B. ARCH DISSERTATION REPORT
CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR PARA ATHLETES Submitted by Shreyash Gupta B.Arch. IV Year 00926001618
Guided by Ar. Divya Khatri
ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT BHAGWAN MAHAVEER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, JAGDISHPUR SONEPAT-131001 (INDIA)
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY 2021 – 2022
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled, “CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR PARA ATHLETES”, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of “Bachelors of Architecture” in Architecture department, Bhagwan Mahaveer School of Architecture, Jagdishpur, under the guidance of Ar. Divya Khatri, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture, is my original research work, and the information taken from secondary sources is given due to citations and references.
SHREYASH GUPTA (00926001618)
Date: 17-05-2022 Place: Jagdishpur, Sonepat (India)
CERTIFICATE In the fulfilment of B. Arch. the degree program, this is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.
Prof. Raja C.P. Singh Professor / Principal Department of Architecture Bhagwan Mahaveer School of Architecture, Jagdishpur
Ar. Divya Khatri Assistant Professor Department of Architecture Bhagwan Mahaveer School of Architecture, Jagdishpur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratitude from the core of my heart, to all the people who helped me with my journey. Without their help, the completion of this research would be impossible. Firstly, I am highly in debited to Prof. Raja C.P. Singh - my principal Ar. Divya Khatri my research guide for their continuous guidance, helpful comments, and tremendous support at every stage of work. Without their valuable inputs, the research would not have been able to reach its final form. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents & siblings for the continuous insights and help that they have provided to conduct my study along with their endless moral support. I am also very much thankful to Avantika Chauhan and Apoorva Prakash for their help in the conduction of the case studies and friendly critiques during the process.
SHREYASH GUPTA (00926001618) Date: 17-05-2022
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ABSTRACT Milkha Singh, Neeraj Chopra, P.T. Usha, and P.V. Sindhu are some of the greatest sports enthusiasts of all time who have achieved remarkable laurels for the country. Indeed, their selfless contribution to the sports fraternity is why they are so heavily followed and looked up to by people across the nation. However, this endless list of great sports personalities also includes players such as Murlikant Petkar, Aruna Singh Tanwar, Amit Kumar Saroha, and Mariyappan Thangavelu, who despite proving their abilities as true sportsperson are not so hugely applauded or celebrated by the people and this difference in the hierarchy of popularity can certainly be the result of their impairment. Sportspersons traverse through several complexities in life to pursue their passion and achieve their desired goal. However, things take a sharper turn-in case of Para-athletes who along with struggling with the misfortune of their disability, also find it hard to cope with various other adversities such as discrimination or tough economic culture. Many disabled people who dream to be a Paralympian find it hard to do so because of the lack of efficient sports infrastructure facilities available for them. This research focuses on the importance of developing a training Centre, that can give physically challenged athletes a boost in their training and pave the way to raise awareness of disabilities, and help to create a more supportive and better-equipped world for them.
Keywords: Disabled; Para-athletes; Paralympic; Sports; Training Center
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures ...................................................................................................................... 1 List of tables........................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 1. SYNOSIS…………………………………………………………………4 1.1 NEED OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................ 4 1.2 AIM ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 LIMITATION ................................................................................................................ 5 1.6 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE STUDY ........................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Benefits of Physical Activity ...................................................................................... 9 2.3 Introduction to Population with Disability .................................................................. 10 2.4 Sport as a Fundamental Right ...................................................................................... 11 2.5 Participation in Sport for People with a Disability ...................................................... 11 2.6 History of Sport for Individuals with a Physical Disability ......................................... 12 2.7 Born of International Paralympic Committee .............................................................. 13 2.8 Classification of Paralympic sport ............................................................................... 13 2.9 India at Paralympics ..................................................................................................... 15 2.9.1 Sports as a Fundamental right for disabled people in India ...................................... 15 2.9.2 Scheme of Sports and Games for the Disabled ......................................................... 16 2.9.3 History of Indians in Paralympics ............................................................................. 17 2.9.4 Progress of India at Paralympics ............................................................................... 19 2.9.5 Prevalent Paralympic Sports in India ........................................................................ 19 2.9.6 Minimal Participation at the Paralympics ................................................................. 20 CHAPTER 3. DESIGN STANDARDS ......................................................................... 20 3.1 Entrances and Exits ...................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Clear Width .................................................................................................................. 20 3.3 Turning Space for Wheelchairs ................................................................................... 21 3.4 Reach Ranges ............................................................................................................... 21 3.5 Emergency Provision ................................................................................................... 23 3.5.2 Areas of Rescue Assistance ...................................................................................... 23 3.5.3 Alarms ....................................................................................................................... 23
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3.5.4 First Aid Rooms ........................................................................................................ 23 3.5.5 Building Evacuation Instructions .............................................................................. 23 3.5.6 Emergency Evacuation ............................................................................................. 24 3.6 Accessible Spaces ........................................................................................................ 24 3.6.1 Walking Surfaces and Protruding Objects ................................................................ 24 3.6.2 Protruding Objects .................................................................................................... 24 3.7 Ramps .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.7.1 Slope ......................................................................................................................... 26 3.8 Landings ....................................................................................................................... 27 3.9 Stairs ............................................................................................................................ 28 3.9.1 Stairs Dimension ....................................................................................................... 28 3.9.2 Nosing ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.10 Elevator ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.10.1 Elevator Car ............................................................................................................ 29 3.10 Washing And Plumbing Equipment .......................................................................... 30 3.10.1 Drinking fountain .................................................................................................... 30 3.10.2 Toilet And Compartment Cubicles ......................................................................... 30 3.10.3 Urinals ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.10.4 Shower and Water Closet........................................................................................ 31 3.11 Locker Room ............................................................................................................. 34 3.11.1 Locker Design ......................................................................................................... 34 3.12 Washer and Dryer ...................................................................................................... 34 3.13 Accessible Room ....................................................................................................... 35 3.14 Parking .................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 4. CASE STUDY ......................................................................................... 39 4.1 Cultural - Sports Complex for Disabled, Tehran, Iran ................................................. 39 4.2
Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Complex, New Delhi, India ............................................ 52
4.3
Comparative Analysis ............................................................................................. 60
CHAPTER 5 PROPOSALS AND INTERVENTIONS .............................................. 62 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 69 Refrences ........................................................................................................................... 70 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 71
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: News clippings of articles related to facilities for para-athletes ......................... 4 Figure 2: Physical activity statistics.................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Benefits of physical activity ................................................................................ 9 Figure 4: Global disable population.................................................................................. 10 Figure 5: 1968 Paralympics .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 6: 1972 Paralympics .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 7: 1984 Paralympics .............................................................................................. 17 Figure 8: Devendra Jhajharia ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 9: Girisha Nagarajegowda ..................................................................................... 18 Figure 10: Indian contingent at 2016 paralympics ........................................................... 18 Figure 11: Indian contingent at 2020 paralympic ............................................................. 18 Figure 12: Progress of India over the years ...................................................................... 20 Figure 13: Door clearances between a series of doors...................................................... 20 Figure 14: Clear door opening .......................................................................................... 20 Figure 15: Turning space clearances ................................................................................ 21 Figure 16: Side and front approach ................................................................................... 22 Figure 17: Reach ranges ................................................................................................... 22 Figure 18: Pathway widths ............................................................................................... 24 Figure 19: Protruding objects ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 20: Headroom ........................................................................................................ 25 Figure 21: Ramp slope ...................................................................................................... 26 Figure 22: Ramps and sloped surfaes ............................................................................... 27 Figure 23: Stair dimensions .............................................................................................. 28 Figure 24: Elevator interior plan ....................................................................................... 29 Figure 25: Accessible urinals ............................................................................................ 31 Figure 26: Side and front approach ................................................................................... 31 Figure 27: Bathroom fixtures schematic 1 ........................................................................ 32 Figure 28: Bathroom fixtures schematic 2 ........................................................................ 33 Figure 29: Locker interior elevation ................................................................................. 34 Figure 30: Washing and drying machines ........................................................................ 35 Figure 31: Accessible king room floor plan ..................................................................... 36 Figure 32: Accessible king room 3D layout ..................................................................... 37 Figure 33: Accessible queen room floor plan ................................................................... 37 Figure 34: Accessible queen room 3D layout ................................................................... 37 Figure 35: Parking space and access aisle ........................................................................ 38 Figure 36: Cultural sports complex for disabled .............................................................. 39 Figure 37: Location and connectivity ............................................................................... 40 Figure 38: Site orientation ................................................................................................ 40 Figure 39: Land use .......................................................................................................... 41 Figure 40: Planning process .............................................................................................. 41 Figure 41: Planning process stage 1 ................................................................................. 42 Figure 42: Planning process stage 2 ................................................................................. 42 1 | PAGE
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Figure 43: Planning process stage 3 ................................................................................. 42 Figure 44: Planning process stage 4 ................................................................................. 43 Figure 45: Planning process stage 5 ................................................................................. 43 Figure 46: Programme analysis ........................................................................................ 44 Figure 47: Vertical zoning ................................................................................................ 44 Figure 48: Floor plan 1 ..................................................................................................... 45 Figure 49: Floor plan 2 ..................................................................................................... 46 Figure 50: Floor plan 3 ..................................................................................................... 46 Figure 51: Floor plan 4 ..................................................................................................... 47 Figure 52: Floor plan 5 ..................................................................................................... 47 Figure 53: Floor plan 6 ..................................................................................................... 48 Figure 54: Floor plan 7 ..................................................................................................... 48 Figure 55: Floor plan 8 ..................................................................................................... 49 Figure 56: Elevations ........................................................................................................ 49 Figure 57: Sections ........................................................................................................... 50 Figure 58: Isometric .......................................................................................................... 50 Figure 59: Specific views within the site .......................................................................... 51 Figure 60: Jawaharlal Nehru sports complex ................................................................... 52 Figure 61: Location and connectivity ............................................................................... 53 Figure 62: Site orientation ................................................................................................ 54 Figure 63: Land use .......................................................................................................... 54 Figure 64: Zoning ............................................................................................................. 55 Figure 65: Site circulation................................................................................................. 55 Figure 66: Programme analysis ........................................................................................ 56 Figure 67: Different means of entry/exit .......................................................................... 56 Figure 68: Floor plan 1 ..................................................................................................... 57 Figure 69: Floor plan 2 ..................................................................................................... 57 Figure 70: Floor plan 3 ..................................................................................................... 58 Figure 71: Floor plan 4 ..................................................................................................... 58 Figure 72: Specific views within the site .......................................................................... 59 Figure 74: Physical activity statistics................................................................................ 62 Figure 75: IPC Logo ......................................................................................................... 63 Figure 76: TOD Components ........................................................................................... 66 Figure 77: Mixed-use benefits .......................................................................................... 67 Figure 78: Healing architecture spaces ............................................................................. 67 Figure 79: benefits of green building ................................................................................ 68 Figure 80: Public squares .................................................................................................. 68
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Percentage of disabled population in India ......................................................... 10 Table 2: Paralympic Summer sports categories ................................................................ 15 Table 3: Progress of India over the years .......................................................................... 19 Table 4: Progress of India over the years .......................................................................... 20 Table 5: Maximum allowable slopes of ramps ................................................................. 26 Table 6: Bathroom fixtures measurements ....................................................................... 33 Table 7: Progress of India over the years .......................................................................... 64
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CHAPTER 1. SYNOPSIS
1.1 NEED OF THE PROJECT
A space needs to be created where activities of sports are given maximum importance for disabled people. Provide the required exposure and career opportunities to the budding para-athletes. Development of a sports complex, keeping in mind the lack of sports infrastructure and training centers for disabled people in the country.
Figure 1: News clippings of articles related to facilities for para-athletes; Source: google
1.2 AIM To analyze the importance of sports in the lives of disabled people, and thereby highlight the importance and need of a sports training center, dedicated to the upliftment and development of disabled sports enthusiasts.
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1.3 OBJECTIVE
To study the importance of sports and physical education in the lives of disabled people in India. To assess the available sports facilities and infrastructure available to disabled sports enthusiasts. To assimilate the different disabled categories stated by the International Paralympic Committee. To study the design standards of sports center that can give physically challenged athletes a boost in their training, paving the way to raise awareness of disabilities, and help y planning considerations. To assess the analysis of the case example and thus develop a clear understanding of the need and importance of a Paralympic sports complex in India.
1.4 SCOPE
The study aims at the design considerations for a sports complex for para-athletes. The also study aims at the development of physical as well as mental attributes of each budding para-athlete aspirant. This will have a huge impact on an individual overall personal growth which will impact the country’s development. Proper grass-root training for each individual in physical education will help towards a bright future. This research will increase the participation of para-athletes who are interested to make a career in sports.
1.5 LIMITATION
The study will be precisely limited to the sports training centers which are designed entirely for those disabled sports categories that have been started by the International Paralympic Committee. The study will focus only on the design of disabled-friendly sports training centers and will not cover any other sports infrastructure meant for general athletes. Construction technique and estimation of the budget will not be covered in the study.
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1.6 METHODOLOGY
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CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Introduction The perception of ‘Sport’ and what it constitutes has been continually debated for decades with many definitions and concepts emerging over the years. The Council of Europe’s European Sports Charter defines sports as “all forms of physical activity, which, through casual or organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels”. The Irish Department of Education’s Sport Strategic Plan clarifies the interpretation under three broad categories;
Recreational Sport; An overriding emphasis on the social and health aspects of the sport, with fun and friendship being ‘key components’. Performance Sport; More structured programs that incorporate some form of competition. Usually organized around school or club structures, with ongoing coaching and involvement in competition from local to national level. Participants at this level are normally required to meet minimal standards of performance and are subject to the rules of the competition. High-Performance Sport; Elite level sport that is highly structured with performance measured against national and international standards. This level of participation requires both internal and external qualities, which are the ability to excel at a personal level as well as on an objective level. The athlete shows a desire for achievement, to prove themselves, reach their limits but also maintain highperformance standards.
While historically limitations and exclusions were imposed on the participation of men and women with a disability in sport, namely due to the myth that sport, being representative of physical prowess, could not include those who had a physical impairment. The trend today is one of more progressive inclusion and acceptance, with opportunities for sports participation available within each of the broad categories of sport identified above. 1 2.2 Physical Activity and its Benefits Physical Activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. Activities undertaken while working, playing, traveling, carrying out housework, and engaging in recreational pursuits are, therefore, included. The WHO recommends that adults do at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or at least 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity
1
Physiopedia (n.d.) Sports for Individuals with a Physical Disability [WWW] Available from: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Sports_for_Individuals_with_a_Physical_Disability#cite_note-1 [Accessed 02/04/2022]
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aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week. However, about 25% of the world's population remains insufficiently active, and this number is twice as high in high-income countries. Compared to those who meet activity criteria, people who are insufficiently physically active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of all-cause mortality. The figure below shows the percentage of adults who do not get sufficient aerobic physical activity as per their disability type.
Figure 2: Physical activity statistics; Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Sedentary behaviour, which is often associated with disability, leads to deconditioning and health risks. The problem is so specific that is described as Disability-Associated Low Energy Expenditure Deconditioning Syndrome. Individuals with disabilities are 57% more likely to be obese than adults without disabilities. Obesity is an important risk factor for adults with disability with a 33% higher chance of having a chronic condition, such as heart disease, diabetes, stress, or cancer. The impact of these chronic diseases can be reduced by aerobic physical activity, but adults with disabilities only do physical activity regularly about half as often as adults without disabilities (12% compared to 22%). 2
2
Physiopedia (n.d.) Physical Activity in Individuals with Disabilities [WWW] Available from: https://www.physiopedia.com/Physical_Activity_in_Individuals_with_Disabilities?utm_source=physiopedi a&utm_medium=related_articles&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal [Accessed 02/04/2022]
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2.2.1 Benefits of Physical Activity Physical activity is essential for quality of life and as a public health promoter. In people with disabilities, physical activity has amplified importance based on higher rates of chronic diseases that physical activity can influence. Above those metabolic advantages, individuals with disabilities can further profit from :
Health benefits:
Physical activities has amplified importance for cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties.
Psychological benefits such as enhanced self-perception through successful physical activity experiences.
Physical activity can reduce stress, pain, and depression. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are perceived to be easier.
Social contact:
Physical activity can reduce the stigmatization process and negative stereotypes.
Physical activity can contribute to improving social status
Social benefits as the nature of many sports activities leads to increased social integration, bonding, and friendship.
Fun:
Physical activity leads to mood benefits.
Enjoyment through social interaction of both fitness staff and other participants.3
Figure 3: Benefits of physical activity; Source: author 3
ibid
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2.3 Introduction to Population with Disability There are 1.2 billion persons with disabilities in the world. They represent 15% of the global population and 80% of persons with disabilities reside in low-income countries. In the United States, 20% of the population has a disability, which is 56 million adults. In Australia 1 in 6 people have a disability.The World Bank estimates that one-fifth of the world's population experiences significant disability. 4
Figure 4: Global disable population; Source: WHO
As per the Census 2011, the differently-abled population in India is 26.8 million. In percentage terms, this stands at 2.21 %. There has been a marginal increase in the differently-abled population in India, with the figure rising from 21.9 million in 2001 to 26.8 million over 10 years.5
Table 1: Percentage of disabled population in India; Source: Census of India 2011
4
Physiopedia (n 1) Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation National Statistical Office (2021) Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) in India - A Statistical Profile : 2021. New Delhi. pp 2 5
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2.4 Sport as a Fundamental Right “Sport and human rights have always been interconnected, particularly where societies reputation or national pride were at stake” Doris Corbett The World Health Organisation endorsed the concept that health and functional ability can be influenced through physical activity and sport as a daily component of everyday life for all individuals, including those with a disability. The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities represented a fundamental step in ensuring the rights of people with a disability worldwide were recognized and put into practice. Adopted by the General Assembly in December 2006, the Convention was one of the fastest treaties ever negotiated at the United Nations. The convention is intended as a human rights instrument with an explicit, social development dimension. As a human rights treaty, it has obligations that are legally binding providing a legal framework to ensure people with a disability can access their fundamental human rights, one of which is the right to take part in cultural life, including participation in play, recreational, leisure and sporting activities, on an equal basis with others. United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; Article 30.5 to enable persons with disabilities to participate on an equal basis with others in recreational, leisure, and sporting activities, states Parties shall take appropriate measures: 1. To encourage and promote the participation, to the fullest extent possible, of persons with disabilities in mainstream sporting activities at all levels; 2. To ensure that persons with disabilities have an opportunity to organize, develop and participate in disability-specific sporting and recreational activities and, to this end, encourage the provision, on an equal basis with others, of appropriate instruction, training, and resources; A rights-based approach to sport and physical activity is promoted by the Convention, which means not only the promotion of participation but more importantly of ‘QUALITY’ participation (Walker 2007). The central aim of this rights-based approach is in the empowerment of people with a disability to demand their rightful entitlements and fully participate in society, promoting equality and challenging discrimination.6 2.5 Participation in Sport for People with a Disability There is limited descriptive and comparative data on the participation rates and physical activity patterns of people with a disability but where that data does exist, it shows that people with a disability by and large engage in less physical activity than their able-bodied peers. Global estimates suggest that more than 60% of adults worldwide do not engage in levels of physical activity that will benefit their health and that physical inactivity is reported as being even more prevalent among both women and people with a disability.
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Physiopedia (n1)
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The results of a survey carried out by the National Disability Authority show that people with a disability in Ireland are less likely to be physically active with twice as many taking no regular exercise in comparison to their able-bodied peers. Sport England, the national sports development agency, in two separate surveys on participation in children and adults with a disability show sports participation rates and frequency of participation, is significantly lower than their able-bodied counterparts and this remains true for a wide range of disabilities. 2.6 History of Sport for Individuals with a Physical Disability Throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries sport began to be viewed as a tool for the rehabilitation of people with a disability. But unquestionably it was Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, seen by some as the Paralympic Games equivalent to Pierre De Coubertin (Founder of Modern Olympic Games), who was the instrumental figure in establishing what has today become the International Paralympic Movement. Origin: It was not until after World War II however, that it was widely introduced. The purpose of it at that time was to assist the large number of war veterans and civilians who had been injured during wartime. In 1944, at the request of the British Government, Dr. Ludwig Guttmann opened a spinal injuries centre at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Great Britain, and in time, rehabilitation sport evolved to recreational sport and then to competitive sport. Guttman was a strong believer in ‘purposeful, dynamic physical management’, the role that sport could play in the physical and mental rehabilitation of people with a spinal cord injury. So sport was introduced to the program at Stoke Mandeville Hospital and became a vital element in the treatment of all patients.7 Stoke Mandeville Games: On 29 July 1948, the day of the Opening Ceremony of the London 1948 Olympic Games, Dr. Guttmann organised the first competition for wheelchair athletes which he named the Stoke Mandeville Games, a milestone in Paralympic history. They involved 16 injured servicemen and women who took part in archery. In 1952, Dutch ex-servicemen joined the Movement and the International Stoke Mandeville Games were founded.8 First Paralympic Games: The Stoke Mandeville Games later became the Paralympic Games which first took place
7
ibid International Paralympic Committee (n.d.) Paralympic History [WWW] Available from: https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history#:~:text=On%2029%20July%201948%2C%20the,a%20milestone% 20in%20Paralympic%20history. [Accessed 01/04/2022] 8
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in Rome, Italy, in 1960 featuring 400 athletes from 23 countries. Since then they have taken place every four years. In 1976 the first Winter Games in Paralympics history were held in Sweden, and as with the Summer Games, have taken place every four years, and include a Paralympics Opening Ceremony and Paralympics Closing Ceremony. Today, the Paralympics are elite sports events for athletes with physical and sensory disabilities. They emphasize the participants’ athletic achievements rather than their impairments. The movement has grown dramatically since its first days. The number of athletes participating in the Summer Paralympic Games has increased from 400 athletes from 23 countries in Rome in 1960 to 4,342 athletes from 159 countries in Rio 2016, including 528 Events across 22 sports. 2.7 Born of International Paralympic Committee Finally, on 22 September 1989, the International Paralympic Committee was founded as an international non-profit organisation in Dusseldorf, Germany, to act as the global governing body of the Paralympic Movement. The word “Paralympic” derives from the Greek preposition “para” (beside or alongside) and the word “Olympic”.Its meaning is that Paralympics are the parallel Games to the Olympics and illustrates how the two movements exist side-by-side.9 Paralympic sports refers to competitive sporting activities organized as part of the global Paralympic movement, comprising all the sports contested in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. Globally, the International Paralympic Committee is recognized as the leading organization, with direct governance of nine Paralympic sports, and responsibility for the Paralympic Games. Other international organizations, notably the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), and the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) govern sports that are specific to certain impairment groups. In addition, certain single-sport federations govern specific sports for athletes with a disability, either as part of an able-bodied sports federation such as the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) or as a sports federation specifically for athletes with a disability such as the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation and the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation. 2.8 Classification of Paralympic sport Paralympic Sport incorporates opportunities for a wide range of athletes with a physical impairment, which are outlined in further detail below. The presence of an eligible impairment is a prerequisite but not the sole criterion of entry into a particular Paralympic Sport. It is not sufficient simply to have one of the below impairment types; the athlete must also meet the minimum eligibility criteria as set out by the specific sporting body.
9
ibid
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Specific and objective testing is used to determine whether a person’s impairment results in sufficient activity limitation to perform the core elements of the relevant sport.
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Impaired Muscle Power: Impairments in this category have in common that there is reduced force generated by the contraction of a muscle or muscle group (e.g. muscles of one limb, one side of the body, the lower half of the body). Examples of conditions included in this category are spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, muscular dystrophy, post poliomyelitis, and spina bifida.
Impaired Passive Range of Movement: Range of movement in one or more joints is reduced systematically. Note that hypermobility of joints, joint instability (e.g. shoulder dislocation), and acute conditions of reduced range of movement (e.g. arthritis type of impairment without permanent impairment) typically will be excluded as ‘eligible impairments’. Examples of conditions included in this category are arthrogryposis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and ankylosis.
Limb Deficiency: There is a total or partial absence of the bones or joints as a consequence of trauma (e.g. traumatic amputation), illness (e.g. bone cancer), or congenital limb deficiency (e.g. dysmelia)
Leg Length Difference: Due to congenital deficiency or trauma, bone shortening occurs in one leg. Examples of conditions included in this category are Perthes disease and dysplasia
Short Stature: Standing height is reduced due to atypical dimensions of bones of upper and lower limbs or trunks. Examples of conditions included in this category are achondroplasia and dwarfism.
Hypertonia: A condition marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and a reduced ability of a muscle to stretch. Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions that involve damage to the central nervous system.
Ataxia: Ataxia is a neurological sign and symptom that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements.
Athetosis: Athetosis can vary from mild to severe motor dysfunction. It is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements of muscle tone and difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture. 10
Physiopedia (n1)
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Table 2: Paralympic Summer sports categories; Source: Census of India 2011
2.9 India at Paralympics 2.9.1 Sports as a Fundamental right for disabled people in India The Constitution of India provides ample scope for the development of legal instruments to protect the rights of disabled people. Some of the important Acts enacted by the Government of India for the welfare of persons with disabilities are listed below: 1. Person with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation Act, 1995) came into force on February 7, 1996. This was an important landmark and was a significant step in the direction of ensuring equal opportunities for persons with disabilities and their full participation in nation-building. The Act provides for both preventive and promotional aspects of rehabilitation like education, employment, and vocational training, job reservation, research and manpower development, creation of a barrier-free environment, rehabilitation of person with a disability, unemployment allowance for the disabled, special
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insurance scheme for the disabled employees and establishment of homes for persons with severe disability, etc. 2. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016 The Act replaces the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. It fulfills the obligations to the United National Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), to which India is a signatory. The RPWD Act, 2016 provides that “the appropriate Government shall ensure that the PWD enjoy the right to equality, life with dignity, and respect for his or her own integrity equally with others.” The Government is to take steps to utilize the capacity of the PWD by providing an appropriate environment.11 2.9.2 Scheme of Sports and Games for the Disabled The ‘Scheme of Sports & Games for the Disabled’ is a Central Sector Scheme introduced by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports in 2009-10. The objective of the Scheme is to broad-basing participative sports among the disabled. The Scheme of Sports & Games for the Disabled has the following components:I. II. III.
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Grant for sports coaching and purchase of consumables & non-consumable sports equipment for Schools. Grant for Training of Coaches. Grant for holding District, State & National level competitions for the disabled.
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation National Statistical Office (n5) pp 6
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2.9.3 History of Indians in Paralympics The history of Paralympics in India dates back a long way since the 1968 summer Paralympics at Tel, Aviv, Israel. Ever since there has been no looking back for the country in terms of development and progress at the Paralympics. Hence, the eventual important insights into the history of the Paralympics in India has been mentioned below: 1) 1968 Summer Olympics, Tel Aviv, Israel India made their maiden appearance at the Paralympics in 1968 in Tel Aviv, Israel. A total of 10 athletes were sent to the Games as a part of the Indian delegation which included 8 men and 2 women. India, however, returned home without any medal from the Games but it was the first real experience for India’s para-athletes at the big stage. Figure 5: 1968 Paralympics; Source: paralympic.org 2) 1972 India’s first Paralympic medal Four years later at the 1972 Heidelberg Games in Germany, India bagged their first medal at the Paralympics. Para-swimmer Murlikant Petkar set a world record time of 37.331 seconds to bag a gold medal in 50m freestyle swimming. It was, however, the only medal earned by India at the Games which helped them finish at the 24th spot in the overall medal tally from the 42 participating nations. Figure 6: 1972 Paralympics; Source: paralympic.org
3) 1984 New Paralympic Record India did not participate at the 1976 and the 1980 Paralympics. In the year 1984 New York Paralympics, Joginder Singh Bedi won silver at the Men's Shot Put and followed it up with a pair of bronze winning performances in the Discus and Javelin throws. Another Indian, Bhimrao Kesarkar, won the silver medal in the Javelin. India finished 37th out of the 54 participating nations. Figure 7: 1984 Paralympics; Source: paralympic.org
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4) 1988- 2004 phase of Paralympics The Indian contingents struggled to find a podium spot from 1988 to 2000. However, the drought was brought to an end at the 2004 Games in Athens, where India clinched two medals - a gold and a silver - to finish at the 53 spot. In 2004, Devendra Jhajharia won gold in Javelin throw while Rajinder Singh won bronze for powerlifting in the 56-kg category. Figure 8: Devendra Jhajharia; Source: olympics.com
5) 2012 London Paralympics India did not win any medal in 2008 games India sent a team of 10 athletes to the 2000 games. In 2012, India won a silver in London, thanks to Girisha Nagarajegowda who won a silver in the men's high jump F42 category. However, that was the only medal India won in that edition. Figure 9: Girisha Nagarajegowda; Source: bridge.in
6) 2016 Paralympic performance India put on a strong show at the 2016 Rio Games to match their highest medal haul of four. India had its first female Paralympic medalist through Deepa Malik in the Shot Put . The two gold medalists for India were Mariyappan Thangavelu and Devendra Jhajharia winning his second gold medal. Varun Singh Bhati won a bronze in the High Jump. Figure 10: Indian contingent at 2016 paralympics; Source: bridge.in
7) 2020 Paralympics, Tokyo India won 19 medals at the Tokyo Paralympics - five gold, eight silver, six bronze. Shooter Avani Lekhara became the first Indian woman to win two Paralympics medals. The haul comfortable eclipsed India’s previous best medals tallies – four each at the Stoke Mandeville and New York Games in 1984 and Rio 2016. Figure 11: Indian contingent at 2020 paralympic; Source: bridge.in
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2.9.4 Progress of India at Paralympics India, ever since its debut at the Paralympics of 1968, has achieved remarkable laurels over the years. Indeed, the journey of the country at the Paralympics has not been a very smooth one but with successive years, the progress has just been considerable enough to be quoted. The achievements of the country at the Paralympics are highlighted the best from the table provided below: YEAR 1960, Rome 1964, Tokyo 1968, Tel Aviv 1972, Heidelberg 1976, Toronto 1980, Arnhem 1984, New York 1988, Seoul 1992, Barcelona 1996, Atlanta 2000, Sydney 2004, Athens 2008, Beijing 2012, London 2016, Rio de Janeiro 2020, Tokyo
NO. OF MEDALS PARTICIPANTS Did Not Participate Did Not Participate 10 0 10 1 Did Not Participate Did Not Participate 5 4 2 0 9 0 9 0 4 0 12 2 5 0 10 1 19 4 54 19 Table 3: Progress of India over the years; Source: Wikipedia
The table clearly reflects the progress of India at the Paralympics, starting from only 1 medal at the 1972, Paralympics to achieving 4 medals at the 1984, New York and 2016 Rio, Paralympics respectively. And then finally a huge progress can be seen in the year 2020 where the complete tally of medals has grown to 19 medals which suggests massive progress of India at the Paralympics. 2.9.5 Prevalent Paralympic Sports in India Among the 22 different summer paralympic games specified by the International Paralympic Committee, 20 of them are played and practiced in India across different regions except for the para-equestrian and para football-7a side. However, India has participated in only 9 of these Paralympic games and has shown active participation in these categories over the years at the International Paralympics. 9 of these Paralympic games are Athletics, Archery , Badminton, Para- Canoeing, Powerlifting, Shooting, Swimming, Taekwondo, Table Tennis. The table provided below highlights the number of medals won in the International Paralympics over the years, and the medal tally clearly highlights that the top 3 paralympic 19 | LITERATURE STUDY
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sports in India are: Athletics, Shooting, and Badminton. These 3 dominant games have the most prominently available services and infrastructure across the country as compared to other paralympic games. GAMES
MEDALS
Athletics
18
Shooting
5
Badminton
4
Swimming
1
Table Tennis
1
Archery
1
Powerlifting
1
Para canoeing
1
Taekwondo
1 Table 4: Progress of India over the years; Source: Wikipedia
2.9.6 Minimal Participation at the Paralympics If India's success at the Paralympics is estimated on the basis of its gradually increasing medal count, unquestionably we are a growing Paralympic power in the Global South. But when we begin to view India from a systems perspective, we have treacherous mountains to climb. It is for the unavailability of proper infrastructure and services, lack of trained coaches and lack of awareness of disable sports amongst the society for the different paralympic sports categories across the country that needs development and can enhance the participation of India at the international Paralympic games.
Figure 12: Progress of India over the years; Source: Wikipedia
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CHAPTER 3. DESIGN STANDARDS (as per International Paralympic Committee Accessibility Guidelines) 3.1 Entrances and Exits
A clear pathway without threshold steps at the doorway. 1,500 mm min. clear width should be provided at the main entrance doors of venues, all other doors have a minimum clearance of 950mm.
3.2 Clear Width
The clear opening of all doors should be 950mm as best practice. The clear width should be measured when the door is open 90 degrees, Existing building – The minimum allowable clear width is 850mm. Sport chairs - Depending on the sport, if competition wheelchairs are required, door widths of athlete preparation areas may need to be increased to 1,000mm regardless of whether the structure is new or existing.12
Figure 13: Door clearances between a series of doors; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Figure 14: Clear door opening; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines 12
International Paralympic Committee (2020) Accessibility Guide. Germany: Paralympic.org. pp 44
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3.3 Turning Space for Wheelchairs
While considering the design or adjustment of any space, the minimum requirements described below should be considered to allow wheelchair-users to circulate freely. Turning space should be a clear circular space with a 1200mm min. radius. In some instances, the clear space can be defined by a ‘T’ shape, which allows a person to manoeuvre under certain conditions Clearance spaces should never be overlapped by objects. It is common to find doors and different objects overlapping into the clearance space which can easily hinder the accessibility of the space.13
Figure 15: Turning space clearances; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3.4 Reach Ranges
13 14
While creating accessible spaces, all operable parts of equipment, such as switches, buttons, or any other object to be used within such space, must be within reach range of all users. There is two main approaching methods: forward and side approach. It is best practice to provide both options when designing a space. It is recommended to locate operable parts, especially controls, within the most comfortable obstructed/unobstructed reach, between 750mm and 1220mm above the finish floor, as it allows for a comfortable reach of a person sitting or standing while using any equipment.14
ibid, 51 Ibid 52
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Figure 16: Side and front approach; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Figure 17: Reach ranges; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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3.5 Emergency Provision Emergency response plans need to particularly consider – and provide adequate solutions for – potential users who have mobility, sensory or cognitive limitations. In the event of a fire, when elevators cannot be used, areas of rescue assistance must be available to anyone who would have difficulty traversing sets of stairs. 3.5.2 Areas of Rescue Assistance
Areas of rescue assistance shall be provided in all cases where immediate egress to an open and safe area is only available through the use of stairs during an emergency. These areas should be located on an accessible route and have a minimum size of 850mm x 1,300mm per anticipated potential user
3.5.3 Alarms
Fire alarm pulls and fire extinguishers should be installed at an accessible height to permit wheelchair users and others to signal trouble or utilize the safety equipment. These devices are to be mounted at a maximum operating height of 1,200mm and be placed on an open wall free of obstructions. The same standard applies to fire and emergency alarms in button panels.
3.5.4 First Aid Rooms
All first aid facilities should accommodate all users. This requires tactile/high contrast signage and connecting paths accessible to wheelchair users and people using walking aids. In addition, the typical cot used in most first aid facilities should be replaced with a variable height gurney or change bench. A gender-neutral accessible washroom should also be located near the first aid room.
3.5.5 Building Evacuation Instructions
15
Easy-to-read emergency procedures and exit route maps are important components for everyone in the building. To ensure that people with visual impairments and others have access to this critical information, the evacuation instructions for the building need to appear in large print (minimum of 14 points), in high contrast (red on white or vice versa preferred), and include a floor plan diagram with clearly marked exit points. These signs are to be mounted at a maximum height of 1,350mm from the finished floor and also need to highlight the accessible route to the closest exit and/or rescue assistance area. 15
Ibid 59
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3.5.6 Emergency Evacuation
Routes acting as immediate egress to an open and safe area must encompass a barrier-free path of travel to an exit. It is essential to maintain a clear route of travel through a facility that provides a suitable passing width for persons and should be free of obstacles for people with vision impairments and those of different heights and sizes. The width of a hallway varies depending on the planned traffic density of the path. Pathway widths for the varying pathway widths depend on the density of the traffic. All hallways should allow for turnaround, overpassing, or manoeuvring space every 10m. 16
Figure 18: Pathway widths; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3.6 Accessible Spaces 3.6.1 Walking Surfaces and Protruding Objects Pathways and circulation areas should be free from tripping hazards or protruding objects so that all facilities enable users of any functional ability to encounter a path free of obstacles. Objects that cannot be detected easily by a person with limited sight ability, or by a blind person who uses a cane, can be hazardous 3.6.2 Protruding Objects
16
Protruding objects should not obstruct the path of travel. However, if it is necessary to place an object on the path, it should be taken into consideration when calculating
Ibid 59
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the clear space of a route. Objects on the path do not reduce the path minimum width requirement. Objects protruding into accessible routes with their leading edges between 700mm and 2,100mm from the floor shall not extend beyond 400mm into any pedestrian pathways, including, but not limited to, corridors, passageways, or aisles
Figure 19: Protruding objects; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Protruding objects should also take into consideration low ceilings or under-the staircase spaces. Clear headroom space of 2,100mm is required across the entire width and length of the pathway for the safety of all people. If headroom becomes lower than the recommended dimension, a guard must be provided to prevent people from trespassing into the lower areas17
Figure 20: Headroom; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines 17
Ibid 64
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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3.7 Ramps Seamless access without height differences is preferred along any path of travel. A ramp allows a wide range of users to have access and move efficiently, including people using a wheelchair, pushing strollers, and moving heavy items 3.7.1 Slope
The best practice gradient to be used for a ramp is 1:20 (5%) with landings every 10m. The following table shows the maximum allowable slope of ramps for slope values based on the vertical distance to be covered by the ramp
Table 5: Maximum allowable slopes of ramps; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
To fulfil the best practice gradient for a ramp, it means that for every 1cm of height increase, the distance covered by the ramp is 20cm. This design requirement applies to all ramps in newly designed buildings The minimum width of a ramp between handrails shall be 1,800mm to allow two wheelchairs to overpass
Figure 21: Ramp slope; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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Exception: If the length of the ramp is less than or equal to 5m, it can be made 1,500mm wide.18
Figure 22: Ramps and sloped surfaes; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3.8 Landings
18 19
Landings are levelled surfaces that allow a person to rest or find body balance while going up or down an incline path. They should also be placed in front of doors or when an incline path changes direction. If a ramp covers a vertical height difference of more than 500mm a landing is required. A new landing is required for every 500mm of vertical height difference the ramp covers. The horizontal length between landing is dependent on the ramp’s gradient. 1. If the gradient is 1:14, a landing is required every 7m of horizontal length. 2. If the gradient is 1:20, a landing is required every 10m of horizontal length. 3. If the gradient is less than 1:20, the horizontal length between landings may increase proportionally, but shall not exceed 20m. Landings are also required when the ramp changes direction. In such cases, the landing should provide at least a 1,800mm turning radius. Landings should be the same width as the ramp connecting to it and should be 1,800mm (min) in depth.19
Ibid 67 Ibid 70
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3.9 Stairs Stairs, moving walkways, and escalators should be made accessible, as these elements are very important when connecting buildings. Moving walkways and escalators can be very helpful to alleviate areas of high traffic of people or long walking distances. Certain considerations should be made to ensure these elements are accessible. 3.9.1 Stairs Dimension
Stairs need to provide uniform riser heights and tread depths. Riser heights should be no more than 180mm and not less than 125mm high; best practice is 150mm. Treads should run no less than 280mm and not more than 350mm deep, measured from riser to riser. Closed risers are essential; open risers should be avoided.
3.9.2 Nosing
The nosing may not project more than 38mm and should have high visual contrast to the tread and be of a non-slip material. They need to be illuminated to a minimum level light of 100lux and have no abrupt undersides. When projecting, the nosing should be sloped to the riser at less than 60 degrees angle in relation to the horizontal plane of the tread20
Figure 23: Stair dimensions; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines 20
Ibid 76
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3.10 Elevator When a ramp or a gradient walkway is not possible, elevators are essential to cover vertical height differences in a building or a facility. Elevators that fulfill accessibility standards shall be identified with appropriate signage. 3.10.1 Elevator Car
The elevator car size shall not be less than 1,700mm x 1,500mm. In facilities with high public use, such as sporting venues, the Paralympic Village residences, or entertainment facilities, the size of the car shall not be less than 2,100mm x 1,500mm. Where flow-through designs are not appropriate, a mirror is required on the back wall of elevators to help people with a mobility impairment exit the car in crowded conditions. The bottom edge of this mirror must be no higher than 1,000mm from the finished floor Handrails shall be installed at a height of 850-950mm21
Figure 24: Elevator interior plan; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines 21
Ibid 79
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3.10 Washing And Plumbing Equipment When designing a building, one of the most critical areas to monitor to ensure accessibility is plumbing elements such as toilet compartments, showers, and water fountains. This chapter details the minimum requirements necessary to provide accessible plumbing fixtures usable by all. 3.10.1 Drinking fountain
As communities seek to move away from single-use plastic, public drinking fountains are becoming more prevalent. Drinking fountains must be designed and placed taking into consideration the difference in the users, such as a person standing and a person seating or those with short stature. A drinking fountain intended for a person standing should be located with the spout 1,050mm above the finished floor and approximately 150mm clear from the wall. A drinking fountain for wheelchair users or people of small stature should be located with the spout 900mm above the finished floor and approximately 380mm clear from the wall.
3.10.2 Toilet And Compartment Cubicles
Accessible toilet compartments and bathrooms are essential for providing an adequate service to all clients during any sporting event. The enlarged cubicle is necessary to assist ambulant people with a disability, people with babies or with small children, and/or people with large bags. Enlarged accessible toilet compartments/cubicles should consider the following points 1. The interior of the cubicle should provide a clear turning radius of 1,500mm which does not overlap any of the plumbing fixtures, such as the toilet and sink. 2. The outward swinging door should offer a clear width of at least 700mm and not overlap any of the clearances of the plumbing fixtures. 3. The toilet pan must be served by at least one vertical handrail which is 600mm long, located with the center line positioned 1,200mm above the finished floor level.
3.10.3 Urinals Although it is important to always provide a gender-neutral accessible toilet for persons with disabilities (especially wheelchair users), both the men’s and the women’s toilets should also provide accessible fixtures.22
22
Ibid 98-99
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The following design guidelines should be taken into consideration when designing an accessible urinal:
In all men’s bathrooms provide at least one accessible urinal. Accessible urinals must have an elongated bowl with the top of the rim no more than 430 mm from the finished floor level The accessible urinal must have a contrasting colour in relation to its back wall There should be a clear space in front of the accessible urinal offering 760mm clear width and the space 1,220mm long. Vertical grab rails 600mm long should be positioned either side of the accessible urinal. Each vertical grab rail should be positioned so that its centre point is located 1,200mm above the finished floor level
Figure 25: Accessible urinals; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3.10.4 Shower and Water Closet In some instances, a combination of a shower and a toilet are the best option to provide an accessible toilet and a shower or changing space for wheelchair users. The following design guidelines should be taken into consideration:
A toilet with front and side transfer approach should be provided as shown if fig.
Figure 26: Side and front approach; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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A shower should be provided with a shower bench. It should be approachable from the side and free of steps. An emergency button should be located within reach range near the toilet and the shower. A sink should be provided with front and side approach A changing table should be provided between 500mm–580mm height. A full body mirror should be placed to allow any person look into the mirror. The location of the mirror should be free of obstacles for people with mobility impairments. Hand dryer and paper towels should be placed at 1,000mm height. Toilet paper should be placed between 350mm and 450mm at 100mm maximum away from the edge of the toilet.23
Figure 27: Bathroom fixtures schematic 1; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
23
Ibid 102
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Figure 28: Bathroom fixtures schematic 2; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Table 6: Bathroom fixtures measurements; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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3.11 Locker Room Venue locker rooms are a very important space as they provide the preparation area for the athletes. Different sports have different needs inside this space, so the design of a locker room should be versatile and allow flexibility. 3.11.1 Locker Design The design of lockers should take into consideration accessibility parameters so they can be used by any athlete regardless of disability. Some of the characteristics are:
Locker door handle should be placed between 610mm and 1,220mm. A hanger rod must be placed within reachable range for a person to have access from a seated position. The locker should be easy to access, without having any obstacles such as benches in front. There should be enough space to circulate and operate the doors. 24
Figure 29: Locker interior elevation; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3.12 Washer and Dryer When washing machines and tumble dryers are provided, the best practice is to ensure that at least 1 (or 10% of the total number of) machine(s) are accessible based on the following guidelines:
24 25
Washing machines and tumble dryers are front-loading machines Washing machines or tumble dryers to be located on a plinth to raise the centre of the door opening to 600mm above finished floor level. Ensure all washing machines and tumble dryers provided have control panels and operating buttons no higher than 1,200mm above finished floor level.25
Ibid 108 Ibid 109
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Washing machines should provide a clear passageway no less than 1,000mm when the machine door is open.
Figure 30: Washing and drying machines; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3.13 Accessible Room 1. Entry door The door shall provide a minimum clear width of 850mm, while best practice is 950mm and should be equipped with ‘U’ shaped levered handsets Safety chains, locks and other hardware must be operable by one hand, not require good dexterity to operate, and be mounted a maximum of 1,200mm above the finished floor. 2. Circulation and transfer space The room needs to provide at least one space for circulation and change of direction. This space must be at minimum 1,200 mm x 1,200mm (or diameter 1,200mm) with best practice being 1,500mm x 1,500mm (or diameter 1,500mm). Transfer space must be provided in all areas where the guest who uses a wheelchair is expected to move, such as toilets, beds, and desk seating. It is considered best practice to provide 915mm or wider circulation space. Existing paths and passageways should be at least 1,000mm wide, with best practice being 1,500mm. 3. Beds Bed top height shall be 450–500mm. An aisle of at least 800mm (with best practice being 915mm) along at least one side of the bed is required. The bed frame needs to permit a minimum 100mm x 100mm kick-space between the floor and the bottom edge of the bed. 4. Closet A manoeuvring space of 1,500mm should be provided in front of closets. 35 | DESIGN STANDARDS
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Closets shall have a low mounted hanger rod at 1,200mm above the finished floor. Split closets, with both high and low mounted hanger rods, are recommended Preferably, doors should be equipped with ‘U’ shaped levered or another accessible handle.
5. Furniture and Finishes If the access aisle to the bed is less than 1,200mm, then the bedside tables need to provide a minimum toe space of 225mm high x 300mm deep. Other tables should provide a minimum knee clearance of 700mm underneath to a depth of 450mm Thresholds should be totally avoided or flush. If unavoidable, they should not be higher than 25mm. 6. Bathroom elements A minimum knee clearance under the counter is 750mm to a depth of 500mm. The top height of the counter should be no more than 850mm. The counter should provide the possibility of front or side approach. Mirrors are to be mounted with the bottom edge at a maximum of 1,000mm. 7. Showers/tubs elements While a shower is considered a more accessible solution, people of different mobility or sensory capacity prefer bathtubs as well. An equal number of rooms with roll-in showers and accessible bathtubs are recommended. All tubs and showers need to be equipped with an offset, single lever-mixing valve, and a hand-held shower held on a minimum 1,500mm hose.26
Figure 31: Accessible king room floor plan; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
26
Ibid 130-133
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Figure 32: Accessible king room 3D layout; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Figure 33: Accessible queen room floor plan; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Figure 34: Accessible queen room 3D layout; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines 37 | DESIGN STANDARDS
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3.14 Parking Accessible parking spaces are designed to allow wheelchair users or people with reduced mobility to transfer in and out of the car, either while they are the passenger or the driver. All parking lots, garages or street parking should provide an adequate number of parking spaces with the proper accessible features considered. It is important to consider some of the following design parameters when designing accessible parking areas:
Designated parking spaces must be a minimum of 3,200mm wide, while best practice is 3,600mm. Two spaces can share the transfer zone to help minimize the space requirements for designated parking. One in eight designated spaces need to accommodate side lift vans. Van parking requires a total width of 4,600mm (expanding the transfer area by 700mm to accommodate the lift). Underground parking stations should provide a minimum of 2,300mm head clearance (best practice is 2,500mm) throughout, to ensure wheelchair roof mounted vehicles can operate. In car parking areas, a minimum of 2% (best practice is 3%) of car spaces should be provided for people with disability. These spaces shall be located at the most convenient point for the users, taking into account proximity and with a safe route to- Pedestrian entries and exits - Lifts and ramps - Accessible toilets - Pay stations27
Figure 35: Parking space and access aisle; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines 27
Ibid 120
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CHAPTER 4. CASE STUDY
4.1 CULTURAL - SPORTS COMPLEX FOR DISABLED, TEHRAN, IRAN 4.1.1 Introduction
Figure 36: Cultural sports complex for disabled; Source: archdaily
Location: Tehran, Iran
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Architect: Arash Mozafari Site area: 1.23 acre / 5000 sqm Built-up Area: 18,000 sqm Project year: 2011 More than 3 million disabled of natural disasters, accidents and Iran-Iraq war are living in Iran. They are so vulnerable and forgotten due to the lack of urban facilities and other special services. In 2007, Cultural-Social Administration of Tehran municipality, decided to construct a cultural-sport complex for disabled in each 22 Tehran districts, in order to increase these kinds of facilities. Thus, one physical program was prepared by an initiatory consultant and was advised to all districts to have the same program for all of these complexes.
4.1.2 Site Analysis 1. Location and Connectivity Situated in district number 20 of Tehran, the plot area of the building is surrounded by major roads i.e. Fadaeiyan Eslam St and secondary roads Esmaeli Abadi and Golshani 39 | CASE STUDY
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which the site is located is predominantly residential, followed by a few commercial and mixed-use spaces.
Figure 37: Location and connectivity; Source: author
2. Climate and Site orientation
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
The climate related specifications for the site has been mentioned below:
The wind direction for the site is from north-west to south east. It experiences composite climate Average high temperatures are between 32 and 37 °C Summers are hot, arid, and clear and the winters are very cold, dry, and mostly clear
Figure 38: Site orientation; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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3. Land use The figure highlights the land-use of the area where the precinct is majorly dominated by residential areas followed by areas devoted to institutional and commercial purposes.
Figure 39: Land use; Source: scribd
4.1.3 Planning process
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
The proposed site was part of a 50x100 land (A) but they could just be built 60% of site’s northern part due to municipality rules of creating green space (B).
Figure 40: Planning process; Source: from caoi.ir, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
After the analysis of the restrictions and identifying to overcome and to make a space which behave in relation to inside and outside of the building following are the steps that took place in concept planning – 41 | CASE STUDY
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a) Void in the city Create void in between site to connect the southern garden.
Figure 41: Planning process stage 1; Source: from caoi.ir, modified by author
b) Injected public activity
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Public activities like the amphitheater, swimming pool, and multi-functional hall have been induced on the site.
Figure 42: Planning process stage 2; Source: from caoi.ir, modified by author
c) Parking under green
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Interaction with the park was created by providing parking at the basement level below the southern garden.
Figure 43: Planning process stage 3; Source: from caoi.ir, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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d) Demolishing and reviving The interaction between the city, park and the volume has been created by demolishing the obsolete structures which were present on the garden and the realm of the southern garden was revived
Figure 44: Planning process stage 4; Source: from caoi.ir, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
e) Final result
The final design for the site is the outcome of the different planning stages where tracks have been added on the garden side, meanwhile school factory has been added on the other side.
Figure 45: Planning process stage 5; Source: from caoi.ir, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
4.1.4 Programme Analysis Cultural-sport complex for the disabled contains these spaces: the administrative sector and cultural sector contain of library, gallery, Amphitheater, media center. The educational sector contains of a conference hall, training classes, and workshops. Sports sector contains pool, Steam Sauna, Hydrotherapy Pool, Table Tennis Hall, Gym, Fitness, Shooting Hall, Multipurpose Hall, Chess Room, and wheelchair path. Service contains of Buffet, Public hall, place of worship, parking, utility and circulation.
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Figure 46: Programme analysis; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
4.1.5 Vertical zoning The vertical zoning for the complex has been highlighted through the figure where central atrium has the accessible ramps which connects to different spaces like the multi-functional hall, restaurant and amphitheatre etc.
Figure 47: Vertical zoning; Source: scribd ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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4.1.6 Floor Plans
The ground floor comprises of the administration area with cabins for the president, vice president, staff, and conference room towards the eastern side, entrance towards the northern side and library towards the western side. The first floor consists of lobby and reception area and restaurant towards the center and library towards the west and prayer rooms towards the eastern side. The structure is divided into two functional boxes separated by an atrium between the two boxes from second to fourth floor. The functional box towards the west comprises of gymnasium, shooting range and locker rooms in the first floor, table tennis and chess room in the second floor and multipurpose hall on the fourth floor. The functional box towards the east comprises of training, counselling and workshop rooms in the first and second floors, and an auditorium in the fourth floor and fifth floor. Fifth floor is an extension of the fourth floor comprising multipurpose hall and auditorium and an athletic wheel chair track on the roof
a. Ground floor plan B
A
B
A
Figure 48: Floor plan 1; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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b. Basement 1 and 2 B
A
B
A
Figure 49: Floor plan 2; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
c. First floor plan B
A
B
A
Figure 50: Floor plan 3; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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d. Second floor plan B
A
B
A
Figure 51: Floor plan 4; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
e. Third floor plan B
A
B
A
Figure 52: Floor plan 5; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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f. Fourth floor plan B
A
B
A
Figure 53: Floor plan 6; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
g. Fifth floor plan B
A
B
A
Figure 54: Floor plan 7; Source: from archdaily, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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h. Roof plan B
A
B
A
Figure 55: Floor plan 8; Source: from archdaily, modified by author
4.1.7 Elevation
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Figure 56: Elevations; Source: archdaily ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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4.1.8 Section
Figure 57: Sections; Source: archdaily ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
4.1.9 Isometric
Figure 58: Isometric; Source: archdaily ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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4.1.10 Views
Figure 59: Specific views within the site ; Source: from archdaily, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
4.1.11 Inferences
The disabled sports complex in Tehran, Iran consists of a single building structure that includes various sports facilities for the para-athletes namely: basketball, table tennis, chess, swimming and shooting. Another intriguing factor about the sports complex is that different functions, i.e. culture, sports and education have been coherently clubbed together in order to formulate the design and these functions have been merged in such a manner that the working of any of the functions, remains unaffected by the other. Further, considering the convenience and comfort of the disabled athletes, the entire northern facade of the building has been dedicated to the cores, where specific importance has been given to ramps that runs through the entire length of the building and connects the different levels together, thereby ensuring efficient and hassle-free movement of the para-athletes. 51 | CASE STUDY
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4.2 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU SPORTS COMPLEX, NEW DELHI, INDIA 4.2.1 Introduction
Figure 60: Jawaharlal Nehru sports complex; Source: gmp.de
Location: New Delhi, India
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Architect:
Government of India (built) Gerkan, Marg and Partners and Schlaich Bergermann Partner (redesigned)
Site area: 100 Acre / 404685 sq m Built-up Area: 78815.45 sq m Project year:
1982 (built) 1983 (opened) 2010 (renovated)
The legendary Jawaharlal Nehru Sports (JNS) Complex, named after the first Prime Minister of India, was built by the Government of India to host the 9th Asian games in 1982 following which it hosted the 1989 Asian championship in athletics and the 2010 Commonwealth games. The stadium is a part of the Jawaharlal Nehru sports complex in central Delhi, which also houses the headquarters of the Sports Authority of India and is located near the Central Government Offices (C.G.O.) Complex in the Lodhi Road area.
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4.2.2 Site Analysis 1. Location and Connectivity Situated in Zone D of the capital city Delhi, India, the plot area of the Jawaharlal Nehru complex is surrounded by major roads on three sides i.e. the Bhisma Pitamah Marg, Baba Banda Bahadur Setu Marg, and JLN stadium road. The site area has extensively efficient connectivity as two metro stations, i.e. JLN Stadium and Jangpura are located very close to it.
Figure 61: Location and connectivity; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
2. Climate and Site orientation The climate related specifications for the site has been mentioned below:
The wind direction for the site is from North-West to South-East. Located in Delhi, the site lies in the Composite climate zone Average high temperatures range from 32 – 43 o C during summers and nigh time values are from 27 to 32 o C The region experiences higher humidity levels during monsoons and Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 – 1300 mm per year.
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Figure 62: Site orientation; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
3. Land Use The land-use of the precinct area has been highlighted through the image provided below. The different areas for residential, commercial, public, semi-public facilities and open spaces have been highlighted which surround the entire JLN complex.
Figure 63: Land use; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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4. Zoning Zoning of the site highlights the main stadium in the center, whereas the other important facilities are provided all along the periphery of the site such as tennis, football, cricket, archery, etc. Further, the site has 6 different entry and exit points for better access
Figure 64: Zoning; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
4.2.3 Site Circulation
Figure 65: Site circulation; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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4.2.4 Programme Analysis
Figure 66: Programme analysis; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
4.2.5 General Features
Design Inspired- Foshan Stadium, China Seating capacity- 60,254 fixed seats Roof area- 53,800 sq m Teflon coated roof Entrance / Egress Accessible ramps- 14 & 4 ramps for upper and lower seating respectfully Lifts- 15 nos. with machine room Escalators- 2 nos. Stairs- 14 stairs to 1st concourse level Sports Discipline- Athletics, Weightlifting, Football, Volleyball, Archery, badminton, basketball, Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Table Tennis, Fitness Centre
Figure 67: Different means of entry/exit; Source: author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
The following figure shows different means of entry and egress to the stadium and concourse levels. 56 | CASE STUDY
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4.2.6 Floor Plans a. Ground floor plan
Figure 68: Floor plan 1; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
b. First floor plan
Figure 69: Floor plan 2; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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c. Second floor plan
Figure 70: Floor plan 3; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
d. Third floor plan
Figure 71: Floor plan 4; Source: from scribd, modified by author ; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
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4.2.7 Site Views
Figure 72: Specific views within the site ; Source: author
4.2.8 Inference
; Source: IPC accessibility guidelines
Jawaharlal Nehru sports complex is a massive sports stadium that enjoys extensive location advantage and is well connected with major roads on all sides. the site is also easily accessible with prominent metro stations, railway station, and airport lying in its very close proximity. Further, the stadium complex has 21 entry gates on different sides of the plot that offers extensive connectivity with the different surpassing roads. Training Facilities for different sports except for badminton, have been provided on the ground itself, in different patches, and have not been merged together into a single building structure. Tracks and fields in the main stadium of the Jawaharlal Nehru sports complex, have been designed as per the international sport's standards, for hosting and preparing for various national and international level games. Moreover, the stadium has been designed keeping in mind the convenience of the disabled people and has been provided with various lifts and ramps to ensure efficient and obstacle-free movement of the disabled athletes. 59 | CASE STUDY
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4.3 Comparative Analysis
S. No.
Parameters
Case study 1 (Cultural Sports Complex for disabled, Tehran)
1.
Location
Tehran, Iran
2.
Climate
Composite
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Accessibility
Site area
Site surrounding
Zoning
Concept and Design
The site can be approached by only one major primary road that lies on only one side
Case study 2 (Jawaharlal Nehru Sports complex, New Delhi) New Delhi, India Composite
Inference
-
The site can be easily approached by all means
JLN sports complex has better accessibility and approach which makes it easier to access by all users and any means of transport.
1.23 acre / 5000 sqm
100 Acre / 404685 sq m
JLN has larger site area but a lot of spaces have been left unused or underutilized.
The site is predominantly surrounded by residential areas followed by few commercial and institutional areas
The site is surrounded by residential, commercial, public, semipublic facilities and open spaces.
Building a sports complex near a mixed use land can help in developing a strong neighbourhood for the complex and for the overall development of the surrounding areas.
It has been planned as per the site zoning where the main stadium is provided at the centre and all the other facilities are along the periphery of the site
Zoning for design is important as it helps in creating well balanced functional spaces for the users. It can be either vertical or all along the site depending upon the usage as can be seen from both case studies.
Design of stadium has been inspired
Having a design concept can enhance the overall value of the building and can also
It has been planned as per the vertical zoning where central atrium has the accessible ramps which connects to different spaces like the multifunctional hall, restaurant and amphitheatre etc. The design concept of the building is to make a space
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which behave in by the Foshan relation to Stadium , China inside and outside of the building.
8.
9.
10.
Building typology
Sports Discipline
No. of entry/exits
11. No. of cores
attract more visitors towards it. As per the concept building of cultural sports complex for disabled in Tehran is not only aesthetically pleasing but it is also user friendly. Different building typologies have their own pros and cons. As for the cultural sports complex for the disabled in Tehran, different functions have been merged together into a single building by ensuring the hasslefree circulation of the users whereas in the case of JLN, New Delhi several sports facilities have been provided under one roof with proper dedicated areas for training.
It is a building with 6 floors and 2 basement levels
It is a sports complex comprising of an auditorium, hostel building, main stadium and offices.
Swimming, Basketball, Shooting, Table Tennis, Chess, Wheelchair track. Fitness centre
Athletics, Weightlifting, Football, Volleyball, Archery, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Table Tennis, Fitness Centre
In case of cultural sports complex, Tehran, para athletes have access to all the sports facilities whereas in the case of JLN para athletes have access to only athletics and archery
3
21
Since the scale of the sites , as well as their level of approachability, is different , hence the no. of entry/exits provided are also different
4 Ramps, 4 Lifts, 6 stairs
18 Ramps, 15 Lifts, 14 stairs, 2 Escalators
-
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CHAPTER 5. PROPOSALS AND INTERVENTIONS
5.1 Analysis of Literature study 1. Physical activity and its importance Sports is a form of physical activity, which, through casual or organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness. Apart from the 3 broad categories i.e. recreational sport, performance sport, and high-performance sport, activities undertaken while working, playing, traveling, carrying out housework, and engaging in recreational pursuits are also a part of physical activities. Whether it is for health benefits, improving social contact or for fun physical activity is essential for quality of life and act as a public health promoter. The WHO recommends that adults should do at least 150–300 minutes of moderateintensity aerobic physical activity or at least 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week. However, about 25% of the world's population remains insufficiently active, and of this 25%, a major contribution is posed by the disabled population that remains insufficiently physically active which leads to an increased risk of mortality rates by 20-30%. The figure below shows the percentage of adults who do not get sufficient aerobic physical activity as per their disability type.
Figure 74: Physical activity statistics; Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics
2. Population with disability There are 1.2 billion persons with disabilities in the world. They represent 15% of the global population and 80% of persons with disabilities reside in low-income countries. In the case of India the differently-abled population in India is 2.21% i.e. 26.8 million and it has been increasing over years.
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3. Fundamental rights of disabled While historically limitations and exclusions were imposed on the participation of men and women with a disability in sport, namely due to the myth that sport, being representative of physical prowess, could not include those who had a physical impairment but in December 2006 a human right treaty that provided a legal framework to ensure people with a disability can access their fundamental human rights, one of which is the right to take part in cultural life, including participation in play, recreational, leisure and sporting activities, on an equal basis with others and it was one of the fastest treaties ever negotiated at the United Nations.
4. Origin of paralympic games The history of sports for persons with disabilities traces back to the 18th and 19th centuries when sports just began to be viewed as a tool for the rehabilitation of people with a disability. Dr. Ludwig Guttmann was the instrumental figure in establishing the International Paralympic Movement as he founded the National Spinal Injuries Unit at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England in 1944 to address the needs of the people injured during World War II. He believed that sports could play a massive role in the development of people with a spinal cord injury as a result of which the Stoke Mandeville Games were introduced. The Stoke Mandeville Games later became the Paralympic Games which first took place in Rome, Italy, in 1960 featuring 400 athletes from 23 countries
5. Born of paralympic committee Finally, on 22 September 1989, the International Paralympic Committee was founded as an international non-profit organisation in Dusseldorf, Germany, to act as the global governing body of the Paralympic Movement. Ever since then the Paralympic Games have grown and developed on a global scale with several federations and organizations being set up with an aim to work towards the welfare and development of the para-athletes.
Figure 75: IPC Logo; Source: paralympics.org
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6. India at paralympics With the progressive advancements in the field of Paralympics across different countries around the globe, the Indian Government has also introduced several policies and schemes for the development and welfare of persons with disabilities in the country. Out of all the 22 summer paralympic sports, 20 sports are being practised in India but only in 9 such games India have been an active participant in paralympics. The journey of India at the Paralympics has not been a very smooth one but with successive years, the progress has just been considerable enough to be quoted. YEAR 1960, Rome 1964, Tokyo 1968, Tel Aviv 1972, Heidelberg 1976, Toronto 1980, Arnhem 1984, New York 1988, Seoul 1992, Barcelona 1996, Atlanta 2000, Sydney 2004, Athens 2008, Beijing 2012, London 2016, Rio de Janeiro 2020, Tokyo
NO. OF MEDALS PARTICIPANTS Did Not Participate Did Not Participate 10 0 10 1 Did Not Participate Did Not Participate 5 4 2 0 9 0 9 0 4 0 12 2 5 0 10 1 19 4 54 19 Table 7: Progress of India over the years; Source: Wikipedia
The following table shows the overall progress of India at the paralympics from the year 1960 to 2020.
7. Inference This slow yet sturdy progress of India at the Paralympics suggests that the country has a strong potential of achieving remarkable wonders at the Paralympics, yet the country has witnessed minimal participation at the Paralympics over the years. Unavailability of proper infrastructure and services, lack of trained coaches, and lack of awareness of disabled sports amongst the society are some of the core reasons that have affected the participation of the country in the Paralympics.
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5.2 Inferences from case study 1. Accessibility: Easy and convenient approach or accessibility of the site is directly important for the proper utilization and development of the project. Transit connectivity can help develop the different means by which users can access the site. The importance of accessibility and approach has been highlighted in both the case studies as well. JLN had extensive connectivity with major roads on all sides, thereby providing easy access to all users and by any means of transport. On the other hand, the cultural sports complex in Tehran had access through a major primary road lying on one side of the site. 2. Site surrounding: Having a sports complex with rich and diverse precinct areas or mixed-land uses helps in creating a strong neighbourhood for the site and for the overall development of the surrounding areas. The presence of such a diverse context will help enhance the potential for healthy revenue generation and utilization of the maximum available resources. A similar scenario has been highlighted in the case studies where JLN was surrounded by mixed land uses and the cultural sports complex in Tehran has been entirely surrounded by residential areas and a few patches of commercial and institutional uses. 3. Zoning: Zoning helps in regulating the built environment of the site and contributes toward creating well-balanced functional spaces for enhancing the overall user experience. Zoning regulation is one of the most important planning objectives for designers. As can be seen from the case studies as well that properly dedicated areas were designed as per the usage to ensure efficient and hassle-free circulation of the users. 4. Concept and Design: A concept not only gives a unified direction to the design process but also helps at enhancing the overall value and usability of the project. Further, a thoughtful idea on maintaining the environmental balance and reducing energy consumption can be deployed in the design strategies. Having a concept that also sensitizes the environmental impact should also be given due consideration. Contrary to this factor, strategies promoting environmental sustenance have not been given any kind of consideration in the case studies. 5. Building typology: Different building typologies have different functions and different alignment of spaces as per the usage and requirement of the users. However, each kind of typology can be provided with certain socially interactive spaces in order to enhance and develop a healthy social relationship. In the jln complex, various patches of land in the massive site area were left unused and underutilized which could have been treated to create interactive social spaces. similarly, in the case of Tehran, certain areas of interaction should have been provided.
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5.3 Proposals and interventions The analysis drawn from the case studies and the literature study highlights the fact that there has been a constant shortage of proper facilities and trained coaches in the country for disabled athletes. Although, 20 out of 22 paralympic games are practiced and played in the country, however still a dedicated sports complex for disabled athletes has not been founded in India. Hence there happens to be a dire need for a dedicated sports complex for the disabled sports athletes in the country. Further, the interventions and strategies proposed below should be the key considerations for the development of such a sports complex.
1. Accessibility: Ensuring easy and convenient accessibility to the site, so that it can be easily accessed by all users and by all means of transport is one of the core aspects that should be given apprehensive consideration. In order to achieve, such a level of accessibility, strengthening and implementing the TOD (transit-oriented development) principles can contribute to a great extent.
Figure 76: TOD Components; Source: mohua.gov.in
2. Site surroundings: Promoting a diverse, mixed-use urban precinct around any proposed sports complex holds an enduring vision for developing a strong neighborhood that can lead to the overall development of the sports complex and the surrounding areas. Firstly, development in a mixed-use area can help in spreading awareness amongst a vast section of the society about the availability of a dedicated disabled sports facility, and secondly, it can provide the local stakeholders with an opportunity for healthy revenue generation, thereby leading to maximum utilization of the available resources. Thus, the development of mixed-use land policies can help ensure the inter-dependent sustenance of both the sports complex as well as the local stakeholders in the surrounding area
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Figure 77: Mixed-use benefits; Source: researchgate.net
3. Zoning: Providing properly dedicated areas for different functions is an extreme necessity of any design for ensuring enhanced user experience and efficient circulation between different spaces. Apart from dedicated areas for proper training and other sports facilities, the zoning should also be inclusive of some other spaces that can help in the individual well-being. Certain open and semi-open spaces can help in creating a calming and soothing ambiance for the users.
Figure 78: Healing architecture spaces; Source: rethinkingthefuture.com .net
4. Concept and design: Design concepts not only moulds the aesthetical balance or the functional planning of the structure but also holds the potential to increase the overall value of the project. Further concepts focused on environmental balance and energy reduction, can help in the introduction of certain green building techniques in the design that can lead to improved environmental sustainability and low energy consumption, thereby reducing the dependence on renewable resources of energy 67 | PROPOSALS AND INTERVENTIONS
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Figure 79: benefits of green building; Source: author
5. Building typology Building typologies differ with varying purposes and functions as per the usage and requirement of the users. Each typology holds its own specific set of characteristics and alignment of spaces depending on the planning considerations. However, in the case of sports complexes, these typologies should also include certain open interactive spaces that can add an essence of the local community and can help develop healthy social relationships. Addition of public squares will not only enhance the user experience but will also increase community participation, thereby leading to increased employment opportunities.
Figure 80: Public squares; Source: juliusbaer.com
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CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION
The perception of ‘Sport’ and what it constitutes has been continually debated for decades with many definitions and concepts emerging over the years. The Council of Europe’s European Sports Charter defines sports as “all forms of physical activity, which, through casual or organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels”. However, despite of the endless list of advantages that this sport poses, there is a section of society that has been deprived of savoring the advantages of sports and that is the people with disability. About 15% of the global population share is constituted by disabled people. However, despite several policies and schemes being implemented for their welfare, a large share of this population continues to be deprived of the benefits of sports and remains physically inactive. The Indian government has also developed various schemes and policies for the development of the disabled, but the constant lack of proper sports facilities and trained coaches has affected the country’s participation in the Paralympics. Besides lack of awareness, the absence of a proper dedicated sports complex for disabled athletes forms the core reason for the slow progress of India in the Paralympics. The case studies done during the entire course of this research have helped to analyze several positive and negative aspects that play a major role in the development of sports facilities for disabled athletes. The striking characteristics of the dedicated sports complex in Tehran have been studied in detail and further compared with the JLN sports complex in India. Analysis drawn from the case studies and from the background study has eventually led to the formulation of several different proposals and interventions that can help in the development of a sports facility for disabled sports enthusiasts. Thus with a confirmed resolution on the need for a dedicated sports training center in India for disabled athletes, this research highlights the various features that should be inculcated within the design in order to ensure efficient and hassle-free movement of the users. With the provision of such a sports training center, it is expected that the present scenario of the disabled athletes will be improved and they will get a platform to polish their true potential. A dedicated training center will not only help in the country’s progress at the Paralympics but will also eventually contribute to the overall upliftment of the disabled section of society.
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REFERNCES 1. Physiopedia (n.d.) Sports for Individuals with a Physical Disability [WWW] Available from: https://www.physiopedia.com/Sports_for_Individuals_with_a_Physical_Disability#cite_note-1 [Accessed 02/04/2022] 2. Physiopedia (n.d.) Physical Activity in Individuals with Disabilities [WWW] Available from: https://www.physiopedia.com/Physical_Activity_in_Individuals_with_Disabilities ?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=related_articles&utm_campaign=ongoi ng_internal [Accessed 02/04/2022] 3. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation National Statistical Office (2021) Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) in India - A Statistical Profile : 2021. New Delhi. pp 2 4. International Paralympic Committee (n.d.) Paralympic History [WWW] Available from: https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history#:~:text=On%2029%20July%201948%2C %20the,a%20milestone%20in%20Paralympic%20history. [Accessed 01/04/2022] 5. International Paralympic Committee (2020) Accessibility Guide. Germany: Paralympic.org. pp 44
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://lrc.acharyainstitutes.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3903/1/Paralympic %20Training%20Center%20by%20Shabnam%20Shaji.pdf 2. https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/web/post/affiliated-state-ut-units 3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319231928_People_with_disabilities_an d_sport_An_exploration_of_topic_inclusion_in_sport_management 4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260097644_Disability_and_Sport 5. https://www.firstpost.com/sports/discriminated-and-ignored-the-sad-story-ofindias-paralympians-2053495.html 6. https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report %202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf 7. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html 8. https://www.dsni.co.uk/files/Guidance_1_Accessible_Sports_Facilities_Design_G uidelines.pdf 9. http://www.nhfdc.nic.in/upload/nhfdc/Persons_Disabilities_31mar21.pdf 10. https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/failed-state-disability-rights-indianparalympic-movement-24853 11. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/489533639/DESIGN-CASE-STUDY 12. https://issuu.com/shalinisinghar/docs/thesis_report_shalini_singh/34 13. https://www.archdaily.com/235723/cultural-sport-complex-for-disabledexperimental-branch-of-architecture 14. http://www.caoi.ir/en/projects/item/371-sport-complex-for-disabled.html 15. https://issuu.com/mafgohary/docs/executive_drawings_of_jawaharlal_ne 16. https://www.gmp.de/en/projects/566/jawaharlal-nehru-stadion-in-new-delhi
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