VOLUME – 1, ISSUE – 1 (JANUARY - JUNE) 2013
Editorial
I am happy to convey that second issue of third volume of "International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research (IJSIR)", a bi-annual journal has been published by Sky Institute, Lucknow in an effort to promote multidisciplinary scientific and innovative research of societal benefit. This journal covers all branches of science, technology, engineering, health, agriculture and management. Research articles in the field of education are also encouraged in order to promote educational technology aiming at improvement in present educational system. As research and development (R & D) has been playing a significant role in overall development of society, continuous multidisciplinary innovative research in science and technology is needed to address the challenges in context to changing environmental conditions in the present era of gradual increase in industrial and technological advancement at global level. Efforts should be made to develop eco-friendly technologies in order to provide solutions for developing socially, economically and culturally sustainable society. The present issue of International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research (IJSIR) contains 6 research papers I articles covering different areas of science and technology. All these papers are well written and informative in content. I express my sincere thanks and gratefulness to Mr.Mohit Bajpai, Chairman, Sky Institute, Lucknow (U.P.), India for his support in publishing it. I express my thanks to members of Committee for Editorial Assistance Dr. B.C.Tripathi, Dr. Pankaj Verma, Shri Sanjay Pandey, Shri Sanjay Dixit and Mr. Shamshul Hasan Khan for their hard work and devotion in giving the final shape to the journal. I am thankful to all faculty members, scientists and research scholars of different universities, research organizations and technical institutions for contributing their research articles for publication in the present issue of the journal. The help provided by faculty members and supporting staff of Sky Institute in publishing the present volume of the journal is also acknowledged. I hope scientists, academicians and young researchers will be greatly benefited by this publication for their research work. I request humbly to the readers and contributors of our journal to continue encouraging us for regular publication of the journal. Any suggestion and comment for the improvement in the quality of the journal are always welcome.
Dr. B. R. Pandey Editor-in-Chief
International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
DR. B.R. PANDEY
FORMER
DIRECTOR (RESEARCH) SKY I NSTITUTE, KURSI ROAD, L UCKNOW, U.P, INDIA FORMER JOINT DIRECTOR, C OUNCIL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, UP, LUCKNOW (DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, UP GOVERNMENT), I NDIA PROFESSOR, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HERBAL MEDICINE (IIHM), LUCKNOW , U.P., INDIA E-MAIL ID : editorijsir02@gmail.com, MOBILE-: 9794849800
COMMITTEE FOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Dr. B.C.Tripathi
Dr. Pankaj Verma
Shri Sanjay Pandey
Shri Ashish Tiwari
Shri Sanjay Dixit
Assistant Prof. Deptt. of Education, Rama P.G. College, Chinhat, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Senior Research Fellow,
Assistant Prof. National Institute of Fashion Technology, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh
Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Scientist, Sky Institute Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
ADVISORY BOARD Prof.(Dr.)S. P. Ojha
Prof. (Dr.) S.P. Singh
Former Vice Chancellor, CCS Meerut University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Former Prof & Head, Deptt. of Pharmacology, G. S. V. M. Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.)V.K. Srivastava Former Prof & Head, Deptt. of Community Medicine
Prof. (Dr.) R. L. Singh
King George Medical University, Lucknow. Former Director, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Integral University, Lucknow Former Vice -Chancellor, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana, South America
Prof & Head, Department of Biochemistry & Coordinator Biotechnology Program , Dr. R. M. L. University Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Sarita Verma Head, Deptt. of Home Sci., Mahila P.G. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. (Dr.) S.K.Agarwal
Prof.(Dr.) M.I. Khan
Pro. & Ex-Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U.P.
Prof & Head, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg., Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Bharat Sah
Prof. (Dr.) S.K. Avasthi Former Director, H.B.T.I., Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Director, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) Amrika Singh
Prof.(Dr.)N.S. Verma
Prof & Head (Chemistry), Deptt. of Applied Sciences, Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof., Deptt. of Physiology, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) U.N. Dwivedi
Prof.(Dr.)A.K. Tripathi
Prof & Ex- Head, Deptt of Biochemistry, Former Pro- Vice Chancellor, Former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P.
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Clinical Hematology & Medical Oncology, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) U.K. Misra
Prof.(Dr.)C.M. Pandey
Head, Deptt. of Neurology, Ex Dean, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P.
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. A.K. Gupta Former Deputy Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi
Dr. Rupesh Chaturvedi
Former Prof & Head, Deptt. of Chemistry, Ex- Dean Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Associate Prof., School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Former Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA
Prof. (Dr.) Amod Kumar Tiwari,
Dr. S.Sinha
Prof.- Director, Bhabha Institute of Engg.& Technology, Kanpur, U.P.
Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Internal Medicine, CD University, C. David Giffen School of Medi., University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Prof.(Dr.) V.K.Tondon
Prof.(Dr.) Chandra Dhar Dwivedi
Dr. K.Raman
Former Prof. & Chairman, Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Borokings, South Dakota, USA
Prof.(Dr.) Vimal Kishore
Principal Scientist, Martek Biosciences Corporation, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
Prof. & Chairman, Deptt. of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xevier College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, 7325, Palmetto Street New Orlens, Louisiana USA
Dr. P.K.Agarwal Editor –in – Chief, Natural Product Communication, Natural Product Inc 7963, Anderson Park Lane West Terville, OH, USA
Prof .(Dr.) M.C. Pant,
Dr. R.K.Singh,
Former Director, R. M. L. Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow and Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Radiotherapy, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Chief Scientist, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
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Dr. Mohd. Tarique Prof., Deptt of Physical Edu., Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
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EDITORIAL BOARD Prof.(Dr.) Y.B. Tripathi
Dr. Vinod Singh
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Medicinal Chemistry,Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Assoc. Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Microbiology, Baruktulla University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) R.K. Singh
Dr. K.K.Verma
Prof. & Head , Deptt. of Biochemistry, Shri Guru Ram RaiInstitute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand & Former Prof. & Head, Department of Biochemistry, K. G. Medical University , Lucknow, U.P.
Assoc. Prof., Deptt. of Physics & Electronics.Dr. R. M. L. Awadh University , Faizabad,Uttar Pradesh
Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Diwedi
Senior Scientist, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Atul Gupta
Former Director, National Research Centre for Groundnut (NRCG) , ICAR, Junagarh, Gujarat & Former Principal Scientist – Head, Deptt. of Plant Physiology, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Saudan Singh, Senior Principal Scientist,CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. (Dr.) Nuzhat Husain Prof. & Head , Deptt of Pathology & Acting Director, R. M. L. Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh
Dr. S.K.Tiwari
Prof. (Dr.) Amita Jain
Senior Principal Scientist ,CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. Deptt. of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.
Dr. Shivani Pandey,
Dr. Sudhir Mahrotra
Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry,K.G.Medical University, Lucknow, U.P.
Associate Prof., Deptt. of Biochemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U.P.
Dr. B.C. Yadav,
Prof. (Dr.) Vibha Singh
Lucknow Associate Prof. & Coordinator, Deptt. of Applied Physics, School for Physical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P.
Prof., Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Anchal Srivastava,
Prof. (Dr.) U.S. Pal
Prof., Deptt of Physics, Lucknow University,Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Shalini Bariar
Prof. (Dr. ) K.K. Pant
Dr.A.K.Pandey
Asstt. Professor, Durga Devi Saraf Institute of Management, Mumbai, India
Prof. & Head , Deptt. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources,Lucknow, U.P.
Dr.S.K.Pandey
Dr. C.M.K.Tripathi
G.M. LML Factory, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh
Former Deputy Director & Head, Division of Fermentation Technology, CSIRCentral Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Suneet Kumar Awasthi, Asst. Prof ,Deptt.of PhysicsJ.P. University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. R.D. Tripathi
Dr.G. N. Pandey
Chief Scientist & ProfessorPlant Ecology & Environmental Science Division, Uttar Pradesh CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P.
Asst. Prof, Deptt. of Physics Amity University, Noida ,Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Mukesh Verma
Prof.(Dr.) Ashwani K. Srivastav
Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Physical Education, Dr. R.M.L. Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biosciences, Integral University,Lucknow, Former Senior Scientist, Birbal Sbahani Institute Paleobotany, Lucknow, U.P.
Dr. Abhay Singh,
Prof.(Dr.) L. Pandey
Head, Physical Education, Delhi Public School, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Prof. & Head , Postgraduate Deptt . of Physics,Former Dean, Faculty of Science, Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. Santosh Gaur Asst. Prof. Deptt. of Physical Education, Jawahar Lal Nehru P.G. College, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh
Prof .(Dr.) Bali Ram Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Dr.Sanjeev Kumar Jha
Prof.(Dr.) J.P.N.Rai
Senior Scientist, DEOACC Patna
Prof.& Head, Deptt. of Environmental Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agr. & Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand
Dr. Shivlok Singh Scientist, DEOACC, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr. )R. S. Dubey
Dr. Anurag Tripathi,
Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.
Asstt . Prof. , Deptt. of Electrical Engg., Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. (Dr.) Omkar Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof. V.P.Sharma
Prof.(Dr.) Sudhir Kumar
Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof., Deptt. of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) Naveen Khare
Dr. Krishna Gopal
Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Former Deputy Director & Head , Aquatic Toxicology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.) S. M. Natu Prof., Deptt. of Pathalogy,K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. S.P. Shukla
Dr. Kusum Lata Mishra,
Prof. , Deptt. of Civil Engg., Institute of Engg. & Technology, Sitapur Road , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
In-charge, Coagulation Laboratory, Deptt. of Pathology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Ajay Mishra
Prof.(Dr.)V.K. Sharma,
Associate Prof. , Deptt. of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow , U. P.
Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Ashutosh Singh
Prof.(Dr.) R.K. Shukla
Prof., Deptt. of Chemistry,Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya,
Prof., Deptt. of Physics, Lucknow University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Prof.(Dr.)Anil Gaur
Principal, Gita College of Education , Nimbari, Panipat, Haryana
Prof., Deptt. of Biotechnology & Genetic Engg., G.B. Pant University of Agr. & Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand
Shri Sudesh Bhat Advisor (Education), Sky Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Mahesh Pal
Dr. Krishna Gopal
Principal Scientist ,Phytochemistry Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
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Faizabad, U. P.
Dr. S.K. Singh
Asst. Prof., Deptt. of English,Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
ABOUT EDITOR-IN- CHIEF : DR. B. R. PANDEY Dr. B. R. Pandey is a well known academician and scientist with brilliant academic career and research accomplishments . He has done M.Sc. ( organic chemistry) from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India in the year 1972. He has done PhD in Medicinal Chemistry under the guidance of world renowned Biochemist & Medicinal Chemist, Professor S.S. Parmar , Professor of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical College, Lucknow ( Presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India in the year 1976. Dr. Pandey has all throughout first class educational qualifications and his research interest covers medicinal chemistry, biochemical pharmacology, neurochemistry, neuro-toxicology, environmental chemistry, herbal medicine & natural products. He is having extensive research experience of more than 40 years and published several research papers in peer reviewed journals of international repute. His research particularly on the studies of central nervous system acting drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs and their biochemical mode of action using animal models and enzymes such as monoamine oxidase, acetylcholine esterase, purine catabolizing enzymes , proteolytic enzymes, membrane stabilizing enzymes, respiratory enzymes, microsomal enzymes etc. has been well recognized as evidenced by his research publications . Further, his research on developing herbal medicines has been found very useful in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and other refractory diseases for which modern system of medicine have no permanent cure. He has worked on the position of Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, U.P., Lucknow, Department of Science & Technology, Uttar Pradesh Government, India from the year 1979 to 2011, where he successfully executed several R & D projects in various disciplines of Science & Technology including chemical & pharmaceutical sciences, medical sciences, biological sciences, environmental sciences etc. During his tenure as Joint Director, he has been instrumental in launching and implementing important schemes: Young Scientists Scheme, Young Scientist Visiting Fellowship Scheme, Establishment of Centre of Excellence- Encephalitis Research Centre of Excellence in Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences ( SGPGIMS), Lucknow , U. P. India ; Centre of Excellence in Materials Science ( nano materials) in Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. India, Establishment of Patent Information Centre in the premises of Council of Science & Technology , U.P. He has also worked on the post of Secretary ( as additional charge ) , Council of Science & Technology, U.P. several times and functioned as Administrative Head of the Organization. Prior to taking over the position of Joint Director, Council of Science & Technology, U.P. in the year 1979, he has worked as Junior Research Fellow/ Senior Research Fellow ( Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi ), Assistant Research Officer ( Jawaharlal Nehru Laboratory of Molecular Biology) at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, K. G. Medical College ( presently K. G. Medical University), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India from the year 1972 to 1979 and involved in multidisciplinary biomedical research leading to drug development . He has worked as Visiting Scientist / Faculty in the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA and also visited scientific institutions in Sweden, U.K. and U.S.A. under Training Program on Capacity Building in Environmental Research Management (World Bank Funding Project). After his superannuation in the year 2011, he has been associated with International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India as Professor and is presently associated with Sky Institute, Lucknow , India as Director ( Research) and involved in programs related to higher education and research of scientific & technological fields. He has organized several www.ijsir.co.in
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national and international conferences. He has actively participated in national and international conferences, symposia and workshops and presented research papers and chaired scientific / technical sessions. He is life member and fellow of many scientific societies such as National Academy of Sciences India , Society of Toxicology of India, Indian Academy of Neurosciences, Bioved Research Society India, International Society for Herbal Medicine (ISHM), Society of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, India. He has been member of several scientific expert committees/ advisory committees to evaluate scientific research proposals. Dr. Pandey has been actively associated with various universities and institutions in India as examiner for conducting graduate, post graduate and doctoral level examinations in disciplines like chemical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, biochemical sciences, biotechnology and allied areas and member of Board of Studies for the academic development in the department. He has been approved research supervisor for guiding research in chemistry, biotechnology and related areas from various universities of India leading to PhD Degree. In view of his vast research and administrative experience and broad R & D vision, Dr. Pandey has been associated with International Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research (IJSIR) as Editor-in-Chief.
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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1) P-ISSN 2347-2189, E- ISSN 2347-4971
FROM THE DESK OF CHAIRMAN, SKY INSTITUTE It is my privilege to state that I have great desire to contribute to the development of our country and to bring about social transformation through education, higher learning and research. This inner feeling prompted me to establish Sky Institute in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), the city known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant academic institutions of higher learning. Sky Institute, since its inception in the year 2006, has been functioning to impart various educational and training courses with a vision to improving lives through education, research and innovation. The institute provides a professional learning environment that acts as a catalyst, for the exponential growth of student as well as extracurricular abilities. It conducts regular courses at the level of graduate and post graduate followed by research courses leading to M Phil and PhD in all subjects in association with universities . I feel great pleasure to highlight that Sky Institute has started to publish a bi-annual journal “International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research ( IJSIR ) which encourages to publish research articles in all branches of science, technology ,engineering, health, agriculture and management. Research articles in the field of education are also considered in order to improve educational standard in educational institutions with innovative technologies. First volume of the journal has been successfully published. The present issue of second volume of the journal contains useful and informative research articles which may be interesting to readers and educational and research organizations. The association of eminent faculty and scientists of reputed organizations with our journal is highly appreciable. I call upon all the students who are willing to join various programs/courses being run at Sky Institute in association with selected universities, to strive hard to gain knowledge, transform it into skills with right attitude and inculcate the habit of learning, which will drive them to self directed learning. My best wishes to all the aspiring students.
Mohit Bajpai Chairman
Sky Institute
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THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PICRORRHIZA KURROA IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HEPATIC DISORDERS: AN OVERVIEW *B.R.PANDEY1,2, P. VERMA1 1. International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, U.P., India. 2. Sky Institute for Higher Education &Research, Kursi Road , Lucknow, U.P., India
ABSTRACT The liver being vulnerable to wide variety of metabolic, toxic, microbial, circulatory and neoplastic insults is subjected to potential damage resulting in acute or chronic hepatic disorders. Viral hepatitis has always been a disease of major concern. The existence of atleast five distinct viral hepatitis agents has been documented namely HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV. Distinctive differences in symptoms of disease like onset, severity, prevalence, season, serological markers, clinical course etc lead to distinguish the causative agent. Liver disorders may be as acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver disease), hepatosis (non- inflammatory disorders) and liver cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). An actual curative therapeutic agent has not yet been found. In fact most of the available remedies rather support or promote the process of healing or regeneration of the liver. The drugs available in the modern system of medicine are the corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents which bring about only symptomatic relief and in most cases have no influence on the disease process. Their use is also associated with the risk of relapses and danger of side effects. In addition, two types of hepatitis B vaccines (plasma derived and recombinant) have also been developed and are available. These vaccines are too expensive and cannot be afforded by common patients. These vaccines also produce few side effects. Considering the non availability of effective, safe and cheep drugs for the cure of hepatic disorders, usefulness of alternate herbal therapy is currently being evaluated by scientists and clinicians. Picrorrhiza kurroa is one of the most important herbs of ayurveda which forms an ingredient of many Indian herbal preparations used for the treatment of liver disorders. The alcoholic extract of Picrrorhiza kurroa has been shown to demonstrate significant hepato protective effect which appeared to be due to a mixture of two iridoid glycosides (picroside 1 and kutkoside) known as picroliv (kutkin). It has been found more active than a known hepatoprotective drug silymarin. Considering beneficial action of Picrorrhiza kurroa in protection of hepatic damage, an organic herbal formulation, Liver-Kidney-Care consisting of three medicinal herbs namely Picrorrhiza kurroa, Boerhavia diffusa and Phylanthus nirruri has been developed by International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India. This formulation is free of pesticides, insecticides, weedcides, toxins and harmful chemicals. Liver 窶適idney - Care has been found to provide beneficial effect to patients of hepatic disorders attending the clinic of IIHM and several patients have been cured with the treatment of this herbal drug. Therefore, this herbal formulation alone can be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatic disorders or it can also be used as adjunct / complimentary medicine. Keywords: Picrorrhiza kurroa, Picroliv, iridoid glycosides, viral hepatitis, hepatoprotective activity, Liver- kidney- Care.
*Corresponding author- Dr. B.R. Pandey, Director (Research), Sky Institute for Higher Education & Research, Kursi Road, Lucknow, U.P., India, e-mail-drbrpandey@gmail.com 1
INTRODUCTION The liver being vulnerable to wide variety of metabolic, toxic, microbial, circulatory and neoplastic insults is subjected to potential damage resulting in acute or chronic hepatic disorders. Viral hepatitis has always been a disease of major concern. The existence of at least five distinct viral hepatitis agents has been documented namely HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV. Distinctive differences in symptoms of disease like onset, severity, prevalence, season, serological markers, clinical course etc lead to distinguish the causative agent. Hepatitis A is most often contracted through the fecal-oral route and it is self limiting school children are at particular risk. Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by parental inoculation of virus contacting material and so the others too have serious complications. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted by horizontal and vertical routes and causes both acute and chronic liver diseases which are often associated with chronic sequelae including the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An actual curative therapeutic agent has not yet been found. In fact, most of the available remedies rather support or promote the process of healing or regeneration of the liver. The drugs available in the modern system of medicine are the corticosteroids and immune suppressive agents which bring about only symptomatic relief and in most cases have no influence on the disease process. Further, their use is associated with the risk relapses and danger of side effects. Although, efforts are being made to develop drugs and vaccines for effective control of hepatitis, there is need to explore medicinal plants which are abundantly available in our country in order to develop safe, cheap and long acting hepatoprotective
drugs. Extensive work has been carried out on few medicinal plants namely, Acacia catechu, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Citrullus colocynthis, Eclipta alba, phylanthus niruri, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Piper longum, Solanum nigrum, Terminalia ariuna, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Withania coaqulans, Silymarin, Phyllanthus amarus using experimental animals. These plants exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity.The plant extracts showing promising results in animal model have been subjected for further screening against HBV infected human sera using Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). Amongst above plants, Picrorrhiza kurroa forms an ingredient of many Indian herbal preparations used for the treatment of liver ailments [1-3]. This review highlights the major findings of previous studies on Picrorrhiza kurroa. Active Constituents The alcoholic extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa contains two iridoid glycosides. Picroliv (Kutkin) and its two major irridoid glycosides viz. picroside I and kutkoside (Figure 2) have been isolated and described. Both picroside I and kutkoside were the cinnamoyl and vanilloyl esters of catalpol. The latter was prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of the mixture of picroside I and kutkoside followed by purification of the resulting product by chromatography. [4] Picroliv is a standardized iridoid glycoside fraction obtained from root and rhizome of the plant picrorrhiza kurroa. Many other active constituents have been identified including nine cucurbitacin [5] glycosides, apocynin and dorsin. 2
Botanical classification of Picrorrhiza kurroa :-
Kingdom : Plantae Order :Angiosperm Family: Scrophulariaceae Genus: Picorrhiza Species: kurroa
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Hepatoprotective activity Several research studies have shown that extracts of Picrorrhiza (P. kurroa) popularly known in India as “Kutkin” possess marked protective action on liver. Studies were conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic extract of P. kurroa and kutkin in some models of hepatic damage in rodents and the results showed that the alcoholic extract of the root and rhizome of P. kurroa exhibited hepatoprotective activity in rat and mastomys. The active principle was identified as kutkin and the kutkin free fraction of the extract were found to be devoid of any activity. Kutkin showed significant hepato protective activity in hepatic damage induced by galactosamine (in rats) and plasmodium berghei (in mastomys) as assessed by changes in several serum and liver biochemical parameters [2, 4]. Further, studies have been conducted to see the effect of picroliv on Plasmodium berghei induced hepatic damage in mastomys natalensis and the results showed that administration of picroliv, a standardized fraction of alcoholic extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa (3-12 mg/kg/day for two weeks) simultaneously with P. berghei infection showed significant protection against hepatic damage in mastomys natalensis. The increased levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transminase (GPT), alkaline phospahatase, lipoprotein X(LP-X) and bilurubin in the infected animals were markedly reduced by different doses of picroliv. In the liver, picroliv decreased the level of lipid peroxides and hydroperoxides and facilitated the recovery of superoxide dismutase and glycogen. Picroliv had no effect on the degree of parasitaemia [6].
In another experimental study, the investigations were carried out on the effect of oral administration of picroliv, obtained from total alcohol extractable rhizome of P. kurroa concurrently with toxication of rats for two weeks with carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) and the results showed that administration of carbon tetra chloride to normal rats increased activities of hepatic 5’- nucleotidase, acid phospahatase, acid ribonuclease while the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, glucose 6phosphatse, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome p450 were decreased. Levels of lipid peroxides, total lipids and cholesterol of liver were also increased. The activities of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruate transminase and alkaline phosphatase were increased. Other serum parameters showing changes after CCL4 were bilirubin, proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein –X. Picroliv in doses of 6 and 12 mg / Kg provided a significant protection against most of the biochemical alterations produced by the CCL4. The degree of protection afforded by picroliv, when administered simultaneously or as a pretreatment was almost equal [7]. Studies were conducted to see the protective action of picroliv on isolated rat hepatocytes against thioacetamide induced injury and the results showed that picroliv showed dose – dependent protective activity on isolated hepatocytes (exvivo) against thioacetamide - induced hepatic damage in the rat . It enhances the percentage of viable hepatic cells. Picroliv also antagonized the changes in the enzymes GOT, GPT and alkaline phophatase produced by thio-acetamide both in isolated hepatocyte suspension as well as in serum.
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It was found to be more potent than silymarin ,a known hepatoprotective agent[8]. Picroliv, the active principle of P. kurroa and its main components which are a mixture of the iridoid glycocides, picrocide 1 and kutkoside were studied in vitro as potential scavengers of oxygen free radicals. The superoxide (O2-) anions generated in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system , as measured in terms of uric acid formed and the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium were shown to be suppressed by picroliv, picroside 1 and kutkoside. Picroliv as well as both glycosides inhibited the nonenzymatic generation of O2- anions in aphenazine methosulphate NADH system. Malonaldehyde (MDA) generation in rat liver microsomes as stimulated by ascorbate Fe2+ and NADPH-ADP-Fe 2+ systems was shown to be inhibited by the picroliv glycosides. Known antioxidants tocopherol (Vitamin E) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) were also compared with regard to their antioxidant actions in the above system. It was found that BHA afforded protection against ascorbate Fe2+ induced MDA formation in microsomes but did not interfere with enzymatic or non-enzymatic O2- anion generation and tocoferal inhibited lipid peroxidation in microsomes by both peroxidant systems and the generation of O2anions in the non enzymatic system but did not find interfere with xanthine oxidase activity. This study shows that picroliv, picroside-1 and kutkoside possess the properties of antioxidants which appear to be mediated through activity like that of superoxide dismutase, metal ionchelators and xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These results suggested that the hepatoprotective action of picroliv glycosides may be due to the prevention of lipid peroxidation and free radical generation during liver damage [9].
Effect of Picroliv, the active principle from Picrorrhiza kurroa, on glutathione metabolism in liver and brain of Mastomys natalensis infected with plasmodium berghei was studied and it was found that administration of Picroliv at a dose of 6mg/kg, po for two weeks showed significant protection against changes in liver and brain glutathione metabolism of plasmodium berghei infected Mastomys natalensis. The depletion of reduced glutathione level and inhibition of glutathiones-transferase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities due to P. berghei infection were markedly reduced by picroliv. The increased levels of lipid peroxidation products in damaged tissue were also reduced along with recovery of glutathione metabolism [10]. Studeis were also conducted to see the effect of picroliv on γ-glutamyl cycle in liver and brain of Mastomys natalensis infected with Plasmodium berghei and it was observed that the activation of γ -glutamyl transpeptidase enzyme and decreased levels of cystine, sulphydryl groups as well as glutathione synthesis in both tissues due to P. berghei infection were reversed by picroliv. Enzymatic and non – enzymatic lipid peroxidation in microsomes in vitro was significantly reduced by Picroliv along with recovery of reduced glutathione [11]. The effect of Picroliv was investigated on oxidative modifications of serum lipoproteins in Plasmodium berghei infected Mastomys coucha and the results of the study showed that picroliv at the dose of 6mg/kg po for two weeks provided significant protection against the generation of lipid
ᵦ
peroxidation products in serum - lipoproteins of Plasmodium berghei infected M. coucha. Incubation of normal rat hepatocytes with very low density lipoproteins
5
or low density lipoprotein isolated from infected animals caused significant generation of lipid peroxides followed by a decrease in the viability of these cells, however, these effects were partially reversed with lipoproteins from infected and picroliv treated groups. High density lipoprotein from infected animals was not toxic to hepatocytes in vitro [12]. Picroliv (active principle from P. kurroa), its major components picroside 1, catapol, kutkoside 1, kutkoside were tested for the presence of anti hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti HBs) like activity, HBs Ag. Positive serum samples obtained from hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated acute and chronic liver diseases and healthy HBs ag carriers were used to evaluate the anti HBs like activity of compounds / extract. The latter were mixed with serum sample and incubated at 37oC overnight followed by HBs Ag screening in the ELISA system. A promising anti- HBs Ag like activity was noted in Picroliv (and its major components) catalpol which differed from the classical neutralization. Picroliv also inhibited purified HBV antigens prepared from healthy HBsAg carriers [2,13]. Picroliv has been shown to possess dose dependent (0.75-12 mg/kg x 7 days) protective activity on isolated hepatocytes (ex-vivo) against paracetamolinduced hepatic damage in rats. It increased the percentage viability of the hepatocytes. Picroliv also restored the normal values of enzyme (glutamic oxaloacetic transminase [GOT], glutamic pyruvic transminase [GPT] and alkaline phophatase) both in isolated hepatocyte suspension as well as in the serum. Picroliv was found to be more potent than silymarin , a known hepatoprotective agent [14, 15] .
In another study, picroliv has been shown to exhibit a significant dose dependent (312mg/kg po x 7 days ) protective activity against galactosamine induced hepatic damage in rats as evaluated on the isolated hepatocytes (ex. vivo) prepration. It markedly increased the percentage of viability of hepatocytes. It was also found to restore the galactosamine- induced changes in the levels of enzymes (GOT; GPT and alkaline phosphatase) both in isolated hepatic cells as well as in serum. Picroliv was also found to possess a marked anticholestatic effect. Picroliv was found to be more potent than silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective agent [16] . Picroliv has also been found to possess a dose (3-12 mg/kg, po for 7 days) dependent choleretic activity as evidenced by increase in bile flow and its contents (bile salts and bile acids). Significant anticholestatic activity was also observed against carbon tetrachloride induced cholestasis in conscious rat, anaesthetized guinea pig and cat. Picroliv was found to be more active than the known hepatoprotective drug silymarin [17]. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Picroliv against Rifamicine-induced toxicity in animals. The results of the study showed that Picroliv exhibited significant hepatoprotective as well as an anticholestatic activity against rifamicine-induced hepatic damage. Rifamicine (50 mg/kg ipx6 days) resulted in the reduction of bile flow as well as its contents (bile salt and bile acids) in the conscious rat and anesthelized gunea pig. Further, it also caused a decrease in the viability and rate of oxygen consumption in 6
isolated rat hepatocytes. Picroliv treatment significantly reversed the altered parameter of bile and hepatocytes. Picroliv was found to be more active than known hepatoprotective drug silymarin. The modulation of rifamicin toxicity by picroliv indicated that this agent could be given simultaneously to tuberculosis patients to protect the liver from rifamicine induced toxicity[18-19]. Considering the beneficial action of Picrorrhiza kurroa in protection of hepatic damage, International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, India, has developed an organic herbal formulation, “Liver – Kidney Care� consisting of Bhumiamalaki- Phyllanthus niruri, 125 mg, Punarnava- Boerhavia diffusa, 100 mg and Katuki- Picrorrhiza kurroa, 100 mg. The above herbal combination at dose of one capsule twice daily within meals given to patients of hepatic disease attending the clinic of IIHM produced beneficial effect to patients. This above herbal combination are well known for its hepato-protective effects singly or in combination with the best ever known hepatoprotective effects proved scientifically[20-21]. Liver-Kidney-Care herbal formulation is free from pesticides, insecticides, weedicide and herbicides. This herbal formulation alone can be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatic disorders or it can also be used as adjunct/complimentary medicine. DISCUSSION In the present days of environmental degradation, uncontrolled environmental stress, changing life style and expanding therapy with
the potent drugs, the liver main organ of the human is continuously exposed to varieties of xenobiotics and therapeutic agents which interfere with the various functions of liver such as metabolic function, detoxicating function, secretory function and excretory function leading to liver disorders of varied nature including acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver disease), hepatosis (noninflammatory disorders) and liver cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of liver). The types of hepatitis may be virus induced hepatitis, drug/toxin induced hepatitis, and alcohol induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis. Viral hepatitis, which is caused by at least five different and completely unrelated human pathogens known as hepatitis A,B, C, D, and E viruses ( HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV), is of major concern since the essential lesion is an acute inflammation of entire liver and hepatic cell necrosis is associated with leucocytic reaction and infiltration. Thus, Hepatitis B virus infection can lead to cirrhosis, acute liver failure and liver cancer. There are about 45 million people in India carrying the Hepatitis B virus. In spite of extensive studies carried out to develop therapeutic agents using diagnostic tests / enzyme assays and biomarkers, an actual curative therapeutic agent for hepatic disorders has not been found. In fact, most of the available remedies rather support or promote the process of healing or regeneration of liver. The drugs available in
7
modern system of medicine such as immunoglobulin, ribavirin, lamivudine, famciclovir, fialuridine, vidarabine, interferon-alpha.are the corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents which may bring only symptomatic relief and in most cases have no influence on the disease process. Further, the use of above drugs is associated with the risk by relapses and danger of unwanted side effects/ adverse drug reactions. In addition, two types of hepatitis B vaccines (plasma derived and recombinant) have also been developed and are available. These vaccines are very expensive and have few side effects too. Considering the non availability of effective, safe and cheep drugs for the cure of hepatic disorders, usefulness of alternate herbal therapy is currently being evaluated by scientists and clinicians throughout the world. Extensive work has been carried out on few medicinal plants namely, Acacia catechu, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Citrullus colocynthis, Eclipta alba, phylenthus nirruri, Picrorrhiza kurrooa, Piper longum, Solanum nigrum, Terminalia ariuna, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Withania coaqulans, Silymarin, Phyllanthus amarus using experimental animals. These plants have exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity. The plant extracts showing promising results in animal model have been subjected for further screening against HBV infected human sera using Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay ( ELISA). Picrorrhiza kurroa is one of the most important herbs of Ayurveda (the traditional system of medicine in India) which forms an ingredient of many Indian herbal preparations used for the
treatment of liver ailments [1]. The results of the studies described above demonstrate that Picrorrhiza kurroa is effective in prevention and treatment of hepatic disorders. The presence of two major iridoid glycosides picroside I and Kutkoside in alcoholic extract of roots named as kutkin (picroliv), the active constituent of the plant Picrorrhiza kurroa has been found to be responsible in exhibiting hepato protective actively. Picroliv has been found to be more active than the known hepato-protective drug silymarin. It has been hypothesized that the hepato protective activily of this drug may be based on (1) Kutkins alter the structure of the outer membrane of the hepatocytes in such a way as to prevent penetration of the liver toxin into the interior of the cell, (2) Kutkins stimulate the action of nucleolar polymerase A, resulting in ribosomal protein synthesis and, thus stimulates the regenerative ability of the liver and formation of new hepatocytes, (3) Apocynin, is one of its constituents, has been found to exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory effects on a variety of inflammatory models[22]. Further, few studies conducted on experimental models have shown that the therapeutic actively of the plant towards hepatic damage/injury might be due to its antioxidant and cholerectic activity. Like silymarin, Picrorhiza does possess significant antioxidant activity in vitro which may contribute to the hepatoprotective effect by reducing lipid peroxidation and free radical damage [9]. Chander et al found that Picrorrhiza and its main constituents, picroside-I and kutkoside, inhibited the nonenzymatic generation of 8
O2-anions in a phenazine methosulphate NADH system, inhibited oxidative malonaldehyde generation by both the ascorbate-Fe2+ and NADPH-ADP-Fe2+ systems, and scavenged superoxide (O2-) anions generated in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. In other words, Picrorrhiza demonstrated antioxidant activity similar to that of superoxide dismutase, metal-ion chelators, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors [9]. Glutathione is vital to maintaining a variety of intracellular functions, including detoxification, antioxidation, tertiary protein configuration, and redox balance [23]. Picrorrhiza was found to restore depleted glutathione levels in African desert rats infected with Plasmodium berghei (malaria). Several enzymes associated with glutathione function were also restored, including glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase [10]. Generation of lipid peroxides in African desert rats infected with Plasmodium berghei was significantly reduced by Picrorhiza at the oral dose of 6 mg/kg for two weeks, revealing Picrorrhiza also possesses anti-lipid [11] peroxidative effects . The hepatoprotective action of Picrorrhiza kurroa may be due to its ability to stimulate liver regeneration. Like silymarin, Picrorrhiza may have an effect on liver regeneration. A 1992 study demonstrated stimulation of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat liver with oral administration of Picrorhiza. The authors stated the results were comparable to silymarin [24].
Another factor in the hepatoprotection of Picrorrhiza may be its anti-inflammatory effects. Picrorrhiza extracts were found to have an inhibitory effect on such proinflammatory
cells
as
macrophages, and mast cells. suggested
Picrorrhiza
neutrophils, [25]
extract
The authors inhibited
membrane mediated activation of these cells (inhibited 8-adrenergic receptors).[26-27] The researchers found no effect of the Picrorrhiza extract on prostaglandin production.
[25]
Picrorrhiza contains apocynin, a catechol, as one of its minor constituents. Apocynin has been
found
inflammatory
to
exhibit
effects
on
powerful a
anti-
variety
of
inflammatory models. Apocynin was found to inhibit neutrophil oxidative burst in vitro without affecting beneficial activities such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of bacteria models,
[28-29]
.
In vivo animal
apocynin
inhibited
lipopolysaccharide-induced emphysema in hamsters. [30] Apocynin prevented the formation of ulcerative lesions in rats injected intracutaneously with Freund’s complete adjuvant. [31]
9
and reduced swelling in collagen-immunized rats. No effects on humoral and cellular immunity were observed after treatment with apocynin.
[32-33]
Interestingly, the effective
daily dose of apocynin was only 0.024 mg/ kg. Such a dose is readily achieved from normal use of Picrorrhiza root instead of the concentrated apocynin extract hepatotoxins,
including
[32-33]
. Several
paracetamol
and
ethynylestradiol, have a cholestatic effect on the production of bile. Picrorrhiza has been shown
to
reverse
acetaminophen
ethynylestradiol-induced
and
cholestasis,
maintaining both bile volume and flow. Silymarin was tested simultaneously for comparison. Picrorrhiza was found to be a more potent choleretic and anticholestatic agent
than
silymarin.[34]
As
for
as
dosage/toxicity is concerned, picrorrhiza is poorly soluble in water and so is usually not taken as a tea. It is soluble in ethanol and so can be taken in tincture form (very bitter), but is usually administered as an encapsulated standardized extract (4% kutkin)
[35]
. The
usual adult dosage is 400 to 1500 mg/day, although daily doses as high as 3.5 g/ day have been recommended for fevers
[36]
.
Picrorrhiza use is widespread in India and no major adverse reactions have been reported. The oral LD50 of kutkin is greater than 2600 mg/kg in rats [37].
The LD50 of picrocide and kutkoside is greater than 1000 mg/kg in rats [37]. By comparison, the maximum dose achievable with oral ingestion of picrorrhiza root is about 3-6 mg/kg. Considering beneficial action of Picrorrhiza kurroa in protection of hepatic damage/injury, an organic herbal formulation, Liver-Kidney-Care consisting of three medicinal herbs namely Picrorrhiza kurroa, Boerhavia diffusa and Phylanthus nirruri has been developed by International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, U.P., India. This formulation is free from pesticides, insecticides, weedcides toxins and harmful chemicals. Liver 窶適idney -Care has been found to provide beneficial effect to patients of hepatic disorders attending the clinic IIHM and several patients have been cured with the treatment of this herbal formulation. As evidenced from encouraging results of this herbal formulation in treatment of patients with hepatic disorders, it can be recommended for the cases of fatty or sluggish liver, viral hepatitis, cirrohosis, hepatic enlargement, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, renal failure and urinary tract infection. It has capability to regulate fat metabolism in obesity and to improve appetite during convalescences. This herbal formulation has potential to eliminate hepato toxic agents such as alcohol, chemical pollutant and drugs from the complex human system. Therefore, this herbal formulation alone can be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatic disorders or it can also be used as adjunct / complimentary medicine. As a preventive treatment 1-2 capsules of Liver-Kidney-Care daily can be taken for any length of time without side effects. 10
Although
beneficial
results
have
been
obtained with the treatment of Liver-KidneyCare at dosage of 1-2 capsule twice a day within meal for at least one month to the patients, multidisciplinary clinical studies in human
subjects
using
modern
biotechnological tools and biomarkers may prove to be useful in understanding the biochemical mechanism of action of organic herbal
formulation
“Liver-Kidney-Care�
containing hepatoprotective herb Picrorrhiza kurroa in prevention and treatment of hepatic disorders. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to Dr. Narendra Singh, Director, International Institute of Herbal Medicine (IIHM), Lucknow, UP, India, who expired on July 31st 2012 due to his serious illness and detoriating health condition, for providing clinical detail and study protocols in treatment of patients of hepatic disorders attending the clinic of IIHM, Lucknow.
REFERENCES 1. Honda SS, Sharma A, Chakraborti KK. Natural products and plants as liver protecting drugs. Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 307-351. 2. Vaidya AB, Antarkar DS, Doshi JC, Bhatt AD, Ramesh V, Vora PV, Perissond D, Baxi AJ, Kale PM. Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutaki) Royle ex Benth as a hepatoprotective agent-experimental & clinical studies. J Postgrad Med. 1996; 42(4):105-108. 3. Ram VJ. Herbal preparations as a source of hepatoprotective agents. Drug News Perspect. 2001;14(6):353-363 4. Ansari RA, Aswal BS, Chander R, Dhawan BN, Garg NK, Kapoor NK, Kulshrestra DK, Mehdi H, Mehrotra BN, Patnaik GK and Sharma SK. Hepatoprotective activity of kutkin the iridoid glycoside mixture of Picrorrhiza kurroa. Indian J Med Res. 1988; 87:401-404. 5. Stuppner H, Wagner H. New cucrbitacin glycosides from Picrrhiza kurroa. Planta Med. 1989;55:559-563. 6. Chander R, Diwedi Y, Rastogi R, Sharma SK, Garg NK, Kapoor NK and Dhawan BN. Evaluation of Hepatoprotective activity of Picrolive in Mastomys Matalensis infected with Plasmodium Berghei. Ind J Med Res. [B], 1990; 92: 34-37. 7. Diwedi Y, Rastogi Ram, Chandra Ramesh, Sharma SK, Kapoor NK, Garg NK, dhawan BN. Hepatoprotective activity of Picrolive against Carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. Ind J Med Res. [B], 1990; 92:195-200. 8. Visen PKS, Shukla B, Patnaik GK, Chanda R, Singh V, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Hepatoprotective activity of Picrolive isolated from Picrorrhiza kurroa against Thioacetamide toxicity on Rat Hepatocytes. Phytotherapy Researc. 1991; 5: 224-227. 9. Chander R, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN, Picrolive, Picroside-1 and Kutkoside from Picrorrhiza kurroa an scavenger of super oxide anion. Biochemical pharmacology. 1992; 44(1): 180-183. 10. Chander R, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Effect of Picroliv on Glutathione Metabolism in Liver and Brain of Mastomys Natalensis Injected with Plasmodium Berghei. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992; 30: 711- 714.
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11. Chander R, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Picroliv affects Gamma-Glutamyl Cycle of Liver And Brain of Mastomys Infected with Plasmodium Berghei. Indian J Exp Biol. 1994; 32: 324-327. 12. Chandra R, Singh K, Visen PKS, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Picroliv Prevents oxidation in serum lipoprotein lipids of Mastomys concha infected with Plasmodium berghei. Ind J of Exp Biol. 1998; 36: 371-374. 13. Mehrotra R, Rawat S, Kulshreshtha DK, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN. In Vitro Studies on Effect of Certain Natural Products against Hepatitis B Virus. Indian J Med Res. 1990; 92:133-138. 14. Visen PKS, Shukla B, Patnaik GK, Kaul, Surabhi, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Hepatoprotective Activity of Picroliv, The Active Principle of Picrorhiza Kurroa on Rat Hepatocytes against Paracetamol Toxicity. Drug Dev Res. 1991; 22: 209-219. 15. Verma PC, Basu V, Gupta V, Saxena G, Rahman LU. Pharmacology and chemistry of a potent hepatoprotective compound Picroliv isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa royle ex benth. (kutki). Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2009;10(6):641-649. 16. Visen Pks, Shula B, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN. Prevention ofGalactosamine Induced Hepatic Damage byPicroliv.Study on bile flow and isolated hepatocytes (Ex-Vivo). Planta Med. 1993; 59: 37-41. 17. Saraswat B, Visen PKS, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN. Anticholestatic effect of Picroliv, active hepatoprotective principle of Picrorhiza Kurroa, against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Cholestasis. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993; 31: 316-318. 18. Saraswat B, Visen PKS, Patnaik GKand Dhawan BN. Hepatoprotective effect of Picroliv against Rifamcin induced toxicity. Drug development research. 1997; 40: 299-303. 19. Jeyakumar R, Rajesh R, Meena B, Rajaprabhu D, Ganesan B, Buddhan S, Anandan R. Antihepatotoxic effect of Picrorhiza kurroaon mitochondrial defense system in antitubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin)-induced hepatitis in rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2008; 2 (1):17–19. 20. Chaturvedi S, Singh N, Abbas SS. Effect of
'Liver-Kidney Care' an Ayurvedic Formulation in Cases of Various Liver and Kidney Disorders. 2nd World Congress on Biotechnological Developments of Herbal Medicine, February 2022, 2003, Luknow India.
21. Singh N, Abbas SS, Bhalla M, Verma VK. Clinical evaluation of Organic Liver Kidney Care formulation in some cases of hepatitis B, Processings of Workshop on “Essential Medicines, Adverse Drug Reactions & Therapeutic Drug Monitoring”, pp.145, organized by King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India, 22nd-23rd August, 2005. 22. Singh AP. Kutkins: A Review of Chemistry and Pharmacology. Ethnobotanical leaflets. An international Journal of Ethnobotanical Research. 2005:1, Article 26. 23. Kidd PM. Glutathione: Systemic protection against oxidative and free radical damage. Altern Med Rev 1997;2:155-176. 24. Singh V, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Effect of picroliv on protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992; 30:68-69. 25. Pandey BL, Das PK. Immunopharmacological studies on Picrorhiza kurroa Royle-ex-Benth. Part IV: Cellular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1989; 33:28-30. 26. Pandey BL, Das PK. Immunopharmacological studies on Picrorhiza kurroa Royle-Ex-Benth. Part V: Anti-inflammatory action: relation with cell types involved in inflammation. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1988; 32:289-292. 27. Pandey BL, Das PK. Immunopharmacological studies on Picrorhiza kurroa Royle-ex-Benth. Part III: Adrenergic mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1988;32:120125. 28. Simons JM,‘t Hart BA, Ip Vai Ching TR, et al. Metabolic activation of natural phenols into selective oxidative burst agonists by activated human neutrophils. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 8:251-258. 29. Stolk J, Hiltermann TJ, Dijkman JH, Verhoeven AJ. Characteristics of the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils by apocynin, a methoxysubstituted catechol. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994;11:95-102. 30. Stolk I, Rossie W, Dijkman JH. Apocynin improves the efficacy of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in experimental emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1628- 1631. 31. ‘t Hart BA, Elferink IG, Nibbering PH. Effect of apocynin on the induction of ulcerative lesions in rat skin injected with tubercle bacteria. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:953-961. 12
32. ‘t Hart BA, Bakker NP, Labadie RP, et al. The newly developed neutrophil oxidative burst antagonist apocynin inhibits joint-swelling in rat collagen arthritis. Agents Actions Suppl 1991; 32:179-184. 33.‘t Hart BA, Simons IM, Knaan-Shanzer S, et al. Antiarthritic activity of the newly developed neutrophil oxidative burst antagonist apocynin. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990 ; 9:127- 131. 34.Shukla B, Visen PK, Patnaik GK, et al. Choleretic effect of picroliv, the hepatoprotective principle of Picrorhiza kurroa. Planta Med 1991;57:29-33. 35.Chopra RN. Indiginous Drugs of India. 2nd ed. Reprint. Calcutta, New Delhi: Academic Publishers; 1982. 36. Kapoor LD. CRC Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press;1990). 37.Annual Report, Regional Research Laboratory, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1989-1990.
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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):14-17
MEDICAL TOURISM DRIVING THE GROWTH OF THE INDIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM *Bharat Shah Sanjay Gandhi Post Gratuate Institute of Medical Sciences U.P ,Lucknow, India *Research Scholor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India
ABSTRACT India has an additional requirement of 0.8 million doctors and 1.7 million nurses, apart from facing a significant shortage of paramedics. 45% of the population travels more than 100 Kms to access tertiary level of medical care. Poor accessibility, accountability, affordability, and availability of healthcare services are key constraints that make the idea of ‘Health for all’ a seemingly impossible accomplishment. Besides, the sector is largely dominated by unorganized private players, mostly comprising of clinics and nursing homes. These facilities offer limited range of services and operate with minimal standards of quality. Moreover, the public sector focus is mainly on primary care with a program based approach. Other issues restricting growth of the sector are of high capital expenditure, high dependence on imported medical equipments, long gestation period for the business to turn profitable, archaic norms for medical education, and absence of any central governing authority for paramedical education.
INTRODUCTION The proper growth of Indian Medical Health Care System and related issues call for an integrated effort and investment across the entire value-chain of healthcare spectrum. Three broad components of this spectrum are healthcare delivery, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipments. Healthcare delivery comprising of primary, secondary and tertiary care facilities, constitutes a major chunk i.e. 77% of the total market. Pharma and medical equipment segments constitute 14% and 5% of the total market, respectively. While sustained expansion of healthcare delivery facilities like neighborhood clinics, day-care surgery
centers, single and multi-specialty hospitals etc. is expected, it is also vital that support sectors and sub-sectors like pharma retail, wellness, medical technology, medical tourism, medical education and health insurance grow alongside and with equal vigor. Though, the role of private sector is going to get extremely crucial, government’s contribution towards achievement of above mentioned expected growth in the healthcare sector cannot be undermined. The government’s focus on healthcare has seen a positive upswing in the last few years and this momentum is likely to sustain in the coming decade with the implementation of a slew of measures proposed by the government.
14
Work is already underway in the setting-up of six world-class institutes of medical education, training and healthcare delivery along the lines of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi. Also, a total of nine undergraduate and post-graduate medical colleges and hospitals are being established by the Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) not only in metros, but many tier-2 and 3 towns of the country. These two measures will greatly improve accessibility and affordability of healthcare services in non-metro cities, apart from providing quality medical education to many doctors and paramedical professionals.
The Research Methodology following steps: DATA COLLECTION
includes
Primary data give original information for specific purposes. It may be collected through survey.
Secondary data consist of information that already exists. The sources of secondary information are news papers, journals, books, magazines and medical Journals. These will be used to get a basic understanding of medical tourism in order to frame relevant questions. The data will be analyzed using correlation analysis. Step 2: Sampling Techniques and Instruments For sampling, the deliberate and stratified techniques shall be used. Questionnaire, Personal Structured Interview, Telephonic Interviews, Internet Feedback will be used as instruments to collects information. ORIGIN OF MTI The revolution in the Indian tertiary (specialized) health care sector took place about 10-15 years ago. Medical tourism originated in India mostly for local expatriates and referred patients. 80% of the interviewees reported that the majority of the medical tourists belong
to the catchment areas of India, namely Middle Eastern countries, SAARC nations (Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka), CIS countries and Africa (Nigeria, Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Namibia). The medical tourists vary from neonates‘to 14 years in the paediatric age group to 90 years for adults. They seek treatment for procedures such as joint replacement (knee), cosmetic reconstructions, dental procedures, cardiology, oncology, gender reassignment, neurology, minimal access bariatric surgery and alternative therapies such as yoga and Ayurveda. India is a preferred medical tourism destination amongst the patients due to the comparatively low cost of treatment; highly skilled medical and paramedical staff trained in the UK and the USA; and superior medical technology. The host hospitals with national and international accreditation promote medical tourism by means of country-specific marketing strategies, seminars, websites, educating the patients about their positive clinical outcomes, medical tourism facilitators and word of mouth recommendation. The availability of economic and efficient human resources in India, political stability and accreditation of the multi-specialty hospitals (JCI and NABH) are some of the other growth drivers. India, at present, has 200 hospitals offering specialized tertiary care as against 1520 in Singapore. Fortis Hospital (500 beds) and the recent Medanta Medicity (2000 beds) near the Delhi airport belt offers huge source of foreign exchange earnings from medical tourists. Effect of globalization on healthcare policies and revenue with regard to Medical Tourism Industry in India The globalization of healthcare services after signing of the GATS agreement (Mode 2 with cross-border flow of patients) led to the opening up of the Indian economy to the inflow of superior medical equipment, implants, and pharmaceuticals from overseas and improvement in quality standards with the establishment of the competitive benchmarking system and clinical governance.
15
It has led to a transformation of medicine from a country-specific domain to a multinational delivery of healthcare with multiple private hospitals emerging on the global stage such as Medanta Medicity, Fortis, Apollo and Max Healthcare. Globalization has also enabled the expansion of hospital networks overseas, such as Apollo Hospitals in Yemen, Fiji, Mauritius and Middle Eastern countries. It has also led to the sharing of best clinical practices. The MDA policy bolsters the wellness sector and incentivizes the hospitals participating in medical tourism as reported by 40% of the interviewees. The Indian National Health Policy of 2002 for promoting medical tourism is better suited for primary and secondary healthcare than tertiary. The foreign exchange earned is invested in medical research and in offering subsidized treatment to the underprivileged. OPPORTUNITIES OF MTI With increasing patient awareness and marketing strategies, the trend has reversed from a patient accustomed to being treated by an Indian doctor in his own country to the consumer (medical tourist) following the provider to India. MTI has established niche markets‘ with different countries specializing in certain procedures such as orthopedic and cardiology procedures in India (Macready 2007). In succinct, as reported by 100% of the interviewees, MTI offers affordable, qualitative, diverse medical care by skilled personnel; an increase in foreign exchange and revenue for host country; mushrooming job opportunities for hospitals, tourism industry and insurance companies; augments the global standing of the developing country; encourages greater investment in the health care infrastructure of the host country and simultaneously promotes a reverse ‗brain drain‘ (migration from developed to developing countries) of medical staff. (Appadurai, 1990; Weisbrot et al., 2000; Cornia, 2001; Dollar et al., 2002; Sharpley, 2003; Fried and Harris, 2007; Horowitz, 2007; Turner, 2007).
It ameliorates the state of overburdened health systems of industrialized nations like USA with 46.6 million people uninsured and helps to combat the long waiting lists for surgeries for UK patients (Starr Sered and Fernandopulle, 2005; Aston, 2006; Milstein and Smith, 2006a; Horowitz, 2007). Simultaneously, it provides opportunities for: cosmetic surgeries; procurement of rare drugs and procedures restricted in developed nations; privacy for patients undergoing fertility treatment; and drug rehabilitation along with an added excursion to the host destination (Batson and Oster, 2007; Breen 2007). The medical tourism sector has been comparatively recession-free in India (60% of respondents). Additionally, with President Obama‘s healthcare reform in USA, India offers ample opportunities in the medical tourism sector as it offers cheaper treatment. The corporate offices (such as Blue Ridge Paper Products Inc, USA) are also offering packages with India as a medical tourism destination to its employees to cut costs. Additionally, with the increasing geriatric (elderly) in USA and UK there is a greater demand for health care services than can be delivered. The Indian hospitals such as Apollo, Max, Fortis and Medanta have made agreements with insurance sector (TPAs) to cover post-operative complications for medical tourists such as BUPA, Aetna, Kaiser, Blue Cross and Blue Shield. There is an observed shift in economics from a zone of un-affordability to a zone of affordability of healthcare services such as medical tourists from Nigeria. Another factor is the indirect effect of hosting the Commonwealth Games in Delhi, 2010 where there has been an improvement in the infrastructure of the multi-specialty hospitals with an increase in bed numbers to accommodate the potential rise in foreign patients (medical tourists). McKinsey, US management consultancy, forecasts that Indian MTI will grow to $2 billion per annum by 2012. CHALLENGES OF MTI The major challenges of globalization of healthcare services with regard to MTI have been in the
16
area of public sector health inequity due to the private hospitals catering to medical tourists causing a “brain drain” from public to private hospitals. On one hand, some authors such as Bookman (2007) believe that it leads to greater access and quality of healthcare services. On the other hand, 40% of the interviewees and few researchers argue that it leads to unequal workforce distribution (Lipson, 2001; Gawanade, 2003; Sengupta and Nundy, 2005; Wibulpolprasert et al. 2004; Herrick, 2007; Kapur, 2007).
Secondly, there is concern over ethical issues associated with procedures like organ transplantation and reproductive tourism for medical tourists. 60% of the interview respondents either refuse to comment on these parameters, deny any such claim or give inconclusive answers. In addition, due to multiple hospitals offering facilities for medical tourists, there is greater competition amongst them both within them both within India and with countries such as Singapore and Thailand. The quality of care offered under such circumstances is questionable (40% of the interviewees). Next, the medical tourists are also wary of fraudulent medical tourism facilitators and the occurrence of post-operative complications after departure from India. Hospitals reported difficulty in attracting medical tourists from publicly run healthcare systems such as in USA, UK and Canada due to: the logistics of long distance travel; negative image of India with regard to hygiene and security; four hour travel limit imposed by the UK government for its citizens; opening up of the European Union for UK patients and high customer service expectation as reported by Mudur (2004b), Macready (2007) and 60% of the interviewees. Besides, there are security implications for the treatment of patients from Pakistan. Though the cost of treatment offered for medical tourists in India is reasonable, the hospitals contend that there is a gradual surge in the cost of treatment due to rising import costs of medical equipments and implants being imported. But, the payment potential of the medical tourists (Nigeria) is not increasing at the same rate.
REFERENCE 1. Badara S, Evans T, Dybul M, Atun R, Moatti JP, Nishtar S, Wright A, Celletti F, Hsu J, Kim JY, Brugha R, Russell S. Etienne C: An assessment of interactions between global health initiatives and country health systems. Lancet. 2009; 373:2137-2169. 2. Batson A, Oster S. Change of Heart: China Reconsiders Fairness of 'Transplant Tourism'. Foreigners Pay More for Scarce Organs- Israelis Debate Reform. Wall Street Journal, April 6, Ai. (2007). 3. Blyth E, Farrand A. Reproductive Tourism: A Price worth Paying for Reproductive Autonomy? Critical Soc. Pol‘Y, 25, 91-96. (2005). 4. Kidder L, Judd CM. Research Methods in Social Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. (1986) 5. Koncept Analytics. Medical Tourism Market in Asia: Focus on Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and India. Availablefrom: <http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reporti nfo.asp?report_id=60241> (2008). 6. Kuan Yew, L. (2006). Excerpts from speech by Minister Mentor Mr. Lee Kuan Yew at the SGH 185th anniversary dinner on 16 April 2006 at Ritz-Carlton Millennia. Singapore Medical Association News, 38, 12–15. 7. Sengupta, A., & Nundy, S. (2005). The private health sector in India. British Medical Journal, 331, 1157–1158.
17
International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):18-22
FACE RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK *SUMAN SHARMA Department of Computer Science, GNIT Institute Greater Noida, U.P., India ď&#x201A;ˇ Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India ABSTRACT Although the distinction between optimum decision and pre-processing or feature extraction is not essential, the concept of functional breakdown provides a clear picture for the understanding of the pattern recognition problem. Correct recognition will depend on the amount of discriminating information contained in the measurements and the effective utilization of this information. In some applications, contextual information is indispensable in achieving accurate recognition. For instance, in the recognition of cursive handwritten characters and the classification of fingerprints, contextual information is extremely desirable. When we wish to design a pattern recognition system which is resistant to distortions, flexible under large pattern deviations, and capable of self-adjustment, we are confronted with the adaptation problem. There are many interesting problems that remain in the area of face recognition. The information age is quickly revolutionizing the way transactions are completed. Everyday actions are increasingly being handled electronically, instead of with pencil and paper or face to face. This growth in electronic transactions has resulted in a greater demand for fast and accurate user identification and authentication. Access codes for buildings, banks accounts and computer systems often use PIN's for identification and security clearances. Using the proper PIN gains access, but the user of the PIN is not verified. When credit and ATM cards are lost or stolen, an unauthorized user can often come up with the correct personal codes. Despite warning, many people continue to choose easily guessed PIN's. Using the proper PIN gains access, but the user of the PIN is not verified.
When credit and ATM cards are lost or stolen, an unauthorized user can often come up with the correct personal codes. Despite warning, many people continue to choose easily guessed PIN's and passwords: birthdays, phone numbers and social security numbers. Recent cases of identity theft have heightened the need for methods to prove that someone is truly who he/she claims to be. Face recognition technology may solve this problem since a face is undeniably connected to its owner expect in the case of identical twins. It is non transferable. The system can then compare scans to records stored in a central or local database or even on a smart card. The face is our 18
playing a major role in conveying identity and
Human face identification is to extract the relevant
emotion.
infer
features from facial images. Research in the field
intelligence or character from facial appearance
primarily intends to generate sufficiently reasonable
is suspect, the human ability to recognize faces
familiarities of human faces so that another human can
is remarkable. We can recognize thousands of
correctly identify the face. The question naturally
faces learned throughout our lifetime and
arises as to how well facial features can be quantized.
identify familiar faces at a glance even after
If such a quantization is possible then a computer
years of separation. This skill is quite robust,
should be capable of recognizing a face given a set of
despite large changes in the visual stimulus due
features. Investigations by numerous researchers over
to viewing conditions, expression, aging, and
the past several years have indicated that certain facial
distractions such as glasses, beards or changes in
characteristics are used by human beings to identify
hair style. Face recognition has become an
faces.
important issue in many applications such as
METHODOLOGY OF FACE
security systems, credit card verification and
RECOGNITION
criminal identification.
The first method is based on the information theory
Although,
the
ability
to
concepts, in other words, on the principal component For example, the ability to model a particular face and distinguish it from a large number of stored face models would make it possible to vastly improve criminal identification. Even the ability to merely detect faces, as opposed to recognizing them, can be important. Detecting faces in photographs for automating colour film development can be very useful, since the effect of many enhancement and noise reduction techniques depends on the image content.
analysis methods. In this approach, the most relevant information that best describes a face is derived from the entire face image. Based on the Karhunen-Loeve expansion in pattern recognition, M. Kirby and L. Sirovich have shown that any particular face could be economically represented in terms of a best coordinate system that they termed "eigenfaces" These are the eigenfunctions of the averaged covariance of the ensemble of faces. Later, M. Turk and A. Pentland have proposed a face recognition method based on the
Although, it is clear that people are good at face
eigenfaces approach.
recognition, it is not at all obvious how faces are
The second method is based on extracting feature
encoded or decoded by the human brain. Human
vectors from the basic parts of a face such as eyes,
face recognition has been studied for more than
nose, mouth, and chin. In this method, with the help of
twenty years.
deformable templates and extensive mathematics, key
Unfortunately, developing a computational model of face recognition is quite difficult, because faces are complex, multi-dimensional visual stimuli.
information from the basic parts of a face is gathered and then converted into a feature vector L. Yullie and S.Cohen played a great role in adapting deformable 19
of the thesis we will gather the detailed
C# language is intended to be a simple, modern,
information about Face Detection & Recognition
general-purpose, object-oriented programming
System, how it works, and is it compatible with
language.
our thesis and operating system we are using.
The language, and implementations thereof,
Complete analysis phase can take 2 months. As
should provide support for software engineering
our work is completely depended on research
principles such as strong type checking, array
Papers and it is not easy to read and understand
bounds checking, detection of attempts to use
them.
uninitialized variables, and automatic garbage
TESTING:
collection. Software robustness, durability, and
Testing will be done by the developer side &
programmer productivity are important.
client side at the end of the final year thesis, as
The language is intended for use in developing
in our case we are our own clients so we will do
software components suitable for deployment in
it at our own.
distributed environments.
Look at the thesis from a micro level
Source code portability is very important, as is
Include experiments
programmer portability, especially for those
Look at system results
programmers already familiar with C and C++.
Test each part of the system Make sure that design and implementation works
Support
for
internationalization
is
very
important. C# is intended to be suitable for writing
Identify errors in codes
applications for both hosted and embedded
DEPLOYMENT:
systems, ranging from the very large that use
After Completion of coding and testing of the
sophisticated operating systems, down to the
product, we will deploy the system on our
very small having dedicated functions.
client’s Place. There are many tools and
FEATURES:
techniques that can help in our effort to build
Object-oriented programming:
useful, economical, and maintainable systems.
The possibility to orientate programming to
To complete ambitious and complex thesis, we
objects allows the programmer to design
rely on a wide variety of techniques and Tools
applications from a point of view more like a
that must work together. C# directly supports a
communication between objects rather than on a
variety of programming styles. In this, C#
structured sequence of code. In addition it allows
deliberately differs from languages designed to
a greater reusability of code in a more logical
support a single way of writing programs.
and productive way.
20
resemble the actual data with which the system will
TRAINING AND LEARNING
be confronted during normal operation. The decision functions can be generated in a variety of ways. When complete a priori
OUTLINE OF A PATTERN RECOGNITION SYSTEM
knowledge about the patterns to be recognized is be
In the Figure, functional block diagram of an
determined with precision on the basis of this
adaptive pattern recognition system is shown. One
information. When only qualitative knowledge
problem is image pre-processing prior to the
about the patterns is available, reasonable guesses
application of the Eigen face method. It may be
of the forms of the decision functions can be
possible to gain better accuracy in classification if
made. In this case the decision boundaries may be
one segments the spectrum of people into different
far from correct, and it is necessary to design the
spaces. For example, if one was able to determine
machine to achieve satisfactory performance
if an image was of a man or a woman, one could
through a sequence of Adjustments.
use this categorization to send an image to one of
available,
the
decision
function
may
two classifiers, each specifically trained with that The more general situation is that there exists little, if any, a priori knowledge about the patterns
to
be
recognized.
Under
these
circumstances pattern recognizing machines are best designed using a training or learning procedure. Arbitrary decision functions are initially assumed, and through a sequence of iterative training steps these decision functions are made to approach optimum or satisfactory forms.
type of individual in mind. This would mean that there would be a set of Eigen faces specifically for males and one specifically for females (face spaces with gender, so to speak). Work in this area has been done by Lizama, Waldoestl and Nickolay [4], however it would be interesting to extend it to use Eigen faces to act as the gender classifier as well. A general face-space would be created in addition to the male and female face-spaces, with the sole purpose of being used to classify an image as male
It is important to keep in mind that learning or
or female. Another area of future work is
training takes place only during the design (or
improving our neural network classifier. As
updating) phase of a pattern recognition system.
mentioned previously, it is possible to construct the
Once acceptable results have been obtained with
network to take its input directly from the image
the training set of patterns, the system is applied
data rather from the vector that results from an
to the task of actually performing recognition on
image projection into face-space. Perhaps learning
samples drawn from the environment in which it
the face projection function could increase the
is expected to operate. The quality of the
accuracy
recognition
Additionally, more experiments are needed to see
performance
will
be
largely
determined by how closely the training patterns
of
the
neural
network
classifier.
if there are other ways to tweak the network configuration to produce better results. 21
REFERENCE [1] I. Craw, D. Tock, and A. Bennett, “Finding face features,” Proc.of 2 nd
European Conf.
Computer Vision. pp. 92-96, 1992. [2] A. Lanitis, C. J. Taylor, and T. F. Cootes, “An automatic face identification system using flexible appearance
models,”
Image
and
Vision
Computing, vol.13, no.5, pp.393-401, 1995. [3] T. K. Leung, M. C. Burl, and P. Perona, “Finding faces in cluttered scenes using random labeled graph matching,” Proc. 5 th IEEE int’l Conf. Computer Vision, pp. 637-644, 1995. [4]
B.
Moghaddam
“Probabilistic
visual
and learning
A.
Pentland, for
object
recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no.7. pp. 696-710, July, 1997. [5] M. Turk and A. Pentland, “Eigenfaces for recognition,” J. of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.3, no. 1, pp. 71-86, 1991. [6] M. Kirby and L. Sirovich, “Application of the Karhunen-Loeve
procedure
for
the
characterization of human faces,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Int [7] I. T. Jolliffe, Principal component analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986. [8] T, Agui, Y. Kokubo, H. Nagashi, and T. Nagao, “Extraction of face recognition from monochromatic
photographs
using
neural
networks,” Proc. 2 nd Int’l Conf. Automation, Robotics, and Computer Vision, vol.1, pp. 18.8118.8.5, 1992.
22
International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):23-28
A STUDY ON YAMUNA RIVER POLLUTION AGRA TO ETAWAH *PANKAJ SINDHWAL *Research Scholor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India
ABSTRACT Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.Millions depend on the polluted Yamuna river.
Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. Categories Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate
resources, although they are interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin. Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. 23
Nonâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;point sources
Causes
Nonâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;point source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.
The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. High concentrations of naturally occurring substances can have negative impacts on aquatic flora and fauna.
Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source. Groundwater pollution Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.
Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water's physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH), electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur, affecting fish and other animal populations. Pathogens A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary sewer overflow. 24
Coliform
bacteria are
a
commonly
used bacterial indicator of water pollution, although not an actual cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes
found
Organic water pollutants include:
in
surface waters which have caused human
health problems include:
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Salmonella
Novovirus and other viruses
Parasitic worms (helminths).
High levels of pathogens may result from
inadequately treated sewage discharges.[14] This
can
be
caused by a sewage plant designed with less than secondary treatment (more typical in less-
developed countries). In developed countries, older cities with aging infrastructure may have
Detergents Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and grease Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organ halides and other chemical compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from storm water runoff Tree and bush debris from logging operations Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage. Chlorinated solvents, which are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don't mix well with water and are denser. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) Trichloroethylene Perchlorate
leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps,
valves),
sewer
overflows. Some cities also have combined
sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage
Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetra choloro ethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids all use of chemicals).
which
can
cause sanitary
during rain storms. Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock operations. Muddy river polluted by sediment. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances.
25
Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloro ethylene and vinyl chloride). Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography. There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is siltbearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Measurement
Sampling Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ autosampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals. Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified for bio surveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity. Physical testing Common
physical
temperature,
solids
tests
of
water
concentrations
include
(e.g., total
suspended solids (TSS)) and turbidity. Chemical testing Water samples may be examined using the principles
of analytical
chemistry.
Many
Environmental Scientists preparing water auto samplers.
published test methods are available for both
Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing events.
used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen
organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients
nitrate and phosphorus compounds),
metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury),
oil
and
grease,
total
petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.
26
Biological testing Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Control of pollution Domestic sewage Domestic sewage is 99.9 percent pure water, while the other 0.1 percent are pollutants. Although found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas, domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. In the U.S., most of these plants are operated by local government agencies, frequently referred to as publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Municipal treatment plants are designed to control conventional pollutants: BOD and suspended solids. Well-designed and operated systems (i.e., secondary treatment or better) can remove 90 percent or more of these pollutants. Some plants have additional sub-systems to treat nutrients and pathogens. Most municipal plants are not designed to treat toxic pollutants found in industrial wastewater. Cities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including: ď&#x201A;§
utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water management capacity throughout the system, and reduce the hydraulic overloading of the treatment plant
ď&#x201A;§
repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment
ď&#x201A;§
increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often a very expensive option).
A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have an individual septic tank, which treats the wastewater on site and discharges into the soil. Alternatively, domestic wastewater may be sent to a nearby privately owned treatment system (e.g. in a rural community). Industrial waste water Dissolved air flotation system for treating industrial wastewater. Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems. Water Environment The existing scenario of water environment essentially deals with the availability of water resources of acceptable quality and the prevailing quality of utilization pattern. The water resources of the region depend on the participation and the water available from the adjoining region by way of surface water flows through canals. The recharge potentials of groundwater reserves also influence the availability of annual utilizable groundwater resources. The water resources are thus influenced by climate, physiography and hydrogeology of the region.
27
Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined as maximum amount of pollutant load that can be discharged without impairing water quality for their designated best usage. The basic phenomenon governing the assimilative capacity of water sources is the self- purification capacity. Sources of Water Pollution (a)Point sources The two major point sources of pollution in water bodies in study area are municipal and industrial wastes. (b)Non-point Sources Run off from rural settlement and agricultural fields is a major nonpoint sources of water pollution due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture, the prevailing practices of open defecation and cattle swimming or wallowing. Inadequate solid waste handling and disposal systems in most of the towns further add to the problems. Status and Assessment of Water Quality Water quality and the aquatic environment are closely related. Both are strongly influenced by water quantity and all three are interrelated with land use. Urban development altered vegetarian cover and other human activities create point and diffuse sources of pollution and change the run off regime, adversely affecting the quality, quantity and seasonal availability of water. Water resource developments also have adverse impacts, to varying degrees depending on the
Water Quality Parameter Water the most vital resource for all kinds of life on this planet is also the resources, adversely affected both qualitatively and quantitatively by all kinds of human activities or land, in air or in water. Temperature :The parameter of temperature is basically important for its effects on the chemistry, and biological reactions in the organisims in water. A rise in temperature of the water leads to the seeding up of the chemical reactions in water reduce s the solubility of gases and amplifies the tastes and ordours. Water in the temperature range of 70C to 110C has a pleasant taste and is refreshing. At higher temperature with less dissolved gases, the water becomes tasteless and even does not quench the thirst. At elevated temperatures, metabolic activity of the organisms increases, requiring more oxygen but at the same time the solubility of oxygen decreases, thus accentuating the stress Organisms in water have varying sensitivities to temperature. The organisms with a high resistance to temperature fluctuations are called ‘eurythermic’ while the organisms with low tolerance are referred as ‘stenothermic’ .The disease resistance in the fishes also decreases with the rise in temperature. Temperature is also very important in the determination of various other parameters such as pH, conductivity, saturation level of gases and various forms of alkalinity, etc. Data on temperature is also required by the industries in heat transmission calculations, cooling tower and process use.
nature.
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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):29-32 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FDIs AND FIIs IN THE INDIAN CONTEXTâ&#x20AC;? *YOGENDRA SAMEER YADAV *Research scholor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India
ABSTRACT The Indian stock exchanges hold a place of prominence not only in Asia but also at the global stage. The foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII)) have played an important role in the process of development of many economies. Further, many developing countries consider foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) as an important element in their development strategy among the various forms of foreign assistance. The Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) flows are usually preferred over the other form of external finance, because they are not debt creating, nonvolatile in nature and their returns depend upon the projects financed by the investor. The Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) would also facilitate international trade and transfer of knowledge, skills and technology. The Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) are the process by which the resident of one country (the source country) acquires the ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other productive activities of a firm in another country.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The lifeblood of business and commerce in the modern world is information. The ability to gather, analyze, evaluate, present and utilize information is therefore is a vital skill for the manager of today. In order to accomplish this project successfully I will take following steps. HYPOTHESIS: The researcher assumes if the hypothesis holds good then we can infer that FIIs have significant impact on the Indian capital market. This will help the investors to decide on their investments in stocks and shares. NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho): There is no influence of FIIs on the Stock indexes. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ho): There is an influence of FIIs on Stock indexes. If we reject the Ho, then we accept the Ho, setting the significance level to 5% and 1% 1) SAMPLING- The study is limited to a sample of top 10 investing countries e.g. Mauritius, USA etc. and top 10 sectors e.g. electrical instruments, telecommunications etc. which had attracted larger inflow of FDI and data of NSE stock exchange will be taken to know the impact of FII. 2) DATA COLLECTION ➢ The research will be done with the help Secondary data (from internet site and journals). ➢The data is collected mainly from websites, annual reports, World Bank reports, research reports, already conducted survey analysis, database available etc.
3) ANALYSIS: Appropriate Statistical tools like correlation and regression will be used to analyze the data like to analyze the growth and patterns of the FDI and FII flows in India during the post liberalization period, the liner trend model will be used. Further the percentage analysis will be used to measure the share of each investing countries and the share of each sectors in the overall flow of FDI and FII into India. 1) Impact of FIIs on Sensex: In 2007, the correlation coefficient is more than in 2008 which interprets that the relationship between these two variables is more in the period when there is bearish trend. But in both the years FIIs were not much positively correlated, so a less significant impact of FIIs is seen. The error is very high in both the years which doesn’t mean that relation is false but we can say that the error in linear relation is high. 2) Impact of FIIs on Nifty: The correlation coefficient of FIIs and Nifty is unrelated in 2007 and 2008. The regression coefficient predicts the value from an independent variable i.e. FII for the dependent variable Nifty. Regression coefficient is 0.26 in 2008 and 0.91 in 2007 which replicates that how Nifty index has gone down by withdrawal of FIIs.
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3) Impact of FIIs on Industrial Sectoral Indices: In different Industrial sectoral indices of BSE ( BSE Auto, BSE Banking, BSE CD, BSE FMCG, BSE Realty) the correlation is always less. And also the coefficient of determination reveals that the explained variance ( FII ) doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t has much impact on the sectoral indices. And in 2008 the regression coefficient is giving a clear picture that the withdrawal by FIIs is resulting a fall in indices and so FIIs are playing good role during this time. 4) FIIs have less impact on Indian stock indices and other unexplained variables are also influencing the Indices. 5) In bearish trend of 2008 the volatility in Indian Stock indices due to FIIs is more than in bullish trend of 2007. No doubt FII inflow is more in 2007. The domestic investors were also playing an important role in 2007 but in 2008 FIIs is influencing market more as domestic investors are not in the market. CONCLUSION In developing countries like India foreign capital helps in increasing the productivity of labour and to build up foreign exchange reserves to meet the current account deficit. Foreign Investment provides a channel through which country can have access to foreign capital.
According to data analysis and findings, it can be concluded that FII do have any significant impact on the Indian Stock Market but there are other factors like government policies, budgets, bullion market, inflation, economical and political condition, etc. do also have an impact on the Indian stock market. There is a positive correlation between stock indices and FIIs but FIIs didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any significant impact on Indian Stock Market. The null hypothesis is rejected. BSE CD and Nifty showed some positive correlation with FII in 2007 and 2008 but rest of the indices showed very less positive correlation with FII. Also the coefficient of determination is less in all the case. It shows the absence of linear relation between FII and stock index. This does not mean that there is no relation between them. One of the reasons for absence of any linear relation can also be due to the sample data. The data was taken on monthly basis. The data on daily basis can give more positive results (may be). Also FII is not the only factor affecting the stock indices. There are other major factors that influence the bourses in the stock market.
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REFERENCE 1. Andy Lin Chih-Yuan Chen (2006): “The Impact of Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors on Taiwan’s Stock Market”, Journal : Journal of FII , their flow to India and Government policies Vol 23. Publisher: SSRN Group Publishing Limited. 2. Arshanapalli Bala and Kulkarni Mukund S. (1997) : “Impact of U.S. stock market on Indian stock markets”, Journal: International Journal of market fluctuations in stock market, Vol: 11. Publisher: MCB UP Ltd. 3. Bose Suchismita and Coondoo Dipaankar (2005): “The Impact of FII Regulations in India”, Journal: International Journal of financial market trends. Vol 30. Publisher: MCB UP Ltd Chakrabarti (2001), Journal: Journal of foreign institution investments Vol 27. Publisher: SSRN Group Publishing Limited. 4. David carpenter Partner Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP (2005): “Foreign Investment in India” Journal: Journal of financial research. Vol 19.Publisher: MCB UP Ltd 5. Ilangovan Prof. D. & Mr. Tamilselvan M. (1997) : “Extra Mileage In Foreign Investment in Resurging India”, Journal: International Journal of foreign money supply Management, Vol: 28. Publisher: MCB UP Ltd. 6. www.bseindia.com
7. www.nseindia.com 8. www.sebi.org. 9. www.rbi.org
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International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2013; 1(1):33-35
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS ON VALUE BASED EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AS PART OF TEACHERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S TRAINING PROGRAMME 1.
BRIJESH CHANDRA TRIPATHI*,
2.
MANJUSHA AWASTHI
1. Deptt. of Education, Rama Mahavidyalaya Chinhat, Lucknow.U.P., India 2. Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi, India *Corresponding Author Our present generation is confused about their values because of double standard of practices by people in position of power and break down of traditional values without proper replacement. This confusion may be removed by education because it is through education that society seeks to promote and preserve its cherished values. Education is man making and character building programme as well as the training of body, mind, soul. Education is an instrument of social change and national development and perfection and excellence. A new dimension has been begin to appear in the last few years as the impact of man and his activities of nature come to be noted. The impact of human activity on our physical and biological environment has a consequential effect on man. Advancement of Science and Technology has added to the man comforts by giving is automobiles, electric appliances, supersonic jets, space crafts, better medicine, better chemicals to control harmful insects and better fertilizers etc, but in the other hand people have given us a very serious problem to face pollution. When highest animals and man began their life on this earth, there was perfect balance in various natural process and with this also increased the various pollution areas as water, soil noise and food pollution.
The air and water were pure and soil was fertile. The problem of pollution arouse with the very civilization the air pollution began. The pollution was increased in our working sphere. The pollution of various resources has gone to such an extent that we are unable to breath fresh air, to drink fresh water and take pure food. It is accepted, the alternate good of education is to living better life. If aim of education is to living better life including such values in person so that environmental awareness may be developed. The schools, colleges and universities will have to bear the responsibilities in developing the environmental awareness among students through environmental education. Environmental education covers the study of all systems of air, land, water energy and busy life that surrounded by man. Regarding this, in 1995 UGC constituted three groups to develop textual material core general environmental education and environment of public awareness programme for universities and training
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colleges. One specially requested to make environmental education on a compulsory course as a part of the foundation course at school and college level. The objectives of Environmental Education are fallowing:1. The public teacher will be able to acquire basic knowledge about various aspects of environment and environmental education. 2. Become aware and sensitive towards environment and its allied problems. 3. Become concerned about urgent action for environmental protection and conservation. 4. Get oriented with the concept, methods and activities regarding environmental education. (i) Awareness (ii)
Knowledge
(iii)
Participation
The specific aims:1. Cognitive Aims:-These include about environment an imparting knowledge and an ability to think which will able the individual and social group to work. 2. Normative Aims:- To inculcate the ecological awareness which will be conducting to the creation the modification on model enabling the individual and group of identity of factors that upset the environmental equilibrium protest against them. 3. Technical Aims to restore:-The quality of life as understood by the community light of formal and informal education in such a way that depends on ecosystem.
There are three main environmental education:-
aims
of
The specific aims:1. Cognitive Aims:-These include about environment an imparting knowledge and an ability to think which will able the individual and social group to work. 2. Normative Aims:- To inculcate the ecological awareness which will be conducting to the creation the modification on model enabling the individual and group of identity of factors that upset the environmental equilibrium protest against them. 3. Technical Aims to restore:-The quality of life as understood by the community light of formal and informal education in such away that depends on ecosystem. Teaching of environmental education course contents and help in the deter monition of the guiding principles of this course is relevant to keep the salient features of this new academic discipline in the mind some guidelines and norms which stimulate education and attract their interests are:1. The environmental education should be a continuous life long process beginning at preschool level and continuing through all formal and non formal stages of education. 2. Environmental examine
education
major
should
environmental
necessity, local, national, regional and international point of view.
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3. Environmental education should explicitly consider environmental aspects in planning for development and growth. 4. Environmental education should relate environmental sensitive knowledge and problem solving skill to every stage about environmental issues. 5. Environmental emphasize
the
Education complexity
should and
interrelated environmental problems. The schools, college and universities have real stake in this awareness generation programme. This programme cannot continue without the active and alert support of all educational practices, administrators and educationists.
REFERENCE 1.Gruenewald, D.A. 2004, A foundation of environmental education towards the socio logical challenge of the earth charter, Curriculum inquiry 34 (i) PP. 7172 2.Malone K. 1999. Environmental education Researchers as environmental activists, environmental education Research 5(2) pp. 163-177. Mongu G.S., 2001 Environment and Development Deep and Deep publication Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 3.Rajput Arla, 2001 Environmental education Encyclopedia of Indian education Volume NCERT New Delhi pp. 659-663. 4.Sharm R.A. Environmental education Surya PublicationMeerut. PP. 444. 5.Neetam, 2008, ShikshalShodhPalrika Val (2)-(1) pp. 84-88. 6.Srivastava V.P. Chandra M. (2003) Environmental education :- Issues and concern NCERT New Delhi. 7.UGC 2001 :Model curriculum of Secondary Teacher education programme UGC New Delhi.
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