حركة الحقوق المدنية في الولايات المتحدة

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‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‪ ‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻨﻚ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺧﻼﻝ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ‬ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﺳﻮﺩﻳﺎ‪ ‬‬

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‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪ ‬ﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﺤ ّﺪﺩﺓ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴّﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ّ ‬ﺗﻢ‪ ‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻝ‪ ‬ﻛﺘﻴّﺐ‪ ‬ﺑﻲ‪.‬ﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺇﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ ‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﺪﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺮ‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﺣﻴّﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ .‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺪﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻳﻀﺎً‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ ‬ﻟﺪﻋﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ‬ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‪ ‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ‬ﺑﻮﻗﺖ‪ ‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‪ّ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻪ‪ ‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴّﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﻨﻴّﺔ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺇﻧﻪ‪ ‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴّﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺴﺎ‪ ‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻬﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔٌ‪ ‬ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌ ّﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ‪ ‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﺣﻘﻘﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺳﺎﺋﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ ‬ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﻬﻤّﺘﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻢ‪ ‬ﺗﻨﺘﻪِ‪ ‬ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ‬ﺿﺪّ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺃﺻﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪ ‬ﻻ‪ ‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﱟ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻫﻮ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﻴّﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻂ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺸﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍً‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ‬ﻟﺪﻯ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‪ ‬ﺿﺪّ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ‬ﻫﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻛﻞ‪ ‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺿﻮء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ّ ‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﻬﻤ‪‬ﺔ‪ ‬ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‪ ‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪّ‪ ‬ﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‪ / ‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎً‪ ‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‪ ‬ﻳﻤﺘﺪّ‪ ‬ﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺭﺻﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‪ ‬ﻻ‪ ‬ﻧﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ ‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍً‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺜﻮﻟﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﻻ‪ ‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﺪﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﺖ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪) ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ(‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ ‬ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‪ ‬ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ‬ﻣﻊ‪ ‬ﻛﻞ‪ ‬ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﺪ‪ّ ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ّ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺻﺪﻭﺭ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،۱۹٦٤ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ‬ﻳﺤﻈﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻖ‪ ‬ﻫﺪﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ‬ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻊ‪ ‬ﺻﺪﻭﺭ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،۱۹٦٥ ‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ‬ﻳﺤﻈﺮ‪ ‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺻ ّﻮﺭﺕ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪ / ‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ ۱۹٦۳ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪" ‬ﻧﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ‬ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻵﻥ"‪ ‬ﻭ‪" ‬ﻓﻠﺘﺴﻘﻂ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ ‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ".‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963_march_on_washington.jpg‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪ ­ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻳّﺘﺴﻊ‪ ‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‪ ‬ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻴﻞ‪ ‬ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪ ،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ‬ﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺠﻮﺭﺝ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻻﺱ‪) ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺷﻤﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ(‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ‬ﺃﺭﺍﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻥ‪ ‬ﻳﻠﻐﻲ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﻋﺪﺩ‪ ‬ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺴﻜﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺑﺰﻣﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻫﻢ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺣﺪﱟ‪ ‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻧﺠﺎﺡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ .۱۹٦۳­٦­۱۱ :‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻼﻁ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ‬ﺁﻻﺑﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ‪ ‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻻﺱ‪ ‬ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻱ‪ ‬ﺍﻣﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ‪ ‬ﻧﺎﺋﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻﺱ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﺗﺰﻧﺒﺮﻙ‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama.jpg‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‪ ‬ﺍﻟّ‬ ‫ﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻮﺍ‪ ‬ﻫﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﺢ‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺧﺼﻮﻣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻳﺪﻓﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺭﻓﺾ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺪ‪ ‬ﺁﺑﺮﻧﺎﺗﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ‪ ‬ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻴﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﺁﺑﻴﻨﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻔﻬﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻨﻎ‪ ‬ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻳﺴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻻﺩ‪ ‬ﺁﺑﺮﻧﺎﺗﻲ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻂ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺭﺃﺱ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻐﻤﺮﻱ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﺱ‪ .۱۹٦٥ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abernathy_Children_on_front_line_leading_the_SELMA_TO_MONTGOM‬‬ ‫‪ ERY_MARCH_for_the_RIGHT_TO_VOTE.JPG#file‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

‫ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ :‬ﻳﺠﺐ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﻗﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻳُﻤﻨﺤﻮﺍ‪ ‬ﻧﻔﺲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ‪ ‬ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﻣﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‪" ‬ﺃﻧﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺟﻞ"‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ‪ ‬ﻋﻤّﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،۱۹٦۸ ‬ﻫﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬‬ ‫­_‪https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AI_Am_a_Man_­_Diorama_of_Memphis_Sanitation_Workers_Strike‬‬ ‫‪ _National_Civil_Rights_Museum_­_Downtown_Memphis_­_Tennessee_­_USA.jpg‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻼﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‪ ‬ﺯﺍﻟﺖ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺣﺘﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ّ ‬ﺗﻢ‪ ‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ‪ .‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻞ‪ ‬ﺣﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‪ ‬ﺗﻘ ‪‬ﺪﻣﺎ‪ ‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻦ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ّﺪ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ‪ : ‬‬ ‫● ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ‬ﺣﺎﻓﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻐﻤﺮﻱ‪ (۱۹٥٦­۱۹٥٥) ‬‬ ‫● ﺇﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺴﺒﻮﺭﻭ‪ ‬ﺿﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‪ (۱۹٦۰) ‬‬ ‫● ّ‬ ‫ﺭﻛﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ (۱۹٦۱) ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻘﺖ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺧﻼﻝ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬‬ ‫‪ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunch_Counter­2.jpg#file‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‪ ‬ﻣﺎ‪ ‬ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠّﻖ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻠﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺭﻓﺾ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺱ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻊ‪ ‬ﻻﻓﺘﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻣﺎً‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‪ ‬ﻭﻓﻲ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻔﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‪ ‬ﺣﻮﻝ‪ ‬ﺿﺮﺏ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﻘﺘﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺎء‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ ‬ﻻ‪ ‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ‪ ‬ﺇﻻّ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ‪ ‬ﺟﺰءٍ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﻴّﻠﻮﺍ‪ ‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ‬ﻛﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎءﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻼﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﻳﺠﺐ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺃﺟﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ ‬ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﱟ‪ ‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪ .‬‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ‬ﻏﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ‪ .۱۹٦٤­۱­۱۸ ‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻲ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﻨﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﺩﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻨﻎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﻎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭﻣﺮ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpg‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺭﺻﺪ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﺸﻒ‪ ‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ‬ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ۱۹٦٥ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﻠﺖ‪ ‬ﻭﺻﻮﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺃﺻﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻤﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺭﻫﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ‪ ‬ﻟﻮﺛﺮ‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻨﻎ‪ ‬ﺟﻮﻧﻴﻮﺭ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﺼﻮ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻙ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻣﺎ‪ ‬ﻛﺄﻭﻝ‪ ‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ‪ ‬ﺃﺳﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‪ ۲۰۰۸ ‬ﻭ‪ .۲۰۱۲ ‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ‪ ‬ﺗﺰﺍﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺟﻪٍ‪ ‬ﻣﺘﻌ ّﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ّﺪﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﺪﻯ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒّﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ٍ ‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ‬ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‪ .‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺍﻭﻏﺴﻄﺲ‪ .۱۹٦٥ ،٦ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ‬ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻳﻮﻗﻊ‪ ‬ﺣﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ۱۹٦٥ ‬ﻭﻋﻴﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻨﻎ‪ ‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﺗﺘﺠﻪ‪ ‬ﺻﻮﺑﻪ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LyndonJohnson_signs_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.jpg‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻙ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬