Penguin ZINE.

FISH ‘N’ SHIT PE NGUIN ZINE

ADELIE

Name: Adelie Penguin Scientific Name: Pygoscelis Adeliae Breeding Range: Antarctica, South Shetlands, South Orkneys, Bouvet, Balleny and Peter Island World Population: 2,500,000 breeding pairs Fact File: Among the 17 species of penguins, Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae are the best studied of all penguins. They were named from Adélie Land, where they were first scientifically described in 1840 by the French explorer Jules Dumont d’Urville, who named this portion of the Antarctic continent in honor of his wife, Adèle.

While sexes are alike, males are slightly larger than females, especially their bill. Bill length is often used to determine sex.

Adélie penguins weigh between 3.8kg and 5.8kg depending on their stage in the breeding season.

A total of 2.5 millions pairs of Adélie penguins currently breed on the Antarctic continent and the small islands around it, the largest concentration being encountered in the Ross Sea region (1,000,000 pairs).

AFRICAN

Name: African Penguin Scientific Name: Spheniscus Demersus Breeding Range: Namibia and South Africa World Population: 70,000 breeding pairs Fact File: African Penguins are about 68cm in length, and weigh between 2.1 and 3.7kg. Spheniscus is a diminutive of the Greek word spen, meaning a wedge, which refers to their streamlined swimming shape, while demersus is a Latin word meaning plunging.

The African Penguin is the only penguin species that breeds in Africa, and it is found nowhere else. Its distribution coincides roughly with the cold, nutrient rich, Benguela Current. The distribution of African Penguins is further determined by the availability of offshore islands as breeding sites.

African Penguins feed primarily on shoaling pelagic fish such as anchovies, pilchards (sardines), horse mackerel and round herrings, supplemented by squid and crustaceans. There are regional differences in diet, and in some regions major changes in diet have followed human exploitation of their prey. When on the hunt for prey, African Penguins can reach a top speed of close to 20 km/h.

EMPEROR

Name: Emperor Penguin Scientific Name: Aptenodytes forsteri Breeding Range: Antarctica World Population: 220,000 breeding pairs Fact File:The Emperor Penguin is bigger than any other living penguin, standing up to 1.1 m tall. It is distinguished from the smaller King Penguin by its size, more robust stature, and a broad pale yellow connection between the orange-yellow ear patches and the pale yellow upper breast.

Breeds during the Antarctic winter in about 30 colonies around the southern parts of the Antarctic continent, usually on fast ice.

Eggs and chicks are balanced on the feet to prevent them from coming into contact with the ice. No nests are built, which allows the colony to move around and huddle close together, providing some protection from the cold. The male is solely responsible for the two-month incubation of the egg during the heart of winter in almost continuous darkness.

CHINSTRAP

Name: Chinstrap Penguin Scientific Name: Pygoscelis antarctica Breeding Range: South Sandwich Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, South Georgia, Bouvet, Balleny and Peter Island World Population: 7,500,000 breeding pairs Fact File: Chinstrap Penguins are medium-sized penguins, easily recognised by their white face and the fine black line across the cheeks. The demarcation between the black and white lies above the eye, isolating the dark eye in the white plumage. The bill is black. In contrast to most other penguins, juvenile Chinstraps closely resemble their parents.

Until their first moult, juveniles can be recognised by dark spotting around the eyes and a slightly shorter bill. This is separated from the white belly by a thin dark line running under the lower part of the chin - therefore the name.

Usually breeds on hillside slopes and rocky outcrops in colonies that sometimes can be enormous. At the South Shetlands, Chinstrap Penguins often breed amongst other Pygoscelis penguins, though usually on steeper slopes.

ERECT-CRESTED

Name: Erect-Crested Penguin Scientific Name: Eudyptes sclateri Breeding Range: Antipodes, Bounty, Auckland and Campbell Islands World Population: 170,000 breeding pairs Fact File: One of the largest of the crested penguins, the erect-crested penguin stands approximately 50cm tall and weighs up to 4kg. The parallel brush-like crests identify this species, however it is easily confused with the Fiordland and Snares crested penguins, particularly at sea.

Inhabitants of the sub-antarctic oceans, erect-crested penguins breed in large colonies on rocky coasts, often climbing very steep faces to breed on rock platforms.

Erect-crested penguins often breed alongside rockhopper penguins.

Unfortunately, the only way to view erect-crested penguins is to make a trip to a sub-antarctic island. As there population is decreasing.

FIORDLAND

Name: Fiordland Penguin Scientific Name: Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Breeding Range: New Zealand World Population: 3,000 breeding pairs Fact File: Fiordland crested penguins breed in the rainforests along the rugged coastline of New Zealand’s Fiordland and Stewart Island. They nest individually, or in loose colonies, close to the coast. Nest sites are in caves, under overhangs, at the base of trees, or in dense vegetation.

The most timid of the crested penguins, the Fiordland crested penguin stands about 40cm tall and weighs around 4 kilograms. The head, throat and upperparts are black, and underparts are white. The sulphur-yellow crest starts at the base of the bill, extends over the eye, and droops down the back of the head. Adults often have white stripes on the cheeks. Juveniles have a shorter crest and pale cheeks.

For the first few weeks of life, the chick is guarded by the male and fed by the female. Both parents then feed the chick and the chick begins to wander, creching with other chicks if they are nearby, but returning to the nest to be fed. Chicks fledge in November, when they are 10 weeks old. They return to their home colony to breeed at around 5 years of age.

GALAPAGOS

Name: Galapagos Penguins Scientific Name: Spheniscus mendiculus Breeding Range: Galapagos Islands World Population: Less than 1,000 breeding pairs Fact File: They are the smallest of the Spheniscus penguins.

Distinguished by their relatively large bill and narrow white line around the face. They breed mainly in caves or crevices of old lava flows and in burrows.

Unlike most who exculsively feed on Krill, The main prey items taken by Galapagos Penguin are small fish like mullet and sardine.

The main problem that Galapagos Penguins face in relation to weather, is from the strong sun. Entering the water enables penguins to cool off, but when on land they have a number of behavioural adaptations that help them to keep cool. Birds can lose heat from the exposed areas of skin on their feet, and the underparts of their flippers, aided by increases in blood flow to these areas. Birds are often seen standing with out-stretched flippers, hunched forward to shade their feet from the sun.

GENTOO

Name: Gentoo Penguin Scientific Name: Pygoscelis papua Breeding Range: Subantarctic islands and Antarctic Peninsula World Population: 320,000 breeding pairs Fact File: Gentoo penguins have an average length of 80cm and an average weight of 5kg. They have a reddish orange bill, apart from the black culminicorn, and orange feet. White patches above each eye meet across the crown, with white speckling in the adjacent black plumage around the head.

Females are slightly smaller than the males, but have similar markings.

Colonies are usually smaller than those of other Pygoscelis penguins and are less densely packed. In the sub-Antarctic the nests are often found amongst tussocks, whereas on the Antarctic Peninsula they nest on stony ice-free areas and beaches.

Dietary composition varies between season and locations but generally crustaceans, in particular krill (euphausiids), are the dominant prey in the southern part of the range, whereas benthic fish are more commonly caught in lower latitudes.

Squid play only a minor role.

HUMBOLDT

Name: Humboldt Penguin Scientific Name: Spheniscus humboldti Breeding Range: Northern Chile and Peru World Population: 12,000 breeding pairs Fact File: Humboldt Penguins nest in burrows - often dug into thick guano deposits, among boulders, in sea caves and sometimes in the open. Most birds depart the colony after sunrise and forage in close proximity to the colony.

Similar to Magellanic Penguins, but lacks the second dark breast band and has a wider white band around the head.

Humboldt Penguins also have more extensive areas of bare skin than Magellanic Penguins, including a pink fleshy patch at the base of the lower mandible. Immature birds are very similar to those of Magellanic Penguins but are generally darker on the head.

The very arid climate in PerĂş and northern Chile means that Humboldt penguin nests are not generally at risk from being flooded by heavy rain, except at the colonies in Central Chile, where climate is more temperate with a rainy season in autumn and winter. Burrows close to shore are occasionally flooded by ocean swells.

KING

Name: King Penguin Scientific Name: Aptenodytes patagonicus Breeding Range: Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie, South Georgia and Falkland Islands World Population: 2,000,000 breeding pairs Fact File: The King penguin is the world’s second largest penguin, with a typical weight of 12 - 14kg, and an average length of 90cm. Length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail, in an outstretched bird. This is a more reliable measurement than height, since it is not affected by variations in stance.

King penguins make no nest, and instead lay a single egg of around 310g, which they hold on their feet for the entire incubation period of about 55 days.

They used to breed on Islas de los Estados (Staten Island) until the colony was wiped out by sealers during the 19th Century.

LITTLE (BLUE)

Name: Little (Blue or Fairy) Penguin Scientific Name: Eudyptula minor Breeding Range: Australia and New Zealand World Population: 500,000 breeding pairs Fact File:The world’s smallest penguin (also known as Little Blue, Blue and Fairy Penguin).

The Little Penguin closely resembles juveniles of the genus Spheniscus (African,Galapagos,Magellanic,Humboldt), but their ranges do not overlap. Upper parts are pale blue to a dark grey-blue depending upon age, season and subspecies.

The transition from the dark upper parts to the white plumage of the lower body is not as well defined as in other penguins, going through shades of grey and brown, especially in the face.

Little Penguins are widely distributed in Australia (from Western Australia along the southern coast of Australia up to New South Wales) and in New Zealand (from Northland to Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands).

MACARONI

Name: Macaroni Penguin Scientific Name: Eudyptes chrysolophus Breeding Range: South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, Bouvet, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Falklands, Chile, Argentina and Antarctic Peninsula.

World Population: 9,000,000 breeding pairs Fact File: The Macaroni penguin is the most common penguin in the world, they are bigger than the Rockhoppers, with an average length of around 70cm with an average weight of 5.5kg. The head and upper body is of a blueish black with the underparts are white.

In contrast to the other crested Penguins, this species has orange, not yellow, feather plumes. They originate from a supercilium that meets at the front, i.e. higher up the head than in other species. Macaroni Penguins are also slightly larger than the other crested penguins.

The diet of the Macaroni penguins mainly consists of crustaceans with fish playing a minor role.

MAGELLANIC

Name: Magellanic Penguin Scientific Name: Spheniscus magellanicus Breeding Range: Chile, Argentina and Falkland Islands World Population: 1,800,000 breeding pairs Fact File: Magellanic penguins are only found around the Falkland Islands and South America, but they are extremely numerous within these regions. The Falklands has a population well in excess of 100,000 breeding pairs, but this is small compared to populations in South America, which number around 900,000 breeding pairs in Argentina (Centro Nacional Patag贸nico) and 800,000 pairs in Chile (Environmental Research Unit).

Breeds in burrows where digging is possible, otherwise on the surface or under bushes. Colonies form in a variety of habitats from low forests to grassland to bare rocks, often on islands or headlands. Some colonies on the Argentinean side number several hundreds of thousands of pairs.

Such as other penguins their diet consists of Fish, mainly anchovies and sardines

ROCKHOPPER

Name: Rockhopper Penguin Scientific Name: Eudyptes Chrysocome Breeding Range: Falklands Islands, Argentina, Chile World Population: 1,600,000 breeding pairs Fact File: In total, there are three types of the Rockhopper penguins, the Southern, Eastern and Northern Rockhopper.

The difference between the Rockhopper penguins and other crested penguins species are the size. The Rockhopper is the smallest of all the crested penguins. Another thing that differs them from other crested penguins is they have red eyes.

They tend to breed on rocky slopes and amongst tussocks, small caves and amongst crevices. Most of the first laid eggs are lost during Incubation, the chicks that do manage to hatch from the eggs usually die during the first days of brooding.

These penguins usually feed on crustaceans, fish and cephalopods. The cephalopods play a minor role in the diet of a Rockhopper penguin with crustaceans playing a major role.

SNARES

Name: Snares Penguin Scientific Name: Eudyptes robustus Breeding Range: Snares Islands, New Zealand World Population: 30,000 breeding pairs Fact File: These penguins are very similar to the Fiordland penguin but are native to the snares island. Due to the relatively small area of which the penguins live in, they have the most restricted distribution of all penguins.

Another similarities is that the crest on the snares penguin is shorter than the Fiordland The diet of these penguins is thought to be mainly Krill, Fish and Squid.

Breeds under the canopy of Olearia forests, as well as on coastal rock. The forest often dies due to penguin guano, creating clearings.

YELLOW-EYED

Name: Yellow-Eyed Penguin Scientific Name: Megadyptes antipodes Breeding Range: New Zealand World Population: 1,500 breeding pairs Fact File: Considered by many as the rarest penguin in the world, however, many others would associate this with the Galapagnos and Fiordland Penguins.

Adults have a very distinguisble with there their yellow eyes and yellow stripes that meet up at the back of the head.

Young Penguins have a pale yellow chin and a less vivid yellow eye stripe.

They nest in dense vegetation and dunes with many nests completely isolated from each other. These penguins are known to forage in pairs or alone.

These penguins feed on both fish and Cephalopods, however the Cephalopods play a minor roll in the diet of an adult but a major role with both the adults and the youngsters if there is no other food source.

It’s a feature of the most sophisticated imaginary languages that when you listen to them, you think you hear words you recognise. Everyone has an opinion on where Pingu’s language comes from: at various times it has been claimed that it contains bits of Icelandic, Finnish or Italian. Knowing that the series originated in Switzerland has led some people to assume that it’s Swiss-German dialect that he’s using.

The Language that Pingu speaks is known as Penguinese.

NOOT NOOT NO!

NOOT YES

MEEK MEEK HELLO

NO NO LA DA I’M HOME

Penguin Jokes What fish do penguins eat at night?

Starfish Why do penguins never succeed?

Because they always get cold feet What do you call a penguin in a desert?

LOST! What’s a penguins favourite game?

Slide and seek What did one detective penguin say to the other detective penguin?

Something’s fishy here!

How does a penguin feel at lunch?

Peckish Why don’t you see penguins in Britain?

Because they’re afraid of Wales What’s black and white and goes round and around?

A penguin in a revolving door

SIAN LAWRENCE