Summaries_1
Exercise Performance 1
The effect of compression garments during simulated netball trials
– T Higgins, The Australian Catholic University, Australia
This thesis from Australian Catholic University examined Skins™ in elite netball players using a range of performance parameters in a simulated game drill. This thesis presents an excellent and detailed review of existing literature. The results showed improvements in time spent at higher pace. There were no difference in lactic acid but the levels indicate that lactate accumulation did not occur.
Garment quarterly heart rate means
Garment quarterly distance means
Means heart rates quarterly Mean heart rates
155 150 145 140 135 130
Distance covered
1150 1130 1110 1090 1070 1060
Distance in metres
Netball garment
Placebo garment
Compression garment
Netball garment
Garment quarterly means slow
Garment quarterly means fast
Distance travelled at a slow pace
Distance travelled at a fast pace
610 560 510 460 410 Garments Netball garment
Placebo garment
Compression garment
Key Research Studies
Compression garment
Distance in metres
01
Distance travelled
Garments
Netball garment
Distance in metres
Distance travelled
610 600 590 580 570 560 550 540
Placebo garment
Garments
Garments
Placebo garment
Beats. min-1
160
Mean distance covered quarterly
Compression garment
Summaries_2
Exercise Recovery & DOMS 1
Compression garments and recovery from eccentric exercise
– M I Trenell, K B Rooney, C M Sue and C H Thompson Published in Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2006; 5: 106-114
This study on 11 subjects used magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) to demonstrate the muscle changes during recovery. The results showed significance improvement in enzymes involved in muscle membrane restoration after only 1 hour wearing Skins™ (long tights) after controlled muscle injury.
7.14 7.12
pH
7.10 7.08 7.06 7.04 7.02 7.00 1hr
Baseline
48hrs
Skeletal muscle pH at baseline. 1hr and 48hrs following eccentric muscle exercise in control (diamonds) and compression (circles). p<0.05 compared with baseline.
2
Effectiveness of post match recovery strategies in Rugby players
– N D Gill, C M Beavan and C Cook Published in British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006; 40: 260-263
This study compared recovery strategies after elite rugby union games and found that ice baths,
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
01
Per cent recovery
Skins™ and active recovery improved recovery rates by a similar but substantial amount. ACT CWT PAS GAR
*
*
0
36 h
84 h
Time post-match
The percentage recovery post-rugby match as examined by interstitial creatine kinase activity at 0, 36 and 84 hours, grouped by recovery strategy. Error bars show the standard error of the differences (SED) at the respective time points. ACT, active recovery; CWT, contrast water therapy; GAR, compression garment; PAS, passive recovery. *Significantly different (p<0.05) from other interventions.
Key Research Studies
Summaries_3
3
The effect of 4 recovery techniques post competitive rugby matches plasma creatine kinase
– N Gill
This study conducted in NZ examined different recovery modes on blood CPK, a marker of muscle damage. This study showed similar reductions in CPK with all recovery strategies, including wearing Skins™, compared with no intervention.
Flight 1
A randomized, crossover, open-label study of the effectiveness of Skins™ travel and recovery garments in reducing in-flight ankle oedema
– M Hagan, S M Lambert Published in Medical Journal of Australia 2008; 188 (2): 81-84
Hagan & Lambert (2006) did prospective measures on 50 passengers on flights of greater than 5 hours it showed significant differences in ankle circumference and symptoms of Economy Class Syndrome. Measurements were made on both the outgoing and return flights for each passenger – one wearing Skins™ and one not wearing Skins™.
Subjects reported that: • they experienced increased concentration, alertness and energy levels • their legs felt significantly better after the flight when they wore SkinsTM
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
01
• they experienced a significantly better night sleep after the flight
Difference in ankle circumference cm
Key Research Studies
Pain
No SkinsTM SkinsTM Number non-alcoholic drinks
Summaries_4
Injury Prevention & Treatment 1
The effect of compression garments on the recovery from eccentric exercise induced muscle damage
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; M I Trenell, Kolling Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
This pilot study used magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) to demonstrate the muscle changes during recovery. The results showed significance improvement in muscle pH after only 1 hour of wearing Skinsâ&#x201E;˘ (long tights) after controlled muscle injury.
Results: The 31P-MRS results suggest that eccentric exercise reduced intramuscular pH and elevates intramuscular ADP, a sign of metabolic stress one hour after exercise (diagrams below). The use of a compression garment maintained intramuscular pH and ADP. pH
7.08 7.07 7.06 7.05 7.04 7.03 7.02 7.01 7 6.99 6.98 6.97 Pre
48 hrs
1 hr
0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 Pre
Control
Control
Treatment
Treatment
01
A
Pi/PCr
Ratio
Ratio
B
Changes in T2 weighted images following before (A) and after 48hrs after (B) exercise in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle.
Key Research Studies
1 hr
48 hrs
Summaries_5
2
The effects of wearing sports tights during training on lower leg volume in professional rugby league players
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; K Morgan, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
This thesis compared leg volume (swelling) effect in 24 rugby league players and found that compression tights (including Skinsâ&#x201E;˘) significantly reduced muscle swelling and had the greatest effect on sprint training (where more eccentric injury occurs)
70
*
*
30 10 -10 -30 -50 -70 Endurance
Sprint
01
Mean volume change (m)
50
Key Research Studies
Weight
Summaries_6
Strength, Proprioception & Muscle Awareness 1
The effect of graduated compression garments (Skins™) on distance running biomechanics
– I.S.P.O.R.T
This independent study in 6 subjects (a totals of 30 repeats) showed that there was no inhibition of running stride at the knee when wearing Skins™ long tights but there was improvement in propulsive forces from the hip.
164.1°
156.3°
Hip angle at ground contact determined by the markers on the knee and hip.
Independent Samples Test (n = 30)
Hip angle at propulsion determined by the markers on the knee and hip.
t
Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
Contact Knee Angle
-396
.694
-.4967 deg
Peak Knee Angle
-.973
.335
-.6067 deg
Contact Pelvic Angle
-104
.918
-.1100 deg
Propulsion Pelvic Angle
1.109
.273
1.4233 deg
Change in Pelvic Angle
-1.699
.0.96
-1.8033 deg
Contact Hip Angle
-671
.505
-.3000 deg
Propulsion Hip Angle
-2.275
.027
-.1.4767 deg
Change in Hip Angle
-1.324
.191
-.1.1767 deg
Contact Time
-689
.493
-.3.3333 sec
Velocity
-.374
.709
-.0213 m/s
01
Variable
2
The effect of Skins™ compression garments on ballistic strength in elite rugby league players
– B T Duffy
This internal study looked at ballistic strength as indicated by the distance a medicine ball can be repeatedly thrown. The group with Skins™ half-tights and short sleeved tops threw the medicine ball consistently further. Key Research Studies
Summaries_7
Blood Flow & Oxygenation 1
The physiological and performance effects of the lower body compression garments in high performance cyclists
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; B Dascombe, A Scanlan, M Osbourne, B Humphries, P Reaburn
This independent study in 12 elite athletes showed dramatic improvements in muscle oxygenation during 1-hour time trials (1HTT) and maximal efforts, including increases in anaerobic threshold and increased muscle oxygenation during the recovery from intense exercise.
mOxy (%)
1HTT
Recovery
100
LBCG
80
CONT
60 40 20
0
10
30
20
50
40
60
70
Time (min)
16
LBCG
14
Ë&#x153;15 W
[BLa] (mmol/L)
12
CONT
10 8 6 4
2 0 200
300
400
01
100
An T
Representation of a right-ward shift in the lactate curve between the control and LBCG conditions in a single subject.
500
Power (W)
1HTT Recovery
Incremental test
100
mOxy (%)
80 60 40
Cuff Ishemia LBCG CONT
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time (min)
Key Research Studies
30
35
40
45
A typical representation of the mOxy responses in the control and LBCG conditions across incremental tests.
Summaries_8
Wicking & Thermoregulation 1
Thermographic survey of high tech compression garments
– Thermovision Services, Farmborough Heights, New South Wales, Australia
This report used thermographs of two elite football players alternating between wearing Skins™ and not wearing Skins™. There are clear differences between the surface temperatures when wearing Skins™ of between 3 and 5 degrees at the working muscles.
Area 2
Area 1 29.7 30.3
29.5 29.2
27.8
Area 1
25.5
27.2
28.0
27.3
27.1
Area 4
Area 3
Area 3
28.4
Area 2
25.0 27.8 25.3
26.9
Area 4
26.7
28.2
2
The effects of Skins™ in different temperature conditions
– The Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
This detailed study conducted at the Waikato Institute (NZ) compared the effects of Skins™ in different temperature conditions. The measurements include heat rate, core body temperature perception and heat stress, all of which improved when wearing Skins™ compared to controls.
Thermal sensation and RPE response to exercice
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0
01
RPE & thermal sensation
during three different environmental conditions
10
20
30
40
SkinsTM RPE SkinsTM TS Cold RPE SkinsTM TS No SkinsTM TS Cold TS
50
60
Thermal sensation and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during three separate trials, exercise in the cold, exercise in the heat with SkinsTM. During the first 30 minutes there was no observed difference in RPE for any of the trials. After the 30-minute mark, at any point in time, three was a trend for a higher RPE during the hot-no SkinsTM trial when compared with the hot-SkinsTM and cold trial.
Key Research Studies
Summaries_9
Fatigue 1
Performance effects of wearing compression garments (Skins™) during exercise and recovery
– C K Argus, The Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
This report is a post-graduate’s report of the effect of Skins™ on a large number of parameters over a seven day period. These studies found significant improvements in repeated sprint times at day 2 and 7; greater concentric and eccentric strength; and lower post-exercise pain.
Percentage change ( = SD) in fastest sprint time
6
*
Change in sprint time
4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
Compression
-8
Control Baseline
2
3
4
5
6
7
Day
Percentage change (= SD) in fastest sprint time for 12 repetition of 20 meter sprints between COMP (n=9) groups over three days of testing followed by one day testing four days later. There was a small worthwhile positive effect on day seven for the COMP group (ES = -0.39).
* Denotes small worthwhile positive effect.
01
Key Research Studies