above the cantilever is weak, and requires the more solid structure to increase the stability; this would lead to the automatic optimization by adding more voxel or rearrange the layout of the voxel on this part.

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3.2 Generation workflow

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Step6 Rationalization the Final Geometry The system would generate the final geometry of the building and start to add details like architectural patterns and material quality.

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3.3 Generation process example

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3.4 Assembly logic

Assemble logic An essential role of the AR system in our project is to guide the user to build the structure step by step. There are many ways to achieve that vision but to make the system work, the assemble logic is fundamental to the system. To avoid confusion during the assembly, we divided the project into several cells and gave them the individual numbers, so the user knows which part they are working.

The other notable feature is the assembly order. We designed the workflow to be layer by layer and from lower to the top, which avoids the situation that people has no space to stand. Also to speed up the construction, multiple people could use their individual AR hardware and work together. Users could build from the different part of the site, which could maxima the efficiency. By divided the whole structure into several small sections, we simplified the complicated process into several simple tasks.

Then we can code the programme correctly follow the assembly logic.

F1

E7

G2 E3

A1 = A1

A2

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Put the match componet to the right position

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A1+A2+....A7+B7+B6+.....B1+C1+...

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other than the floor, the other would be like the cell

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3.4 Assembly logic

Horizontal structure assembly logic

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Horizontal structure assembly logic

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03 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATION LOGIC

3.4 Assembly logic

Vertical structure assembly logic layer by layer

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Vertical structure assembly logic layer by layer

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.1 form and structure generation voxel connection

The basic logic of grid system and structure generation From a direct view, the generation of the building could be treated as the combination of a certain number of pieces forming several types of the meta-part in the grid system. The variation in the number of pieces in units leads to the production of multivariate aggregations.

Inside the meta-parts, all pieces and the solid structure they form follows the specific rules would connect into different forms. The solid structure in the grid can form the new spatial lattice, by increasing the number of pieces connection between these grids, the large-scale architecture structure could be aggregated.

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As a result, at the very beginning, we need to generate a blank grid system based on some parameter that affects the entire building geometry and then replaces these gird into voxel formed by our design pieces.

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.1 form and structure generation voxel connection

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.2 The grid and logic of voxel connection The basic logic of development of the voxel design Started by the connection of major pieces, these pieces could be integrated into different patterns, each pattern has different functional behaviour, such as horizontal spanning, the solid structure supporting or structure strengthening parts. For architecture scale structures, we keep the solid structure units in the based hierarchy of the grid system, which keeps every functional block in a rational relation and interconnects each block in a logical rule in order to create several useful multi-functional voxels. However, based on our piece design logic, the voxel design would have more efficient structural behaviour when it becomes serialised and relatively universal. This leads to the design of this basic structural unit that can connect form multiple directions.

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.2 The grid and logic of voxel connection

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.2 The grid and logic of voxel connection

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type H.1 (fundamental type)

type V.1.1 (structure type )

type V.1 (fundamental type)

type C.1 (celling version )

type U.1 (fundamental type)

type U.1.2 (changeable type )

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.3 architecture pattern rule of diagonal connection

Shape and design The discrete architecture is formed by many design pieces. This means the richness of the information it contains and the design itself would largely affect the final output of the architecture. The main idea of the project is achieving discrete building by simplest and cheapest method that is the reason for creating this diagonal colour pattern on both surfaces of the sheets.

Linear and surface pattern

Linear and surface pattern

Elements of connection pieces 138

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.3 architecture pattern rule of diagonal connection

Function and meaning The pattern obviously enriches the uniqueness and aesthetic feeling of the appearance of the structure, and it is not traditional useless decoration, this diagonal pattern contains the structure optimisation information to guide the people to place the diagonal pieces on the structure junction. The QR code liked pattern is the marker for AR scanning, this is the key for people to fig out the piece they need next step when they are assembling the house.

Linear and surface pattern

Linear and surface pattern

guide for place the diagonal iececs

04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.3 architecture pattern rule of diagonal connection

type H1 (basic type )

type V1 (basic type )

type H2 (basic type ) type V2 (basic type )

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04 ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE LOGIC 4.3 architecture pattern rule of diagonal connection

Architecture pattern sureface Frank Lloyd Wright’s graphics language has to supervise aesthetic feeling, and it is created for some algorithmic reason, it is not just the surface decoration, but also the parameter pattern for all the building components such as wall finish, floor slabs and window openness. This organic design offers people a feeling that this pattern carries the core information of the building and grow naturally from the structure themselves. For example, in his Ennis House, there is the clear layout of cubic shaped patterns growth from the wall to send information of this space quality.

For our project, this pattern applied the information of the computation generation and the unique aesthetics feelings of the structure and the surface.

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT

05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Load bearing spanning test

Structural loadbearing capability test one layer

Structural loadbearing capability test two layer

Structural loadbearing capability test three layer

Architecture pattern and fabrication Before goes into the final prototype design, the pattern design and fabrication test actually push the development and influence the structure integration in some way.

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Horizontal connection

1:100

Horizontal connection

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Horizontal connection

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Wood Joints Research

Material Choices

5.2 Material Research

Timbe

fabrication Research

Wood joint types

wood sheets

material test We used wood sheets as building materials, which is relatively cheap, light and easy to make.

As a commonly used construction material, Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is the wood sheet material made by glueing several layers of solid-sawn lumber.

For the 1:1 scale physical model, we choose the OSB as the major material to do the architecture model. It has solid performance and relatively soft quality on the connection parts.

Recycled Wood

Plywood timbert

Wood joint types

GC Prostho Museum Research Center

OSB(Oriented strand board)

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Architecture Construction joint

Architecture Construction joint

CNC Milling

GC Prostho Museum Research Center

Wood joint types

Sheets joint

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.3 Fabrication CNC workflow

3D printing PLA filament

Casting Liquid plastic Plaster Cement Jesmonite

Laser Cut plywood sheet

Laser Cut Test plywood sheet 1:1

CNC Milling OSB sheet plywood sheet

CNC Milling OSB sheet 1:1

1. set up power mill file

5. drill holes on sheet and base

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.4 CNC Model Pieces

Basic Piece CNC Pieces Model

Basic Piece CNC Pieces Model

detail of the joint

detail of the joint

detail of the joint

Basic Piece connection OSB sheet 1:1

detail of the joint

detail of the joint

detail of the joint

CNC milling the joint

Basic Piece connection OSB sheet 1:1

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.4 CNC Model Pieces

Basic Piece OSB sheet 1:1

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Basic Piece connection OSB sheet 1:1

spraying method

spraying method

spraying method

spraying method

spraying method

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.5 1:1 Structure Model

detail of the model

detail of the model

detail of the model

detail of the model

detail of the model

detail of the model

The structure model of simple spanning The dimension of our first architecture structure model also follows the ratio relationship (number of units x 600) and simply calculated as 2 units x 2 units on the plan.

This rational spatial layout not only largely decrease the difficulty for the generation but also offers the easy way to arrange encloses functional space and its using place.

The structure performance for this model is the vertical or horizontal spanning.

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The structure model of simple spanning Basic Piece CNC Pieces Model

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.5 1:1 Structure Model

Adaptation of the model We try t create a reversible system that the architecture form can be changed and ‘DIY’ by users. With our discrete sheets design, the system leaves substantial opportunity and openness for the users. They could order more pieces and place them where like, the AR would guide them if it is working to place the piece in the location they want. By doing this, in the scale of the single housing, users could do DIY works and directly ‘design’ their own space such as adding colourful cladding, more acrylic piece to bring light and openness or even build their partition within the space already been separated.

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detail of the model

detail of the model

detail of the model

Vertical spanning model Basic Piece CNC Pieces Model

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type U1 (basic type )

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Structure section with glass joint

FINAL BPRO SHOW MODEL small scale 1:100

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.6 House assembly logic (large scale)

Assembly logic Taking the Antón García-Abril’s Cyclopean House as a prototype due to its clear spatial arrangement, the house has been divided into may grids (formed by our basic grid 600*600*600 ), and this means different structure parts generates from different connection rules of basic voxel have different functional behaviours. We name them to offer digital information and reorganise them into the reasonable structural order, then we get our best assemble logic. Each red point represents the starting points for the group of people wearing AR devices, they would follow the structural loop (figure x) generated under the logic of best assembly order, to assemble the structure piece by piece, grid by grid.

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12.5 mm PLYWOOD SPRUCE

9 mm PLYWOOD Populus

12.5 mm PLYWOOD SPRUCE

9 mm PLYWOOD Populus

9 mm PLYWOOD BIRCH

12 mm MDF

9 mm PLYWOOD BIRCH

12 mm MDF

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05 ARCHITECTURE MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5.6 House assembly logic (large scale)

Assembly logic So, rather than using the instruction to guide the users to assemble the structural components (column, floor slabs or wall partitions) and install them together, our system simplified that process into a relatively easy and directive way to assemble a large-scale structure. This is learned from the deconstructive thinking form the architecture grid system of mat-buildings.

Our system wants people with zero architecture can assemble the building, so no matter how complex the generation logic is, this would not affect the assembly logic. With the highlighted assemble step on the AR interface, the only thing user need do is pick the right piece and place it in the right place.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.1 Structural Architecture prototype

Structural Architecture prototype I design this domino-liked Architecture mainly to test the load bearing capability and the structural behaviour of the entity integrated by thousands of the pieces. The sawtooth area is the result of structure optimisation during the digital generation process. The V-shaped part is a pattern formed mainly by integration of major pieces, spanning verticallyďźŒwith the help of the placement of the diagonal pieces further strengthen this parts, this nonlinear structure becomes the key structural complex for vertical connection between different level.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.2 Inhabitable Architecture prototype

Inhabitable Architecture prototype Next, I created a new architecture prototype that contains all the design features, generated and design from the complete workflow and combined the enclosed prototype’s spatial quality and the domino prototype’s structure behaviour to strengthen the structure parts. We first updated the generation process of this house and able to aggregate more complexed structure completely based on hypothetic user requirements: 1. Site information (20 units x 12 units = 12000mm x 7200mm) 2. Functional space ( one double height living room 10 units x 10 units = 6000mm x 6000mm, dining area 10 units x 8 units = 6000mm x 4800mm, bedroom 8 units x 8 units = 4800mm x 4800mm) 3. Layout (the unify exterior and the interior ) 4. Structure information (the floor height 6 units = 3600mm and Plywood structure piece types) The structure generated is rational and regulated, demonstrates the order of modulation and unify voxel-based geometry, give the hint of how it ‘automated’. The structure has also been simulated in the digital model with physical force, and the loadbearing capability has been proved.

The most significant of this prototype is the layout of the inhabitable spaces. in the front facade, with the attachment of modular glass panels connected to the universal notches of the structure pieces, the functional spaces have been enclosed, together with the pattern wall on the back side, the living rooms and other functional spaces become inhabitable and full of unique interior atmosphere.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.2 Inhabitable Architecture prototype

All the design characteristics can be seen in building details like the solid diagonal pieces placed on the black line patterns, which represent the assembly process behind the building, form AR scanning to the integration of the diagonal pieces, the pattern offers the guide, and when its job is done, this pattern just lay on the surface to express the algorithmic feeling of our design language.

Back to the comparison with Wiki house, this augmented sheet prototype has large open source information of user requirements, generation logic, assemble logic, AR interface system and the unique design language, it updates form the Wiki house and is still developed to push its limits. This prototype represents the positive look of the new architecture automation.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.3 Architecture experiment

The future development for our project would mainly focus on the social problem solving, the efficient workflow of the augmented sheet project offers potential in the application of fast build housing, emergency dwelling and quick assembly structure in business incubators, development area or even refugee areas.

On the other hand, the better and more immersional user experience is what needs to update, trying to exploring better visualisation quality and atmosphere.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.3 Architecture experiment

Overall, compared to traditional architecture, the appearance and structure layout is not completely ‘designed’, but purely the result of the voxel structure generation and the optimisation of the strength analysis. There is no column, slabs or beams like classic Dom-Ino House (RE), is formed by the variable structure of discrete pieces rather than architecture components. This breaks the monotonous look, and complicated construction process of the traditional architecture offers a new and more digital way to assemble houses.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.4 House service strategy glass joint

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modular window connection

modular window connection

modular window facade units

detail of the joint

modular window facade units

modular window facade units

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.4 House service strategy survice detail pipe & insulation

House pipework units

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House pipework units

Discrete insulation

House pipework units

House insulation units

Double layer discrete insulation with the structure slab

House insulation units

Double layer discrete insulation

House insulation units

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.4 House service strategy survice detail lighting detail LED band

discrete lighting units

interior atmosphere

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.5 Augmented Sheet Housing Prototype

Conclusion Overall, our project is the sheet-based discrete architecture assembled manually at any sites with the assistance of AR visualisation and feedback system. In architecture perspective, it would be a new architecture prototype for quick assembly, co-working and co-living. Modular timber sheets for assembly with augmented reality - another look at automation.

In conclusion, with our sheet-based design pieces and augmented reality system, our augmented sheet started with another look of the architecture automation and finally changes the way people assemble housing.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.5 Augmented Sheet Housing Prototype house block assembly logic

house block assembly logic The house has been divided into may grids (formed by our basic grid 600*600*600 ), and this means different structure parts generates from different connection rules of basic voxel have different functional behaviours. We name them to offer digital information and reorganise them into the reasonable structural order, then we get our best assemble logic. Each red point represents the starting points for the group of people wearing AR devices, they would follow the structural loop generated under the logic of best assembly order, to assemble the structure piece by piece, grid by grid. The house has been divided into serval blocks, under the same assembly logic and the guidance of AR, the user could achieve the wish to build their large-scale house.

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Block 6

Block 7

Block 8

Block 9

Block 10

Block 1

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Block 3

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Block 5

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Entrance

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.5 Augmented Sheet Housing Prototype house section

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.5 Augmented Sheet Housing Prototype

This time, the form did not follow function, the serialise and modulated, mat building complex just repeatedly but logically connects and expanded from the inner urban areas on the massive plan.

Form that concern, we claim that in our argument sheet project, the form follows the computation. The functional blocks only are regarded as the reference for structure generation. However, to be honest, there might be nature noise during the automation of manual assembly even with the AR. As this shows the high tolerance and containment between our project and the user's behaviour. More importantly, once the whole structure has been assembled following the digital model in AR, this means the basic structure is done. However, with our discrete sheets design, the system leaves substantial opportunity and openness for the users. They could order more pieces and place them where like, the AR would guide them if it is working to place the piece in the location they want. By doing this, in the scale of the single housing, users could do DIY works and directly 'design' their own space such as adding colourful cladding, more acrylic piece to bring light and openness or even build their partition within the space already been separated.

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06 ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPE DESIGN 6.5 Augmented Sheet Housing Prototype i interior atmosphere

Adaptation Form that concern, we claim that in our argument sheet project, the form follows the computation. The functional blocks only are regarded as the reference for structure generation. However, to be honest, there might be nature noise during the automation of manual assembly even with the AR. As this shows the high tolerance and containment between our project and the user's behaviour. More importantly, once the whole structure has been assembled following the digital model in AR, this means the basic structure is done. However, with our discrete sheets design, the system leaves substantial opportunity and openness for the users. They could order more pieces and place them where like, the AR would guide them if it is working to place the piece in the location they want. By doing this, in the scale of the single housing, users could do DIY works and directly 'design' their own space such as adding colourful cladding, more acrylic piece to bring light and openness or even build their partition within the space already been separated.

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Appendix WORKSHOP 1 - 2 WORKSHOP 1 (Unity Game Design) Flip spatial filling game Cyber Networking Automated Construction Games

WORKSHOP 2 (Robot Test) The robot nature noise test video The structure optimization

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A01 WORKSHOP 1

(Unity Game Design) Flip spatial filling game Cyber Networking Automated Construction Games

Concept statement

Use ‘W,A,S,D’ to move ‘Yellow Block’ around

This is a simple construction game with a high degree of freedom. Game Target: The player needs to manipulate the Generator to pick up all the coins in a limited time, and its Trajectory generates, a free-form structure, which is the output.

The basic logic of this game is Automated Generation: a range of randomly generated coordinate points within a certain space, combined with User-interaction, finally showing a free-form structure.

This game inspired us a new way of identifying a construction within a specific space with various possibilities. Imaging that the generator is a free-moving 3D printer, and then the game mode can be regarded as a quick and pretty straightforward Automated Construction method.

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Eat all the ‘Green Block’ and get to the ‘Red Block’ to win

Use ‘Q,E’ to move Block up and down

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A01 WORKSHOP 1

(Unity Game Design) Flip spatial filling game Cyber Networking Automated Construction Games

Use ‘W,A,S,D’ to move ‘PRINTER’ around Concept statement This is a simple construction game with a high degree of freedom. Game Target: The player needs to manipulate the Generator to pick up all the coins in a limited time, and its Trajectory generates, a free-form structure, which is the output.

The basic logic of this game is Automated Generation: a range of randomly generated coordinate points within a certain space, combined with User-interaction, finally showing a free-form structure.

This game inspired us a new way of identifying a construction within a specific space with various possibilities. Imaging that the generator is a free-moving 3D printer, and then the game mode can be regarded as a quick and pretty straightforward Automated Construction method.

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Eat all the ‘core a to win

physical model

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A01 WORKSHOP 2 (ROBOT EXPERIMENT) Robot Test Nature Noise

Use ‘W,A,S,D’ to move ‘Yellow Block’ around

Nature Noise In the workshop 2 we trying to connect the block by stacking them on top of each other, we use a different kind of noise to the composition of the rotation of the tower structure

Eat all the ‘Green Block’ and get to the ‘Red Block’ to win

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Use ‘Q,E’ to move Block up and down

structure optimazation

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A01 WORKSHOP 2 (ROBOT EXPERIMENT) Robot Test Nature Noise

Eat all the ‘Green Block’ and get to the ‘Red Block’ to win

Use ‘W,A,S,D’ to move ‘Yellow Block’ around

Nature Noise In the workshop 2 Reasonable positions for the generation of the nodes, logic of connecting all nodes, the most efficient combination approach of pieces (which is achieved by applying the minimum spanning tree algorithm). We used this to test the possibility of the discrete structure optimization.

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Eat all the ‘Green Block’ and get to the ‘Red Block’ to win

Use ‘Q,E’ to move Block up and down

structure optimazation

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Research Cluster 4, 2017-2018 M.Arch Architectural Design

UCL, The Bartlett School of Architecture