Ryebank Fields
site analysis Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Historic analysis
Originally the site in concern was made up of sections of a number of fields, marked by either trees or hedging. The lands use is unknown though it is highly likely that it had some form of agricultural purpose. The surrounding area continued to be developed throughout history, especially during the 1920s where there was a demand for housing, though the site itself has changed very little. One significant change however was the change of use into a clay pit, no doubt impacting on the current day soil. The boundary is likely to have been marked by trees, similar to its appearance today.
1920s -
Clear boundary definition
-
Dense housing surrounding
-
Reference to claypit
-
Reference to Longford Park
-
Longford Hall and land defined adjacent to site
-
Allotment garden plots developed alongside site
1840s
-
-
Area exists as a series of fields Spars evidence of housing
-
Boundary definition differs significantly from
-
present Longford Brook cuts through field horizontally
-
Natural drainage routed via stream Brick kiln sited nearby
1900s -
Increased boundary line definition
-
Longford Brook continues to run through site
-
1890s -
Site continues to be rural
-
-
drain
Natural drainage cut across site horizontally Evidence of housing development nearby
-
Boundary lines to top half of site clearly defined
-
Longford Brook runs through site
-
Pond pools water nearby drain
-
horizontally
-
Longford Hall visible to South-West of site
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Pond continues to pool nearby water Building development evident evidently less rural Evidence to brickworks replaces kiln
Brickworks adjacent
Historic analysis The clay pit continued to feature until the 1950s, from where it then appears to go back to its original vegetative surface. By the 1980s the entire boundary to the site is defined, and remains this way today. One feature that has continued to show on the site maps is the water drain running horizontally across the site. The site itself has remained relatively flat, apart from when the land was used as a clay pit (it would appear that this has since been reinstated).
1980s
1930s -
Clay pit clearly defined by excavated ground
-
Clear consistent boundary definition
-
Pond continues to be evident, as does water drainage
-
Boundary fully defined
-
Allotment gardens still featured
-
Densely built up area (housing plus 2 schools
-
Housing increasingly dense in
-
added)
surrounding area
-
Drainage continues to be clearly featured
Open green space of Longford
-
Allotment no longer featured - replaced by housing
Hall adjacent to site
-
Stadium built on open space of Longford Hall
1950s -
Boundary clearly defined to North, South and West of site
-
Densely built up surrounding are
-
Clay pit land reclaimed
-
Brickworks no longer featured
-
Drainage featured horizontally but no sign of pond
-
Boundary fully defined - marked by mature tree line
-
Allotments continue to feature
-
Densely built up area
-
Green space of Longford Hall continues to feature
-
Desire lines evident from satellite map
-
Site left open
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
2010s
Mapping the Site
Signs of Anthropogenic Activity
During the site visits, a considerable amount of rainfall had already taken place, making the ground noticeably wet and muddy. The planting was dominated by numerous grass species as well as mature trees bordering the site. It is probable that much of the open grassland is a result of self seeding. Goat willow was a strong indicator of the damp soil conditions, as were the clusters of reed beds towards the centre of the site.
hawthorn hedge planted pre 1900 as field boundary cluster of oak trees - planted 10yrs ago?
Identification of Indicator Species + Evidence of water
Willows thriving in damp setting,probably associated with historic ditch
A cluster of hybrid poplars appears to have self seeded, based on their staggered height. It would be interesting to see how this develops over the next 10/15 years. It is probableble that seeding on the desireline path was prohibited by trampling.
rosebay willow herb on site of old bonfire site
Soil Pit A
Hawthorn hedge developed into mature trees and shrubs
desire lines follow site boundary ---
Minimal/no cultivationgrazing-ploughing taken place for many years enabling plants to take hold
Historical ditch/drain waterlogged soil surrounding
Soil Pit B
Brambles and nettles remain undisturbed, colonising in ditch
Reed bedsdamp, boggy ground
earth mound near entrance to site
Mosses indicative of damp shady conditions
Greater Plantain
Meadow Fescue
Sheep’s Sorrel
Meadow Buttercup
Toad Rush
Pussy Willow
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Cleavers Evidence of water
Ryebank Fields is a space used frequently by the local habitants of Chorltoncum-Hardy. The position of the entrances to the area has an influence on the route taken and is indicated by desire lines. Desire lines seem to suggest that most human activity occurs around the boundary to the site, mainly by dog walkers. It is probable that the drain running across the site restricts the natural route through. As the site has remained a non specific open space throughout most of its history, anthropogenic activity identified has been very incidental. Two soil pits have been marked on the plan, each one indicating quite different conditions. The mound situated at the south of the site is of unclear origin though it would appear to be man made.
Desire lines were noticeable across much of the site. These mainly led to and from entrances to the site or around the perimeter boundary. Few plants are able to grow successfully in these areas.
A noticeable area of standing water provides a home for an indicator species of reeds in the centre of the site. Although there had been a significant amount of rainfall prior to the site visit, it is clear that this area is prone water logging. Being located next to the drain is a contributory factor. The majority of the site is covered in uncultivated grasses, considered a weed to most people. The height of the plant material inhibits human activity, other than to make use of the site as place for dog walkers.
Site observations
The initial site visit was made at the onset of winter. Deciduous trees had lost their leaves and many perennials were at the die back stage. The site was relatively exposed with little or no shelter, apart from the boundaries. Recent wet weather contributed to boggy conditions underfoot.
Types of plant material observed appears to be typical of that found on uncultivated land in this region dominated by a variety of grasses as well as wild flowers.
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Trees range from well established around the border to younger less mature specimens.
EXISTING PLANTING
Image from site depicting typical planting. Clumps of singular species such as Rosebay Willow Herb form pockets within the site. English Oak is becoming to dominate
Map highlighting the dominant plant species located on site.
Site visit sketches of various grass species located on site. Observing from a distance made it difficult to recognise the number of different species however on closer inspection, the various types and textures could be identified.
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Recording the Soil Soil Pit A
Soil Pit B
O horizon (undecomposed organic matter) • Drainage; Partly drained • General description of plant/animal material present; Evidence of small grains of gravel and numerous moribund insects. Field mouse activity was noticed and a siting made when disturbed. • Anthropogenic material; Waste material was present including concrete rubble and remnants of plastic. A horizon (topsoil) • •
O Horizon
1.5cm
A Horizon
10cm
• • • • • B
B Horizon 30cm
C Horizon
xcm
Drainage; Partly drained General description; Significant quantities of organic material, showing signs of various stages of decomposition Texture; Fine and silty Colour; Ranges dark brown-black Smell; Distinctive, organic and earthy Anthropogenic material; Evidence of fragments of waste material pH; 6.5 (Slightly acidic) horizon (subsoil)
Drainage; Partly drained General description; Significant amounts of organic material present including roots, earthworms observed • Texture; Very difficult to dig due to large stones and grit • Colour; Sparse amounts of brown soil found • Smell; Less noticeable than A horizon • Anthropogenic material; Significant amounts of building rubble • pH; 6.5 (Slightly acidic) C horizon (if any - parent material) N.B. Not penetrable • Drainage; Partly drained • Texture; Compacted rubble - difficult to dig through compacted material • Colour; Insignificant quantities of soil to allow observation - high proportion of grey stone compacted rubble
• • • • • O Horizon
1.5cm
A Horizon
10cm
Perched Water Table
5cm
Compacted Layer
2cm
• •
Weather conditions at time of recording (Nov 2012); Dry, though had been raining previously.
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
O horizon (undecomposed organic matter) • Drainage; Waterlogged • General description of plant/animal material present; Mixture of perennial and annual weeds, mainly uncultivated grasses • Anthropogenic material; Some evidence of waste material present A horizon (topsoil)
B Horizon 20cm
Groundwater Table
Drainage; Waterlogged Texture; Fine and silty Colour; Dark brown Smell; Offensive and strong Anthropogenic material; Evidence of building waste • pH; 7.5 (Slightly alkaline) Perched Water Table • General description; Takes form of contained area of water between A horizon and B horizon. Water remains trapped by compacted soil (gleying) B horizon (subsoil) • Drainage; Partly drained • Texture; Heavy with builders rubble content • Colour; Blue, black and orange • Smell; Offensive and strong • Anthropogenic material; Builders waste • pH; 7 (Slightly alkaline)
xcm
Weather conditions at time of recording (Nov 2012); Dry, though had been raining previously.
Location A Dominant species include: Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) ・ Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens) ・
A2 A1
-
Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) ・
Common Couch (Agropyron repens) ・
Annual Meadow Grass (Poa annua) ・
Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) ・
Pineapple Weed (Matricaria discoidea) ・
Sheep’s Sorrel (Rumex acetosella) ・
Cleavers (Galium aparine) ・
Cow Parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) ・
Smooth Meadow Grass (Poa pratensis) ・
Wavy Hair Grass (Deschampsia flexuosa) ・
Buck’s Horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus) ・
Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) ・
Cock’s Foot (Dactylis glomerata) ・
Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) ・
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis) ・
Stinging Nettle (Urtica urens) ・
Greater Plantain (Plantago major) ・
Purple Flowered Raspberry (Rubus odoratus)
Goat Willow (Salix caprea)
Elder (Sambucus nigra)
Bramble (Rubus fruticosus)
English Oak (Quercus robur)
Section line at edge of boundary Desire line running parallel devoid of plant growth
-
Some smaller species e.g. Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) at edge of path - trampling reduces likelihood of colonisation
-
Drain runs across section, impacting
-
on moisture content of soil Waterlogged ground - soil visibly
-
darker Bramble dominates
-
Same (or similar) plant species located at opposite side of path, suggesting self seeding/pollinating
-
Little interference from human activity has allowed planting to develop
A1
A2
naturally -
Closer inspection of soil showed signs of silty properties
-
Dense growth suggests good nutrient content of soil
Cross section A is located across the dividing drain line. The soil appears to feature a proportion of brick rubble, perhaps linking to its previous use as a clay pit. The dominance of grasses and bramble means that any individual trees or shrubs have a much greater visual impact than those bordering the site. In this instance the singular mature Goat Willow (Salix caprea) and Elder (Sambucus nigra) create landmarks to the area. The juvenile oak could have been planted by a squirrel, and is doing well considering its position close to the boggy ground.
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
LIGHT
WINDSPEED
HUMIDITY
A1
A2
A1
A2
A1
1250
1000
0
0
87%
A2 100%
Location B Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Cross section B is sited along the boundary edge to the East of the site. The historic drain is sited close-by, impacting on the moisture content of the soil. The mature sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) is clearly well established and forms part of a tree lined perimeter edge to the local school. Much of the Rosebay Willow Herb is above 5’, meaning any small species have little chance of survival.
B1
Dominant species include:
B2
Cleavers (Galium aparine) ・ Cock’s Foot (Dactylis glomerata) ・ -
Common Couch (Agropyron repens) ・
Section line by boundary of site Desire line running parallel devoid of Rosebay Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium)
plant growth -
Some smaller species e.g. Clover (Trifolium arvense) at edge of path trampling reduces likelihood of colonisation
-
Annual Meadow Grass (Poa annua) ・ Smooth Meadow Grass (Poa pratensis) ・
Bramble (Rubus fruticosus)
Same (or similar) plant species
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis) ・
located at opposite side of path, suggesting self seeding/pollinating, -
Rosebay Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium) dominates
-
Little interference from human activity
Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) ・ Wavy Hair Grass (Deschampsia flexuosa)
has allowed planting to colonise naturally -
Inspection of soil shows signs of silty properties
-
Dense growth suggests optimum nutrient content of soil for colonising species
-
Close proximity of drain impacts on water retention of soil
-
Fewer and sparser grass species
B1
B2
than opposite side of path competition from Rosebay Willow Herb may be less dominant species
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
LIGHT
WINDSPEED
HUMIDITY
B1
B2
B1
B2
B1
B2
700
1000
0
0
75%
74%
Location C C1
Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
C2
English Oak (Quercus robur)
Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
English Oak (Quercus robur)
English Oak (Quercus robur)
Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
Dominant species include: Cock’s Foot (Dactylis glomerata) ・ Common Couch (Agropyron repens) ・ -
Annual Meadow Grass (Poa annua) ・
Section line near boundary line Well worn desire line through section
Smooth Meadow Grass (Poa pratensis) ・
prohibitive to plant growth -
Area dominated by grass species (some up to 2 metres)
-
Oak trees beginning to mature probably planted approx 10 years
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis) ・
ago -
Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) ・
Little interference from human activity has allowed planting to colonise
Wavy Hair Grass (Deschampsia flexuosa)
naturally
C1
C2
Cross section C is towards the North West of the site. Oak trees have begun to establish themselves in this area, forming a natural woodland cluster and adding an additional layer to the mature tree border. A desire line running through the section line divides the grasses in half. It appears to have little impact on the growth of the younger trees, however it was noted that attempts have been made to break off younger branches spreading across the path. The mature trees create a shaded area with less vigorous undergrowth than is found elsewhere on the site. Well worn desire lines expose a lattice of roots, possibly as a result of erosion resulting from human activity and weathering.
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
LIGHT
WINDSPEED
HUMIDITY
C1
C2
C1
C2
C1
C2
1200
2000
0
0
79%
58%
Design
Stand shape design development
The shape of the stands has been inspired by the 19th century enclosure shapes of the area concerned. Ash, beech, birch, oak and pine woodlands were studied and a decision was made to design 2 stands for each type in order to create observation opportunities. As the stands develop, it will be interesting to see how they influence each others growth and dominance. Different edge effects will also be observed, including the softening of the perimeter through time. Native species have been selected, and where possible, trees of local provenance will be used. Particular regard has been given to the damp oak stand, incorporating the drain so as to replicate the preferred conditions.
Drain line
Whips are known to be better than mature trees at establishing themselves, and therefore have been selected for planting. This will also make the project more cost effective, as there will be minimal loss if any whips are lost in the early stages of growth. By using a geometric grid, planting the whips is simplified and systematic. The effect is harmonious, creating blocks of shape and colour. Access will be at specified points and will provide routes for vehicles and pedestrians. Forestry guidelines state a width of 3.4 metres is recommended for access. Sinuous paths have been designed so as to give access to all the stands and allow maximum observation. Psychologically, it is known that curved routes give a greater feeling of safety. Each stand will have its own thinning regime. Piles of deadwood will be retained to encourage wildlife habitats. Thinning will allow diversification of the size and structure of the canopy as well as the development of rides and glades. This will be based on observations made of the initial planting.
Field patterns acted as the main inspiration behind the stand designs
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Visualisation of how the stands may look once beginning to mature
Trial Succession A sample strip taken from trial succession area to highlight the change in vegetation over 40 years.
A2 A1
-
5 years A1
A2
-
-
10 years
A1
A2
-
20 years
-
-
A1
-
-
40 years
-
-
-
Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
Field layer overtakes ground layer Community plants become established Competitive reeds, nettles, rosebay willow herb and brambles dominate as light demanders Seed dispersal less likely to be wind bourne, greater potential for small mammals and birds to spread Seedling/sapling pioneer willow and elder emerge
A2
-
A1
Seed bank presents species found in and around ryebank area Reeds, grasses and buttercup community establish in area of drain Rosebay willow herb benefits from full light (score 7 Ellenburg) and optimum conditions Newly planted nearby stands provide perches for small birds to aid seed dispersal
New shrub layer becomes established with elder Fast growing willow established in damp soil drain area Bramble and elder compete with rosebay willow herb for light (rosebay will herb recedes) Field layer becomes more dense
Damp drain area continues to support reeds, buttercup and willow Upper storey partial canopy of willow sits against elder shrub, now at its maximum height Tree able to produce own seeds and also attract great range of wildlife Dense undergrowth provides green corridor effect to now established woodland stands
A2
1:100 @ A3
Masterplan Ryebank Fields Landscape Lab
Stand F: Birch aim: to use birch species to create a single genus stand, demonstrating a mix of plant spacings
Stand A: Pine Aim: “To create an open character, evergreen stand dominated by Pinus sylvestris, the aim being to function as a productive woodland” PS
JC
TB
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
JC
PS
TB
JC
PS
PS
TB
JC
PS
TB
JC
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
TB
A
BNa
BPa
BPe
BNi
BPe
BPe
BNa
BPu
BPa
BNi
BPu
BNi
BNa
BPe
BNi
BNi
BNa
BPa
BPu
BPu
BPu
BPa
BNa
BPe
BPa
b
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
JC
Juniperus communis
Juniper
4-8x2.5-4m
Aramatic leaves
20
77
PS
Pinus sylvestris
Scots Pine
12x8m
Good outline
60
232
TB
Taxus baccata
English Yew
12x8m
Red fruits
20
77
3m
c
Aim: To create a medium dense, single genus stand, made up of beech species, chosen for their varied foliage colours FSP
FS
FSA
FSD
FS
FSA
FSA
FSP
FSP
FSA
FS
FS
FSP
FSD
FS
FSA
FS
FSA
FSP
FSD
FSD
FSP
FSD
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
FS
Fagus sylvatica
Common Beech
12x8m
Spiny fruits
25
113
FSA
Fagus sylvatica ‘Asplenifolia’
Cut-leaved Beech
8x6-8m
Cut leaves
25
113
FSD
Fagus sylvatica ‘Dawyck Gold’
Beech
12x4-8m
Upright habit
25
113
FSP
Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea’
Purple Beech
12x8m
Purple foliage
25
113
QP
SA
QP
CA
QP
QP
QR
QP
QR
QP
CA
QP
SA
CM
QP
QP
QP
QR
QP
QP
SA
CA
2m
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
CA
Corylus avellana
Hazel
8x4-8m
Nuts/ catkins
10
65
CM
Crataegus monogyna
Common Hawthorn
4-8x4-8m
Red berries
10
65
QP
Quercus petraea
Sessile Oak
12x8m
Round crown
50
393
QR
Quercus robur
Common Oak
12x8m
Acorns
15
98
SA
Sorbus aucuparia
Rowan
12x4-8m
Red fruits
15
98
FE
PA
FE
PT
FE
FE
FE
FE
FE
PA
FE
PT
FE
PA
FE
FE
FE
FE
PT
FE
PT
h
Peeling bark
26
201
BPa
Betula papyrifera
Paper Birch
12x8m
Peeling bark
31
245
BPe
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
12x8m
Peeling bark
14
111
BPu Betula Common White pubescens Birch * BNi BPa x3 planted in same pit
12x8m
Peeling bark
14
111
PS
PS
BPe
PS
BPe
PS
PS
PS
BPe
PS
BPe
PS
BPe
PS
PS
BPe
PS
PS
PS
BPe
PS
PS
BPe
BPe PS
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
12x8m
Striking bark
30
145
Pinus sylvestris
Scots Pine
12x8m
Good outline
70
338
Indoor Lab
RF
FS
FS
QP
FS
QP
FS
QP
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
FS
Fagus sylvatica
Common Beech
12x8m
Spiny fruits
50
QP
FS
SN
QP
FS
107
QP
Quercus petraea
Sessile Oak
12x8m
Round crown
30
FS
QP
FS
QP
64
FS
RF
Rubus fruticosa
Blackberry
6-9x6-9m
Berries
10
SN
FS
FS
RF
21
QP
SN
Sambucus nigra
Elderberry
4-8x3-4m
Black fruits
10
21
3m
Succession Trial Area
stand I: Oak
i
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
FE
Fraxinus excelsior
Common Ash
20x8+m
Winged fruits
60
348
PT
Populus tremula
Aspen
15x8m
Grey catkins
25
145
PA
Prunus avium
Wild Cherry
12x8m
Purple berries
15
87
Aim: To create a medium dense, multilayered, typically english damp oak woodland, with a continuous canopy
j
QR
QR
QP
AG
QP
QP
AG
SC
QP
QR
SC
QP
QP
QR
SC
AG
QR
AG
SC
AG
SC
SC
QP
QR
AG
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
AG
Alnus glutinosa
Common Alder
12x4-8m
Winter catkins
20
105
QP
Quercus petraea
Sessile Oak
12x8m
Round crown
20
105
QR
Quercus robur
English Oak
12x8m
Acorns
50
263
SC
Salix caprea
Pussy Willow
8-12x4-8m
Large catkins
10
52
2m
Stand J: Birch aim: to create a dense multilayered stand in order to support wildlife using Betula, Sorbus, Prunus and Lonicera
2m
Stand E: Ash Aim: To create a medium dense, two storey productive stand, dominated by native ash species Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
Carpinus betulus
Hornbeam
12x4-8m
Fruit clusters
10
84
CA
Corylus avellana
Hazel
8x4-8m
Nuts/catkins
20
168
FE
FE
Fraxinus excelsior
Common Ash
20x8m
Winged fruits
50
420
CA
FEW
Fraxinus excelsior ‘Westhof’s Glorie’
Ash
12+x4-8m
Yellow in autumn
20
168
FE
FEW
FE
CA
FE
FE
FE
CB
FEW
FE
CA
CB
FE
CA
FEW
FEW
CA
FE
CB
FE
FEW
FE
FE
2m
12x4-8m
PS
FS
Aim: To create a single storey stand with a light open canopy of native ash, aspen and cherry PA
River Birch
PS
FS
stand D: Ash
FE
Betula nigra
stand H: Beech
g
Common name
PT
111
BNi
Aim: To create a multilayered stand with an open character, dominated by native fagus sylvatica
Latin name
PT
Qty
14
f
Aim: To create an open two storey mixed stand using clumps, dominated by Quercus petraea, selecting supporting species for their benefit to wildlife QP
% Stand
Ground cover
e
Stand C: oak
QR
Features
0.3x0.5m
2m
2m
SA
Mature h/s
Dwarf Birch
Aim: To create a medium dense natural pine wood dominated by Pinus sylvestris with some Betula pendula
d
stand B: Beech
FSD
Common name
Betula nana
Stand G: Pine
3m
FS
Latin name BNa
CB
BPe
SA
BPe
LP
PP
SA
BPu
PP
BPu
BPe
PP
LP
BPu
BPe
SA
SA
BPe
LP
LP
BPu
PP
PP
SA
BPu
LP
1m
5
Latin name
Common name
Mature h/s
Features
% Stand
Qty
BPe
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
12x8m
Striking bark
20
146
BPu
Betula pubescens
Common White Birch
12x8m
Peeling bark
20
146
LP
Lonicera periclymenum
Honeysuckle
4-8x1.5m
Fragrant
20
146
PP
Prunus padus
Bird Cherry
12x4-8m
Black fruits
20
146
SA
Sorbus aucuparia
Rowan
12x4-8m
Red fruits
20
146
10
20
30
40
50m
s ld Fie Lab 296 nk e 01 tan ba cap D:120opoli Rye nds ury rIMetr e La n B este 0 y Fil Siaanchrsity @ 1:5nolo 0
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Ryebank Fields_Humanities and Technology 2_ Sian Bury_12001296
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