Oscars by Shruti

SHRUTI BRAHMA SECTION A, CD LEVEL I

STATUETTE

CEREMONIES

REFERENCE

REFLECTIVE 20 NOTE & ACKNOWLEDGMENT

HISTORY

AWARDS

CONCEPT

FINAL

GRAPHICS

CONTENTS

FIRSTS AND TRIVIA

INTRODUCTION

OSCARS THE

The Academy Awards, or “Oscars”, is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (A.M.P.A.S.) to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements in the United States film industry as assessed by the Academy’s voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname “Oscar”. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by A.M.P.A.S. The awards ceremony was first broadcast to radio in 1930 and televised in 1953. It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Oscars is the oldest entertainment awards ceremony; its equivalents, the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theatre, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording, are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 88th Academy Awards ceremony was held at the Dolby Theatre on February 28, 2016 and hosted by Chris Rock. A total of 2,947 Oscars have been awarded since the inception of the award through the 87th. The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The postawards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.

Source: Nichole Lars

The cost of guest tickets for that night’s ceremony was $5 ($69 in 2016 dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the filmmaking industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.

Source: John Errings

Winners had been announced to media three months earlier; however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards. This method was used until an occasion when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has, since 1941, used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier. 1

TRACING THE

HISTORY

Far from the eagerly anticipated and globally televised event it is today, the first Academy Awards ceremony took place out of the public eye during an Academy banquet at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. Two hundred seventy people attended the May 16, 1929 dinner in the hotel’s Blossom Room; guest tickets cost $5. It was a long affair filled with speeches, but Academy President Douglas Fairbanks made quick work of handing out the statuettes.

NO SURPRISES There was little suspense when the awards were presented that night: the recipients had already been announced three months earlier. That all changed the following year, however, when the Academy decided to keep the results secret until the ceremony but gave a list in advance to newspapers for publication at 11 p.m. on the night of the Awards. This policy continued until 1940 when, much to the Academy’s consternation, the Los Angeles Times broke the embargo and published the names of the winners in its evening edition – which was readily available to guests arriving for the ceremony. That prompted the Academy in 1941 to adopt the sealed-envelope system still in use today. Fifteen statuettes were awarded at the first ceremony for cinematic achievements in 1927 and 1928. The first Best Actor winner was acclaimed German tragedian Emil Jannings, who had to return to Europe before the ceremony. The Academy granted his request to receive the trophy early, making his statuette the very first Academy Award ever presented.

PUBLIC INTEREST The first presentation was the only one to escape a media audience; by the second year, enthusiasm for the Awards was such that a Los Angeles radio station produced a live one-hour broadcast of the event. The ceremony has been broadcast ever since. The Academy continued to hand out the awards at banquets – held at the Ambassador and Biltmore hotels – until 1942, when increased attendance made these dinner ceremonies impractical. Starting with the 16th Oscar ceremony, which was held at Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, the event has always been held at a theater.

Source: Christopher Polk

In 1953, the first televised Oscar ceremony enabled millions throughout the United States and Canada to watch the proceedings. Broadcasting in color began in 1966, affording home viewers a chance to fully experience the dazzling allure of the event. Since 1969, the Oscar show has been broadcast internationally, now reaching movie fans in over 200 countries.

AWARD

MILESTONES

NINTH AWARDS– The first Supporting Actor and

Supporting Actress Academy Awards are presented, for performances in films of 1936. The honors went to Walter Brennan for “Come and Get it” and Gale Sondergaard for “Anthony Adverse.”

FIRST AWARDS – Recognizing the need to honor

achievements that didn’t fit into fixed categories, the Academy presented two special awards at the very first ceremony in 1929: one to Warner Bros. for producing the pioneering talking picture “The Jazz Singer,” and one to Charles Chaplin for producing, directing, writing and starring in “The Circus.”

TENTH AWARDS – The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial

Award was presented for the first time at the ceremony held in 1938. The honor went to Darryl F. Zanuck.

TWELFTH AWARDS – Fred Sersen and E. H. Hansen of

20th Century Fox were the first winners of the Academy Award for Special Effects. They were honored for their work in the 1939 film “The Rains Came.”

SEVENTH AWARDS – Film Editing, Music Scoring, and

Song were added to the categories honoring films released in 1934. The year also brought the first write-in campaign, seeking to nominate Bette Davis for her performance in “Of Human Bondage.” (Academy rules now prohibit write-ins on the final ballot.)

FOURTEENTH AWARDS – In 1941, a documentary category appeared on the ballot for the first time.

TWENTIETH AWARDS – The first special award to

honor a foreign language motion picture was given in 1947 to the Italian film “Shoe-Sine.” Seven more special awards were presented before Foreign Language Film became an annual category in 1956.

TWENTY FIRST AWARDS-Costume Design was added to the ballots for 1948.

TWENTY FIFTH AWARDS – For the first time, the

Oscar presentation was televised. The NBC-TV and radio network carried the ceremony, honoring the films of 1952, live from Hollywood with Bob Hope as master of ceremonies, and from the NBC International Theatre in New York with Conrad Nagel as host.

TWENTY NINTH AWARDS – The Jean Hersholt

Humanitarian Award was established and Y. Frank Freeman was its first recipient.

THIRTY SIXTH AWARDS – The Special Effects Award was divided into Sound Effects and Special Visual Effects beginning with the honors for films released in 1963.

VOTING SYSTEM The annual Oscar presentation has been held since 1929. All voting for Academy Awards is conducted by secret ballot and tabulated by the international auditing firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers. Secrecy is maintained by the auditors - the results of balloting are not revealed until the now-famous envelopes are opened on stage during the live television program. Because the Academy numbers among its members the ablest artists and craftsmen in the motion picture world, the Oscar represents the best achievements of the year in the opinion of those who themselves reside at the top of their craft.

Each November, an election campaign commences that rivals, at least in Hollywood, the passions and sometimes the excesses of the quadrennial race for the nation’s presidency. It’s the race for the Academy Award nomination. Because of the Academy’s successful efforts to eliminate splashy gimmicks and gifts, the race consists principally of attempts by studios, independent distributors and publicists to make sure that each of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ 6,000+ voting members sees their film. It means special screenings for Academy members, free admission to commercial runs of a film and the mailing of DVDs.

THIRTY EIGHTH AWARDS– The Oscar ceremony in 1966 was the first to be televised in color.

FORTY FIRST AWARDS – The April 14, 1969, Oscar ceremony was the first major event held at the new Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Los Angeles County Music Center.

FIFTY FOURTH AWARDS – Makeup became an

annual category, with Rick Baker winning for his work on the 1981 movie “An American Werewolf in London.” The Gordon E. Sawyer Award, recognizing technological contributions to the industry, was established.

SEVENTY FOURTH AWARDS – The Animated Feature Film Award is added, with “Shrek” winning for 2001.

EARLY YEARS Since the earliest years, interest in the Academy Awards has run high, if not at the modern fever pitch. The first presentation was the only one to escape a media audience; by the second year, enthusiasm for the Awards was such that a Los Angeles radio station actually did a live one-hour broadcast of the event. The ceremony has had broadcast coverage ever since. For 15 years the Academy Awards presentations were banquet affairs; after the first at the Hollywood Roosevelt, they were held at the Ambassador and Biltmore hotels. The custom of presenting the statuettes at a banquet was discontinued after the 1942 Awards. Increased attendance and the war had made banquets impractical, and the presentation ceremonies have since been held in theaters. The 16th Awards ceremony was held at Grauman’s Chinese Theatre. It was covered by network radio for the first time and broadcast overseas to American GIs. The Awards stayed at Grauman’s for three years, then moved to the Shrine Civic Auditorium.

On April 14, 1969, the 41st Academy Awards ceremonies moved to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Los Angeles County Music Center. It was the first major event for this now world-renowned cultural center. The Awards remained at the Music Center until 1987, then the ceremonies returned to the Shrine Auditorium for the 60th and 61st Awards. For a dozen years, the event alternated venues – the 62nd, 64th, 65th, 66th, 68th and 71st Awards were held at the Music Center, while the 63rd, 67th, 69th, 70th, 72nd and 73rd were at the Shrine. Since 2002, the Academy Awards have been held at the Kodak Theatre at Hollywood and Highland Center® in Hollywood.

Two years later, in March 1949, the 21st Awards ceremony took place in the Academy’s own Melrose Avenue theater. For the next 11 years, the annual Awards were held at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. It was there, on March 19, 1953, that the Academy Awards Presentation was first televised. The NBC-TV and radio network carried the 25th Academy Awards ceremonies live from Hollywood with Bob Hope as master of ceremonies, and from the NBC International Theatre in New York with Fredric March making the presentations. In 1961 the Awards moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, and for the subsequent 10 years, the ABC-TV network handled the broadcasting duties. In 1966 the Oscars® were first broadcast in color. From 1971 through 1975, the NBC-TV network carried the Awards. ABC has telecast the show since 1976 and is under contract through 2014.

OSCAR FIRSTS OTHER TRIVIA

THE ONLY SILENT FILM TO WIN BEST PICTURE Wings

The Private Life of Henry VIII (1932/33), which won a Best Actor Award for Charles Laughton.

THE FIRST SOUND FILM TO WIN BEST PICTURE

THE FIRST NON-HOLLYWOOD FILM TO WIN BEST PICTURE

The Broadway Melody

Hamlet (1948), financed and filmed in England.

THE FIRST COLOR FILM TO WIN BEST PICTURE

THE ONLY FILMS TO WIN THREE ACADEMY AWARDS FOR ACTING

Gone with the Wind (1939)

THE LAST ENTIRELY BLACK-AND-WHITE FILM TO WIN BEST PICTURE

The Artist (2011) [Prior to 2011, The Apartment (1960) held this distinction; Schindler’s List (1993) had some color elements.]

THE ONLY SEQUELS TO WIN BEST PICTURE

The Godfather Part II (1974) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)

THE ONLY X-RATED FILM TO WIN BEST PICTURE Midnight Cowboy (1969)

THE FIRST FOREIGN-LANGUAGE FILM TO BE NOMINATED FOR BEST PICTURE Grand Illusion (1938), in French.

THE FIRST NON-HOLLYWOOD FILM TO WIN AN ACADEMY AWARD

THE ONLY PERFORMER NOMINATED TWICE FOR THE SAME PERFORMANCE

Barry Fitzgerald, 1944, nominated both as Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for Going My Way.

A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) Network (1976)

THE FIRST FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PERFORMANCE TO WIN AN ACADEMY AWARD

Sophia Loren, named 1961’s Best Actress for her work in the Italian film Two Women.

THE ONLY PERFORMERS TO WIN CONSECUTIVE ACADEMY AWARDS Luise Rainer, 1936 and 1937 Spencer Tracy, 1937 and 1938

THE ONLY PERSON TO WIN AN OSCAR FOR PLAYING A MEMBER OF THE OPPOSITE SEX

Linda Hunt, 1983, Best Suporting Actress for The Year of Living Dangerously.

THE ONLY PERFORMER TO WIN TWO OSCARS FOR THE SAME PERFORMANCE

THE ONLY BROTHERS NOMINATED FOR ACTING OSCARS

Harold Russell, 1946, voted Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives, and voted an Honorary Oscar that year for his performance.

River Phoenix, 1988 Joaquin Phoenix, 2000, 2005 and 2012

THE ONLY MARRIED COUPLES TO WIN ACTING OSCARS

MOST HONORED INDIVIDUALS AT A SINGLE CEREMONY (Male) Walt Disney (1953), in the categogries of Documentary Feature, Documentary Short Subject, Cartoon Short Subject and Two-reel Short Subject. (Female) Fran Walsh (2003), in the categories of Original Song, Best Picture and Adapted Screenplay.

THE FIRST POSTHUMOUS OSCAR WINNER

Sidney Howard, 1939 winner for writing the screenplay of Gone with the Wind.

Laurence Olivier (1948) and Vivien Leigh (1951). Paul Newman (1986) and Joanne Woodward (1957).

THE FIRST PERSON TO WIN OSCARS FOR DIRECTING AND WRITING Leo McCarey, 1944, for Going My Way.

THE FIRST PERSON TO WIN OSCARS FOR DIRECTING, WRITING AND BEST PICTURE

THE FIRST POSTHUMOUS ACTING OSCAR WINNER

Billy Wilder, 1960, for The Apartment.

THE ONLY YEARS TWO OSCARS WERE GIVEN FOR BEST DIRECTOR

The Hustons. Walter Huston won Best Supporting Actor in 1948; son John Huston won Best Director and Best Screenplay in 1948; and granddaughter Anjelica Huston won Best Supporting Actress in 1985.

Peter Finch, 1976 Best Actor winner for Network.

1961, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins, codirectors of West Side Story. 2007, Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, codirectors of No Country for Old Men.

THE ONLY THREE-GENERATION OSCAR-WINNING FAMILIES

THE ONLY BROTHER AND SISTER TO WIN ACTING OSCARS

THE ONLY OSCAR WINNER WITH PARENTS WHO BOTH RECEIVED OSCARS

Liza Minnelli. Her mother Judy Garland received an Honorary miniature Oscar in 1939; father Vincente Minnelli won Best Director in 1958; Liza Minnelli won Best Actress in 1972.

THE MOST OSCAR-NOMINATED FAMILY

The Newmans, with 89 nominations and counting. Brothers Alfred Newman (43 nominations), Emil Newman (1), and Lionel Newman (11); second generation, Randy Newman (20), David Newman (1), and Thomas Newman (13).

THE ONLY WRITE-IN OSCAR WINNER

Hal Mohr, 1935, for his cinematography of A Midsummer Nightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Dream.

Lionel Barrymore, 1930/31 Ethel Barrymore, 1944

THE ONLY SISTERS TO WIN ACTING OSCARS Joan Fontaine, 1941 Olivia de Havilland, 1946 and 1949

THE FIRST PERSON TO REFUSE AN OSCAR

Dudley Nichols, 1935, winner for his screenplay of The Informer.

OSCAR

Naming

STATUETTE

The origin of the name Oscar is disputed. One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy claims that she named the Oscar after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson; one of the earliest mentions in print of the term Oscar dates back to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards. Walt Disney is also quoted as thanking the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932. Another claimed origin is that the Academy’s Executive Secretary, Margaret Herrick, first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette’s reminding her of her “Uncle Oscar” (a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce). Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick’s naming and seized the name in his byline, “Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette ‘Oscar’”. The trophy was officially dubbed the “Oscar” in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Engraving

Ownership of Oscar statuettes

To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners were expected to return the statuettes to the Academy after the ceremony and wait several weeks to have inscriptions applied. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscriptionprocessing station at the Governor’s Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. In 2010, the R.S. Owens company made 197 engraved nameplates ahead of the ceremony, bearing the names of every potential winner. The 175 or so nameplates for non-winning nominees were recycled afterwards.

Since 1950, the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards not protected by this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.[23] In December 2011, Orson Welles’ 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.[24] On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542. In 1992, Harold Russell needed money for his wife’s medical expenses. In a controversial decision, he consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions, and on August 6, 1992, in New York City, the Oscar sold to a private collector for $60,500. Russell defended his action, saying, “I don’t know why anybody would be critical. My wife’s health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn’t.” Harold Russell is the only Academy Award winning actor to ever sell an Oscar. While the Oscar is owned by the recipient, it is essentially not on the open market.

CEREMONIES

TELECAST The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast).

VENUES In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what was the Academy’s headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.

“This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day.”

The trophy was eventually and officially nicknamed the “Oscar” in 1939, but it could very well be called the “Emilio.”

MAN BEHIND THE TROPHY

EMILIO FERNANDEZ

The Oscar is probably the most recognizable and iconic award in all of entertainment -- close your eyes and it’s easy to picture that shiny, golden, angular-featured little guy. And, as it turns out, that much-coveted statue owes his dashing good looks to a real human being -Emilio Fernández. Born in Coahuila, Mexico in 1904, Fernández worked as a screenwriter, actor, and director in both the Mexican and American film industries. You might recognize some of the classic films he’s worked on, like 1947’s The Fugitive, 1964’s The Night of the Iguana, and 1974’s Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia. But even if you’ve never seen a single one of his films, you’ve still seen his work -- as the model for the Oscar statuette.

In 1928, MGM chief art director Cedric Gibbons needed a model to help him design the look for a trophy. Famed Mexican actress and Hollywood star Dolores del Río (who would go on to marry Gibbons) knew of the perfect guy: Her friend, Emilio. Although he was initially and understandably hesistant to strip down and pose with a large sword, Fernández eventually gave in, giving us the look of the Academy Award. The trophy was eventually and officially nicknamed the “Oscar” in 1939, but it could very well be called the “Emilio.”

CONCEPTUALIZATION After having completed my research on the subject of Oscars, I came up with the concept for an exhibition on the same, within an allotted space of 40ft X 40ft. Within this area I decided to have a revolving hologram projection of the Oscar trophy right in the centre. Around this, in a circle would be about 10-12 mannequins, displaying the best Oscar dress over the years, both male an female in equal numbers. Apart from this, each wall would have graphics and information about the Oscars and various other things related to the same. I would want my exhibition space to be essentially dark with the hologram projection the centre glowing, the mannequins having individual spotlights, and each element on the graphic panels having back light, while the walls would be black. I feel like a dark interior would compliment my display since it would be primarily about films. Also, each corner of the room would have a different sort of installation. This (above) is the initial layout I came up with which shows all the installation at the corners, the walls , the hologram projection and the circle around it marking the area where the mannequins would be. Also, very important, since the Oscars have been going on for the past 80 years now, it would not have been possible to cover the entire journey in a limited space, hence I decided to only work with the black and white era of films and the Oscars corresponding those.

AUTOCAD LAYOUTS

GRAPHIC PANELS This would be the basic structure of the graphic panel on Wall C. It would cover the all the 33 black and white movies that have received the Oscar for Best Picture. The Wall would consist of a collection of photographs, iconic dialogs and famous props from all these movie, each movie represented by one of the three. All three, photographs, dialogs as well as props would have suitable tags, informing viewers of the movie and the corresponding year, they belong to.

This is an example of how I would like the Wall to look, with the three articles, representing the movies in their own way, along with the name and year tags. The photographs black and white and could be framed in fancy, ancient looking frames since the movies belong to the earlier era. The dialogs could be carved out of or embossed on metal plates, depending on the movie they belong to and the props could be real life, enclosed in glass boxes.

This panel would go up on one of the sides of the entrance, as branding for the exhibition, highlighting the Oscar brand name logo and emphasizing on what the display covers, that is, specifically the black and white journey of the Oscars.

This would go up on another side of the door, as the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;moments wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; which would basically consist of celebrities either receiving their trophies on the stage during the ceremony or holding it up later for the media or along with the other fraternity members.

The photographs would be in the Polaroid form with the name, movie and year of the celebrities in the photo printed underneath. This is what it should look like.

SPECIAL POINTERS FOR EXHIBITION The walls would be essentially black with each element on the walls having spotlight, back light, or both. All of the photographs on the graphic panels would be black and white. This (above) is the panel that would go up on the entire Wall D. It would display some important, basic information about the Oscar, like when and by whom it was started, where the initial ceremonies took place and other such facts.

The dresses for the mannequins displaying famous Oscar dresses would be all white for the ladies and Black for the men, in keeping with the whole black and white theme. It would however include shades and different textures of gray and silver or different whites in order for it not to be monotonous. The only other color to be used in the exhibition apart from shades of black and white would be golden since that has always been the color of the Oscars.

Apart from that, it would also contain information on the Category of Awards given out at the Oscars as well as the various invitations that have been created for the occasion over the years (because thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not some thing the viewers get to see otherwise).

BIBLIOGRAPHY “About the Academy Awards”. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070407234926/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index.html Essex, Andrew (14 May 1999). “The Birth of Oscar”. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2 March 2011.

“History of the Academy Awards”. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 13 January 2014. http://www.ew.com/article/1999/05/14/birth-oscar

“The Oscars – Feb 24th 2013”. platinumagencygroup.co.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2014. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/history.html

“Oscar Statuette”. Oscars.org – Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 October 2015. http://www.oscars.org/nicholl/history

“History of the Academy Awards”. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. http://www.platinumagencygroup.co.uk/#!los-angeles/c1drk

“Oscar Statuette: Legacy”. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 13 April 2007. http://www.oscars.org/oscars/statuette

“Meet the Mexican Model Behind the Oscar Statue”. Retrieved 2016-02-27. http://www.webcitation.org/5uKhyVna9

“Oscar Statuette”. Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2016-0115.

https://web.archive.org/web/20131211172055/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/awards/oscar.html/?pn=statuette

“Oscar Statuette: Manufacturing, Shipping and Repairs”. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Entertainment/meet-emilio-fernandez-face-oscars/story?id=18550020

“About the Academy Awards”. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007.