Skillings Mining Review August 2024

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Top 15 Movies About Mining You Must Watch

38 Top 8 Mineral Exploration Phases: From Discovery to Production Decision

Environmental Impacts of Iron Ore Mining

Iron ore mining plays a crucial role in the global economy as it supplies the essential raw materials needed for the production of steel, which is widely utilized across various industries.

How Information Technology is Transforming the Mining Industry: Revolutionizing Mineral Extraction

Volume: 113. Issue.8. August 2024

39

Chile to Evaluate 81 Private Lithium Proposals, Aiming for Four Projects by 2026

INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

The iron ore mining industry is constantly grappling with the need to sustain productivity in the face of ever-changing market conditions, growing environmental considerations, and rapid technological progress. 34 12

The mineral mining industry is experiencing a significant shift, fueled by the rapid progress in information technology (IT).

05 AME Urges Swift Government Action on Mineral Tenure Act Modernization

06 Potential Impact of South Africa’s Minerals Export Tax on Mining

06 How Building on Chilean Sand Dunes Threatens Communities

07 Western Miners Seek Higher Prices to Compete with Chinese Rivals in Critical Metals Market

08 Xcel Energy Secures Permit for at Sherco Site, One of America’s Largest Solar Farms

20 ISA Debates Future of Deep-Sea Mining

21 Portuguese Resistance to Lithium Mining Grows

29 Anglo American Engages Financial Advisors for Major Coal Asset Sale

Strategies & Innovations to Maintain Productivity in Iron Ore Mines

40 China Discovers Strategic Minerals at World’s Largest RareEarth Mine

41 Sovereign Metals Completes Kasiya Dry Mining Trial

43 Seafloor ‘Dark Oxygen’ Phenomenon Adds Complexity

46 Stastistics

47 World Steel in Figures 2024 now available

Pam Luettich & José Armando Castillo.

Skillings Mining Review of CFX Network LLC, publishes comprehensive information on global mining, iron ore markets and critical industry issues via Skillings Mining Review Monthly Magazine and weekly. SMR Americas, Global Skillings and Skilling Equipment Gear newsletters.

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AME Urges Swift Government Action on Mineral Tenure Act Modernization

The Association for Mineral Exploration (AME) has released its “What We Heard” report, summarizing the impacts of modernizing the Mineral Tenure Act (MTA).

The Association for Mineral Exploration (AME) has released its “What We Heard” report, summarizing crucial input from members, Indigenous communities, and other stakeholders on the impacts of modernizing the Mineral Tenure Act (MTA) for the mineral exploration and mining industries.

This comprehensive report responds to the B.C. government’s plan to update the MTA and Mineral Tenure Online (MTO) systems following a significant court

ruling. While AME acknowledges the necessity of establishing a consultation standard, it has raised concerns about the limited engagement with the mineral exploration industry to date.

The association supports the court’s suggestion to separate the duty to consult on mineral claims from the broader MTA modernization but criticizes the government for providing less than two weeks for feedback on timelines that directly affect industry livelihoods.

“The discovery and development of critical minerals are of paramount importance to our economy,” stated Keerit Jutla, AME’s president and CEO.

“Given the government’s critical minerals strategy, it is crucial that the government actively supports the initial stages of this process, ensuring fairness for independent prospectors and exploration companies.”

Unstable Ground: How Building on Chilean Sand Dunes Threatens Communities

Coastal construction on Chilean sand dunes has become a cause for concern as the number of sinkholes continues to increase.

The construction of buildings along the sandy dunes in Chile has raised serious concerns among both local residents and experts, especially considering the growing number of sinkholes in the region. The problem has become more severe in the coastal cities of Concón and Viña del Mar, as heavy storms in recent times have worsened the situation.

Delicate Ecosystems and Unsteady Terrain

Experts have consistently cautioned against constructing on sand dunes because of their intrinsically precarious characteristics. The ongoing construction projects are posing a threat to the dunes, which play a crucial role in coastal protection and biodiversity.

“Construction on the dunes should be avoided as they are incredibly delicate ecosystems,” expressed a local environmental scientist. The recent increase in sinkholes has brought attention to the vulnerability of these developments.

The region has been severely affected by recent heavy storms, resulting in extensive damage and displacement. In Viña del Mar, drone footage uncovered a significant sinkhole beneath a residential complex, leading to the evacuation of approximately 150 individuals.

Potential Impact of South Africa’s Minerals Export Tax on Mining Sector

South Africa’s mining industry lobby group is urging caution regarding the proposed minerals export tax. They are emphasizing the need for careful consideration before implementing such a tax.

The mining industry in South Africa has raised serious concerns regarding the government’s proposed tax on mineral exports. They are urging for a careful approach to prevent any potential negative impact on the sector. The Minerals Council South Africa, representing the country’s mining companies, expressed concerns about the potential impact of such a tax.

They highlighted the possibility of reduced mining production and diminished investor confidence as unintended consequences that could arise.

Government’s Proposal and Industry Response

THE GOAL IS TO promote increased local processing of ores, which has the potential to generate employment opportunities and enhance the country’s economic value.

The government is currently exploring various options to encourage local beneficiation, such as the implementation of export taxes on unprocessed minerals, as revealed by Mineral Resources Minister Gwede Mantashe. The goal is to promote increased local processing of ores, which has the potential to generate employment opportunities and enhance the country’s economic value. Additional incentives being considered include limited tax breaks and electricity rates tied to the prices of goods.

On the other hand, the Minerals Council has expressed concerns that these measures may have unintended consequences. “Lower mining production may be a result of the unintended consequences of export restrictions, as returns on primary extraction are eroded,” said Hlanganani Mthenjane, a spokesperson for the council. The council proposes a more balanced approach, highlighting that using incentives instead of punitive measures could be more effective in encouraging local beneficiation.

Western Miners Seek Higher Prices to Compete with Chinese Rivals in Critical Metals Market

Western mining companies are making a case for increased metal prices in order to stay competitive against producers with Chinese connections, as the global competition for critical minerals heats up. Amid mounting worries about China’s control over the manufacturing and refining of crucial metals needed for clean energy technologies and electric vehicles, there is a renewed effort to address this issue.

It is quite remarkable that despite substantial investments, the sole cobalt mine in the United States, situated in northern Idaho, continues to remain inactive. The

reopening of the mine is dependent on the increase in cobalt prices to a point where operations become financially feasible, according to Jervois Global, the mine’s owner.

The situation underscores the difficulties Western miners encounter when trying to compete with Chinese-backed operations. These operations frequently enjoy lower production costs and less strict environmental regulations, posing a challenge for their Western counterparts.

With the increasing demand for critical minerals, Western countries are now

recognizing the strategic importance of securing stable supplies of these resources. This is driven by the global transition to renewable energy and electric transportation, which continues to grow.

This development takes place in the context of recent initiatives by Western governments to decrease reliance on supply chains controlled by China. The United States, specifically, has been enacting measures to enhance domestic production of vital minerals and forge stronger alliances with friendly countries to ensure resource security.

ONE OF AMERICA’S LARGEST SOLAR FARMS

Xcel Energy Secures Permit for at Sherco Site

MINNESOTA REGULATORS HAVE

granted a crucial permit for Xcel Energy’s ambitious plan to build one of America’s largest solar farms – Sherco 3 solar project marking a significant step in the utility’s transition from coal to renewable energy.

The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (PUC) approved a site permit for the Sherco 3 solar project in Sherburne County, the last of three large-scale solar installations planned to partially replace the retiring Sherburne County Generating Station, commonly known as Sherco.

America’s Largest Solar

Farm Sherco 3 solar project estimated to cost $434 million

The Sherco 3 solar project, estimated to cost $434 million, will cover approximately 1,780 acres and is part of a larger $1.1 billion initiative that will generate up to 710 megawatts of power, enough to supply roughly 150,000 homes. This development is crucial for Xcel as it phases out its coal-fired generators and moves towards a carbon-free future.

Xcel Energy closed the first of three coalfired generators at the Sherco plant on December 31, 2023, with plans to retire the remaining two units in 2026 and 2030. While the solar projects will not fully replace the 2,220 megawatts of electricity generated by the coal plant, they represent a significant step in re-

The coal-powered Sherburne County Generating Station in Becker, Minn., on Monday. The plant is scheduled to be closed by 2030, replaced with the Sherco Solar site which will be located on an adjacent plot of land. credits:Tim Evans for MPR News

ducing carbon emissions and aligning with Minnesota’s clean energy goals. The utility cites several advantages to building the solar facilities at the Sherco site, including the ability to utilize existing transmission infrastructure, which will expedite the connection to

the grid[1]. Additionally, the Sherco 3 project is expected to create about 400 union construction jobs and help maintain the local tax base as the coal plant is phased out.

In addition to the solar installations, Xcel plans to construct an innovative long-duration battery system near the coal facility to store variable renewable power. This project aligns with Xcel’s broader strategy to achieve 88% carbon-free energy production in the Upper Midwest by 2030.

The approval of the Sherco 3 solar project permit represents a significant milestone in Minnesota’s energy transition, reflecting a broader trend of utilities shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.

Xcel Energy CEO Bob Frenzel discusses the Sherco Solar project during a Groundbreaking Ceremony in Becker, Minn. Credits: Tim Evans for MPR News

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Top 15 Movies About Mining You Must Watch

1. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948): Directed by John Huston, this classic stars Humphrey Bogart and Walter Huston. It tells the story of Americans in Mexico searching for gold, exploring greed and betrayal.

2. There Will Be Blood (2007): Paul Thomas Anderson directs Daniel Day-Lewis in this film based on Upton Sinclair’s novel “Oil!”. It follows a ruthless oil prospector’s journey, highlighting ambition and the cost of progress.

3. The 33 (2015): Patricia Riggen’s biographical drama about the 2010 Chilean mining disaster. Starring Antonio Banderas, it showcases the miners’ survival and rescue.

10.Erin Brockovich (2000): Steven Soderbergh’s biographical drama starring Julia Roberts as a legal assistant who uncovers water contamination by a mining company.

4. North Country (2005): Directed by Niki Caro, Charlize Theron stars in this true story of the first successful sexual harassment case in the U.S. mining industry.

5. October Sky (1999): Joe Johnston directs this true story of Homer Hickam, a coal miner’s son who dreams of becoming a rocket scientist.

6. The Devil’s Miner (2005): A documentary by Kief Davidson and Richard Ladkani about child miners in Bolivia’s silver mines, focusing on their harsh conditions and beliefs.

7. Gold (2016): Stephen Gaghan’s film, starring Matthew McConaughey, is loosely based on the 1993 Bre-X mining scandal, exploring ambition and fraud.

8. Promised Land (2012): Directed by Gus Van Sant, Matt Damon stars in this drama on hydraulic fracturing, addressing corporate ethics and environmental impacts.

9. Blood Diamond (2006): Directed by Edward Zwick, Leonardo DiCaprio and Djimon Hounsou star in this action-thriller about conflict diamonds in Sierra Leone.

11. The Last King of Scotland (2006): Directed by Kevin Macdonald, Forest Whitaker stars as Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, with mining as a backdrop to the story of power and corruption.

12. The Dig (2021): Simon Stone directs Carey Mulligan and Ralph Fiennes in this drama about the 1939 excavation of Sutton Hoo, focusing on historical discovery rather than mining.

13. Deepwater Horizon (2016): Peter Berg’s disaster film starring Mark Wahlberg recounts the 2010 offshore drilling rig explosion, highlighting the dangers of oil drilling.

14. Hell or High Water (2016): Directed by David Mackenzie, this neo-Western stars Chris Pine and Ben Foster as brothers robbing banks to save their family ranch, set against the backdrop of economic hardship in rural Texas.

15. The Ghost and the Darkness (1996): Stephen Hopkins directs Val Kilmer and Michael Douglas in this adventure film about the Tsavo Man-Eaters during the construction of the Kenya-Uganda Railway.

Strategies & Innovations to Maintain Productivity in Iron Ore Mines

THE

IRON ORE MINING INDUSTRY IS CONSTANTLY

grappling with the need to sustain productivity in the face of everchanging market conditions, growing environmental considerations, and rapid technological progress.

Maximizing the efficiency of iron ore mines requires a comprehensive strategy that encompasses the adoption of cutting-edge technologies, careful strategic planning, and a commitment to environmental and social obligations. This article delves into the present state of the iron ore mining industry, shedding light on important strategies and innovations that are ensuring the productivity of mines.

Market Dynamics and Economic Outlook

The global iron ore market is significantly impacted by the economic conditions in China, which holds the title of being the world's largest steel producer. Despite a disappointing economic recovery in China in 2023, hot metal production remained resilient, suggesting a nuanced connection between economic performance and steel production demand.

In 2024, the market is anticipated to witness varying growth patterns, influenced by the ever-changing policies in China and the increasing demands of steelmakers for ore of superior quality.

Technological advancements and decarbonization have become key areas of focus in recent years.

push for green steel, which is opening up new opportunities for mines capable of supplying these materials.

The rapid advancement of decarbonization technologies is anticipated to result in the emergence of fresh environmentally-friendly production centers, poised to have a substantial impact on the future of iron ore mining.

In 2024, the market is anticipated to witness varying growth patterns, influenced by the ever-changing policies in China and the increasing demands of steelmakers for ore of superior quality.

Embracing cutting-edge technologies is crucial for iron ore mines to enhance productivity and reduce carbon emissions. The demand for high-grade iron ore is being reshaped by the

Investment in Mine Development

Investing in mine development is essential for maintaining productivity. In 2023, there were notable developments in the United States' iron ore sector, with state mineral leases being approved to prolong the lifespan of specific mines by 20 years. Investments in this area have the potential to significantly improve the lifespan, efficiency, and environmental impact of mines.

Industry Collaboration and Conferences

Collaboration among different sectors is crucial for sustaining productivity. Events such as the 26th Annual Global Iron Ore & Steel Forecast Conference offer a valuable opportunity for industry experts to engage in discussions about market dynamics, sustainability, and technological advancements. These conferences provide a platform for professionals to connect, exchange ideas, and establish valuable collaborations that can fuel progress and efficiency in the industry.

Case Study: BHP Achieves Record Production

BHP Group's recent accomplishment of achieving record iron ore production in

Western Australia highlights the positive outcomes of effective planning and technological investment. In the fourth quarter of 2023, production saw a 6% increase, thanks to better weather conditions and improved operations at the South Flank site.

This achievement highlights the significance of being efficient and adaptable in order to maintain optimal productivity levels.

Focusing on Environmental and Social Responsibility

Recognizing the growing significance of environmental and social responsibilities, the iron ore mining industry is placing greater emphasis on addressing these concerns. Many companies are now prioritizing sustainable practices,

including efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and working closely with indigenous groups to ensure that mining activities have a positive impact on local communities.

These efforts not only improve the public perception of mining operations, but also play a role in ensuring their long-term viability.

In order to tackle these challenges, mining companies are placing a growing emphasis on technological innovation, strategic partnerships, and sustainable practices.

Our strategy involves embracing cutting-edge exploration methods, making significant investments in automation and digitalization, and fostering strong partnerships with local communities

INDUSTRIAL GENERAL CONTRACTOR

Developing new iron ore mines poses significant challenges in today's mining landscape

1. Decreasing ore grades: With the depletion of highgrade deposits, mining companies are compelled to investigate and develop ore bodies with lower grades. These deposits can only be economically viable with the use of more advanced and costly extraction and processing technologies.

2. Under growing scrutiny: Mining operations are under growing scrutiny due to concerns about their impact on the environment and their relationships with local communities. It is crucial for companies to address concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and social responsibility in order to obtain and maintain their social license to operate.

3. Substantial initial investments: The development of new mines necessitates substantial initial investments in exploration, infrastructure, and equipment. Securing funding can be quite a challenge, especially in the face of market volatility and unpredictable demand forecasts.

4. Regulatory hurdles: The process of obtaining permits and approvals for new mining projects has become increasingly challenging and time-consuming. This is mainly due to the implementation of stricter environmental regulations and the need for extensive community consultation.

5. Overcoming technological hurdles: The extraction and processing of lower-grade ores often necessitate

and governments to ensure the sustainability of our projects in the long run.

In addition, companies are actively seeking ways to minimize their environmental impact and enhance their social contributions in order to meet the increasing expectations of investors and stakeholders in terms of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) standards.

the use of cutting-edge technologies and inventive methods. It is crucial for companies to allocate resources towards research and development in order to enhance efficiency and lower expenses.

6. Infrastructure development: The establishment of new mines, particularly in remote locations, often necessitates significant investments in transportation infrastructure such as railways, ports, and roads to facilitate the movement of ore to the market.

7. The economic viability of new mining projects can be affected by fluctuating iron ore prices and uncertain demand, which are often influenced by China's economic performance.

8. Shortage of skilled workers: The mining industry is grappling with a worldwide shortage of skilled workers, specifically in maintenance and specialized technical positions. This could potentially impact the progress and functioning of upcoming mining projects.

9. Navigating complex geopolitical landscapes: When exploring and developing mines in certain regions, it's important to be aware of the potential risks associated with trade tensions and resource nationalism.

10. Water scarcity: Numerous mining sites are situated in regions with limited water resources, posing a significant challenge for managing water in new projects.

The Impact of Funding and Investment on the Exploration of New Iron Ore Deposits

Investigating potential iron ore deposits is a venture that demands significant financial resources and carries a considerable level of risk. The success and efficiency of exploration activities are greatly influenced by the availability and allocation of financial resources. Take

a deep dive into the world of funding and investment and its impact on the exploration of fresh iron ore deposits.

Enabling Advanced Exploration Technologies

Investing in advanced exploration technologies is essential for discovering fresh iron ore deposits. With the help of cutting-edge geophysical tools and advanced data analytics, exploration efforts have become more accurate and

efficient, resulting in significant reductions in both time and cost compared to traditional methods.

These technologies enable companies to more accurately locate valuable mineral deposits, thereby increasing the chances of successful discoveries.

Providing Assistance to Risky Ventures

Exploration carries inherent risks and offers no guarantees of success.

With sufficient funding, companies can embark on ambitious projects that carry the possibility of substantial rewards.

This is especially crucial as valuable deposits become scarce and harder to reach, requiring exploration in increasingly difficult and distant locations.

Assisting with Future Planning

Continual investment in exploration enables mining companies to sustain a steady stream of potential projects. Taking a long-term approach is crucial for ensuring the industry's future, as the process of going from initial exploration to a productive mine can span several years, if not decades. Companies must make strategic investments to stay ahead of future demand and market changes.

Pioneering Advances in Extracting Resources from Lower-Grade Deposits

Investment in research and development is crucial for the development of new technologies and methods to

economically extract iron ore from lower-grade deposits, as high-grade deposits become increasingly scarce. This innovation is crucial for sustaining the industry's viability and staying competitive.

Building Strong Collaborations

Substantial funding has the potential to attract strategic partners, such as other mining companies, governments, and local communities. These partnerships offer valuable resources, expertise, and risk-sharing, which greatly enhance the feasibility of large-scale exploration projects. Collaborative efforts can greatly contribute to the alignment of mining operations with environmental and social governance (ESG) standards.

Navigating the Challenges of Market Volatility

Price fluctuations in the iron ore market can be quite significant. Strong financial support enables companies to withstand periods of low prices and sustain their exploration efforts, guaranteeing a consistent source of new deposits for future development. It is essential to maintain financial resilience in order to ensure long-term operational stability.

Ensuring Compliance with Regulatory and Environmental Standards

With increased investment, companies are able to conduct comprehensive environmental impact assessments and actively involve local communities. It is becoming more and more crucial to acquire the required permits and uphold public support in order to continue operating. Complying with more stringent environmental regulations demands a substantial amount of financial resources, a challenge that well-funded companies are better positioned to handle.

Exploring a Variety of Opportunities

By securing sufficient funding, companies have the opportunity to explore multiple sites at once, enhancing their likelihood of success and potentially uncovering deposits with diverse characteristics to cater to various market demands. This diversification helps to minimize the risk involved in exploration and increases the overall potential for profitable discoveries.

Drawing in Skilled Professionals

Significant investment in exploration projects has the potential to attract highly skilled professionals in the fields of geology, engineering, and related disciplines. Experienced individuals play a crucial role in ensuring the success of exploration activities. Their skills and knowledge greatly contribute to the quality and efficiency of these efforts.

Utilizing Collaborative Efforts between the Public and Private Sectors

Government funding and incentives can provide additional support to private investment, especially for projects that are considered crucial for the nation's interests. Public-private partnerships play a crucial role in securing financial support and aiding the development of infrastructure needed for exploration and mining activities.

Funding and investment play a crucial role in the exploration of new iron ore deposits. They promote the adoption of cutting-edge technologies, encourage bold and ambitious projects, and foster a culture of forward-thinking and creativity.

With the help of significant financial resources, mining companies are able to successfully navigate the intricate process of exploration, meet regulatory standards, and ultimately uncover and develop new iron ore deposits that guarantee the long-term sustainability and expansion of the industry.

GRAND CANYON

Tribal Nations & Environmentalists Unite Against Uranium Mining

Efforts to halt uranium mining operations near the Grand Canyon are gaining momentum as environmental activists and tribal groups raise concerns about potential water contamination and health risks.

Efforts to halt uranium mining operations near the Grand Canyon

Efforts to halt uranium mining operations near the Grand Canyon are gaining momentum as environmental activists and tribal groups raise concerns about potential water contamination and health risks.

The Pinyon Plain Mine, situated just a stone’s throw away from the majestic Grand Canyon National Park, has stirred up quite a bit of debate, even though it

The ongoing situation highlights the intricate relationship between energy policy, environmental protection, and tribal sovereignty, posing substantial challenges for policymakers and stakeholders in the region.

In late June 2024, a group of environmental organizations, such as the Sierra Club and Center for Biological Diversity, presented a petition containing over 17,500 signatures to Arizona Governor Katie Hobbs. They called on her to take action and shut down the mine. According to activists, the mining activities pose a significant risk to the groundwater that nourishes the Grand Canyon’s seeps and springs. This could have negative consequences for the local ecosystems and communities.

The company operating the Pinyon Plain Mine asserts that the site has undergone thorough environmental studies and adheres to all necessary permits. In late December 2023, the company started extracting uranium ore, driven by the rising prices of uranium and the growing backing for nuclear energy as a clean power option.

The mine controversy brings attention to the ongoing discussion between economic interests, energy policy, and environmental conservation. Native American tribes, including the Havasupai, have voiced their strong opposition to the mining activities due to concerns about their drinking water source being located beneath the mine.

falls within the boundaries of the newly designated Baaj Nwaavjo I’tah Kukveni National Monument.

The office of Governor Hobbs has issued a response to the petition, asserting that the Pinyon Plain Mine is subject to rigorous regulation and undergoes regular inspections by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ).

However, activists are expressing concerns about the potential risks and are urging state and federal officials to take more decisive action.

The matter has also raised concerns about the wider consequences of uranium mining and transportation through indigenous territories. The Navajo Nation, with its extensive experience in addressing the consequences of uranium mining, has once again expressed its

strong objection to the transportation of uranium through its territory.

Amidst the ongoing debate, environmental groups and tribal nations are actively exploring different legal and political options to contest the mine’s operations. On the other hand, energy companies and certain policymakers are advocating

for the significance of domestic uranium production to support nuclear energy. The ongoing situation highlights the intricate relationship between energy policy, environmental protection, and tribal sovereignty, posing substantial challenges for policymakers and stakeholders in the region.

BHP Sets Record Iron

Ore Production Again

BHP met its fiscal year 2024 iron ore production goal with a record year. The company produced 259.7 million tons of iron ore last year, up 1%.

BHP met its fiscal year 2024 iron ore production goal with a record year. The company produced 259.7 million tons of iron ore last year, up 1%.

BHP’s Pilbara Iron Ore operations produced 69.2 million tons in the June quarter, driving the excellent performance. The South Flank mine, BHP’s newest and largest Pilbara iron ore location, reached full production capacity this year, contributing to this performance. BHP predicts a 2% variance in iron ore production for the following fiscal year.

In addition to iron ore, BHP reported strong copper production. The company’s full-year copper output rose 9% to 1.87 million tons, meeting expectations. The acquisition of Oz Minerals and upgraded Escondida and South Australian operations facilitated this rise. Copper production could rise 10% this year, according to BHP.

Other sectors presented hurdles for the organization. Metallurgical coal production fell 23% to 22.3 million tons, with 15%-25% drops projected in the new fiscal year. BHP will handle this slump over five years. BHP’s nickel division grew 2% to 81.6 thousand tons annually. The business also stated its Australian nickel facilities would close later this year due to global oversupply.

International Seabed Authority Debates Future of Deep-Sea Mining

International

Seabed Authority

(ISA) is currently negotiating final regulations for deep-sea mining, impacting both ocean ecosystems and the clean energy sector.

Negotiations to finalize regulations for deep-sea mining have recently resumed under the International Seabed Authority (ISA), a United Nations body responsible for regulating the ocean floor. Amidst the increasing attention from companies in the clean energy sector and the worries expressed by environmental groups regarding the potential harm to ocean ecosystems, this decision has been made.

International Seabed Authority’s Role in Deep-Sea Mining

Opinions on the ISA’s efforts have been varied. Advocates assert that deep-sea mining plays a vital role in acquiring crucial minerals such as cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements that are indispensable for renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles. However, critics caution that mining activities may disrupt delicate marine habitats, resulting in lasting ecological repercussions.

THE ISA ASSEMBLY, with representatives from 168 member states, is currently discussing the conditions for mining operations to move forward.

The ISA Assembly, with representatives from 168 member states, is currently discussing the conditions for mining operations to move forward. Recent discussions have brought attention to the contrasting views among nations regarding the utilization of seabed resources. Some countries are enthusiastic about exploiting these resources, while others advocate for a temporary halt until stronger environmental safeguards are established.

Environmental Concerns and Deep-Sea Mining

The small Pacific island nation of Nauru has been instrumental in expediting discussions, highlighting the economic advantages. Meanwhile, African nations, which heavily rely on terrestrial mining, have expressed their concerns regarding the speed and transparency of the negotiations.

Portuguese Resistance to Lithium Mining Grows

A proposed lithium mine in Covas do Barroso, Portugal, has ignited strong opposition from the local community and environmental activists.

The community, known for its strong ties to agriculture and livestock farming, expresses deep concern over the potential impact of the mine on their way of life and the environment. The area, renowned for its agricultural significance, is currently facing the challenge of water resource depletion and potential ecological disruption.

The lithium mining project has also been associated with corruption investigations involving the Portuguese government,

shedding light on the green transition’s wider political and ethical challenges. Some individuals assert that a genuine shift towards sustainability should not harm the well-being of nearby communities and natural environments.

The controversy in Covas do Barroso highlights a crucial issue in the worldwide drive for renewable energy: the environmental impact of lithium extraction, despite its importance in batteries and electric vehicles. These concerns

highlight the importance of considering the long-term viability and moral implications of the shift toward sustainability, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive and equitable energy and resource management strategies.

As the debate rages on, it becomes evident that finding solutions requires striking a delicate balance between safeguarding the environment and addressing the pressing demand for clean energy.

We have long supported the region’s mining industry by providing safe, reliable and competitively priced electricity. In 2021, half of the energy we provide to all of our customers will come from renewable sources. Together, we power northeastern Minnesota’s economy.

mnpower.com/EnergyForward

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF IRON ORE

MINING

by Charles Pitts

IRON ORE MINING PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE GLOBAL economy as it supplies the essential raw materials needed for the production of steel, which is widely utilized across various industries. Nevertheless, the impact of iron ore mining on the environment is substantial, with consequences for air and water quality, biodiversity, and the well-being of local communities. This article explores the environmental challenges associated with iron ore mining and discusses recent developments in the industry.

Exploring the Environmental Consequences of Iron Ore Mining

Air and Water Pollution

Iron ore extraction and processing can result in the release of pollutants into the surrounding air and water. Mining operations can have a negative impact on air quality due to the release of dust and particulate matter. Additionally, the use of chemicals in ore processing can pose a risk to water sources by potentially contaminating them.

One of the most concerning water-related problems is acid mine drainage, which occurs when sulfide minerals in the ore come into contact with air and water, resulting in the formation of sulfuric acid.

The acid has the ability to extract heavy metals from the nearby rock, resulting in the contamination of water with toxic substances.

The Impact of Habitat Destruction and Land Use Change

Iron ore mining frequently results in the clearance of extensive vegetation and topsoil, causing significant damage to habitats and erosion of the soil. The construction of infrastructure, including roads, railways, and processing facilities, intensifies the disruption of land.

This has a significant impact in biodiverse regions such as the tropical rainforests of Gabon, where mining activities have the potential to cause lasting ecological harm.

of environmental conflicts involving Indigenous peoples. This is particularly alarming considering that Indigenous peoples constitute a mere fraction of the global population.

Recent Updates in Iron Ore Mining

The Simandou Project in Guinea

The start of the Simandou project in Guinea marks a major milestone in the world of iron ore mining. With a staggering valuation of $20 billion, this ambitious project is being led by Rio Tinto in collaboration with the Guinean government and a number of prominent global companies, including five esteemed partners from China.

A study conducted by researchers at Spain's Autonomous University of Barcelona revealed a concerning statistic: mining activities have been responsible for nearly a quarter of environmental conflicts involving Indigenous peoples. Mining companies that are committed to environmental responsibility prioritize efforts to minimize deforestation and manage soil erosion in order to maintain ecological balance in mining areas.

Impact on Indigenous Communities

Indigenous communities bear a disproportionate burden from mining activities, given their deep connection to the land and its resources. Mining often results in the displacement of communities, the loss of livelihoods, and disruption to cultural norms.

A study conducted by researchers at Spain's Autonomous University of Barcelona revealed a concerning statistic: mining activities have been responsible for nearly a quarter

This ambitious project includes the development of two significant iron ore mines, a 552km railway, and a deepwater port along the Atlantic coast.

The Simandou project stands out for its exceptional quality of iron ore, boasting an iron content of over 65%, making it the epitome of excellence in the world of iron ore. Nevertheless, the environmental consequences are significant.

The construction and operation of the mines and associated infrastructure will result in considerable land disturbance, soil erosion, and disruption of local ecosystems.

There is also a concern regarding air pollution caused by mining activities and transportation. However, it is worth noting that the high-grade ore may lead to lower emissions in comparison to lower-grade ores.

Regulatory and technological advancements have been making significant progress.

There have been significant regulatory and technological advancements in response to the environmental challenges posed by iron ore mining, with the aim of reducing its impact.

As an example, the ResponsibleSteel ™ initiative has established global standards for responsible sourcing and biodiversity. However, it's important to note that these standards currently only pertain to operational steelmaking

sites and not to mine sites directly. Exploring technological advancements in mining and ore processing to minimize environmental impacts is a key focus. These advancements encompass the creation of water recycling systems that are more efficient and the adoption of mining techniques that are less invasive.

However, the use of these technologies is frequently hindered by financial and practical limitations.

Addressing the Environmental Consequences of Iron Ore Mining

Iron ore mining plays a crucial role in the production of steel, yet it cannot be denied that it brings about notable environmental consequences. In order to tackle these challenges, the industry is implementing a range of measures to reduce environmental impact.

This article delves into the various strategies and initiatives being put into action to address the environmental effects of iron ore mining.

Embracing Sustainable Practices and Technological Innovations

Waste Management and Water Conservation

Efficient waste management plays a vital role in minimizing the environmental impact of iron ore mining. Many companies are now embracing advanced processing techniques like dry processing and magnetic separation. These methods not only reduce water usage but also eliminate the need for tailings dams. In addition, various water conservation measures are being implemented to address water pollution and minimize the use of freshwater. These measures involve recycling process water and adopting water treatment technologies.

Focusing on Biodiversity Conservation and Land Rehabilitation

Companies are making significant investments in land rehabilitation and reclamation efforts to mitigate these effects. These initiatives focus on restoring disturbed landscapes and creating wildlife corridors to support biodiversity conservation. As an example, mining companies that are committed to

Case Studies: Pioneering Sustainable Mining Practices

Vale's Approach to the Circular Economy

Vale, a major player in the global iron ore industry, has adopted a circular economy strategy to minimize the production of tailings and waste.

The company is making significant strides in adopting technologies that enable the recycling of tailings in the manufacturing of construction materials. This approach not only reduces waste but also emphasizes the importance of resource efficiency.

environmental responsibility prioritize efforts to minimize deforestation and manage soil erosion in order to maintain ecological balance in mining areas. Decarbonization and energy efficiency are two crucial aspects that need to be addressed in order to combat climate change and create a sustainable future. By reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency, we can significantly reduce our impact on the environment and work towards a cleaner and greener world. It is essential for individuals, businesses, and governments to prioritize these efforts and take proactive steps towards decarbonization and energy efficiency.

The iron ore mining industry is actively working towards reducing its carbon footprint by implementing decarbonization strategies and enhancing energy efficiency. Companies such as Rio Tinto are making significant investments in renewable energy sources and actively researching the potential of hydrogen in mining operations as a means to decrease greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition, the progress in battery technology is driving the creation of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) for mining operations. These vehicles provide a more environmentally friendly option compared to the conventional diesel-powered machinery.

Rio

Tinto's

Approach to Reducing Carbon Emissions

Rio Tinto leads the way in decarbonization efforts within the mining industry. The company has set a goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and is actively researching the potential of hydrogen and renewable energy sources to power its operations.

Rio Tinto has been actively pursuing innovative projects, such as the introduction of hydrogen-powered mining trucks and the incorporation of solar and wind energy at its mining sites.

Regulatory Framework and Corporate Accountability

Environmental Regulations

Stringent environmental regulations are essential for promoting the adoption of sustainable practices in the mining industry. Regulations like the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Clean Air Act (CAA), and Clean Water Act (CWA) in the United States establish guidelines for maintaining air and water quality, managing waste, and reclaiming land.

It is mandatory for mining companies to carry out environmental impact assessments and adopt mitigation measures to reduce their impact on the environment.

Corporate Sustainability Reporting is an important aspect of business practices.

Transparency and accountability play a crucial role in fostering responsible mining practices. Many mining companies have started to adopt corporate sustainability reporting, where they share information about their environmental performance and sustainability initiatives with stakeholders. This practice promotes trust and motivates companies to consistently enhance their environmental management strategies.

Building Connections with Local Communities to Enhance Environmental Practices in Iron Ore Mining

The Significance of Community Involvement

Community engagement plays a vital role in the success of mining companies, allowing them to establish trust, tackle environmental issues, and maintain sustainable operations. Successful engagement requires active communication, seeking input, and working together with local communities to gain insight into their worries and hopes. This approach not only helps in addressing concerns but also promotes a mutually beneficial relationship between the community and the company in the long term.

Effective Approaches for Engaging with the Community

Discussion and Collaborations

It appears that mining companies are now taking a more personalized approach to engaging with communities. Companies are now opting for smaller focus groups and one-on-one consultations to gain a deeper understanding of the concerns of individuals and households impacted by mining activities, instead of relying solely on large town hall meetings. This approach fosters deeper engagement and customized resolutions.

Promoting Openness and Building Confidence

Honesty and openness are crucial for fostering meaningful community involvement. Openly sharing information about operations, environmental impact assessments, and mitigation plans can help companies establish trust with local communities. This level of transparency is crucial in addressing any misconceptions and showcasing the company's dedication to responsible mining practices[1].

Involvement in Decision-Making

Engaging local communities in decision-making processes is an essential strategy. By offering avenues for community members to express their viewpoints and contribute their expertise, companies can better align their operations with local needs and expectations. This approach fosters a sense of collaboration and encouragement, resulting in stronger and more positive relationships.

Promoting Sustainable Practices for Economic Development

Expanding the Range of Economic Activities

It is becoming increasingly evident that mining companies are acknowledging the significance of promoting economic diversification within local communities. Given the limited duration of mining operations, it becomes imperative to establish alternative economic activities that can support the community once the mine ceases its operations. This involves providing assistance to local businesses and fostering the development of new ventures that can flourish without relying on the mining sector.

Skills Development and Training

Emphasizing the importance of local skills development and training is crucial in order to maximize the employment opportunities for community members, both during and after mining operations. Companies are actively investing in training programs to empower local workers, equipping them with the necessary skills to thrive in diverse industries and make a positive impact on the local economy.

Technological advancements and the importance of protecting the environment

Environmentally Friendly Mining Methods

Companies are now embracing mining techniques that have a reduced environmental impact. Various methods, including in-situ mining, selective mining, and solution mining, have been developed to minimize surface disturbance, waste generation, and energy consumption.

By implementing these techniques, companies can make a substantial impact on their environmental impact[2].

Environmental Monitoring and Rehabilitation

Continuous environmental monitoring and land rehabilitation are essential for maintaining sustainable mining practices. Many companies are now making significant investments in various

Examples and Successful Approaches

The Mining Area Sustainability Index (MASI)

The Mining Area Sustainability Index (MASI) is a groundbreaking framework created to evaluate the sustainability of mining areas. MASI considers the economic, social, and environmental aspects to offer a holistic view of how mining activities affect local communities.

By embracing MASI, companies can cultivate a comprehensive and environmentally-friendly approach to mining that prioritizes the welfare of local communities and ecosystems.

Vale's Approach to the Circular Economy

Vale, a major player in the global iron ore industry, has adopted a circular economy strategy to minimize waste and enhance the efficient use of resources.

The company is making significant investments in cutting-edge technologies that enable the recycling of tailings in the manufacturing of construction materials.

This forward-thinking approach not only reduces waste generation but also contributes to the promotion of sustainable development.

technologies and programs aimed at monitoring air and water quality, effectively managing waste, and restoring disturbed land. These efforts contribute to the reduction of environmental harm caused by mining operations and support the restoration of ecological equilibrium.

Anglo American Engages Financial Advisors for Major Coal Asset Sale

ACCORDING TO SOURCES FAMILIAR

with the matter, Anglo American PLC, has taken steps to sell its coal assets by enlisting the help of financial advisors. This strategic decision reflects the company’s dedication to minimizing its environmental impact and transitioning to more sustainable energy sources.

Anglo American has partnered with leading financial institutions, such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, to assist in the divestment of its thermal coal operations. These assets include large coal mines in South Africa and Colombia, which have played a crucial role in generating substantial revenue for the company over the years.

The decision to divest from coal is a clear indication of Anglo American’s commitment to shifting towards cleaner energy sources and improving its environmental impact. This transition is a result of the company’s acknowledgment of the growing demands from investors, regulators, and environmental groups to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and prioritize cleaner energy sources.

In a recent statement, Duncan Wanblad, CEO of Anglo American, highlighted the significance of this decision, emphasizing the company’s unwavering dedication to sustainability. Divesting from our thermal coal operations is an important move

in our commitment to building a more sustainable and forward-thinking business. In recent years, the coal industry has encountered a series of challenges, such as more stringent environmental regulations and a worldwide transition towards renewable energy sources. Despite the obstacles, there is still a demand for coal assets, especially in areas where coal continues to be a primary source of energy.

Potential suitors for Anglo American’s coal assets may include various players

in the mining, private equity, and energy sectors seeking to strengthen their foothold in the coal market. Experts anticipate that the sale may generate considerable attention, considering the size and caliber of the assets in question.

The sale of Anglo American’s coal assets is expected to have a significant impact on the industry as a whole. Other major mining companies might also choose to do the same, further speeding up the movement away from coal. This could potentially result in a higher level of consolidation within the industry, as a smaller number of larger companies take control of the market.

The sale highlights the wider difficulties that the coal industry is currently facing, as it deals with a decrease in demand and growing competition from more environmentally friendly energy sources. The success of this divestiture could potentially influence other companies considering similar strategic shifts.

SKILLINGS MINING INDUSTRY DIALOGUE

Pam Luettich

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGER AT TATA CHEMICALS NORTH AMERICA, ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING, UNITED STATE

“Leadership skills are pivotal, regardless of the role within an organization. While a formal education provides a foundation, practical experience shapes our careers. Goals evolve as we grow, becoming more multi-faceted. It's crucial to advocate for ourselves and create a plan for advancement. Work-life balance is essential, and employees need downtime to reset. Cultivating a positive work culture and showing appreciation goes a long way.”

José Armando Castillo

MINERAL PROCESSING | COMMISSIONING | OPERATIONS TRAINER SPECIALIST, LA VEGA, LA VEGA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

“Leadership has been crucial in my achievements. Widening my career preparation has contributed to my growth. Commitment is vital for achieving objectives. With experience and training, my goals are now better defined. Promotion paths aren't always clear, so it's important to create our own. Work-life balance is key for a healthy life, and clear goals and trust in God are essential. Integrity should guide our actions.”

Interview with Industry Leaders

A Discussion on Leadership, WorkLife Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

Interview/Discussion

with Two Experienced Mining Engineers: Pam Luettich & José Armando Castillo.

In the dynamic and challenging world of mining, experience and innovation are key to navigating the complexities of the industry. Today, we have the privilege of speaking with two esteemed professionals who have made significant contributions to the field: Pam Luettich Human Resources Manager at Tata Chemicals North America, Rock Springs, Wyoming, United State, and José Armando Castillo Mineral Processing | Commissioning | Operations Trainer Specialist, La Vega, La Vega, Dominican Republic. With decades of combined expertise, Pam Luettich & José Armando Castillo share their career insights, the importance of leadership, and their visions for the future of mining. This interview delves into their professional journeys, highlighting the critical role of technology, the necessity of continuous learning, and the steps needed to enhance the industry's sustainability and public perception.

It's clear that discipline, leadership skills, and commitment are crucial for success in the mining industry. Goal setting, worklife balance, and advocating for oneself are significant factors in career growth. Additionally, we should foster positive work cultures, act with integrity, and be aware of the industry's impact on the environment and economy.

How do you approach the challenge of maintaining worklife balance in a demanding industry like mining? Any practical tips or strategies?

Pam Luettich: Balancing work and personal life can be challenging, but it's crucial for overall well-being. One practical tip is to set clear boundaries and communicate them with your team and family. Prioritize self-care and make time for activities outside of work that bring you joy and relaxation. Remember that downtime is essential for productivity and mental health.

How do you suggest fostering a culture of integrity within mining organizations?

Jose Castillo: Building a culture of integrity starts with leadership. Leaders must lead by example and consistently demonstrate ethical behavior. Open and transparent communication is vital in promoting integrity throughout the organization. Companies should also have strong ethics policies in place and provide regular training to employees. Recognizing and rewarding ethical behavior reinforces the importance of integrity in the workplace.

Pam Luettich: It has been a pleasure to be part of this discussion. My takeaway is the importance of advocating for oneself and setting clear goals in the mining industry.

We can shape our own paths and create work environments that prioritize work-life balance and appreciation for employees. Let's continue to foster positive cultures that empower individuals to thrive.

Jose Castillo: It has been an honor to share my insights with all of you. My takeaway from this discussion is the power of integrity in the mining industry.

By embodying ethical behavior, fostering open communication, and recognizing integrity as a core value, we can create a culture that promotes trust, credibility, and long-term success.

Pam Luettich emphasizes the significance of leadership skills for professionals in any role within an organization. While a formal education serves as a foundation, she believes that utilizing that education and gaining on-the-job experience is what truly shapes a career. Pam states that goals evolve as professionals grow and develop, becoming more multifaceted over time.

She highlights the importance of advocating for oneself and creating a plan to achieve career advancement, as promotion paths are not always laid out clearly. Pam also stresses the need for work-life balance, expressing the importance of downtime for employees to reset and decompress. She encourages persistence, preparation for uncertainties, and cultivating a positive work culture that values and appreciates employees.

Jose Castillo attributes his achievements in the mining industry to the importance of leadership. He believes that widening his career preparation has been beneficial to his professional growth. According to Jose, commitment plays a vital role in accomplishing objectives successfully. With experience and training, he feels that his goals are now better defined.

Jose confirms that promotion paths are not immediately apparent but can be identified over time. He emphasizes the significance of work-life balance for a healthy life and believes that clear goals, good customs, and trust in God are essential.

Future of Deep-sea Mining Global Concerns Mount Over Unregulated Deep-Sea Mining Activities

THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY (ISA),

A UNITED Nations-affiliated body responsible for regulating deep-sea mining in international waters, is at a pivotal juncture as it prepares to elect its next leader.

This election comes amid intense debate over the future of deep-sea mining, with significant implications for global environmental and economic landscapes. The ISA recently concluded a two-week meeting in Kingston without reaching a consensus on the regulatory framework for deep-sea mining.

The absence of finalized regulations has heightened concerns among environmentalists, scientists, and several member states about the potential for unregulated exploitation of marine ecosystems. The ISA has pushed back the deadline for finalizing its mining code to July 2025, leaving a regulatory vacuum that could lead to premature and potentially harmful mining activities.

The Metals Company and the Two-Year Rule

A key player in the deep-sea mining debate is The Metals Company (TMC), a Vancouver-based firm that plans to begin mining the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in 2024.

TMC, in partnership with Nauru, invoked the ISA’s “two-year rule” in June 2021, which compels the ISA to permit mining within two years, regardless of whether regulations are in place. This maneuver has intensified calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining until comprehensive scientific assessments can be conducted.

Environmental Concerns and Calls for Moratorium

Environmental advocates warn that deep-sea mining poses significant risks to marine biodiversity and ocean health. The deep-sea ecosystems, which are largely unexplored, could suffer irreversible damage from mining activities. The potential impacts include disruptive noise, light pollution, and sediment plumes that could devastate marine life. Over two dozen nations, including France, Germany, and Chile, along with corporations like BMW and Samsung SDI, have called for a ban or moratorium on deep-sea mining until sufficient scientific data is available to ensure environmental protection.

The Upcoming Election and Leadership Challenges

The deep-sea ecosystems, which are largely unexplored, could suffer irreversible damage from mining activities. The potential impacts include disruptive noise, light pollution, and sediment plumes that could devastate marine life.

The ISA is set to elect its new leader on August 2, a decision that will shape the future of deep-sea mining regulations. The current Secretary-General, Michael Lodge, is seeking a third term but faces competition from Leticia Carvalho, an oceanographer and former regulator in the oil and gas sector.

The new leader will have to navigate the complex landscape of regulatory development, industry pressure, and environmental advocacy.

China’s Iron Ore Strategy Simandou’s Role in Reshaping Global Supply Chains

The Simandou iron ore project, one of the world’s largest and most ambitious mining undertakings, is making significant strides towards its goal of becoming a key player in the global iron ore market and contributing to the decarbonization of the steel industry.

The project, which has faced numerous challenges over the years, is now moving forward with renewed vigor, thanks to substantial investments and the completion of critical regulatory approvals. According to Samuel Gahigi, the managing director of Rio Tinto Guinea, the Simandou project is currently 30 to 35 percent complete in terms of infrastructure

development. This includes the construction of the mine, a 600-kilometer railway, and port facilities necessary for exporting the high-grade iron ore.

The first production is anticipated to begin next year, although exports might be delayed until 2026 due to the ongoing construction of the railway and port infrastructure.

The Rio Tinto board, along with its joint venture partners, including several Chinese companies, has committed significant financial resources to the $20 billion project. This investment marks a significant milestone for the mine after decades of setbacks and scandals. In April, Guinea’s National Transitional Council ratified the planned investments, further solidifying the project’s future.

Economic and Environmental Impact

The Simandou project is expected to be transformative for Guinea’s economy. Djiba Diakité, the committee chair overseeing the project, stated that it would be delivered on schedule by the end of December 2025. The project is projected to accelerate Guinea’s gross domestic product by 50 percent from 2026, potentially earning the country between $2 billion and $3 billion annually from 2030.

From an environmental perspective, the high-grade iron ore from Simandou, with an iron content of 60-66.5 percent, will contribute significantly to the decarbonization of steel processing. A tonne of Simandou iron ore is expected to produce significantly less carbon dioxide—approximately half a tonne—compared to the current one tonne of iron ore, which generates two tonnes of carbon dioxide.

HOW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS TRANSFORMING THE MINING INDUSTRY

Revolutionizing Mineral Extraction

The mineral mining industry is experiencing a significant shift, fueled by the rapid progress in information technology (IT). The mining industry is undergoing a transformation as cutting-edge technologies like autonomous vehicles and artificial intelligence revolutionize the way companies explore, extract, and process minerals.

THE ADVANCEMENTS IN technology are not only improving productivity and efficiency, but also prioritizing safety and sustainability in an industry that has historically faced difficult working conditions.

The Digital Mine: Embracing a New Era of Mineral Extraction

In recent years, the concept of the "digital mine" has transitioned from being a mere idea in science fiction to becoming a tangible reality. Integrated technological solutions are being embraced by mining companies, connecting every aspect of their operations, from the mine face to the boardroom.

Smart Sensors and Internet of Things (IoT)

In the midst of this digital revolution, smart sensors and IoT devices have become increasingly prevalent. These cutting-edge technologies allow for the continuous monitoring of equipment, environmental conditions, and the well-being of workers. For example, sensors have the ability to identify early indications of equipment failure, enabling predictive maintenance that minimizes downtime and prolongs the lifespan of machinery.

Exploring the Power of Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence

The immense volume of data produced by these sensors undergoes analysis through advanced AI algorithms. This analysis offers mining companies valuable insights into their operations, empowering them to make informed decisions based on data at every level.

According to Mike Wundenberg, Vice President of Operational Technology and Innovation at Newmont Corporation, AI and machine learning have become valuable tools in enhancing various aspects of our operations, including drill and blast patterns and processing plant efficiency.

There have been notable advancements in productivity and cost reduction.

Advanced and Cutting-Edge Technology

One of the notable developments in the mining industry is the growing adoption of autonomous and remote-controlled equipment.

Autonomous

Haulage Systems have been making waves in recent times.

Leading mining companies such as Rio Tinto and BHP have been at the forefront of adopting autonomous haulage systems. These driverless trucks operate around the clock, greatly boosting productivity while minimizing safety concerns in dangerous settings.

The "Mine of the Future" program in Western Australia's Pilbara region by Rio Tinto is a notable illustration. The company manages a large fleet of more than 130 self-driving trucks that are used in its iron ore mines. These trucks are controlled from a central operations center located in Perth, which is about 1,500 kilometers away.

Cutting-Edge Subterranean Technology

Remote-controlled equipment is becoming more and more prevalent in underground mining, given the hazardous conditions that workers face. Operators have the ability to safely control loaders, drill rigs, and other machinery from the comfort of surface control rooms, which are often located hundreds of meters above the actual worksite.

Sandvik, a prominent manufacturer of mining equipment, has been at the forefront of this trend. The AutoMine® system enables the convenient remote operation of an entire fleet of underground loaders and trucks from a single workstation.

Advanced Exploration Technologies

IT is not just changing active mining operations, but also completely transforming the way companies search for new mineral deposits. Drone technology and 3D mapping have become increasingly important in recent years.

There has been a growing trend in utilizing drones with advanced cameras and sensors for the purpose of conducting aerial surveying and mapping. These unmanned aerial vehicles are capable of efficiently and securely surveying vast areas, generating intricate 3D maps that assist in exploration and mine planning.

Machine Learning in Geological Modeling

With the help of cutting-edge technology, researchers are now able to analyze massive amounts of geological data and make more precise predictions about the location of valuable mineral deposits.

Advancing Safety with Cutting-Edge Technology

Ensuring safety has always been a top priority in the mining industry, and the use of IT is proving to be instrumental in enhancing mine safety.

Wearable Technology

Wearable devices have become essential tools for miners, providing them with real-time monitoring of their location, vital signs, and exposure to hazardous conditions. These devices have the ability to immediately notify both the worker and supervisors of any potential hazards.

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Training

Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies are being utilized to develop highly immersive training programs for miners. These simulations provide workers with the opportunity to practice handling challenging situations or operating intricate equipment in a secure, virtual environment.

Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability

With the mining industry under mounting scrutiny to minimize its environmental footprint, the field of IT is stepping up to offer innovative solutions for monitoring and enhancing environmental performance.

Stay up-to-date with the latest developments in environmental monitoring.

State-of-the-art sensor networks are being implemented to closely monitor the quality of air and water, as well as dust levels and other important environmental factors, in real-time. This enables companies to promptly address any concerns and showcase their adherence to environmental regulations.

AI-Driven Energy Optimization

AI algorithms have been implemented to enhance energy efficiency in mining operations, resulting in reduced expenses and environmental impact. These systems have the ability to adapt energy usage according to production demands, weather conditions, and energy costs.

Challenges and Future Outlook

Although the advantages of IT in mining are evident, the industry still encounters obstacles in fully harnessing its potential.

Raising Alarm on Cybersecurity

With the increasing integration of mining operations, the risk of cyber attacks also rises. Ensuring the security of these systems is becoming an increasingly important issue for mining companies.

Addressing the Skills Gap

The rapid pace of technological change has led to a significant skills gap in the mining workforce. Companies are making significant investments in training programs and collaborating with educational institutions to cultivate a new wave of mining professionals who are adept in technology.

Modernizing Legacy Systems

Several mining operations continue to depend on outdated equipment and systems. Integrating these legacy systems with new digital technologies poses a range of technical and organizational challenges.

In the future, the significance of IT in mining is expected to increase. In the near future, the industry is set to experience significant transformations thanks to emerging technologies such as quantum computing and advanced robotics.

In the ever-changing world of mineral mining, it is evident that information technology will play a crucial role in shaping the future of this industry. With its ability to drive innovation, IT will be at the forefront of mineral extraction for years to come.

Top 8 Mineral Exploration Phases: From Discovery to Production Decision

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MINING industry showcase the ever-evolving strategies and technological innovations that are being implemented to improve exploration efficiency and promote sustainability.

Mineral exploration typically consists of eight main phases:

1. Identifying Potential Deposits: In the first stage, we focus on pinpointing areas that are highly likely to contain valuable mineral deposits. This is typically done by exploring locations near existing mines or areas with known mineralization zones. State-of-the-art methods like aeromagnetic surveys and satellite imagery are used to identify potential locations.

2. Claim Staking and Permitting: It is crucial for prospectors to verify the availability of mining opportunities in the area and secure the necessary permits to stake a claim on promising sites. This step requires extensive research

to ensure there are no conflicts with existing claims.

3. In the initial stages of exploration, geologists collect samples and analyze them to identify certain minerals and map the exposed rock formations. This helps to gather information about potential mineral deposits.

4. In the early stages of exploration, various methods such as geophysical surveys, rock and soil sampling, and surface mapping are conducted. These activities help to build confidence in the project’s potential and pinpoint specific areas for drilling.

5. In this phase, small rock cores are drilled to analyze the mineral content. Core samples are typically sent to assay

labs for the purpose of measuring metal concentrations.

6. Resource Modeling: The discovery of promising drilling results prompts further exploration and the development of 3D resource models to accurately assess the size and location of deposits.

7. Additional tests, such as metallurgical and environmental assessments, are carried out to reduce risks and improve estimates of economic viability.

8. A decision is made to design, construct, and begin mining operations based on the collected data.

The mining industry encounters various obstacles, such as the volatility of metal prices, navigating through regulations, and addressing environmental issues. However, the latest developments in exploration technologies and strategic collaborations are leading to the adoption of more efficient and environmentally-friendly mining practices. The growing attention towards critical minerals, fueled by the shift towards renewable energy, highlights the ongoing requirement for innovation and investment in exploration.

Ultimately, the techniques and approaches used in mineral exploration are adapting to keep up with the ever-shifting demands of the market. Through the utilization of cutting-edge technologies and the establishment of key partnerships, the mining industry is on the brink of uncovering and exploiting vital mineral resources crucial for long-term expansion and environmental stability.

Chile to Evaluate 81 Private Lithium Proposals, Aiming for Four Projects by 2026

CHILE IS CURRENTLY IN THE PROCESS

of evaluating 81 private sector proposals for lithium projects. The aim is to carefully assess these proposals and ultimately choose four projects by 2026.

This initiative is in line with the country’s overall plan to increase its lithium production and take advantage of the increasing worldwide need for the metal. Lithium is a key component in electric vehicle batteries and renewable energy storage.

Chile’s Approach to Lithium

The Chilean government, led by President Gabriel Boric, has unveiled a comprehensive national lithium strategy that places a strong emphasis on fostering collaborations between the public and private sectors. The state-owned copper company, Codelco, will have a crucial role in these partnerships, striving to guarantee the sustainable development of the country’s lithium resources and contribute to the national economy.

Global Context and Demand

There has been a significant increase in the global demand for lithium, primarily due to the growing adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts a significant surge in the demand for lithium by 2040, with

a projected increase of 40 times. Chile, with its abundant lithium reserves, is well-positioned to meet a substantial portion of the global demand.

Chile’s evaluation of 81 proposals is part of a larger trend where countries and companies are eagerly seeking to secure lithium supplies. In recent news, both the United States and European Union

have unveiled plans to decrease their reliance on Chinese lithium. They aim to achieve this by establishing their own supply chains and investing in alternative sources.

Environmental and Social Considerations

The Chilean government has highlighted the significance of environmental sustainability and social responsibility in its approach to lithium strategy. It is crucial to prioritize the well-being of local communities and ecosystems when it comes to lithium extraction. The Atacama Desert, known for its vast lithium reserves, demands a delicate approach to strike a harmonious balance between economic progress and environmental conservation.

China Discovers Strategic Minerals at World’s Largest Rare-Earth Mine

Chinese geologists have made a significant discovery at the Bayan Obo mine in Inner Mongolia. They found two new rare-earth minerals, Oboniobite and Scandiofluoro-eckermannite. This discovery has the potential to greatly improve a range of technological and defense applications, thanks to the valuable elements found in these minerals.

Acollaboration between the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co., Ltd., Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, and Central South University led to the discovery of two new minerals, Oboniobite and Scandio-fluoro-eckermannite.

These minerals are essential for advanced technological and defense applications, making them highly valuable. Both niobium and scandium play vital roles in the production of strong and lightweight alloys used in industries such as aerospace and defense. Additionally, scandium is highly valued for its ability to enhance the performance of materials across a range of applications, including aerospace and military sectors.

ica, has recently secured substantial investment from the U.S. Department of Defense. This funding aims to enhance domestic production and decrease dependence on Chinese processed rare earths.

The implications of these discoveries reach far beyond technological advancements. The recent lunar missions conducted by China have brought to light the discovery of unique titanium compounds on the Moon. This discovery not only showcases China’s growing mineral resources but also raises questions about its potential influence on global supply chains and geopolitical dynamics.

This discovery is occurring during a period of increased global attention towards securing rare-earth supplies, especially for defense and technology industries. The United States has been taking strategic steps to revive its rareearth mining and processing capabilities in response to China’s strong position in this industry.

The Bayan Obo mine has been a significant player in the rare-earth market since 1959, contributing to China’s dominance in this industry. The recent identification of these minerals further solidifies the mine’s reputation as a vital supplier of strategic materials, with a total of 20 discoveries now under its belt.

This discovery is occurring during a period of increased global attention towards securing rare-earth supplies, especially for defense and technology industries. The United States has been taking strategic steps to revive its rare-earth mining and processing capabilities in response to China’s strong position in this industry. The Mountain Pass mine in California, the sole rare-earth mining site in North Amer-

These recent advancements highlight the crucial role that rare-earth elements play in modern technology and defense, leading countries around the world to actively pursue reliable and environmentally-friendly sources of these essential materials. The findings at Bayan Obo not only bolster China’s strategic mineral reserves, but also push the boundaries in materials science, potentially paving the way for revolutionary advancements in various high-tech industries.

Amidst the intricate dynamics of rare-earth supply and demand, the recent findings at Bayan Obo serve as a poignant reminder of the constantly changing terrain of mineral resources and their crucial impact on the trajectory of technology and defense.

Geotechnical Engineering

Market to Reach

$4.5 Billion by 2032

A new device has been developed by Australian engineers, offering a more cost-effective solution for seafloor testing in offshore environments. which represents a notable breakthrough in the field of geotechnical engineering.

The geotechnical engineering market, with a value of $2.72 billion in 2019, is expected to experience further growth in 2024. This growth can be attributed to the rising focus on infrastructure development, growing environmental consciousness, and advancements in technology. Some important trends that are shaping the industry are:

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a groundbreaking technology that is transforming project planning and execution. It enables the creation of highly detailed 3D models, leading to better decision-making.

Artificial Intelligence and Big Data are set to revolutionize the industry, with a projected 45% increase in their implementation over the next three years. This will greatly enhance project planning and problem-solving capabilities.

As cities continue to grow and expand into areas prone to earthquakes, there is a growing focus on implementing advanced techniques such as base isolation and energy dissipation systems. These innovative methods are aimed at reducing the impact of earthquakes and enhancing the overall resilience of urban areas.

Sovereign Metals Completes Kasiya Dry Mining Trial

Sovereign Metals Ltd has announced the successful completion of a dry mining trial, which was marked by the excavation of a test pit as part of its ongoing pilot mining and land rehabilitation programme at the Kasiya Rutile-Graphite Project in Malawi.

The test pit, spanning 120 meters by 110 meters and reaching a depth of 20 meters, confirms that Kasiya ore can be efficiently mined using conventional dry-mining techniques and a simple mobile excavator fleet. A 10-meter wide ramp, constructed at appropriate geotechnical angles, ensures accessibility. “Completion of the test pit at this scale marks a significant achievement. The mining, hydrology, and geotechnical data collected throughout is invaluable in our understanding of the orebody and the simplicity of a potential dry-mining operation at Kasiya,” said Frank Eagar, Managing Director of Sovereign Metals.

The saprolite-hosted mineralization at Kasiya is homogenous with consistent physical properties across the 1.8 billion-tonne resource. Pilot data confirms no drilling, blasting, crushing, grinding, or milling is needed before processing into rutile and graphite.

The dry mining fleet used for the test pit consisted of four excavators, 20 trucks, and a support fleet, including two bulldozers and a motor grader. The saprolite-hosted mineralisation at Kasiya is largely homogenous and has consistent physical properties throughout the 1.8 billion-tonne mineral resource estimate. The pilot phase data confirmed that no drilling, blasting, crushing, grinding, or milling is required before stockpiling material for processing into rutile and graphite products. This indicates potentially lower mining costs and a reduced carbon footprint compared to hard rock deposits.

Approximately 170,000 bench cubic meters of material were mined during the test-pit programme. The steady-state operations envisage 24 million tonnes of material being mined annually. The test pit material will be processed through cyclones on-site for deposition test work. In the next steps of the pilot phase, the company will conduct a hydraulic mining trial, cyclone separation of ore, backfilling of test pits, and soil rehabilitation. The main pit will be backfilled with dry material, while material from hydraulic mining will be used to fill rehabilitation pits.

Former Barrick Gold CFO Shaun Usmar to Lead

Vale’s Base Metals Unit

Mining giant Vale SA has announced the appointment of Mark Cutifani as the new leader of its base metals division. Cutifani brings extensive industry experience to his new role, and his appointment is effective immediately.

This strategic move is part of Vale’s efforts to solidify its presence in the global base metals market, specifically focusing on nickel and copper production. Cutifani, with his extensive experience in the mining sector spanning over four decades, now assumes a new role after serving as the CEO of Anglo American PLC from 2013 to 2022. His appointment is considered a noteworthy development for Vale, as the company aims to exploit the increasing demand for metals essential to the green energy transition.

In recent years, Vale has placed significant emphasis on its base metals unit, with operations in Canada, Indonesia, and Brazil. The company has significantly invested in expanding its nickel and copper production capabilities in response to the growing demand for electric vehicle manufacturing and renewable energy infrastructure.

This appointment arrives during a period of difficulty for the global mining industry as it grapples with supply chain disruptions and unpredictable changes in commodity prices. Vale’s choice to hire an experienced executive like Cutifani is seen as a strategic manoeuvre to navigate the industry’s intricacies and propel growth in its base metals division.

West Virginia Coal Mining Fatality: Woman Dies in Second Incident of 2024

Ashley Cogar, a 33-year-old coal truck driver from Erbacon, West Virginia, tragically passed away due to injuries sustained in an accident at the Wyco Surface Mine. This incident is the second coal mining fatality in the state this year, which raises ongoing concerns about mine safety.

The accident took place at the Wyco Surface Mine, which is situated near the border of Raleigh and Wyoming counties. Cogar was injured more than a week ago and unfortunately passed away on Wednesday, July 24, 2024. West Virginia Governor Jim Justice offered his sympathies in a statement, acknowledging Cogar’s bravery and recognizing the sorrow of her passing.

This fatality occurs amidst intense discussions surrounding the proposed revisions to mining safety regulations in West Virginia. A bill currently being debated in the state legislature aims to reduce the authority of the state’s mine safety regulation agency. The proposed legislation is facing criticism as it aims to change mandatory safety inspections into advisory visits and remove penalties for safety violations. Critics argue that this move would greatly diminish the protections for miners.

Coal miners and their families have expressed their strong opposition to the bill, highlighting the importance of strict safety measures in preventing accidents and fatalities. Barry Brown, a disabled coal miner with 32 years of experience, emphasized the significance of current regulations, expressing, “Every one of these laws that’s written, state and federal, they’re not simply written with ink. They are written with a deep sense of passion and intensity.

The proposed changes have raised concerns among those who prioritize safety and have extensive experience in the industry. Tony Oppegard, a lawyer with expertise in miner safety cases, characterized the bill as a safety bill that disguises its true intentions. The speaker cautioned that if state enforcement is eliminated, miners would be left with only federal safeguards, resulting in a significant reduction in their level of protection.

Kelly Blair, a state inspector with personal experience of the devastating impact of mining accidents, emphasized the critical importance of having strong enforcement powers. “Without the power to enforce, my effectiveness as a professional is greatly diminished.” “I am unable to ensure the safety of the miners,” Blair stated.

Seafloor ‘Dark Oxygen’ Phenomenon Adds Complexity to Deep-Sea Mining Debate

Researchers have disproved the conventional wisdom that oxygen on Earth is produced mainly by photosynthesis by discovering that polymetallic nodules on the deep seafloor are manufacturing oxygen even when it is entirely dark outside.

In 2013, Andrew Sweetman, a deepsea ecologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science, made an intriguing discovery during his research in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the Pacific Ocean. Sweetman and his team were surprised by the unexpected increases in oxygen levels at depths where sunlight cannot reach.

They initially suspected that there might be an issue with the sensors. After almost ten years of rigorous testing and validation, the team has finally confirmed the authenticity of the oxygen production, ruling out any possibility of it being a result of photosynthetic processes.

Exploring the Enigma of ‘Dark Oxygen’

The research, published in Nature Geoscience, uncovers the fascinating process of oxygen production through electrochemical reactions involving polymetallic nodules.

These nodules are rich in metals like manganese, cobalt, and nickel. These nodules serve as natural “geo batteries,” producing electricity that separates water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. This process, called seawater electrolysis, happens at voltages as low as 0.95 volts, which is comparable to the voltage of an AA battery. Franz Geiger, a researcher at Northwestern University who conducted electrochemistry experi-

ments, shed light on a fascinating discovery. According to Geiger, these findings indicate the existence of an unexplored oxygen source in the depths of the ocean. This revelation could potentially revolutionize our knowledge of how aerobic life originated on our planet.

Exploring the Impact of DeepSea Mining

The discovery is particularly significant given the increasing interest in deepsea mining. The CCZ holds a wealth of polymetallic nodules, which are in high demand for their valuable contribution to sustainable technologies like electric vehicle batteries and solar panels. Scientists and environmentalists have expressed

concerns about the potential environmental impact of mining these nodules. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is currently engaged in discussions regarding regulations for deep-sea mining. A significant number of nations, 27 to be precise, are advocating for a moratorium or ban on these activities.

Sweetman highlighted the importance of considering the discovery of ‘dark oxygen’ in environmental assessments, acknowledging that it introduces another layer of complexity without necessarily aiming to halt mining activities. “This does not signify the end of deep-sea mining, but it is an important aspect that should be considered in decision-making,” he stated.

De Beers Prepares for Independence After Anglo American’s Decision

Industry analysts have pointed out that Anglo American’s plan to sell its stake in De Beers has become more complex due to recent decisions to reduce diamond production.

NICKY OPPENHEIMER, DE BEERS CHAIRMAN

representing the Oppenheimer family interests, said: “This has been a momentous and difficult decision as my family has been in the diamond industry for more than 100 years and part of De Beers for over 80 years. After careful and deliberate consideration of the offer, and what is in the best interests of the family, we unanimously agreed to accept Anglo American’s offer. Anglo American is the natural home for our stake as they have been major shareholders in De Beers since 1926 and have a deep knowledge of the diamond business.”

equilibrium, could have implications for the valuation of De Beers and potentially hinder Anglo American’s efforts to secure an ideal sale price.

According to industry experts, the decision to reduce production could be viewed as a strategic maneuver to make De Beers more appealing to potential buyers. By showcasing responsible supply management practices, De Beers is potentially enhancing its long-term value.

In recent years, the diamond industry has encountered various challenges, such as increased competition from labgrown diamonds and evolving consumer preferences, especially among younger generations. These factors have added to the price volatility and market uncertainty, making Anglo American’s divestment plans even more complicated.

According to reports, the mining giant, which has a majority stake in De Beers, is contemplating selling its share in the world’s largest diamond producer by value as part of a wider restructuring plan. De Beers announced plans to reduce production

The decision to decrease diamond production is a direct response to the

decline in demand in the global market. De Beers has recently made an announcement regarding its plans to reduce production by as much as 20% in 2024.

This strategic decision is intended to bring stability to prices and effectively manage inventory levels. The production cut, although essential for market

As Anglo American explores options for its De Beers stake, potential buyers will carefully examine the company’s production strategy and market outlook. The outcome of the sale hinges on De Beers’ adeptness at maneuvering through the current market downturn, all while upholding its status as a frontrunner in the global diamond industry.

The potential sale has the power to greatly impact the diamond market, potentially changing how the industry operates and affecting future production and pricing strategies.

BEYOND EXPERTISE

JUNE 2024 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

World crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 161.4 million tonnes (Mt) in June 2024, a 0.5% increase compared to June 2023.

Africa produced 1.6 Mt in June 2024, down 9.6% on June 2023. Asia and Oceania produced 120.6 Mt, up 0.3%. The EU (27) produced 11.1 Mt, up 5.1%. Europe, Other produced 3.8 Mt, up 2.1%. The Middle East produced 4.6 Mt, down 2.7%. North America produced 8.9 Mt, down 1.9%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 7.4 Mt, up 1.4%. South America produced 3.5 Mt, up 4.1%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023.Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries

China produced 91.6 Mt in June 2024, up 0.2% on June 2023. India produced 12.3 Mt, up 6.0%. Japan produced 7.0 Mt, down 4.2%. The United States produced 6.7 Mt, down 1.5%. Russia is estimated

Table

to have produced 6.0 Mt, down 4.1%. South Korea produced 5.1 Mt, down 7.2%. Germany produced 3.2 Mt, down 8.9%. Türkiye produced 3.1 Mt, up 4.3%. Iran produced 2.6 Mt, down 8.5%. Brazil produced 2.9 Mt, up 11.8%.

Top 10 steel-producing countries

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

2.

2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS

Source – World Steel Association

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

World Steel in Figures 2024 now available

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) has published the 2024 edition of World Steel in Figures.

Edwin Basson, Director General, worldsteel, said, ‘Steel is everywhere in our lives, and for good reason. It has built the modern world and will be equally indispensable to the world as it moves

forward. World Steel in Figures provides a fascinating snapshot of the dynamics of today’s steel industry, including everything from production and production processes, to demand, trade, safety and more.’

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic

industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country.

worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.