Design for Print. Colour
≠
Artwork
≠
Processs 000/234//3P2//Z/2
Colour. [1] Gamut [3]
Additive/ Subtractive [5]
Colour Separations [9]
Overprinting [7]
Pantone [11]
Spot Colour [13]
Resolution [21]
Pre-Flight [23]
Artwork. [17] Printers Marks [19] Proof [25]
Process. [29] Lithography [33] Digital [39] Finishing [45] Glossary [55]
1
Gravure [35] Screen Printing [41]
Flexography [37] Pad Printing [43]
Colour.
Colour is one of the most important aspects of design for print that you must consider. When producing work that is going to be printed in high quantities using a Rotary printing method* the amount of colour that is used can drastically affect the costing and quality of the job. This chapter will work through how colour is used in print and how to successfully use colour to your advantage.
*Refer to Process
CMYK Colour Gamut [3]
When using colour for print there are certain restrictions that you must consider whilst you are designing. The colours that you see on screen will probably be brighter and more vibrant than what the printed product will be. The image above shows a range of colours, tints and shades that can be achieved by
using different values of CMYK. When setting up your document you must make sure that the colours lie within the possible colour gamut, this can be done by going to View>Proof • A ‘Gamut’ is a range, Colours. in this case, a range of printable colours.
CMYK works by combining different quantities of the four colours, altering the angle and frequency that the dots are printed allows combinations that will create any colour within the colour range. Below is an example of a zoomed in image, all of this is happening on such a small scale that you cannot see it
• CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow & Key. ‘B’ couldn’t be used as it has already been assigned to ‘Blue’ in the RGB colour model used for screen based design.
naturally. There are other colour models that use this system such as Hexachrome, which uses CMYK + Orange and Green to create a wider colour range but this didn’t really catch on and CMYK is still the Global standard.
How it Works [4]
Magenta x Yellow
Subtractive Colour
Produces Red
[5]
Cyan x Yellow Produces Green
Subtractive Colour describes the outcome of layering inks, paints or dyes over each other. In the example above Cyan,Magenta and Yellow are combined to create Red, Green, Blue and Black. Changing the quantities of these colours allows the creation of different hues and tints of colours. The result of layering
these colours always makes a darker colour than the ones that were used in its creation, layering too many colours may cause a bad print quality*. •
* Refer to Artwork manual to find out how to check for and avoid excessive ink being applied.
Additive Colour
Red x Blue Produces a Bright Pink
Green x Blue Produces a Bright Cyan
Additive Colour occurs when designing for screen. Light reacts differently to ink, where ink would become darker, light multiplies the intensity and makes the resulting colour brighter than the originals. This allows for a much wider Colour Gamut.
You must make sure that, if you are designing for print, your document is setup to accommodate for CMYK printing and not for screen based publication. •
Additive colour was discovered around 1860 by James Clerk Maxwell.
[6]
As a result of Subtractive Colour, as a designer, you must be aware of how to avoid having problems with colour and know how to use it to your advantage. When producing work that is intended on being mass produced the amount of colours that you will be allowed to use
Overprinting
Ink
Will be restricted to cut the costs. There will be times when you need to use Spot Colours* and not rely solely on CMYK. However, there are ways that you can layer the colours and have more control over the work you are producing.
Stock
The colour and texture of the stock you are printing could drastically change the colour of the ink you are applying, this will be especially prominent when printing light colours onto darker stock, this could be avoided by printing a brighter colour than the one that you need, or printing onto white stock.
Printing a neutral colour will darken the coloured stock wherever it is printed. To avoid this you would have to print onto white paper and print the colour for the stock as well.
Always consider what stock you are going to be printing on* you can get an idea for how the layered inks will react to each other by using the Multiply Blend Mode- but as this is on screen, the printed product will yet again be different.
Layering the same colour allows you to create darker hues of that colour, this could be used to add shade and depth to illustrations without having to introduce a shade of grey or another colour.
[7]
•
*Refer to the Stock manual for a range of available stocks.
Overlapping two colours or more to create a new colour is called a Colour Build.
[Stock Colour]
[Ink Colour] [Stock Colour]
Actually printed [Ink Colour]
These two colour tables will give you some idea of how printing over different shades and hues of stock will affect the end result of your printed design.
[8]
BLACK
MAGENTA
CYAN YELLOW
Colour Separations [9]
When products or publications are sent to print, the colours need to be separated so that they can be applied to different printing plates* and when printed on top of each other the colours *Refer to Process.
come together to create the final image. The above images show the different values and density of where the colour is going to be applied.
Usually the printer will separate the layers themselves by selecting separations within the output tab of the print dialogue box. Below are examples of how applying the different colours creates the final image.
To preview colour separations: InDesign: Window>Output>Separations preview
Illustrator: Window>Separations Preview
Photoshop:
CYAN + MAGENTA
MAGENTA + YELLOW
CYAN, MAGENTA + YELLOW
CMYK
Window>Channels
[10]
Pantone® is a system that is used Internationally that allows two, or more, people to define specific colours without any room for alteration or miscommunication. If you have designed a poster that uses a colour mix of 90% Cyan and 10% Magenta there would be a risk that the percentages got changed by accident or that the printer gets the mix wrong. The
90% Cyan
Pantone® Matching System
10% Magenta
[11]
• Each year Pantone announce a ‘Colour of the Year’. 2012’s colour is Tangerine Tango Pantone 17-1463.
use of Pantone codes allows the printer to order and use that specific colour that will match, exactly, what you intended. There are a variety of Pantone swatch books that have colour that is related to the different stocks (Gloss, matt etc.)
PANTONE速 P 116-13 U
Spot Colours : Case Study
This is an example of how a number spot colours can be used to give the impression of more colours. This is the latest Christmas disposable cup from Starbucks which appears to have around 6 different colours/ shades, but if you look closely you can see that the yellow ink has been used to create the darker red by overprinting the ink. Similarly the red has been used on top of the blue to create a darker, deeper blue. The use of white space on the face also helps to give the design more depth and integrity As well as the Blue, Yellow and Red the official Starbucks Green has been used for the logo which is essential in keeping with the brand identity. So by using only 4 spot colours the designer has managed to give the impression of 6 or 7.
[13]
To use spot colours in a design for print you need to make sure your swatch palette is organised and clearly labelled with the inks that you want to use and clear communication with the printer will help to produce a successful job. •
Spot varnishes can be applied by specifying where you want them by using a swatch named appropriately.
exactly the same and will still tie into the identity of the company. Here are some snippets from various companies Corporation Identification Standards Manual’s with the official Pantone Codes for the logo colours.
‘For yellow, use PANTONE 123. For red, use PANTONE 485”
“For Starbucks Green, use Pantone® 3425 C. Do not use any other green.) Print on uncoated stock, matching Pantone® 3425 C ink to coated hue. No other colours may be substituted.”
Spot Colours in Branding
All established brands have strict guidelines for what you can and can’t do with the logo and identity of the company. Spot colours are used for brand identity to ensure that wherever company material is being printed the colours will be
Apple channel signatures can be shown only in all-black or all-white. When placing a signature on black or colour backgrounds, use an all-white signature reversed out of the background colour. Never place an Apple channel signature on a visually cluttered or patterned background.
[14]
Summary
• When dealing with print always set documents up as CMYK • Colours for print are subtractive, colours for screen are additive • Overprinting can be used to your advantage to create new shades of colour • Spot colours can be used to ensure the colour stays the same over a range of products
[15]
≠
[16]
2
[17]
Artwork. Mise en Place : a French phrase which
means “everything place�.
in
This is key to creating successful artwork for print. Not spending enough time and consideration whilst setting up your document will come back to bite you later. This section will look at the main aspects that you need to ensure are correct before sending your files for production.
2 1
Printers Marks.pdf
3 1
08/11/2012
13:59
4
&
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
Printers Marks
K
[19]
1: Star Target
6
4: Crop Marks
This is used by the printers to align the different colour separations.
These are used to identify the edge of the artwork for cutting out.
2: Label
5: Progressive Colour Bar
This is the name of the document that is to be printed.
This is used as a colour test to ensure all inks are working correctly.
3:Registration marks
6: Gradient Tint Bar
These are used alongside the Star Target to align different colour separations.
This tests the black ink and tints.
5
RGB for screen, CMYK for print.) When using InDesign to design a publication focus on setting your columns up effectively and add Bleed and Slug to ensure a more successful finished product- a standard bleed depth is 2mm on each edge.
Document Setup
When making a new document it is best to know the specific dimensions of the piece you are designing. All CS programmes feature an International Paper drop down that gives you the option of picking from standard sizes. Be sure to specify the Colour Mode before you start designing. (Remember:
[20]
Incorrect image resolution
•
[21]
Pixel is an abbreviation of Picture Element
When designing for print it is important that you use high quality images. Because images are made from pixels, if they are stretched to a larger size the images become pixelated. How many pixels there are per inch is known as resolution. If the image you
have is low resolution it is impossible to increase the resolution as this data is lost completely. But if you start with a good quality image you need to be careful that you don’t lose any of the quality when saving and importing. You should also make sure that your images aren’t unnecessarily too large as this will cause lag when using the file.
It is best to take your own photos as you can control the size of them and avoid any unnecessary compression. There are a number of free stock images websites available where you can download large images but, as they are free, you may struggle finding the image that you need. Avoid dragging and dropping
• Saving images as .TIF helps retain information that is lost in compression with .JPEG
directly from the internet as this will force the image to lose quality as well as giving you ‘missing file’ problems which you will come across on the next page.
Correct image resolution [22]
Red circle indicates errors
Question mark on image indicates missing link/ other
Pre-Flight Check
error
[23]
The Pre-Flight check gives you essential information to help ensure your file is all together and working. It gives you a fast overview of all the errors that are in your document such as missing links to images and overset text (when text is missing because text box is too small).
You can then click through all the errors and rectify them one by one- it now comes in helpful if you’ve been keeping an organised work folder so that you know where all the images are!
When all errors have been corrected you will see a little green light with ‘no errors’ by it. To double check your document go to File>Package which will bring up the dialogue box at the bottom of this page. This will give you more information such as colour modes for images, all the inks that would be needed to produce the file and all the fonts that have been used in
the publication. Making sure that your document is fully together will save wasted time sending files to the printer and will also save money if your file is sent to print with some of the content missing and • The term originates from the pre flight wasting checklist done by the job. pilots.
Preflight will display green dot when there are no errors
[24]
After you have finished your document and carried out the checks mentioned on the previous pages, you’ll be ready to send your document to print. When doing a job that requires a large print run you should receive a proof that you must review before fully finalising and
confirming that the document is correct and fit for print. Following is an essential checklist that you must double check in the proof before you agree to the print.
Proof Checklist • Are all pages included in the proof? • Are all photos visible and correctly cropped? • Are all fonts correct?
• Are all full bleed colours full bleed? • Are there any colours that shouldn’t be there? • Measure the size of the publication
• Is all spelling and grammar correct?
• Are all page numbers cor-
Proofing
rect?
[25]
•
Use CMD-I in InDesign to conduct a spell check. Also carefully read the proof and double check for mistakes!
[26]
Summary
• Preparing all the individual elements of a document correctly is essential • Checking, double checking and triple checking is required for important, high quantity print jobs • Being aware of image and document sizes will remove problems you may hit during the finishing of your document. • Being aware of how your publication will be printed will help to inform you of design restrictions you may come across in the future read on to Process.
≠
[28]
3
[29]
Process.
Being aware of how your designs are printed is essential to being informed about why using multiple colours could affect the cost, what would be the most suitable method of printing and what is currently used to print products today. This section will also give you examples of the products that are made using different methods of print and a rough idea of how this impacts on the overall cost of the project.
Types of Printing
Rotary • Offset Lithography • Rotogravure • Flexography
Digital • Inkjet • Laser
Screen [a.k.a] • Silkscreen • Serigraphy
Pad
[30]
Offset Lithography [33]
Offset Lithography works by transferring an image onto a printing plate, which is usually made from aluminium or stronger materials if it is a longer print run. Chemicals are applied to the plate so that only the areas that you need printing will accept the ink. Ink and water are then applied to the plate as it is rotated on the plate cylinder, the inky image is then transferred to the blanket cylinder which turns and applies the image to the paper. This process is called ‘offset’ lithography because blanket
cylinder stops the paper and printing plate from touching. The paper will go through the process shown above for every colour that needs to be applied. Main uses: •
Magazines
•
Brochures & Catalogue
•
Direct mail
•
Newspapers
•
Business forms
•
Financial and legal documents
•
Fliers
•
Leaflets
•
Business cards
▬▬
The surface of an offset Litho plate is comprised of tiny dots which allow it to print small lettering and fine lines well
▬▬
This process is cost effective for producing short print runs
▬▬
Plates can be reproduced and replaced in two hours
▬▬
Aligning colour separations can be difficult and results aren’t as consistent as Gravure
▬▬
Requires additional plates for longer print runs
▬▬
More tension on the stock means that a heavy stock must be used.
• •
Offset Lithography is the most common form of printing today. One machine can product 10,000 double sided colour fliers in 3 hours.
[34]
Rotogravure [35]
Opposing offset lithography, the impression of the artwork used in gravure come in direct contact with the stock being used. The image is engraved into metal cylinders, as opposed to plates- usually a more durable material, like copper, rather than the thin aluminium used in Offset litho which will stay usable for longer print runs. The printing plate is directly lowered into a tub of ink, it then rotates and a doctor blade takes away any excess ink and returns it to the tub, meanwhile a
rubber impression roller carries the stock around onto the printing plate which transfers the ink from the plates onto the stock. The stock then goes through a dryer and onto the next rollers for an application of a different colour or varnish. Rotogravure is suitable for longer print runs because the plates are made of a more durable material (copper). Bank notes and stamps are printed using photogravure.
++
Colour is deeper and richer than offset Lithography
++
Allows for more precision with registration due to the solid plates
++
Gravure inks are drier than offset inks so this affects the stock less and give you a more crisp and clear print
--
Gravure can’t print below a 2% dot because the wells are too small to hold enough ink
--
This also affects small lettering, creating a jagged outline due to the diamond structure of the copper gravure plate
--
Gravure is more expensive than offset when producing short print runs
•
Gravure is used for some products that require very high print runs such as money and stamps
[36]
Flexography [37]
Like Litho and gravure, flex is a ‘web fed’ process which means they print on large rolls of stock. Flexo can print around 350ft of material per minute. Similar to Litho the image is transferred onto a printing plate, this time it is made of a rubber polymer and the image works due to a photo sensitive surface. This plate is then wrapped around a cylinder and secured in place. Using a rubber surface allows the cylinders to have more grip on the material that they are
printing onto, which suits well for printing glossy, thin and filmy labels that you find on drinks bottles or the foil material used for crisp packets. Main uses: •
Corrugated boxes
•
Shopping bags
•
Food bags
•
Milk and drink cartons
•
Disposable cups
•
Flexible plastics
++
Flexography can print on almost any type of stock
++
Advances in Flexography are enabling it to produce the same results as Litho and Gravure with less restrictions
▬▬
Flexography has had problems with consistency in print runs
•
In Germany, Flexography is called Gummidruck which translates to rubber printing.
[38]
[39]
++
Ability to print one off, full colour prints without the need of a plate or a lot of space
++
Very high quality photographic prints can be done at a relatively cheap rate
▬▬
Not viable or cost effective for very large print jobs
▬▬
Aligning double sided spread can sometimes be difficult if you need to do it manually
▬▬
Not able to print on too heavy stock or too flimsy stock
Digital Printing
Digital Printing is the most common form of household printing. Most digital printers use CMYK ink, with some high quality photo printers adding additional inks to increase the potential printable colour gamut. When printing mock ups or very short runs then digital printing will be the most cost effective and time saving. Digital printing removes the need for printing plates and allows anybody access to quick and easy printouts.
There are two types of digital printing, laser and inkjet, inkjet printing produces much higher quality results, especially if used with quality, glossy stock. Main uses: •
One-off mock-ups
•
Short print runs
•
High quality photographs
•
Home printing
•
Vinyl stickers
•
Printing one-off banners/ posters
[40]
Screen Printing [41]
Screen printing works by forcing paint through a mesh onto stock/ material. A light sensitive emulsion is applied to a clear screen and left to dry. The design that you want printing need to be digitally printed or drawn onto transparent or very translucent paper, this is then placed on the screen and exposed in a light box for about 2 minutes. The light dries the paint that isn’t covered by your design, the screen is then washed out, getting rid of the non-set paint that is your design and leaving the mesh blocked where you don’t want paint to get through. This screen can then be used with paint, binder and a squeegee to push the paint through the mesh onto your stock. After using the screen you need to wash it out thoroughly and leave it in a drying cupboard for around an hour before using again. Screen printing is effective for doing
runs of 50-100 as you can get through them quickly, however it is time consuming and there is potential for each copy to vary slightly. Things to look out for when screen printing: •
Make sure your designs aren’t too close to the edge of the screen as this part of the mesh is tighter and harder to push down onto the stock
•
Make sure your work area is spotless as it is easy to get dirty hands or put your work in a rogue bit of spilt paint
•
Make sure that there are no gaps in the exposed screen that you don’t want, you can cover these with screen filler or parcel tape
•
Don’t try to rush screen printing as this will cause the quality of your prints to deteriorate
•
++
Works well for material and t shirts
++
It’s a relatively cheap process
++
It’s effective for printing 50-100 posters as once you are set up you can print quite rapidly
▬▬
Time consuming and results can vary if you are doing it yourself
▬▬
Aligning different screens can be difficult and produces mixed results
▬▬
Using a lot of colours greatly increases price and time
Screen printing is used for road signs to print a fluorescent layer onto the hard plastic material.
[42]
•
The general principles of pad printing have been around for centuries but it was only with the invention of silicon that it could be used on a large scale
[43]
++
Can be used to print on irregular and uneven surfaces
++
Capable of 90° wrap around on 3D objects
++
Relatively cheap process and capable of multi colour printing
▬▬
The largest printed motif you can get is about 30cm diameter
▬▬
It is quite a time consuming print process in comparison to others
Pad Printing
The image is etched into a metal plate, that the product may have. that plate is then covered in ink and Main uses: the ink only takes in the places where it needs to. The flexible pad is then pressed • Pens onto the ink and takes the image onto its surface. Then the pad is pressed onto • Lighters • Keyrings the 3d object that is to be printed and • Gold balls transfers the ink to the surface of the product, moulding around any contours • Keyboards
[44]
Foiling [45]
++
Environmentally friendly as it does not use solvents or inks
++
Gives the product an instant professional and expensive aesthetic.
+ ▬+ ▬
It can add a lot of cost onto the print job
Foiling is a finishing process that uses heat and pressure to set type or image in shiny foil. The image that you want to be foiled is engraved onto a metal die, the metal die is then heated to a high temperature. A sheet of foil leaf is placed over the stock that is going to take the foil. The heated metal die is then pressed onto the foil and literally melts the foil
onto the stock. The foil that isn’t pressed by the die is then removed, leaving you with the finished product. To include foiling in commercial print you will need to speak with the printer and ask what finishing services they • The term offer. from the
originates pre flight checklist done by pilots.
pilots.
To add spot varnishes to a commercial print you set it up the same as if you were including a spot colour* in your swatch palette labelled appropriately and also communicate with the people printing your publication to make sure that they have a clear understanding of what you want. *Refer to Page 9 ++
Adds a unique and high quality edge to any publication
++
Adds an element of touch an interactivity to a printed product
▬▬ ▬▬
Spot Varnish
•
Spot varnishes are commonly applied to typography to give it prominence and stand out from the page. It is also a favourite to be used by brands to make the logo look trustworthy and professional. Spot varnishes can be applied in a D.I.Y fashion by using The term originates a stencil and from the pre flight clear varnish. checklist done by
++ Quite a long and time consuming process Tricky to do on a small scale by yourself
[46]
Embossing [47]
Embossing is a process that physical alters the structure of the substrate that you are using. It works by producing male and female stamps of what you want embossing, the stock is then placed between the two stamps and high pressure is applied. Embossing works best with thick stock that can handle the deformation and hold its form well.
Embossing can be used to add more quality to a product or brand by adding a more tactile and engaging element to it. It is also commonly used for document authentication and postage • Embossing and Foil stamping together is stamps. called Combination stamping or Combo stamping
•
Applying ink to an embossed part of a product is called Colour Register Embossing
De-bossing
regularly used in conjunction with foil De-bossing uses exactly the same stamping on diaries and other hard back process as embossing except, instead publications. of the final result being raised from the surface of the paper it is pushed beneath the surface of the paper. De-bossing is
[48]
Saddle Stitch This is the simplest binding method, the pages are laid on top of each other in the correct order then the centre fold is stapled or stitched to hold all the pages together.
Perfect Perfect binding takes multiple smaller ‘books’ of paper and stacks them together, gluing them at the spine, then a cover is added to contain all of the pages. The smaller ‘books are known as signatures. See the image at the bottom of this page.
Case Case binding is commonly used to bind hardback books. Multiple signatures are bound together with string and glued to a hard cover.
Oversew
Binding
Multiple signatures are clamped together and a small hole is drilled through the left hand edge of the stack. The signatures are then all sewn together. A draw back with oversewing is the reduced margins and books are unable to lie flat.
[49]
Screws Holes are stamped through a stack of loose sheets of paper, then screws are placed in the holes at both ends - holding the pages together.
Japanese
Comb A comb bind is aesthetically similar to spiral binding. Rectangular holes are stamped down one edge of the stack of loose sheets then a plastic comb is used to hold all the pages together. The problem with this kind of binding is that there is no spine that can be printed on.
Japanese stab binding takes a stack of loose sheets of paper, then multiple holes are punched down one edge of the stack a needle and thread is used to sew the pages together using a variety of patterns.
Spiral Coil Loose sheets are stacked up and hole punched down one edge, a plastic or metal spiral is then fed through the holes to hold all pages together.
[50]
Single
Double
Roll
Closed Gate
Folding
Broadsheet
[51]
This page shows some examples of how you could make a small publication more interesting and interactive.
Standard C Fold
Concertina Letter
French
Parallel Double
Endorsement
[52]
Summary
• Offset Lithography is the most common form of commercial print • Publications and products can be finished to a high standard by using spot varnishes and foil stamping • Communication with the printer during the manufacture of your publication is essential in getting the exact product that you have designed • Elements as simple as folding can be used effectively to engage the audience.
≠
[54
Glossary Bleed Bleed is the area outside of a document that you should extend all images to ensure full coverage on the printed document.
Branding Branding is the logo and graphic style associated with a particular business, company or person.
Emboss The process of using a stamp to physically raise the surface or a stock or material.
Estimate The estimated cost that the printer will give you for doing a particular print job.
Foiling Method of applying a foil surface to a stock by the use of a hot stamp.
CMYK Abbreviation of the four process colours: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Key (Black).
Colour Build A colour build is what it is called when you create a new colour by layering two or more different colours.
Colour Separations Colour Separation is splitting an image into it’s constituent CMYK layers, which is how it is printed.
Gamut A gamut is the range of possible colours within a particular colour system.
GSM The Unit of measurement for paper (Grams pre square Metre) *See Stock Book
Gutter In Editorial, this is the space between columns.
Desktop Publishing Often abbreviated to DTP. This is the use of a personal computer to create graphics and documents ready for print.
[55]
Hue A Hue is simply a specific colour.
Ream Laid Finish Finish on paper in which parallel lines simulate the surface of handmade paper.
Loose Leaf Binding method that allows the addition and removal of pages.
Moire In Printing this is an undesirable pattern formed when plates are misaligned.
500 sheets of paper
Registration Aligning the different colour layers used in a specific print job. Commonly CMYK, often with additional spot colours.
Resolution The quality and sharpness of an image, measured in DPI (Dots per Inch).
Shade A hue that is made darker by the addition of black.
Page Count Total number of pages in a document (Also called Extent).
Signature One or more folded pieces of paper, stacked to form a book.
PMS Sometimes used abbreviation for Pantone Matching System.
Printing Plates The plates that a design is engraved into and used on cylinders to print efficiently.
Proof A one-off printed example of what the document will look like before going ahead with the mass run.
Slug A slug is the space around the outside of a document that contains printers marks that will be printed but trimmed off for the finished document.
Spine The hard edge of a book, where all the leaves are held together.
[56]
Spot Varnish A varnish often applied to a portion of type to give a glossy finish.
Spread Two facing pages that adopt the same aesthetic style and content.
Stock Any sort of printable material - See accompanying Stock book.
Tint Changing a hue by adding white to it.
[57]
[58]
Image Sources: Http://www.clydebanklive.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Screen-printing1.jpg http://www.pyramidvisuals.co.uk/about/printing-machines/ hp9000/images/hp-9000-digital-printer.jpg http://www.contitech.de/pages/presse/messen-veranstaltungen/pr-messen/2012/120402_drupa/image_1_uv_dl.jpg http://www.sxc.hu/photo/444341 http://www.beecroftprecision.com/Images/PadPrintingMachine.jpg Other Images from www.sxc.hu
Designed and Written by: Chris Shuttleworth, 2012.