AT-Indepth Study: Light Filtration

QUESTION: How may the roof structure filter daylight to create moderate indoor space for the proposed building in Berlin.

SHOTARO OSHIMA

AT5 IN-DEPTH STUDY

FILTRATION OF LIGHT 13037150

SHOTARO OSHIMA AT5 IN-DEPTH STUDY CHAPTER STRUCTURE

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1

FILTRATION OF LIGHT

INTRODUCTION

NATURAL DAYLIGHT IN BUILDINGS

Type of daylight into a building and light condition

7

Quantity of light and rooflight area

TOPLIGHTING

9

Type of daylighting systems

CASE STUDY

The Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism (FAU) at the University of S達o Paulo

15

Saint Louis Art Museum, East Expansion Building, USA

7 SKYLIGHT ROOF STRUCTURE

Daylight filtration structures

The site daylight conditions

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Summary

CONCLUSION

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

1

When it is sunny, we are happy.

Daylight always makes us cheerful. A couple of sunny days seem to lift our spirits. Sadly some researches shows that suicide ratios are significantly higher in parts of the world where daylight is very limited. In all environment our perception respond better to natural light, that is, people perform better under daylight.

Skylighting was a widely used method of providing light into buildings before the widespread use of fluorescent lighting. However, with the advent of affordable fluorescent lighting, daylighting techniques were abandoned in favor of electric lighting.

Recent study has shown that utilizing natural light can lead to substantial energy saving. In office building, more than 30 percent of electricity is used for lighting in UK. Skylighting is not only minimize peak energy demand, but create a visually and thermally comfortable space connected to outdoor phenomena, hence daylight in buildings may support human health and well-being. The presence of daylight in our lives is therapeutic not only to our mood and emotions, but also the very physiology of our brain and bodies.

Skylighing bring many benefits to our daily life, the most interesting matter is how daylighting would affect our psychological or emotional changes with roof structures.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate a clear relationship between the presence of filtered daylight, which through roof structures, and building use. At the same time it reveal that what kind of roof structures can provide moderate indoor light on floor area.

Because of roof-lights are very effective options for delivering natural daylight deep into the interior area of any types of building, and roof-lights provide three times more light than the same area of vertical glazing, I postulated that by focusing on roof structure with skylight rather than daylighting from windows.

Therefore the main question of this: “How may the roof structure filter daylight to create moderate indoor space for the proposed building in Berlin.�

NATURAL DAYLIGHT IN BUILDINGS

As an essential step in the designing for daylight, understanding the conditions, and the daylight availability at each roof structures of a proposed building is important.

Daylight strategies are determined by the latitude of the building's location and climate conditions.

Climate:

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Berlin has an oceanic climate.

Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F). Winters are cool with average high temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and lows of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F).

Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.

Latitude: 52 °

30N

Average Sunshine a Year: Berlin Glasgow

1625 hrs 1265 hrs

Average Overcast a Year: Berlin Glasgow Sun path in Berlin

2755 hrs 3115 hrs

Different Light conditions

Clear Skies: Under clear skies must address direct sunlight at all the time. Therefore systems that provide sun shading and glare protection are an essential factor in this case. Shading systems would be applied for roof structures.

Under cloudy skies, roof structure are designed to bring daylight into indoor. So opening of roof structures will be relatively large and located high on the walls. However under clear skies conditions, these large openings are a week point, causing overheating and glare.

Direct Sunlight: Direct sunlight is really bright therefore sunlight falling on a small aperture is adequate to provide moderate daylight in interior spaces.

According to the average hours of overcast a year, approximately 60 percents of hours through a year has overcast in Berlin. Therefore to increase usable daylight under cloudy skies would be main designing strategies. Roof structures should be proposed without shading systems because under overcast conditions must avoid decreasing daylight levels.

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Cloudy Skies:

Type of Light: Direct or Diffused

Roof structures without shading aim not only redirect daylight to the depth of interior spaces, they can also determine the type and quality of light.

Sun Light

Direct Light:

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Direct light that the light has travelled on a straight path from the sky to the specific point. It is helpful where strong light is required in an area for close detailed work, or in situations where need natural environment. Also it allow people to see the sky through the roof. However direct light will cause dark shadows and overheating on sunnier days.

Sun Light

Diffused Light: Diffused light is scattered and comes from some directions. Strategies of diffused light is useful when ambient lighting over a large area are required. It provide equally moderate daylight to interior spaces.

Quantity of Light and Rooflight area

In this study the amount of light depends on roof light area for different applications. Proposed buildings should provide appropriate light level for the buildings use.

Standard maintained illuminances (Lux) for appropriate interior spaces use (Type of Activity)

-50 50-100 150-200 300-500 750-1000 1500-2000 3000-5000

Inactive Basements Corridor, Bedrooms Bathrooms, Auditorium Office, Library Markets, Laboratories Inspection, Precision Assembly Performance,Operating rooms

(Lux)

(Type of Climate)

110000 20000 1000-2000 <200 400 40

Bright sunlight Clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm Sunrise or sunset Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

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(Lux)

Recommended Minimum Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level (Lux)

(Min Rooflight Area) - % of Floor Area -

100 200 300 500 750 1000+

10 10 13 15 17 20

TOPLIGHTING

Type of daylighting systems

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Toplighting strategies provide daylight through rooftop apertures. These strategies can provide uniform daylight distribution to the entire top floor area. Large single level floor areas and the top floor of multi-story buildings can benefit from toplighting.

Even on overcast days, toplighting from skylights is three to ten times more efficient than sidelighting through windows.

Louvres

House, Japan

Louvres are traditional daylighting systems that can be utilized for solar shading, to protect against glare and to redirect ambient illumination levels without glare and direct sunlight. Also louvres can increase the penetration of daylight from sunlight, and when skies are overcast, louvres promote an even distribution of daylight. Provides a powerful and easy to integrate approach for distributing glare-free daylight over a large area of the building.

Roof monitors

Sidwell Friends School, USA - Arup

A roof monitor consists of a flat roof section raised above the adjacent roof, with vertical glazing on at all sides of the raised bay. This arrangement can provide daylight in all directions, but may result in higher heat gain.

The idea of Roof monitors are similar with light shelves. It is a classical daylighting system which is designed to shade and reflect light on it top surface and to protect direct glare from sky.

Skylight House, Japan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NKS Architects

Skylights are widely used in designing daylighting for residential, public, and commercial buildings. Skylights can have many forms including dome, pitched and flat panels that are placed in the plane of the building's roof. Increased daylighting can result in less electrical lighting use.

Daylighting can cut lighting energy use in some buildings by up to 80%.

However horizontal skylights can be an energy problem because they receive solar heat directly at the midday. Integration of louver systems can control solar heat gain as well as glare in skylight.

Sawtooth roofs

Museo Jumex - David Chipperfield

Sawtooth roofs employ a series of either vertical or sloped glasses, which are separated by sloped roof elements. Sawtooth roof can be used to uniformly illuminate a large floor area while minimizing impacts on building's overall height. The orientation of the glazing can be selected so as to maximize daylight level while reducing direct solar radiation and heat gain.

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Skylights

CASE STUDY

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Case study introduce two buildings with amazing rooflights, and building functions and human performance underneath roof structures.

Case Study 1: The Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism (FAU) at the University of São Paulo

The FAU new campus was designed by João Batista Vilanova Artigas was started in 1962 and finished in 1969. He mastered to design a building that really represented the atmosphere of architecture. The school building is a great open void fulfilled by different departments, covered by a super structural concrete box.

This building consists of a concrete building with a massive public atrium, an amazing skylight and a magnificent roof construction – providing a more than 60m-long span. The main columns are also incredible. A massive block of concrete sits upon twelve spindly legs. There are enormous cantilevers at the corners.

Gathering space of FAU building (fig.2)

An interesting idea besides the architecture building is Agora which is â&#x20AC;&#x153;place of assemblyâ&#x20AC;? in ancient Greek city-states. I think that this element creates a really functional gathering space that can be used for public lectures, performing arts or any sort of public events.(fig.2 & fig.3 A) The massive roof structure not only overlapping various activities underneath but also providing moderate light for gathering and studying environment.

Recent study, in the United States, shows report that student test score performance improved in their daylight schools compared to neighboring non-daylight schools. As a result the report concluded a consistently positive effect for the presence of daylight on student performance.

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Roof-light of FAU building (fig.1)

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Plan of FAU building (fig.3) A

B

The concrete roof structure is composed of waffle slabs that provide a lighter and stiffer roof than an equivalent flat roof.(fig.3 B) They provide a very good form where roof (or slab) vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals. Waffle roof structure tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed roof structure (or slab) but it is relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are economic.

There are more benefits of Waffle Slabs below: + Flexible + Speed of construction + Robustness + Thermal mass + Durable finishes + Fire resistance + Excellent vibration control

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Case Study 2: Saint Louis Art Museum, East Building, USA

A recent expansion of the historic St. Louis Art Museum by David Chipperfield Architects and HOK features a sophisticated daylighting system that fills the galleries with diffused natural light without adversely affecting the art on display.

Light Spreader (fig.4)

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Detail of

Coffers (fig.5)

One of the most designed feature of the building is ‘the Light Spreader’ device, suspended in each of the 680 ceiling coffers. The top layer of ‘the Light Spreader’ redirects sunlight. The bottom layer diffuses sunlight from above to floor.(fig.4) The coffer supports the outer roof and spans across the galleries, keeping them free of columns.The surfaces of the device passively tune the environment, each layer functioning differently.(fig.5)

(fig.6)

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Gallery and Fluorescent lighting

Fluorescent lighting is located in the coffers, and illuminates automatically at night or when the outdoor conditions do not contribute enough daylight for the interior spaces.(fig.6) Now a days large number of curators are using natural light to illuminate their collection. Atmospheric changes, created in the galleries by fluctuations in weather and time of day, enhance the museum experience. It relate to enhance the visual enjoyment of the art.

7 SKYLIGHT ROOF STRUCTURE

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-Daylight filtration structures-

The study of ‘daylight filtration structure’ aim to explore creation of high potential roof-light for proposed buildings, Initial idea of roof-light structures are based on researches of toplightings, light types and conditions, and two case studies:The Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism(FAU) at the University of São Paulo and Saint Louis Art Museum, East Expansion Building,USA. Each type of structures introduce its advantages and drawbacks,and these will show variety of daylighting also prototype of proposed buildings.

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TYPE I

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

( % of Floor Area )

Size of light on the floor

39% / < 3000 lux

Direct Light & Diffused Light

This roof structure contain 63 individual rooflight units, each of them has different depths, and provides various density of daylight on the floor area. Deep rooflight redirect direct light (spot light) on the other hands shallow rooflight provide diffused light.

These different level of rooflight create gradation of falling daylight and atmospheric changes underneath the roof structure.

Advantages: Relatively uniform distribution of daylight.

Provide diffused daylight to the entire floor area, and also enhancing the visual enjoyment of the daylight, through creating a gradation of light across floor.

Some of the rooflights can be utilized as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;passive air conditionerâ&#x20AC;?

Skylights bring skyview to people on the floor area.

Disadvantages: Structural challenging,because of large number of rooflights (63)it might require deep beams (ceiling coffers) for supporting entire the roof structure.

Cleaning and dusting high and a lot of skylights can be a problem.

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Feature of TYPE I:

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TYPE II

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

8% / 100 lux

( % of Floor Area )

Diffused Light

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Feature of TYPE II: A rooflight's beauty and architectural design also can increase the value of a building.

Under each â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;umbrellaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (triangular object) defines a different quality of space.

TYPE II has very narrow aperture in-between triangular objects and flat roof.

There are four different type of apertures on the roof so you can expect gradation of diffused light, as well as some moments of direct light.

Advantages: protect interior space from glare and direct sunlight.

Provide diffused daylight to the entire floor area.

Disadvantages: Relatively low light in space underneath roof structure.

When it is bad weather (dark skylight) artificial illuminance will be required.

The view is limited to the narrow skylight. Some moments of glare.

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TYPE III

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

89% / < 8000 lux

( % of Floor Area )

Diffused Light

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Feature of TYPE III: This structure allow to take much daylight from the sky.The ‘forest-like’ structure attract people to explore the space. The picture above shows that the structure make beautiful shadows and number of columns gradually change from east to west or from north to south.

Advantages: A skylight offers opportunities to observe the outdoor world from the inside. By looking through the skylights, people can observe the night sky, the stars, and the moon. Very high light levels.

Disadvantages: This configuration can not control the amount of heat that enters through the skylight. Because of 89% of floor area is for daylight system, the power use of the building’ s air conditioning will rise. Also direct light will cause dark shadows and overheating on sunnier days.

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TYPE IV

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

5% / 50 lux

( % of Floor Area )

Direct Light

Light always fascinate and lead people. The Unique rooflight design evoke attraction of light for people.

This configuration has one square skylight at center of the roof simultaneously it contain some roof monitors (p. ) The design create dramatic natural spot light, and lit performer.

Advantages: Concentrated skylight and attract peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s More than 90% of loof from glare and direct

create theatrical atmosphere attention to a specific location. area can protect interior space sunlight.

Disadvantages: Time for using natural spotlight is limited, depends on weather, sun path and its degree.

Except bottom of center skylight, relatively dark underneath roof structure.

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Feature of TYPE IV:

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TYPE V

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

15% / 500 lux

( % of Floor Area )

Direct Light

This configuration aim to provide various size of direct daylights on the floor area, and it create ‘chequerboard-like’ shadows and lights pattern.

Rhythmical phenomenon underneath of the roof structure provide spatial experience and visual enjoyment.

Each skylight has fliped trapezium section so it can bring even low sunlight into interior space.

Advantages: TYPE V overlap some advantage of TYPE IV. some natural spot light provide ‘stage’ to perform and catch people’ s attention.In addition this roof structure has brighter interior space than TYPE IV. Also it allow people to see the sky through the roof.

When you need several individual strong light, this roof structure is helpful Disadvantages: These direct light will cause overheating and glare on sunnier days.

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Feature of TYPE V:

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TYPE VI

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

23% / 1000 lux

( % of Floor Area )

Feature of TYPE VI: The rooflights are placed according to need and roof design on purpose designed upstands. Some feature overlap TYPE V, and illuminance level is quite similar.

TYPE VI applied Louvres (p.) for each skylight.

Louvres are helpful for solar shading, to protect against glare and to redirect ambient illumination levels, and these louvers orient to different direction, like from north to south and from east to west. This louver system allow to bring sunlight from various directions.

Advantages: Provide diffused daylight to the entire floor area.

Good level of lighting achieved and illuminance level is appropriate for market or laboratory.

Distribution of glare-free daylight.

Disadvantages: Random arrangement of skylights causes difficulty with roof structural design (beams).

Except bottom of skylights relatively dark underneath roof structure.

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Direct Light & Diffused Light

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TYPE ViI

Rooflight Area for desired illuminance level

75% / < 6500 lux

( % of Floor Area )

Feature of TYPE VII: This configuration has integration of partition walls and beams, they enhance the potential of solar shading and characteristic of interior spaces.TYPE VII has high illuminance level (75%) therefore some direct sunlight falling down to the floor area however when you need shadow, it is easy to find places to hide from glare.

A wide variation in wall sizw create unique shadow shape, and it makes feature of the roof structure.

Advantages: In this case the structure provide no only bright interior environment but also give places to stay for a while.

Disadvantages: Roof structure (beams) has strong orientation and its fixed therefore consideration of sun direction and reflection is required.

Cleaning and dusting large area of skylights can be a problem. (75% of area occupied syklight)

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Direct Light & Diffused Light

THE SITE DAYLIGHT CONDITIONS

Berlin Lattitude 52

。

the winter solstice 15.4

Wind Direction

。

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the summer solstice 61.4

。

Sun Path and Wind Direction WS

16:00

Sun Path

14:00

18:00

12:00

3

10:00

2

0

8:00

2

2

1

2

3

Disposition of The Main Buildings and its height level

THE SITE DAYLIGHT CONDITIONS

Summer time

Winter time

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8:00

13:00

18:00

SUMMARY OF LIGHT FILTRATION STRUCTURE

Through the study of light filtration strucuture, each characteristic was revealed.This page shows the relation of each roof-light structure and proposed building use.

TYPE I

39% / < 3000 lux

TYPE II

8% / 100 lux

TYPE III

89% / < 8000 lux

Restaurant

Holy pricinct Auditorium

Market

TYPE IV TYPE V

Performance

15% / 500 lux

TYPE VI

Desired building use

Assembly

5% / 50 lux

TYPE VII

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Rooflight Area / Illuminance level

Theater Auditorium

Library Office

23% / 1000 lux

75% / < 6500 lux

Laboratory

Market Information

Location

under the sunlight

under the direct sunlight

any

under the direct sunlight

under the sunlight

any

any

LOCATION OF LIGHT FILTRATION STRUCTURE The plan below shows functionally appropriate locations for daylight filtration structures. This configuration is based on the site daylight conditions, sun path and its degrees.

16:00

Sun Path

14:00

18:00

10:00

E YP

T

VI

TYPE IV

TY PE

II

12:00

TYPE I

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TYPE I

TYPE III

TYPE VII

TYPE V

8:00

CONCLUSION

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This study looked at the effect of daylighting on building use. It includes a focus on skylighting as a visual enjoyment and aesthetic value of a building.

Daylight may be introduced into a building using a variety of design concepts or strategies. Therefore mainly I studied on “7 SKYLIGHT ROOF STRUCTURE” for creating functionally and visually effective daylighting strcutures, which based on analysis of light conditions and toplighting.

Through the study,I realized that daylighting helps create visually pleasing and productive environment for building occupants, and amazing success of energy saving. However, carefully considered design, analysis and planning are required to ensure a successful outcome.

Moderate daylight design should seek to maximise the availability of diffuse light within a space, whilst controlling the unpleasant effects of direct sunlight penetration.

Futhermore the architectural form, site orientation, surrounding buildings and local climate will all be carefully considered.

The study of “7 SKYLIGHT ROOF STRUCTURE” brought me futher knowledges of daylighting design. I think that basically daylighting design nowadays focus on engineering aspect, like reducing energy saving, thermal comfort and illuminance level. However daylighting is not only redirect good daylight into interior spaces but also it provide ‘light experience’ to people, and give atmospheric changes by fluctuations in weather and time of day.

Through the model testing of light condition, I realized that the daylighting or roof structure would determine the spatial characteristic underneath. The elements which would determine the spatial characteristic is that depends on amount of direct light or diffused light, size of light and shadow.

For instance TYPE III can provide plenty of daylight on the floor area that makes vibrant atmosphere on people, and it might be suits for market place.

As for TYPE IV, dramatical gap of light and shadow creates theatrical mood, and it might be adaptable to auditorium.

Integration of light condition which through the roof structure and its use or interior function are undoubtedly interwoven.

Finally the structure required by my thesis is one that provides the visual impact of the space under the dynamic local daylight , and of course the technologies that can be employed to help improve and control the daylight performance.

-Ministry of Housing and Local Government.

“Planning for daylight and sunlight” Book. English.

Published London : H.M.S.O 1964 -Department of the Environment [and the] Welsh Office.

“Sunlight and daylight: planning criteria and design of buildings” Book. English.

Published London : H.M.S.O 1971 -Paul Littlefair.

“Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight: a guide to good practice” Book. English.

Published Bracknell : BRE 2011 -Gregg D. Ander.

“Daylighting performance and design” Book. English.

2nd ed.

Published Hoboken, NJ : Wiley 2003 Gregg D. Ander

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Bibliography BOOK

-R. G. Hopkinson, P. Petherbridge [and] J. Longmore.

“Daylighting” Book. English.

Published London : Heinemann 1966 -Mohamed Boubekri.

“Daylighting, architecture and health: building design strategies” Book. English.

Published Oxford : Architectural 2008 -Peter Tregenza and Michael Wilson “Daylighting: architecture and lighting design” Book. English.

Published London : Routledge 2011

- “Daylighting in architecture: a European reference book” Book. English.

Published London : James and James 1993 -Helmut Köster.

“Dynamic daylight architecture” Book. English.

Published London : Momenta 2002

-Michelle Corrodi, Klaus Spechtenhauser.

“Illuminating: natural light in residential architecture” Book. English.

Published Basel : Birkhäuser ; London : Springer [distributor] 2008

“ADVANCES IN DAYLIGHT SIMULATION” . Accsessed

17 Mar 2015.

http://www.cibse.org/getmedia/b2115002-15e6-4380-8871-541e4 4156102/Daylight-Design_The-Cinderella-of-Building-Simulati on.pdf.aspx “Daylighting” . Accessed 17 Mar 2015. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php “Natural Daylight Design Through Rooflighting” . Accessed 17 Mar 2015. http://www.narm.org.uk/uploads/pdfs/J2335%20Natural%20Daylig ht%20Design.pdf “Daylight Design - eb7” .

Accessed 17 Mar 2015.

http://www.eb7.co.uk/services/daylight-design/ “Daylighting Examples - Great Buildings - ” . Accessed 18 Mar 2015. http://www.greatbuildings.com/types/topics/daylight.html

Bibliography

“Daylighting Guide For Buildings” . Accessed 18 Mar 2015. http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/upload/Day

WEBSITE

“Architecture | The Daylight Project” . Accessed 18 Mar 2015. http://www.thedaylightproject.co.uk/topics/architecture “Daylight Design from the Architect's Perspective - CIBSE” .

Accessed 18 Mar 2015. http://www.cibse.org/getmedia/68af87e3-add2-4c26-b613-890f6b4 6aaf4/Daylight-Design-from-the-Architects-perspective.pdf.aspx “Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America” . Accessed 23 Mar 2015. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OyGe_zbzXqIC&pg=PA149&lpg= PA149&dq=School+of+Architecture+and+Urbanism+at+the+University +of+São+Paulo,+1969.&source=bl&ots=eI3l8etfzG&sig=O2J_WM6b8m1J gd5pPIYtLXpMtEo&hl=ja&sa=X&ei=gxMQVceJGKHOmwX8zYDYDA&ved=0CFwQ 6AEwDA#v=onepage&q=School%20of%20Architecture%20and%20Urbanism %20at%20the%20University%20of%20São%20Paulo%2C%201969.&f=false “Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning - Architectuul” .

Accessed 23 Mar 2015. http://architectuul.com/architecture/faculty-of-architecture-an d-urban-planning “St. Louis Art Museum Expansion | U.S. Green Building Council” .

Accessed 23 Mar 2015. http://www.usgbc.org/projects/st-louis-art-museum-expansion

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lighting-Guide-for-Buildings.pdf

SHOTARO OSHIMA AT5 IN-DEPTH STUDY FILTRATION OF LIGHT

Shotaro Oshima, born in Tokyo, studying and living in Glasgow UK. Shotaro attended Tama Art University where he got his Bachelor Degree in Architecture in 2013.

After the graduation, he relocated to Glasgow to do Diploma (part2) and Master in Architecture at Glasgow School of Art. He dedicates himself to responding historical context, and creating delicate and phenomenal spatial experiences with Japanese sophistication.

His project ranginf from photograph to urban planing but each project focus on subtle awareness within daily events.

4/8, 460 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. G2 3JU oshimashotaro@gmail.com +44 7 769 508586