REIMAGINING NATURE BACK IN CITIES HANOI, VIETNAM
SHUCHI JHALANI A0123466H MODULE: ISD5106 - SUSTAINABILITY MODELS AND BLUEPRINTS MODULE COORDINATOR: PROF. NIRMAL KISHNANI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
ABSTRACT The Pressing Issues of increased populationin most Asian Cities has resulted in
“
exponential Urbanisation,ultimately leading to transformation in landcover. Naturally vegetated land and waterbodies such as rivers and lakes aretransformed or reclaimed into residential areas with high density buildings and infrastructure.This highlights
the
anthropocentric
perspective
of
Developmental
models
and
theirinverse relationship to nature . Given the trends of linear development and ”
“
Urbanisation, it is impossible to regenerate this degraded urban environment. In contrast, these issues can be effectively addressed by the emerging idea of regenerative design that envisions integrating nature back into cities together with economic, social and ecological systems and creating a positive yield for both man and nature. In view to that in this report, an attempt has been made to Study and analysehistorical Man-nature relations and their influences on built environment through the development of economically driven, south east Asian City, Hanoi . ”
Hanoi, an urbanised tropical citywas historically known for its lush Greenery and
“
water resources. Urbanised in the past centuries, its natural cover has been stripped off to make way for housing and transport infrastructure. The unsustainable phenomenon of Urbanisation is a result of a general human perception of natural environments excluding any humans or human involvement. As a result of this increasing conflict between Urbanisation and Natural systems, Hanoi has been suffering from frequent climate-related naturaldisasters like heavy storms and floods . ”
“
Addressing these issues as a global concern, there is a paradigm shift in industry’s
attitude towards a greater synergy between built environment and Natural Systems, as seen in many regenerative projects all around the world. Regenerative design is about finding and fostering the true essence of Human nature symbiosisby emphasizing on working within a living systems context for embracing diversity, resiliency and health. Case studies such as Red river Restoration Project and sustainable eco township in Hanoi are analysed in relation to regenerative design to develop an understanding of how Hanoi’s construct of nature is working towards regenerative ideal . ”
Key words: Urbanisationdegenerated urban environment, Hanoi, climate“
related natural disasters, Regenerative design, Human Nature symbiosis . ”
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Table of Contents Abstract ………………………….…………………………….……………1 Table of Contents…………………………………………….……………2 1.0 Introduction …………..…….…………………………….……………3 Framework of Essay……….…………………………………………7 2.0 Man-Nature Relations…………..…….…………………………..…8 2.1 Anthropocentrism…………..…….…………………………..…9 2.2Biocentrism…………….……..…….…………………………..…9 2.3Ecocentrism…………….……..…….………………………….…9 Hanoi’s Construct of Nature 2.4 Political Framework…………….………….…….…….……..…10 2.5 Religious Framework…………….………….……..……………10 3.0 Hanoi City : A Developmental Shift …………..…….………....…11 3.1 Anthropocentrism…………..…….…………………………..…14 3.2 Biocentrism…………….……..…….…………………………..…16 3.3Ecocentrism…………….……..…….……………………………18 3.4 Case Study: Red River Restoration Project………………..…20 4.5 Case Study: Sustainable Eco township…….…...……….…..22 4.0 Conclusion ……………………………….…………………………..24 Appendices …………………….…………….…………………………..25 References Word Count: 4500
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1.0 INTRODUCTION Humankinds living environment has dramatically transformed from simple
“
dwellings to the global phenomena of Urbanisation.The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. More than half of the world’s population now lives in towns and cities, 3.3 billion people, and by 2030 this number will swell to about 5 billion, with urban population still rapidly increasing (UNFPA, ”
2007). According “
United
Nations
World
Urbanisation
prospects report, by 2050, urban population is expected to surpass 66 per cent, roughly the reverse of the global rural-urban population distribution of the mid-twentieth century (Fig 1.1). “
Cities occupy 2.7% of the world’s surface, but consume 75% of its
“
resources (Powell, 2005). The process of Urbanization by which cities and ”
“
towns physically grow into larger areas, has led to naturalenvironments being replaced bybuildings and infrastructure. This has caused pollution, waste, and environmental degradation. Today’s cities are growing twice as fast in terms of land area as they are in terms of population, this has resulted in extensivedeforestation and destruction of natural habitat. According to World Resources Institute MEA Report 2005, extinction rate of species is projected 10 times that of current rate, owing to loss of Natural habitat (Fig ”
1.2).
Fig 1.1. The world’s Urban and Rural PopulationFig 1.2. Species extinction rates Source: UN World Urbanisation Report, 2014
Source: Worlds Resources Institute MEA (2005)
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Many natural ecosystems are being progressively razed, bulldozed, and
“
felled by axes. Forests have been hit especially hard: Twenty-five nations have lost virtually all of their forest cover and another 29, more than ninetenths of their forest (MEA 2005). By removing earth’s natural climate ”
“
regulator, Man is unable to cope up rising greenhouse Gases. Surging CO2 levels and global warming can cause sea levels to rise 0.11 to 0.77 meters (0.36 to 2.5 feet) by 2100 (NASA 2001 Report) . Due to this, Climate”
”
“
related natural disasters are increasing in frequency and magnitude (UNFPA, ”
2007).
Fig 1.3. Large Cities in Relation to Current Climate-related Hazards Source:UNFPA, state of world population 2007
According to Global health Report 2013,there were three times as many
“
natural disasters between 2000 to 2009, compared to the amount between 1980 and 1989. A vast majority (80%) of this growth is due to climate-related events,which include hydrological events such as floods, storm surge and coastal flooding, while meteorological events include storms, tropical cyclones, local storms, heat/cold waves, drought and wildfires . ”
Notably, loss and fragmentation of natural environment can greatly
“
diminishthe food resources, soil quality, and fresh water resources available and pose serious threats to global biodiversity. Biodiversity loss can in turn
4
have significant direct human health impacts if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs . ”
Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam,represents the centre of development for
“
Northern Vietnam in terms of its economy,society, and urbanization. This tropical city was historically known for its naturalness, numerous rivers, lakes and mountains alongside and in the surroundings. However, since her founding in 1010, 48 percent of the primary
forest
has
been
destroyed.Land cover changes due to
accelerative
replaced
urbanisation
natural
habitats
by
cultivation land in French colonial times and
and
subsequently
transport
housing
infrastructure
demands during independent years
”
(Fig 1.5). The loss of natural systems “
has resulted in catastrophic disasters causing repeated floods in Hanoi City.Almost 4% of the population is directly exposed to flood hazard .Fig 1.4. Hanoi and surrounding areas ”
A five-meter sea-level rise in Vietnam would have an impact on up to 16
“
percent of the land area, 35 percent of the population, if no protective measures are taken (World Bank, 2009). ”
5
Fig 1.5. Hanoi land cover maps
Source: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
This highlights the anthropocentric perspective of Development models and
“
its inverse relationship to nature. Given the trends of linear development and Urbanisation, it is impossible to regenerate this degenerated urban environment. Therefore, the question arises, Can cities be reimagined seeing ”
“
human relative to Nature, such that it is regenerative rather than degenerative?
Can the change in perception of developmental models
bring back Valuation to Nature in Cities? Can certain metrics be developed that evaluate Human relationship with Nature?
”
Therefore, this paper focuses on exploring alternatives to current man nature
“
constructs in order to balance the conflicting ends of development and naturalness of nature. The possible way ahead is a regenerative approach to designing, where in nature is integrated back into cities together with economic, social and ecological systems and in that it creates a positive yield for both man and nature . ”
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FRAMEWORK OF ESSAY
Fig 1.6. Framework of Essay Source: Author’s own
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2.0 MAN- NATURE REALTIONS Humans in developing nations are thought to have developed a sense of
“
being separate from nature for a variety of reasons. The Enlightenment brought with it is the feelingof domination over nature. The way man perceives his relationship with nature guides him in the way he deals with nature in his living environment. ”
“
With the increasing focus on a scientific and empirical approach to nature
came developments in science and technology. Many of these discoveries further enhanced people’s abilities to control or transform nature into the pristine gardens present in the biblical story of ideal nature for Adam and Eve . In a review of this notion, Merchant (1996, 137) wrote that “The ”
“
”
controlling image of Enlightenment is the transformation from desert wilderness to cultivated garden.” A number of authors have argued that humans were once psychologically
“
and physically closer to nature than residents of industrialized nations are now(Morris 1998; Nelson 1983). Advances in scientific Research in Human Ecology, 2008, knowledge drove the twin forces of industrialization and urbanization to further split humans from their environments (Franklin 1999). In ”
””
an analysis of the shift from a land-based economy to an urban and industrialized world, Cronon(1995) spoke of the alienation from nature that resulted . Ashe and others have pointed out, this shift from a living environment ”
”
in which humans were closer to nature led to an urban context in which meat comes from the grocery store. Ironically, the very conquest of nature, in combination with the alienation from it, promoted the idea of the sacredness of nature, with legislation enacted in many developed countries to protect tracts of pristine land from human influences . Asvining (2003) noted, the ””
”“
affection for pets and gardening may also reflect a yearning for a closer relationship with nature and the natural . ””
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From traditional views, Man- nature relations can be interpreted as three
“
different
models
of
environmental
ethics,
namely;
Anthropocentrism,
Biocentrism, and Ecocentrism . ”
Anthropocentrism- Human Centred nature is the idea that the earth and its
“
resources exists for human consumption. People who hold this view believe that we ought to protect the earth for future generations. Anthropocentrism often focuses on fixing the problem of limited resources through the use of technology rather than a reduction in consumption. The resultant outcome being that nature can be alienated . ”
Biocentrism-Coexistence between human and nature views animals as
“
important beings. Stereotypically, biocentrics are against harming other life forms for their own ends - many of them are vegetarians or vegans. In contrast, a biocentric philosophy places the greatest importance on living individuals or living components of the environment. Biocentric theories do not consider chemical and geological elements of the environment to be as important as living beings in the way that ecocentric theories do. Biocentrists believe that all living things are equally important. For example, a tree's life would be considered just as important as a human's life. This is in contrast to an anthropocentric view in which the lives of humans are given the greatest value . ”
Ecocentrism- Nature Centric system of Values holds that humans are only
“
one part of the complicated system that is the earth. Ecocentrism believes that
everything
has
an
intrinsic
value
and
emphasized
the
interconnectedness of all life.People who ascribe to an ecocentric philosophy believe in the importance of an ecosystem as a whole. They attribute equal importance to living and non-living components of ecosystems when making decisions regarding their treatment of the environment. It is a holistic school of thought that sees little importance in individuals; Eco centrists are concerned only with how individuals influence ecosystems as a whole . ”
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The man nature relationship, in order to be dealt with requires some idea of
“
myths, traditions, religions, and cultures, political and economic systems. Hanoi being a culturally competent cityis also an important political and economic centre for Vietnam. Henceforth, to understand the Nature constructs of this city, it is essential to first study the ideas, creations, acts of courage and conquests of human kind that were influenced by the religious and political systems . “
Long-established religions in Vietnam include the Vietnamese folk religion,
“
which has been historically structured by the doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism from China, as well as a strong tradition of Buddhism. Buddhism does not grant humans the status of "Master of nature". This faith exalt non“
“
attachment to material goods and consider ignorance to be a sin (Jensen, 1999), which has major ecological ramifications . Nevertheless, traditional “
“
Buddhism gives priority to humans above animals, to man over woman and to animals above plants within the moral continuum of the world . Similarly, ”
”
Confucianism and Taoismhas, to a certain extent, successfully maintained a less degraded natural environment which is demonstrated in its durability. Taoist beliefs and actions are based on the idea of the existence of a dynamic cosmic system of interactions (ecosystem) (Miller, 1998). On an individual level, popular culture is familiar with feng-shui, the practice of arranging spaces in harmony with the environment (manicured) . ”
“
On the other hand, the disconnect of Human – nature relationship is evident
“
through the political system of Hanoi. According to Locke, The natural state of the individual implies freedom, equality and the right to ownership and individuals' cumulated actions explain society's behaviour. This is where we find the most significant influence on modern political and economic reasoning . “
In conclusion for Hanoi city, with an environment friendly Theory supporting
“
economicsthere is a good chance that political systems change and accept the need for genuine environment sensitivity in its policy . “
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3.0 HANOI CITY The tropical city of Hanoi belongs to Red River Delta geography zone. It is
“
located on the right bank of the river delta. The Red River is the main river of the city, covering a length of 163 km, which accounts for one third of the length of the river in Vietnam. The landscape of Hanoi expands from the delta to the midland and mountainous regions. Historically, it was known for its naturalness, lush Greenery, agricultural land and water resources, there are still plenty of lakes, which are nothing but remnants of the ancient rivers . “
Fig 3.1. Aerial View of Hanoi City ( west lake – 500 hectares ) Source: http://artsmeme.com/2015/10/21/happenings-in-hanoi/
Hanoi has a long history of development spanning thousand years; the core
“
city called the Ha Noi Citadel, was once the capital (Thang Long) now covers about 120 hectares. It has seen rapid urbanization into a third world developing city within 65 years. The growth of Hanoi has occurred in stages, gradually expanding into the surrounding area to reach its current size and spatial distribution . The total area has expanded from 0.2 km2(1950) to 921 “
“
km2(2003).The city further expanded 3.63 times in 2008 from 921 km2to 3,345 km2
to
prepare
for
future
population
growth,
industrialization
and
modernization process. Subsequently the population expanded from 80,000 people living in the inner city (8.5% of entire Hanoi area) to 3.2 million (2006 statistics), this is projected to be 4.5 million in the year 2020 with 2.5 million residing in the inner city (Hanoi master Plan 2020). “”
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As the capital city of a developing country, Hanoi underwent massive
“
physical changes in the landscape from a village based tissue towards a urbanized city tissue. This was a result of the implementation of economically driven, capitalist developmental model, during the economic globalization period. These intensive transformations into built environment have been threateningthe existence of green and blue spaces and hence the quality of life.From 2001 to 2014, the area of urban dense increased by 175%, while the area of Crop land and Water Cover drastically reduced by 12.5% and 26% respectively .(Tab. 4.1). ”
Fig 3.2. Land-use/Land-cover maps and Spatial Distribution of urban land changes in Hanoi Metropolitan area Source: Division of Spatial Information Science,University of Tsukuba, Japan
Tab. 3.1 Land-use/Land-cover changes in Hanoi Metropolitan area
“
Source: Division of Spatial Information Science,University of Tsukuba, Japan
”
12
Fig 3.2. Images of Hanoi City Floods, Nov 2008 Source: www.odt.co.nz
In the recent years however, the exploitation of nature as a resource for land
“
use proved to be futile and became the cause for many natural disasters and catastrophes affecting the many lives of residents. To combat the impact of these environmental problems. A new vision wasthus laid out through development of Master plan 2030 along with comprehensive initiatives such ascitywide extensive tree planting.Hence, it can be observed that the construct of nature in the city scape is shifting awayfrom exploitation to conservation and protection of nature . ”
In the transition from hazard prone to a resilient city, the Man Nature
“
constructs in Hanoi can be seen as evolving from traditional perspectives of nature as an exploitative resource for built constructs to a more holistic approach of ecocentrism, whereby a partnership with nature can be observed through its conservation and preservation . ”
Fig 3.3. Timeline of Urban changes in Hanoi
“
Source: Cities in Relations: Trajectories of Urban Development in Hanoi
“
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3.1 ANTHROPOCENTRISM: NATURE EXPLOITATION During the initial years of development in Hanoi, the Nature construct in the
“
city scape was seen disconnected. The urban sprawl shows atraditional perspective of nature, the idea that the nature and its resources exists for human consumption.The total area has expanded from 0.2 km2 (1902) to 461 km2 (1950). “
Fig 3.4.Rectified Hanoi Historical maps of different dates: (a) 1902; (b) 1915; (c) 1925; (d) 1936; (e) 1942; (f) 1958 Source: studies of Hanoi Urban transition , 2008
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In early 1950’s total population of Hanoi was about 217,000 in which 80,000
“
people were living in the inner city (37%), but this inner city covered only 8.5 %of Hanoi area. 1960, The urban population rose to a remarkable figure of 71%, which could have been a consequence of the first important urbanisation migration of Hanoi after Indochina war . This followed a 3 year ”
”
plan 1958-60 of the D.R Vietnam , the most significant enlargement of the city occurred in 1961 to boost up an industrial – based economy. The large urban population and achievements in economic growth also implied that in the next year (1961) the government has made a decision to greatly expand the administrative boundary of Hanoi to a total size of 461 Km2 (previously it was ”
152 km2). As a result, the proportion of green coverage in the master plan accounted
“
for only20% of the total land of the city. The urban green spaces in the master plan were significantly reduced as they kept on getting replaced by buildings and infrastructure . ”
Fig 3.5.Aerial view of Hanoi 1950 Source:wordpress.com
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3.2 BIOCENTRISM: HUMAN – NATURE COEXISTENCE It only began at the end of 20th Century thatHanoi became more conscious
“
of its natural environment, even though it was for recreational or aesthetic purpose; one could see a transition from exploitation of nature to its conservation for valuable benefits. The total land area increased from 0.2 Km2(1950) to 921 Km2, and the 2003 population was 3 million in which 1.8 million was classified as urban population. The five main reasons leading to changes
in city scape from
change,economic andweakness
in
growth, planning,
1996
to
population controlling
2003
were
increase,
and
managing
land
use
urbanization, the
urban
development . ”
Fig 3.6.Rectified Hanoi Historical maps of 1996 (left) 2003 (right) Source: studies of Hanoi Urban transition , 2008
16
The 2003 urban sprawl showed that upto 52.87% of Hanoi population( 1.5
“
million) were living in the inner city , which covers only 9.15% of the total municipal area, being the most densely populated city of Vietnam with 19163 persons per Km2 . Accelerated economic growth, stemmed by the ”
“
DoiMoi (Economic Renovation) from 1986, Hanoi gained annual GDP increase 7.1 % average in 1986-1990, exceeding 10.5% in the following years 1990-1993 and got a peak in 13.1%. This led to a huge migration of people into the urban area of Hanoi. 1993-2003 also witnessed the establishment of two new urban districts – Haong Mai and Long Bien. As a result the total number of inner districts rose to 9 and area almost doubled (Duan, 2008). ”
The Master Plan suggests that the urban sprawl process occurred strongly in
“
the Peri-urban areas, and the citybecame more compact. However, public green spaces and roadside green spaces showed a remarkable increase . ”
Percent of land of real green spaces (parks, public green spaces, riverside
“
green spaces, roadside green spaces) showed a slight increase from 18% in 1996 to 19% in 2003. However, nonrealgreen spaces or open-green spaces (agricultural land) reduced from 63 to 58% in the period 1996–2003 (Duan, 2008). This reflects the dominance of this green space type, which exists at the periphery of urban areas. Thus, a decrease of itsuggested an increase in the urban sprawl process . ”
Fig 3.7.Perspective of Hanoi 20 years ago 1993 (left) 2003 (right) Source:english.vietnamnet.vn
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3.3 ECOCENTRISM: MAN - NATURE PARTNERSHIP The construct of Nature in Hanoi City is expected to shift towards a more
“
ecological approach through integration of natural processes into urban metabolism by way of Proposed Master plan 2030. 70 % of greater Hanoi is reserved for agriculture. There has recently been a growing awareness about the roles and benefits of greening in urbanized areas. As a result, planners and decision-makers have proposed a combination of water bodies and green areas, using cultural as well as historic values, in the strategic concept for city planning in Hanoi . ”
Fig 3.8.Land use and land cover for (a) the current status and (b) the Hanoi Master Plan 2030.Source: Vietnam Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning (VIAP), 2011
”
”
As the city grows, the Vietnam government officially implemented the Hanoi
“
Master Plan 2030 in July 2011 with the aim to develop the city to be a sustainable capital. One of the key concepts of the master plan is the environmental protection through maintaining the natural environment that 18
results in a series of green networks in the city, consisting of the green belts and the green buffers. Various environmental issues had also been considered in the master plan (e.g., air quality, water pollution, and noise pollution). In the master plan, the urban population of Hanoi is projected to increase from 6.4 million in 2010 to 9–9.2 million by 2030, covering an area of about 3300 km2 . ””
As a result, the proportion of green coverage in the master plan would
“
account for about 52% of thetotal land of the city. Urban green area will reach 8% with the per capita public green area of 16 m2 by 2030. The urban green spaces in the master plan are significantly improved. This development of green space indicates a necessity to develop the effective configuration of green space to overcome the negative impacts of UHIs caused by the dramatic expansion of the city . ”
Major environmental problems that Hanoi is facing are mass storm water
“
runoff and air pollution; the government is creating goals to try and reduce those problems. Not only is the government identifying these objectives in their Master Plan, they are also collaborating internationally to create future plans that could reduce the impact of these environmental problems. Some of the objectives listed in the Master plan have targeted greenspace as an important resource that has the potential to solve these major environmental problems . (Brunell, 2011) ”
19
Fig 3.9.Aerial View of proposal of Vietnam's Capital - Hanoi - in 2030 and beyond
3.4 CASE STUDY: Restoration of Waterways
Hanoi Government initiatedcomprehensive water management projects for
“
flood mitigation, which includes extensive dyke and canal construction along with renaturalisng of brooks, creation and restoration of meanders, restoration of vegetation and afforestation.The ecological goal behind this proposal was to adopt natural forms and processes as a part of water sensitive urbanism. The cleansing abilities of nature systems are integrated into the main systems. In Human nature construct, this is initiative is seen as setting a new human nature equilibrium . ”
Fig 3.10.Urban evolution affecting the dyke system of red river
Source: https://issuu.com/stefaniedens/docs/wu5_hanoi_analyse_internetversion
The Red River Delta in northern Vietnam is a low-lying area with a dense
“
population and intensive agriculture. The Red River delta consists of 9 provinces, out of which a large part is formed by Hanoi (163 km stretch). Floods in this Delta often occur in July and August reasons being a combinationof climatic conditions and a large space causing disastrous floods. The land area is protected by two series of dykes, but unfortunately plans to restore urban watercourses in an effort to achieve good ecological status for the watercourse. Two major strategies have been adopted as a means to deal with Natural Catastrophes, One being dyke repair and public works and other of renaturalisingof river channel . ”
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Fig 3.11.Landscape embrakment proposal
“
Source: http://n-aerus.net/web/sat/workshops/2010/pdf/PAPER_pham_t.pdf
“
”
Resurgence of farming on the bank of the Red River
”
Urban agriculture is as a factor of resilience (additional food entitlement +
“
livelihood management strategy).This small-scale agriculture enhances the capacity of resilience, defined as the ability for a household to absorb a shock, to recover after it, and to cope with it (Holling 1973, Manyena 2006).The persistence of farming in urban fringes and the inner city, sometimes on very tiny plots of land, can be traced to the need for diversification of income sources and the sense of security linked to these lands . ”
Fig 3.12.Resurgence of farming on the banks(left)Urban agriculture in the river bank (right) Source:https://articulo.revues.org/2845
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Restoration of depleted Rivers and lakes: Ha Noi has proposed a long-term
“
plan for the restoration of the To Lich, Day and many other rivers, which have been seriously depleted and polluted over a prolonged period . ”
Fig 3.13.Exisiting Condition of To lich River(left) and Truc Bach Lake(right) in Hanoi. Source :https://www.alumni.tu-berlin.de
3.5 CASE STUDY: SUSTAINABLE ECO TOWNSHIP, HANOI A self-supporting new town with a massive development of 264 hectares on
“
the western side of Hanoi.An integrated township of highmixed used development housing residential, office use, retail centres and public infrastructures . ”
Fig 3.14.Aerial view of Sustainable Township. Source :http://www.meso.ucs.inrs.ca/doc/Note1-Labbe-12avril.pdf
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The idea of nature-based socio-economic paradigm is carried out into
“
master planning with the design of the Sustainable eco townships into a nature-themed mixed use, residential and commercial development. Office, housing, F&B, public infrastructure and entertainment spaces surrounding an existing lake will be integrated with nature in the form of gardens, wetlands, and aquatic habitats into a park-like environment . ”
Fig 3.15.Perspectives highlighting the concept of Human nature symbiosis. Source :http://www.meso.ucs.inrs.ca/doc/Note1-Labbe-12avril.pdf
“
”
Finally, to conclude the above projects demonstratethe efforts to integrate
“
nature into Hanoi’s cityscape stem largely from a government ideology to construct an image that reflects resiliency, diversity and health. A need so emerges to increase the emphasis on the construct of the naturalness, shifting focus from linear pragmatic concerns to integration of ecological processes into urban metabolism . ”
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4.0 CONCLUSION The city of Hanoi is constantly growing in size along with the number of its
“
inhabitants. The rapid urbanization is accompanied by an increased consumption of resources, significant environmental pressures and also a heightened demand for natural resources.Mitigation of resource depletion and environmental degradation alone cannot solve issues of global concern. In contrast, addressing these issues to achieve resilience, A Regenerative development approach needs to be adopted at all interventions to restore environment and ecologies . ”
Regenerative approaches seek not only to reverse the degeneration of the
“
earth's natural systems, but also to achieve a human-nature symbiosis where inhuman systems are designed to co evolve with natural systems—evolve in a way that generates mutual benefits and greater overall expression of life and resilience. The field of regenerative development and design, draws inspiration from the self-healing and self-organizing capacities of natural living systems, thatis increasingly seen as a source for achieving this end . ”
The market for regenerative design in a developing city like Hanoi is a small
“
one indeed, mainly owing to lack of awareness, restricted public acceptance and corrupted governance. Challenges are posed whether professionals and community stakeholders will be empowered to intervene at appropriate scales term. Therefore, Government intervention is essential for broad layout of policies that can bring about a revolution in the sustainable Hanoi market . Furthermore, the past concept developed by the French and ”
“
the present experience learned from other cities like Singapore, are extremely useful for Hanoi to make its own shortcut to achieve sustainable development in the not-too-distant future.Only a collaborative attempt by different groups and individuals can make the approach of regenerative design successful.In conclusion, with the above approaches suggested, we hope to see Hanoi achieve greater goals of a more regenerative and sustainable future . ”
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APPENDICES APPENDIX 1- QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF HANOI CITY APPENDIX 2- MAP SHOWING URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN HANOI FROM THE FIRST SETTLEMENT TILL TODAY
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APPENDIX 1- QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF HANOI CITY
Source:https://shared.uoit.ca/shared/facultysites/sustainabilitytoday/publications/compendiumentries/ hanoi.pdf.
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APPENDIX 2- Map Showing Urban Development in Hanoi from the first settlement till today
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