January 2020 Wetland Science & Practice

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wetland science practice published by the Society of Wetland Scientists

Vol. 37, No. 1 January 2020 ISSN: 1943-6254

FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

CONTENTS

Vol. 37, No. 1

January 2020

ISSN: 1943-6254 Happy New Year’s greetings to all! The Year 2020 is an important year for our society as we are celebrating our 40th anniversary. Saying a lot has changed over those 40 years is an understatement indeed. I began my career in wetlands in 1970 as a graduate student at the University of Connecticut. The state had just passed a tidal wetlands act. To establish the limits of jurisdiction, the state initiated an inventory of those wetlands and placed a moratorium on coastal development until the survey was completed and public hearing held to Ralph Tiner establish official regulatory WSP Editor boundaries. I was hired to assist a couple of UConn plant taxonomists that were directing the inventory. That survey was done by walking the edge of tidal wetlands (which were identified by the presence of halophytic plant species), driving wooden stakes into the ground or blazing trees, recording those locations on large-scale aerial photographs, preparing maps showing those boundaries, and conducting public hearings to establish the official boundaries. The state had only about 15,000 acres of tidal wetlands so a ground survey was possible.

Technology for mapping wetlands has drastically changed in these 40 years as I experienced during my time with the U.S. National Wetlands Inventory. “Wetland science” grew out of public concern for wetland destruction in many states, especially along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts and the Great Lakes. Several states passed specific laws to conserve wetlands, while the federal government eventually strengthened nationwide regulation of wetlands through amendments to the Federal Clean Water Act. Although wetlands are recognized as a vital national natural resource, wetland regulation remains a contentious issue as demonstrated by the forthcoming change in regulations based on a more restrictive definition of “waters of the United States” (see link to articles in Wetlands in the News section).

It will be interesting to see what types of jurisdicFrom the Editor’s Desk, continued on page 7

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2 / From the Editor’s Desk 3 / President’s Message 4 / SWS News 20 / Chapter News 23 / Special Report: EPA and the Army Finalize the Navigable Waters Protection Rule for Regulating Wetlands Under the Clean Water Act 24 / SWS Annual Meeting 25 / SWS Webinar Series ARTICLES 26 / Howard T. Odum and wetland ecology Arnold van der Valk

33 / Formation and Development of Floating Peat Mats in a European Eutrophic Lake: A Case Study Henning Günther and Rüdiger Knösche

47 / Teaching Groundwater Hydrology in a Wetland Ecology Class Douglas A. Wilcox

55 / Youth Engaged in Wetlands: A Global Network to Protect Wetlands Elise Allély-Fermé, Tatiana Lobato-de Magalhães, Gab Mejia, Priyanka Sarkar, Roger Delamou, and Nic Fabian

58 / Wetlands in the News 66 / Wetland Bookshelf 68 / Book Review: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America – Fifth Edition 69 / What’s New in the SWS Journal - Wetlands 70 / About WSP - Submission Guidelines 71 / From the Bog

COVER PHOTO: View of Great Salt Lake wetlands and Wasatch Range from Antelope Island, Utah by Ralph Tiner SOCIETY OF WETLAND SCIENTISTS 1818 Parmenter St., Ste 300, Middleton, WI 53562 (608) 310-7855

www.sws.org

Note to Readers: All State-of-the-Science reports are peer reviewed, with anonymity to reviewers.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS Let me start by passing on my best wishes to all members of SWS for the 2019-20 festive season and the start of 2020.

This message, and edition of WSP, brings in a new year and one in which we celebrate the 40th anniversary of our Society. That is something to look forward to, and discuss as the year passes and we head towards the annual meeting and conference in Quebec City in June.

Our Executive Board and Board of Directors has been busy. At times though I think we spend more than enough time on administrative and procedural processes than strategic thinking Prof Max Finlayson and debate about issues of subCharles Stuart stance, such as wetland science University and practice. There is though a SWS President lot of necessary administration and as with most organisations we have a lot of procedures, as documented in the Leadership Manual which stretches to 174 pages. I mention this as every now and then we find “surprises” in what has been agreed and documented in what I call the “big book” and we need to adjust our thinking or actions. With this in mind we have been discussing how we can best inform our incoming board members, or even reminding existing members, of what is expected from them, being aware that our chapters, sections and committees are very different. That diversity in itself is valuable, and it does take some time to get on top of what is in the big book. But given we have it we do need to take note of it and ensure it guides our actions.

Probably the main recent administrative activity has been getting our budget in place for the coming year.

This is important, and it also raises important questions about how we choose to spend our money, including that held in investment accounts. Let me ask you, do you want all that money retained in these accounts? We do release some of it, based on procedures outlined in that big book, but I’d be very interested in knowing your views on this. With that in mind please have a look at the budget figures and let us know your views. The Board of Directors approves the budget, and they represent you which makes it a necessary process to ensure your view/s are taken into account.

Moving on from the administration. A lot of people have been talking about climate change recently and if President’s Address continued on page 19

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wetland science practice PRESIDENT / Max Finlayson PRESIDENT-ELECT / Loretta Battaglia, Ph.D. IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT / Beth Middleton, Ph.D. SECRETARY GENERAL / Leandra Cleveland, PWS TREASURER / Lori Sutter, Ph.D. MANAGING DIRECTOR / Michelle Czosek, CAE ASSOCIATE MANAGING DIRECTOR / Jen Brydges WETLAND SCIENCE & PRACTICE EDITOR / Ralph Tiner, PWS Emeritus CHAPTERS ALASKA / Emily Creely ASIA / Wei-Ta Fang, Ph.D. CANADA / Gordon Goldborough, Ph.D. CENTRAL / Katie Astroth CHINA / Xianguo Lyu EUROPE / Matthew Simpson, PWS INTERNATIONAL / Ian Bredlin, Msc; Pr.Sci.Nat and Tatiana Lobato de Magalhães MID-ATLANTIC / Jeffrey Thompson NEW ENGLAND / Dwight Dunk NORTH CENTRAL / Christina Hargiss, Ph.D. OCEANIA / Samantha Capon, Ph.D. PACIFIC NORTHWEST / Josh Wozniak ROCKY MOUNTAIN / Ryan Hammons, PWS SOUTH ATLANTIC / Brian Benscoter, Ph.D. SOUTH CENTRAL / Scott Jecker, PWS WESTERN / Richard Beck, PWS, CPESC, CEP SECTIONS BIOGEOCHEMISTRY / Lisa Chambers, Ph.D. EDUCATION / Derek Faust, Ph.D. GLOBAL CHANGE ECOLOGY / Wei Wu, Ph.D. PEATLANDS / Julie Talbot PUBLIC POLICY AND REGULATION / John Lowenthal, PWS RAMSAR / Nicholas Davidson WETLAND RESTORATION / Andy Herb WILDLIFE / Andy Nyman, Ph.D. WOMEN IN WETLANDS / Carrie Reinhardt Adams, Ph.D. STUDENT / David Riera COMMITTEES AWARDS / Siobhan Fennessy, Ph.D. HUMAN DIVERSITY / Alani Taylor MEETINGS / Yvonne Vallette, PWS PUBLICATIONS / Keith Edwards MEMBERSHIP / Leandra Cleveland, PWS WAYS & MEANS / Lori Sutter, Ph.D. SWS WETLANDS OF DISTINCTION / Roy Messaros, Ph.D. Bill Morgante and Jason Smith, PWS REPRESENTATIVES PCP / Scott Jecker, PWS STUDENT / David Riera WETLANDS / Marinus Otte, Ph.D. WETLAND SCIENCE & PRACTICE / Ralph Tiner, PWS Emeritus ASWM / Tom Harcarik RAMSAR / Nicholas Davidson, Ph.D. AIBS / Dennis Whigham, Ph.D.

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SWS NEWS

Baltimore Proclamation on the Role of Wetlands in Meeting Global Environmental Challenges C Max Finlayson, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia & IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands; Gillian T. Davies, BSC Group, Inc., Worcester, MA, USA & Global Development and Environment Institute, Center for International Environment and Resource Policy, Tufts University, USA; William R. Moomaw, Global Development and Environment Institute, Center for International Environment and Resource Policy, Tufts University, USA change (Finlayson et al. 2017). The Denver Declaration affirmed support for the San Juan Statement and further recognised the importance of wetlands as carbon sinks and the opportunities they provided to sequester additional quantities of carbon, and identified the need to maintain and restore wetlands for their ecosystem services, including climate resiliency, and for their biodiversity (Finlayson et al. 2019).

It also encouraged members of the Society to address the alarming deterioration of wetlands globally, as documented in (1) the Global Wetland Outlook produced on behalf of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands by members of its Scientific and Technical Review Panel (Gardner and FIGURE 1. San Juan Statement on Climate Change and Wetlands (top) & Denver Finlayson 2018), and (2) in articles on the Second Declaration on the Management and Restoration of Wetlands (bottom).

Warning to Humanity, which expressed evidencebased concern over the future of wetlands globally because of human-induced global change (Finlayson et al. 2017, Finlayson et al. 2018).

In a third comment on wetlands and global change more than 150 participants at the 40th annual meeting of the Society, in May 2019 signed the more comprehensive SWS Baltimore Proclamation on the Role of Wetlands in Meeting Global Environmental Challenges (Figure 2). The Proclamation “urged policymakers and natural resource managers to elevate the role of wetlands when developing sustainable solutions to the rapid and pervasive global changes in climate and land use”. This included four proposals, namely: • “protecting existing high carbon wetlands such as peatlands (including those underlain by permafrost) and coastal wetlands; • increasing the continuing sequestration of carbon in wetlands; • protecting and restoring the biodiversity and ecological function of wetlands and their essential ecosystem services (including providing resiliency to increased precipitation intensity, flooding, drought and sea level rise as the world warms, as outlined by Moomaw et al. 2018); • working collaboratively across disciplines to meet global environmental challenges as they work to protect and restore wetlands.”

INTRODUCTION n 2017 and 2018, more than 200 individual attendees at the Society of Wetland Scientists’ (SWS) 38th and 39th annual meetings (conferences) in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Denver, Colorado, USA, signed the SWS San Juan Statement on Climate Change and Wetlands and the SWS Denver Declaration on the Management and Restoration of Wetlands, respectively (Figure 1).

The San Juan Statement encouraged policy makers globally to continue their collaborative efforts to develop and implement international policies to mitigate global climate

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Through the Proclamation participants recognized the essential ecological, economic, cultural and spiritual contributions that wetlands around the world provide to human well-being and resilience, including the important role of wetlands in climate mitigation (Moomaw et al. 2018).

In conclusion, as with the San Juan Statement and Denver Declaration, the signatories requested all wetland managers and scientists to share the Proclamation and encouraged policy makers in all countries and regions to integrate wetlands into local to global sustainable solutions in order to address the dual challenges of climate and land use change.

The latter was included with the full recognition that despite past and recent warnings, wetland loss and degradation has continued and still represents a major problem for wetland policy and decision makers and managers globally (Gardner & Finlayson 2018).

These aspirational statements, supported by the SWS executive leadership teams, engage signatories in the process of identifying policy goals related to wetlands and provide them with a tool for sharing these ideas and policy solutions more broadly. SWS, as expressed through its mission statement, is keen to ensure the use of scientific knowledge as a base for wetland policy, stewardship and management (Finlayson et al. 2018).

At the SWS 2019 Annual Meeting in Baltimore, the Public Policy & Regulation Section hosted a symposium titled The Critical Role of Wetlands in International Climate Solutions: Emerging Opportunities, in which international climate and wetlands policy experts joined SWS wetland scientists to identify and discuss the status of international climate and wetlands policies and institutions, and opportunities for wetland scientists to promote greater understanding of the significance of wetlands in these contexts.

Included in the symposium was a discussion of the effectiveness of aspirational statements such as the San Juan Statement and Denver Declaration previously produced by SWS (Finlayson et al. 2017, 2019) and the Changshu Declaration on Wetlands from the 10th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference in 2016 (Turner et al. 2017; An and Finlayson 2018) in promoting change at all levels, from local to international, and at the individual level.

A historical summary of aspirational declarations and statements provided context and inspiration for understanding the value and effectiveness of such documents.

Prominent examples included the Magna Carta (1215), the Charter of the Forest (1217), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), Henry David Thoreau’s Wilderness Proclamation (1851), and the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

This discussion was expanded in the Ramsar Section symposium, Overview of Key Global Wetland Issues

– Threats, Challenges, and Solutions, where aspirational statements were discussed in the context of responding to the World Scientist’s Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice (Ripple et al. 2017). In both symposia, aspirational statements were discussed relative to the emerging Rights of Nature Movement, with particular reference to the Universal Declaration of River Rights that is being championed by the Earth Law Centre and others (https://www.earthlawcenter.org/river-rights/ accessed 6 October 2019). The need for a Declaration on the Rights of Wetlands was introduced and discussed by symposia participants, with numerous attendees expressing enthusiasm for the idea. As a result, a group of wetland and climate scientists and policy experts are investigating opportunities to draft a Declaration on the Rights of Wetlands, as well as a paper to outline the justification for the Declaration and to illustrate how it links to existing initiatives, including those taken by local communities and governments.

The recent warning by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2018) finds that we have just 11 years, until 2030, to reduce our net carbon emissions by unprecedented amounts if we wish to avoid catastrophic climate destabilization and associated ecological and societal disruptions. Simultaneously, there is an ongoing biodiversity catastrophe unfolding that is rapidly reducing species numbers and loss of entire populations (PBES 2019). Given that the current conservation, protection and management approach to wetlands and other natural resources has failed to reverse the global trend of wetland loss and degradation, and further, given the significant role that wetlands play in the global carbon cycle, climate resiliency, biodiversity preservation, water quality, water supply, pollution and nutrient attenuation, storm damage prevention, recreation, spiritual benefits, and other ecosystem services, the authors posit that a paradigm shift for action is urgently needed.

This paradigm shift requires a re-visioning of our relationship to nature, one that embraces both the wisdom of indigenous peoples and the principles stated in the World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity (Ripple et al. 2017; Finlayson et al. 2018). It is anticipated that the new paradigm will recognize human dependence on the services provided by the natural world and encourage us to support a profound shift in our relationships with nature that is based on reciprocity and a recognition of the inherent rights of nature to exist and thrive. With this visioning, we can then explore the ethical and legal basis for the rights of nature, including the rights of wetlands. If this sounds unfamiliar, it is useful to remember that within living memory the idea that all humans have inalienable rights was a novel concept, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was only agreed to by governments in 1948 in the aftermath of World War II. Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 5

FIGURE 2. Photograph and text of the Baltimore Proclamation on the Role of Wetlands in Meeting Global Environmental Challenges BALTIMORE PROCLAMATION ON THE ROLE OF WETLANDS IN MEETING GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

“The following participants at the Society of Wetland Scientists 2019 Annual Meeting affirm their support for the San Juan Statement on Climate Change and Wetlands and the Denver Declaration on the Management and Restoration of Wetlands, each of which was signed by more than 200 participants at the 2017 and 2018 Annual Meetings.

The San Juan Statement encouraged all countries to continue their collaborative efforts to develop and implement international policies to mitigate global climate change. The Denver Declaration stressed the importance of protecting existing wetland carbon sinks and future capacity of wetlands to sequester carbon; and maintaining and restoring wetland ecosystem services, particularly for biodiversity and climate resilience.

In 2019, signers of the Baltimore Proclamation urge policymakers and natural resource managers to elevate the role of wetlands when developing sustainable solutions to the rapid and pervasive global changes in climate and land use by: • protecting existing high carbon wetlands such as peatlands (including those underlain by permafrost) and coastal wetlands; • increasing the continuing sequestration of carbon in wetlands; • protecting and restoring the biodiversity and ecological function of wetlands and their essential ecosystem services; • working collaboratively across disciplines to meet global environmental challenges as they work to protect and restore wetlands.

The participants also recognize the essential ecological, economic, cultural and spiritual contributions to human well-being, including climate mitigation and resilience that wetlands contribute to nations around the world.

And request all wetland managers and scientists to share this statement and encourage policy makers in all countries and regions to integrate wetlands into local to global sustainable solutions in order to address the dual challenges of climate and land use change.”

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The case for a new paradigm is provided by the mounting evidence that global biodiversity, including wetland species, is under accelerating threat, as expressed in the comments given below that have been derived from the summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services by the Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES 2019) 1. Nature embodies biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, and their vital contributions to sustaining the human population, but nature is deteriorating worldwide.

2. Direct and indirect human drivers of change have accelerated during the past 50 years.

3. Goals for conserving and sustainably utilizing using nature to achieve a sustainable future cannot be met by current trajectories, and goals for 2030 and beyond may only be achieved through transformative changes across economic, social, political and technological factors.

4. Nature can be conserved, restored and used sustainably provide essential ecosystem services while simultaneously meeting other global societal goals through urgent and concerted efforts to foster transformative change.

The case for the new paradigm is even more compelling when considered in the context of IPBES (2019), the Global Wetland Outlook (Gardner and Finlayson 2018) and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005). These are essentially the same principles that underpinned the acceptance of the text of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 1971 (Matthews 1992). As we look towards the 50th anniversary of the Ramsar Convention and the 40th anniversary of the Society of Wetland Scientists, a new paradigm that re-expresses our relationships with wetlands is not just timely but urgently needed. n

From the Editor’s Desk, continued from page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The participants at the Society of Wetland Scientists annual meeting in Baltimore, May 2019, are thanked for their contributions to the discussions held during the special symposia addressing global climate change, and in the corridors and out of session venues. The signatories to the Baltimore Proclamation are thanked for committing to this and joining the team effort that is so vitally needed to address complex issues.

REFERENCES

An, S. and C.M. Finlayson 2018. Preface: wetland research in China.

Marine and Freshwater Research 69: i–iii. https://doi.org/10.1071/ MFv69n5_ED Finlayson, C.M., W.R. Moomaw and G.T. Davies 2017. The Second Warning to Humanity and Wetlands. Wetland Science & Practice December 2017: 118-121. https://sws.org/category/2017-issues.html Finlayson, C.M., G.T. Davies, W.R. Moomaw, G.L. Chmura, S.M. Natali, J.E. Perry, N. Roulet and A.E. Sutton-Grier 2018. The Second Warning to Humanity – providing a context for wetland management and policy. Wetlands 39: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1064-z Finlayson, C.M., G.T. Davies, N.C. Davidson and W.R. Moomaw 2019.

The Denver Declaration on the Management and Restoration of Wetlands. Wetland Science & Practice April 2019: 78-82.

Gardner, R. and C.M. Finlayson (coordinating lead authors) 2018.

Global wetland outlook; state of the world’s wetlands and their ecosystem services. Gland, Switzerland. Ramsar Convention.

IPBES 2019. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn, Germany. IPBES secretariat.

IPCC 2018. Global Warming of 1.5ºC. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Geneva, Switzerland. World Meteorological Organization.

Matthews, G.V.T. (1993) The Ramsar convention on wetlands: its history and development. Gland, Switzerland. Ramsar Convention Bureau.

MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water synthesis. Washington DC. World Resources Institute.

Moomaw, W,R,, G.L. Chmura, G.T. Davies, C.M. Finlayson, B.A. Middleton, J.E. Perry, N. Roulet N & A.E. Sutton-Grier 2018. The relationship between wetlands and a changing climate: science, policy and management. Wetlands 38: 183-205. DOI 10.1007/s13157-018-1023-8 Ripple, W.J., C. Wolf, T.M. Newsome, M. Galetti, M. Alamgir, E. Crist, M.I. Mahmoud and W.F. Laurance 2017. World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice. Bioscience doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125 Turner, R. E., J.T.A. Verhoeven, A. Grobicki, J. Davis, S. Liu and S. An 2017. The Changshu Declaration on Wetlands: final resolution adopted at the 10th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Changshu, People’s Republic of China, 19–24 September 2016. Ecological Engineering 101: 1–2. doi:10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2016.12.016

tional maps the US government prepares to show what wetlands and waters are regulated under the federal Clean Water Act. Those of us in the over-70 age group started working in wetlands before “wetlands” became a household word. We remember Dick Macomber’s initiative to start a scientific organization to focus on wetlands given the Corps’ active involvement in trying to regulate construction activities in wetlands. Such an organization could give more credibility to evaluations by biologists on the environmental impacts of a variety of projects including Corps navigation projects and other projects by the public and other agencies. We owe a debt of gratitude and hardy “thank you” to Dick and his colleagues for establishing the Society of Wetland Scientists. It’s now up to old and young wetlanders alike to advance the organization.

With our 40th anniversary as a focal point for this year, Beth Middleton asked past presidents to prepare their reflections on the Society. In this issue we have reflections from seven former presidents and Max Finlayson, our current president. Reflections from others will appear in the April issue. For SWS news, we have summaries of two chapter meetings – the Asia and South-Central US chapters. Among a few other items (e.g., book review and Doug Wilcox’s cartoon – “From the Bog”), we have contributed articles about H.T. Odum, the formation and development of floating wetlands in a German lake, teaching groundwater hydrology to college students, and an international youth movement for supporting wetland conservation.

This issue is loaded with so much information that I had to hold back other material for our April issue. I thank all the contributors for this and past issues and peer reviewers of select articles. This is evidence of the growing popularity of Wetland Science & Practice as a means of communicating information about wetland projects or topics of interest to you (the writer), the Society, and public-at-large. While I already have material for much of the April issue, I still welcome contributions from others. As we are an e-journal we have flexibility in the size of issues. If you have questions on the suitability of a topic you are interested in, please feel free to contact me at: ralphtiner83@gmail. com. Also if you’re a photographer and would like to publish photos of wetlands and their wildlife in “Notes from the Field”, let me know. Meanwhile I’m looking forward to our annual meeting in Quebec City and hope you are too.

Happy Swamping!

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SWS BEGINS CELEBRATING OUR 40TH ANNIVERSARY

Reflections of Past Presidents on the Past and Future of the Society

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o begin celebration of our society’s 40th anniversary, Beth Middleton (former president: 2018-2019) thought it would be a good idea to have past presidents and our current president Max Finlayson provide their reflections of SWS – past and the future. Contributions from some of our presidents are presented in chronological order beginning from the earliest of the presidents to our current president. Reflections of other presidents will appear in a future issue.

CURTIS RICHARDSON (1987-1988) It is exciting to look back to 1980 when a new society of wetland scientists was being formed at a 3-day charter meeting in Central Florida, attended by only 35 scientists and managers, largely from the Corps of Engineers. I could not attend that meeting but joined SWS soon thereafter. In 1982 the meeting was held in Wilmington NC and I was thrilled to find an organization of nearly 100 attending “wetlanders”, but at that point the society looked very insular. The next few annual meetings in St. Paul Minnesota, in 1984, and even San Francisco in 1985 remained small and not very innovative compared to what was happening in the country related to wetland science and regulations. Looking through the bulletins (yes, I still have virtually all of them on my shelf and in them you can find the names of dozens of great people who help launch the society) and meeting programs as well as my SWS notes is like a walk down memory lane. It took untold numbers of volunteer hours to make the bulletin, journal and early meetings a success. These outstanding professionals and their contributions in the formative years of the society cannot be underestimated as the society struggled to gain new members and thus survive the first few years. A number of people stand out as key contributors and steadfast supporters that helped make the society what it is today. For example, people like Courtney Hackney at UNC Wilmington worked tirelessly and helped grow the society under his Presidency and helped keep the journal alive, Marc Boule, and Mike Josselyn greatly advanced the west coast chapters and, of course, Lyndon Lee who was an early force in promoting the society, editing the bulletin and organizing multiple annual meetings. It was individuals like these and many more who contributed their expertise to help the budding society grow.

Charlie Newling who led SWS field trips and Corps training sessions for years, as well as being the South-Central Regional Chairman and the first chairman of the wetland certification committee is but one example of what I call a great long-term SWS sustainer.

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However, it was Dr. Parnell who led the society for 4 years, who first advocated in his 1980 and 1981 Presidential Bulletin Messages that to grow we must “attract members from all parts of the wetland profession”, and importantly “promote professional interactions within the society”. It was under his tenure the board in 1982 announced that all members in good standing in SWS would for the first time be able to vote for officers by mail and thus open up the society to all aspects of the profession as noted by our ability to nominate and vote for Presidents who later covered such fields as engineering, ecology, hydrology, economics, business, management, government, consulting etc. However, the 1983 and 1984 annual meetings were still small, and the journal was having difficulty obtaining access to University libraries, and Current Contents was not listing it as a journal due to irregular publication schedules. It was clear something had to change, and it did mid 1980’s when Doug Wilcox became the Editorand-Chief of our journal in 1986. In my opinion, Doug Wilcox’s was not only a brilliant Chief Editor who greatly advanced the quality of the journal, but in his twenty years of volunteer service he was a tireless advocate that moved our Journal into tier one quality and along with it our society into national and international recognition.

Vice-President Elect: 1986-1987 I was thrilled to be elected SWS Vice-President in 1986, apparently by the narrowest of margins. I looked forward to working closely with President Courtney Hackney and Armando A. de la Cruz, the Immediate Past President.

We and our board had great plans for moving the society forward, but to do that we had to immediately address the urgent funding needs for the society’s activities. Raising funds quickly became my main job as Vice-President as well as planning the upcoming ninth annual meeting in Washington, DC. The meeting theme was “The Chesapeake and Its Landscape.” Lyndon Lee and Gene Silberhorn, the Scientific Co-chairs, put together great sessions on topics like wetland hydrology, coastal processes, wetland creation and restoration, wetland delineation and biogeochemistry.

The combination of the programming and great locally planned coastal field trips (led by David Correll, Director of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, among

others) attracted over 200 participants. The meeting was a great success. Moreover, at the last minute I was able to obtain a large supporting sponsorship gift from TVA to help cover our meeting costs and get our journal published on-time. Looking back at that meeting’s agenda and the topics covered shows that the Society’s annual meeting had started to attract top scientists from the fields of ecology, hydrology, soils, and biogeochemistry as well as a nice blend of applied wetland scientists from government agencies like EPA, USGS, and USFWS and from private consulting firms. In my opinion, The Washington meeting indicated the society was maturing and had a bright future thanks to the efforts of many dedicated wetland professionals and of course the nation’s growing interest in wetlands.

President: 1987-1988 By the time I took over the SWS Presidency, the society had just reached a new high of 1,050 members. I had a great team of officers to work with: Ronnie Best as Treasurer, Lyndon Lee as Bulletin Editor, Gene Silberhorn as my VP, and our new Editor-in-chief Doug Wilcox, who had completed a revision of the Wetlands editorial board.

Membership fees increased by $5.00 to help cover current costs, but looking over “the books” made me realize that the society needed to (1) raise funds to help secure the organization’s financial stability, and (2) establish a Boardapproved review committee to address ongoing financial problems and help plan the society’s future activities. To aid in the first goal I established the SWS PresidentialFounders Endowment Fund to provide unrestricted funds for board activities. I also asked in my Presidential address that members consider contributing to either the Founders Endowment or the newly established Hudson-Seymour-Allen Permanent Endowment. Both funds have since slowly grown over the years, but the seeds of the Society’s solvency were planted then. I also suggested that the regional chapters use their new funds from SWS to expand the size and reach of the chapters. However, my main focus was still on raising funds for SWS. One idea that arose from the newly established Futures Committee was establishing a wetland scientist certification program. Several of us on the board saw the possibility that a wetland certification program could be a way to raise funds for the society, although not all members approved of the idea. I asked Vice-President Gene Silberhorn to establish a certification committee. It took considerable work through the terms of the next few Presidents following Gene, especially Lee Ischinger, but the board at last approved the certification program in 1991. My final suggestion to the board was that the Society establish a corporate council to work more closely with the business community, another possible revenue stream, especially for meeting sponsorships. Alas,

the term of a President is short, probably a good thing, so I turned The Spoon over to Gene and wished him well. My remaining duty as Immediate Past President was to put together a slate of candidates for the next election. Jay Leitch, an agricultural economist from North Dakota State University, was elected President, the first economist to hold that post. In 1986 Jay had started to move the society in a new direction by completing the first ever analysis of the professional interests, employment, and economic status of SWS members. During his tenure, the Society began to think of itself as a business entity. Fortunately, a new cadre of wetland professionals with diverse backgrounds and great ideas would lead the society in the 1990s and beyond.

The Society would successfully incorporate business plans, obtain 501C status, become insured, find a new journal publisher, develop a revised charter, create a revenue generating wetland certification program, and move international growth into its vision of the future.

CAROL JOHNSTON (1992-1993) The period of my Presidency was a time of tremendous change within SWS: we altered our management structure, switched printing companies, started the certification program, added two new regional chapters, collaborated with other ecological societies, and began to be involved in national controversies surrounding wetland delineation. The following paragraphs summarize those activities.

I never expected to become President of the Society of Wetland Scientists when I tendered my credentials in 1991. I was qualified to run, having served as President of the North Central Chapter in 1988-89, but my opponent had better name recognition. My election may have been helped by the fact that I had sent out a mass mailing (via postal service) to the entire SWS membership the previous year, requesting publications about wetland biogeochemistry for an EPA-funded literature synthesis. Regardless of the reason, I became Vice President/ President-Elect at the Ann Arbor meeting on May 31, 1991, President at the New Orleans meeting on June 5, 1992, and Past-President at the Edmonton meeting on June 1, 1993.

President Elect: 1991-1992 My first task as President-Elect was to take over the job of Bulletin Editor, because the previous editor unexpectedly resigned. The printed SWS Bulletin was an essential communication tool in those days when email communication was not routine and the internet was just getting started. In addition to news items of interest to wetland scientists, the Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 9

Bulletin contained information essential to the business of the Society: application form, Annual Meeting information and registration form, Business Meeting minutes, and biographical sketches and a paper ballot for electing new national officers. Thus, the Bulletin Editor was essentially the Society’s communications officer. I was Acting Bulletin Editor for two issues in 1992, but Kathy Kunz took over as Bulletin Editor from September 1992 to 1994.

My second task as President-Elect was to remove gender-specific language from the By-Laws. I changed multiple instances of the word “chairman” to “chairperson,” and deleted “Encourage a fraternity of scientists” from the Society’s objectives. I was the first female President of SWS, and I wanted to make it clear that female leadership was welcomed by SWS.

not assessed page charges. Although SWS had increased its annual membership dues from $25 to $40 effective June 1991, the application that was printed in the SWS Bulletin still had the old rate as late as December 1991.

After considering bids from three printing companies, the Board of Directors chose Allen Press of Lawrence, Kansas to become the new printer of the SWS journal Wetlands, effective with the June 1992 issue. Allen Press had also provided a business management proposal to the Society. The Ways and Means Committee that I appointed (Virginia Carter, Lee Ischinger, and Ronnie Best) recommended the Allen Press proposal after reviewing bids from three different sources. The business management proposal was approved by the SWS Board of Directors at the 1992 Midyear Board Meeting, and the contract with Allen Press was signed in October 1992.

Society Management After more than ten years of devoted service to SWS, By 1991, SWS had several thousand members (keep readDavid Dumond stepped down as Executive Secretary in ing for the exact number), yet the business of the society June 1992. I worked with Dave to facilitate transfer of the was still being done by volunteers and a part-time ExecuSociety’s membership records to Allen Press. Although this tive Secretary, David Dumond. Dave worked out of his seems like a straightforward task, it was not. Dave’s records home in Wilmington, North Carolina, which served as the Society’s address. A Wilmington company, Precision Press, were in two dBase files, one for U.S. members and one for international members, but we needed to convert them to was also the journal and bulletin printer. However, it was clear that the Society had outgrown this management struc- ASCII format to pass them on to Allen Press. Dave sent me two 3.5-inch floppy discs containing his records, and ture, because numerous problems were noted concerning timeliness of mail, transfers of funds, and responses to new I started to work on them. It immediately became apparent that the SWS membership was far less than the 3,500 members and members moving to new addresses. members that had been reported at the 1992 mid-year board SWS finances were a big cause of concern during my meeting, because nearly one-third of the names on the list Presidency. In her report for the period October 1990 through were not current in their dues (Table 1). We had prepared December 1991, Treasurer Virginia Carter showed that the our 1992/93 budget based on the inflated membership Society’s income ($90,299) fell substantially short of its expenses ($106,096). The annual conference was an important numbers and were now facing fiscal problems as a result. source of revenue for the society, but the 1993 conference was The actual member count was 2,425 paid-up members and subscribers as of April 1993. not expected to be a money-maker for SWS. Income from Contributing to the problem of tardy membership the conference affected the decision on how many issues of renewals was the rolling membership dates SWS had Wetlands could be published in a year because authors were employed, based on the date a member first joined, which made it difficult to determine who was current in TABLE 1. Breakdown of SWS Membership list transmitted to Allen Press as of 18 their dues and who was not. With the change in December 1992, by expiration date (from C.A. Johnston memo of May 4, 1993 to business management, SWS memberships became SWS Administrative Board). renewable on a calendar year basis.

Dues expiration year U.S. Foreign Total Dave Dumond’s departure created the need for a new office, Secretary, whose duties included 1989 3 0 3 recording the minutes of the annual meeting of 1990 19 10 29 the Society and all called meetings of the Board 1991 486 29 515 of Directors, obtaining from the business manage1992 1263 28 1291 ment company a digital roster of the members in 1993 or 1994 1657 69 1726 good standing, handling correspondence pertinent Other membership categories 17 2 19 to Society business, and certifying the eligibility (life, reciprocal, patron, sustaining) of members to vote. I appointed Janet Keough as Acting Secretary in September 1992. Janet was TOTAL 3445 138 3583 10 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

elected Secretary in 1993 after the By-laws change was made to establish Secretary as an officer of SWS. David Dumond shipped 76 boxes of records to Janet Keough and SWS Archivist Paul Knutson.

Collaboration with Other Professional Societies/Meetings In 1993, SWS met jointly with the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) at an annual meeting in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was SWS’s first meeting outside of the United States, and its second meeting in collaboration with another professional society (the 1985 conference in New Hampshire had been joint with the Estuarine Research Foundation). Sweatshirts printed for the Edmonton conference originally read “ALSO & SWS,” and had to be over-printed with “ASLO & SWS” to correct the acronym error.

SWS was also a co-sponsor of the International Society of Ecology’s (INTECOL) 4th wetland conference, held 1318 September 1992 in Columbus, Ohio, which was attended by 905 wetland experts from 52 countries. I provided a brief welcome address on behalf of SWS, and created the first ever SWS display booth to recruit new members at the Columbus meeting.

During my Presidency, I wrote a letter of inquiry to the Council of Scientific Society Presidents at the suggestion of Ecological Society of America President Judy Meyers, but it was several years later before SWS became a member of that umbrella organization.

Certification Program An ad hoc committee had been working since 1988 to initiate an SWS Certification Program, chaired first by Charlie Newling and later by Ronnie Best. The Certification Program was finally approved at the mid-year board meeting

in December 1991, during Ronnie Best’s SWS Presidency.

However, the job of implementing the new Certification Program occurred during my Presidency. There were many details to attend to.

Since certification required adherence to ethical practices, SWS had to adopt a Code of Ethics. Past President Mark Brinson had drafted a Code of Ethics patterned after those of the American Fisheries Society, the Estuarine Research Federation, and the Ecological Society of America.

After publication in the Bulletin and some reworking, the SWS Code of Ethics was approved at the 1993 Annual Business Meeting. Approval of the Certification Program also revealed the need to secure liability insurance to cover that program as well as the SWS Board of Directors. A liability insurance policy was researched and procured by President-Elect Lee Ischinger.

Two new standing committees had to be created to implement the Certification Program: a Certification Committee to recommend minimum requirements for certifying professional wetland scientists, and a Certification Review Panel to determine eligibility of applicants for certification as a Wetland Professional-In-Training or Professional Wetland Scientist. Creation of these committees also required changes to the Bylaws. As President, it was my responsibility to appoint the members of the Certification Committee. Continuing committee members were Ronnie Best, Mary Landin, and Charlie Newling; there were sixteen applicants for the other four Certification Committee openings. Strong interest (19 applications) was similarly shown for the Certification Review Panel, the nine members of which were chosen by the Certification Committee. The Certification Panel had its work cut out for it when its members were finally selected, because there were 600+ requests for applications.

Chapters The SWS Board approved petitions for the formation of two new Chapters during my Presidency: the New England US Chapter (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island) and the Central US chapter (Missouri and Kansas). The New England Chapter enthusiastically offered to sponsor the 1995 meeting (the next available time slot), to be held in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The three dozen SWS members from Canada were considered a “region” because they had not yet formally applied for Chapter status. Canadians had always been an important part of SWS, and Canadian Walt Glooschenko was the second President of SWS. The region was experiencing a leadership hiatus during my Presidency, so I appointed Clayton Rubec of the North American Wetlands Conservation Council in Ottawa to serve as Acting Chair. Revitalization of the Canadian region was important because the 1993 Annual Meeting location in Edmonton, Alberta.

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 11

Wetland Delineation Wetland delineation procedures were in a state of flux during this time period. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) had issued a national delineation manual in 1987. This was followed by a 1989 interagency delineation manual that was endorsed by USACE, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but which was criticized as excessively inclusive of lands that might not be considered wetlands. A second attempt at delineation manual revision was initiated by the Bush administration in 1991. The preparation and withdrawal of the 1989 interagency manual and the 1991 proposed revisions had created confusion and uncertainty about the scientific and technical validity of federal regulatory practice in the identification and delineation of wetlands. SWS responded to the proposed 1991 federal delineation changes in a letter written by then-President Ronnie Best to Greg Peck of the EPA (SWS Bulletin, March 1992).

He stressed that science should be the basis for identification and delineation, not politics, and that the revisions lacked significant scientific credibility. He further recommended that the review period be extended to allow field testing and scientific evaluation. During my Presidency, I followed up by appointing an ad hoc Delineation committee chaired by Past President Mark Brinson.

In 1993, Congress requested that the U.S. EPA ask the National Research Council (NRC) to create a committee to assess the adequacy and validity of wetland delineation.

Although SWS had no role in this process, myself and three other past and future SWS presidents (Mark Brinson, Bill Mitsch, Barbara Bedford) were appointed to the NRC Committee on Characterization of Wetlands. Our 308-page report, Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries, was published by the National Academies Press in 1995.

Working with Lee Ischinger, SWS President (1993-1994) Lee S. Ischinger was leader of the Riparian Wetland Ecology Project at the National Ecology Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Collins, Colorado and my successor as SWS President. Lee passed away in May 2009 so he is not able to represent his presidency, but here are the goals he stated for his Vice Presidential election bid: 1) to assist the President and the Executive Board with building a sound fiscal, legal, and administrative foundation for the Society; 2) ensure that the Society’s Certification Program operates efficiently and effectively while maintaining high technical standards; 3) encourage the formation of a standing committee to develop scientifically-based positions on emerging wetland issues; and 4) aggressively pursue greater national visibility and recognition of SWS as the focal point for scientific information and expertise concerning wetlands.

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Lee was a businessman at a period during SWS’s history when we badly needed business advice. As 1993 Conference Committee Chair, he provided savvy negotiation to get the best deals from hotels that could serve as meeting venues. Who knew that you could ask for complimentary meeting rooms in exchange for a block of lodging rooms booked? I learned a lot from him.

Volunteerism in SWS In writing this retrospective, I am reminded of the tremendous effort of volunteers in accomplishing the business of running our professional society. These volunteers include not only the national elected officers, but also the chapter officers, annual meeting organizers, committee members, editors, and manuscript reviewers. During my Presidency, members of the Board of Directors paid their own travel expenses to meetings; the cost of Board travel reported in the 1990-1991 budget report was only $588! Members should also appreciate the employers of those Board members for supporting their participation in SWS management.

I guess I should have expected such dedication, because when I sent out that mass mailing to the entire SWS membership in 1990, hundreds of people sent me publications and references. It confirmed my belief that wetland scientists are dedicated to the resource we love, giving that extra effort that separates wetland science from just another job.

JANET KEOUGH (1999-2000) The Society of Wetland Scientists has, from its beginning, been a forum for diverse wetland science by a diversity of disciplines. SWS has been a welcoming forum and convener of a value-added mix of academic, public-sector and private and non-profit sector scientists, and a place where basic science meets applied science, and everyone learned from each other. That mix of academic-public-privatenon-profit wetland science has contributed a great deal to science-based wetland management, policy and practice. It was natural, therefore, for SWS to develop the Professional Wetland Scientist program. The SWS journal, Wetlands, has gradually, under dedicated editorship, enhanced it’s reputation as a high-quality and impactful forum for wetland science from all of these sectors.

Now SWS must evolve its dedication and value to diversity by building on the convention of public-academicprivate-non-profit sector science to welcome scientists of all gender identifications, all colors, and all age groups and wetland disciplines to capitalize on this diversity of talents in order to continue the tradition of fostering rigorous science and science-based management, policy and practice.

Perhaps WSP could be used to highlight the talents of a diversity of people and disciplines, to provide role models and inspiration to people entering the field. Personally,

I would like to see WSP continue to highlight aspects of modern controversial wetland conservation and management topics (perhaps elucidation of topics taken on by the Public Policy and Regulation Section). SWS should also continue to engage with the community of other aquatic science societies to coordinate on interdisciplinary issues.

MARK FELTON (2003-2004) Every organization evolves as its needs change. Some do so successfully while others fail.

The first time I served on the SWS Board, it was 1993 and Lee Ischinger was the President. I was a chapter President and new to the organization, having first joined two years before. SWS was in transition and it was extremely interesting to be a part of it. The certification program was in its early stages of development, tracking memberships was more detailed, and the journal was continuing towards excellence. Because of this, the workload for a volunteer board was becoming difficult, and discussion included if and/or when SWS would need professional organizational services. While the society was growing in size, financially, we were still laboring to meet expenditures.

We also discussed chapters and I was representing the recently formed Central Chapter. Potential future chapters and committees were a hot topic, as well as the concern with board participation and annual board turnover. At that time, some chapters elected new chairs every year, others every two years, and still others for longer intervals. The result was that at every board meeting, topics that had been discussed in the past ended up frequently repeated agenda items. Between rehashing old issues, grappling with new ones, and the increased workload with new programs, midyear board meetings increased in length to as many as three days. This was quite a commitment by volunteers taking time away from their jobs. We should always give credit to those employers for allowing their staff to take time away and donate it to SWS. Caught up in the organization, I spent time contacting universities and private firms to recruit members. It didn’t take long to realize my primary sales pitch was “It’s got a great journal, you meet other wetland professionals, and can attend meetings where excellent information is presented.” While helpful, it wasn’t as compelling as I wanted.

This is when I began to focus on “what would make SWS a no-brainer to join for someone coming out of school or new to the profession”? That has been my focus with SWS ever since. I suggest that, understanding value to current and existing members should be second only to the required fiduciary responsibly all board members hold.

At that time, membership numbers suggested our employer demographics were evenly split between gov-

ernmental, academic, and private professionals. I had been with a very small firm for several years and struggled at times with professional liability insurance. In most cases, small firms could only access engineering or similar insurance and that could be cost-prohibitive. So, it quickly dawned on me that, if SWS could develop a mechanism to connect interested members to cost effective liability coverage, it would provide an additional value to membership and perhaps increase society access to companies. We brought the idea to the board and they blessed the concept.

We developed a committee and with the hard work of all the committee members, we were able to begin the Professional Liability Program.

SWS Professional Certification Program (SWSPCP) was really taking form and developing. It was realized early on that certification had its own legal liability and that SWS risked its tax exemption status with the program. So, the insurance program was moved to SWSPCP and professional support was needed.

Soon thereafter, I was asked if I would be interested in nomination to run for President. I agreed and was subsequently honored with election. I had been off the board for a few years and, in rejoining, I found to my dismay the board was routinely discussing some of the very same issues as previous boards. It seemed obvious to me that systemic changes were needed. I found there was a group of likeminded members, both currently or formerly on the board. So, as President I subtly (and perhaps not so subtly) began trying to set the stage for future substantive discussions on change. A couple years prior, under Barry Warner’s Presidency, an initial push had been started for a Strategic Plan, and this was carried forward the next year

by Frank Day. The main planning effort was done during my year and we completed the effort the following year with Katherine Ewel’s tenure.

It was an invigorating process and while I sensed that some of the general membership did not see a need, many members offered their ideas. As you might guess, current and former board members saw more of the institutional needs for change while the general membership provided ideas based on more outward facing concerns of how their dues were handled, the strengths and weakness of annual meetings, and the interest in additional publications.

Probably my primary concern was the continued expansion of the board and the resulting loss of responsiveness. I decided to develop a functional organization chart for SWS and realized it was even crazier than I had thought. The result of expansion was that every time we added a chapter or a committee, we became less nimble. A second concern of mine was committee empowerment. While that may seem ironic for someone who wanted to consolidate committees, Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 13

my feeling was that every topic or issue should be sent to the appropriate committee with board thoughts and direction, then fully vetted in the committee with the resulting response provided to the board. Perhaps that was too formal a vision, but I had seen committee chairs resign because they were ignored, or committees go stagnant with lack of use. It would also bring greater continuity as committee members did not turn over every year.

Everyone who has served on a board invariably finds there is at least one crochety, generally old, guy. When I realized I had become that guy, I knew it was time to resign.

We captured much in the Strategic Plan with refinement later in the Reorganization Plan, an effort ably chaired by another Past President in Duncan Patten. Unfortunately, the result of that committee’s effort was tabled and I can see from the current board organization that little has been done to reorganize. I also began to see some of the same issues being brought to the board; many of which the board discussed in the mid-1990s and early 2000s. So, it was a good time to let others do the work and fight the fights. I commend each and every person who has stepped up to try to make SWS better in whatever manner that means to them.

I started this by stating that some organizations flourish while others fail. After having been on numerous boards over the years, I suggest that many seem to merely float along.

I’ve spent all my writing here talking out the quirks of the organization. This is because I believe a stronger SWS can play an increasingly positive role in the development of the science and most importantly, be an appreciated and credible voice for policy. I urge future boards to continue with that vision. However, at the most basic level, I firmly hope that future boards will focus on what brings the most value to members. If this is done, membership numbers (and the credibility this brings with policy makers) and financial concerns should become less, and the ability to make positive change is increased. The best of luck to them all!

BEN LEPAGE (2011-2012) I was perhaps the least likely person in a well-qualified pool of candidates to run for President of the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS). Despite my training as a botanist and several years working as a wetland scientist in industry and my post-graduate work as a paleobotanist/geologist, I was really a hybrid wetland scientist that learned what was needed by the client on the job. Prior to becoming SWS President I served as the Chair of the Education and Outreach Committee for several years and learned everything I could about SWS’s missions and objectives, what was working, and what wasn’t during my early years of serving on the Board of Directors. I met a lot of really great people that today are some of my closest friends. I 14 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

remember the mid-year and annual BOD meetings went on for days and really accomplished very little SWS business, because we spent more time on following Robert’s Rules and deciding where commas needed to be placed in motions. Ahhh, the character building good old days. Despite our shortcomings at running efficient meetings, we did manage to get things done administratively and push forward the SWS. Major accomplishments included hiring a new business office, updating our fee structure, and developing a new 5-year strategic plan.

When I took the President’s office in 2012 in Prague my priorities were to drive internationalization of the SWS and provide value for our membership, especially those that were working in industry. Our membership fee structure was developed basis of income and folks with high salaries paid the highest membership fees and those that had lower salaries paid lower pro-rated fees. I referred to the membership paying the highest membership fees as our “first class passengers” and soon realized that despite paying the highest fees, the society was not providing them with the value I felt they deserved. Over the last several years, we’ve made some progress bringing value to this sector of the organization, but there is still much work that needs to be done. Accomplishments include hosting webinars more applied symposia at the annual meetings, having industry representatives present and interacting with students. Providing students with opportunities and jobs in the wetland sciences outside of academia is a priority, especially given plans to expand the Society of Wetland Scientists Professional Certification Program (SWSPCP) internationally. The growth and inevitably, the survival of the SWS depends on expansion and growth of our international membership. Although the SWS started as an US organization in response to wetland regulations promulgated in the late 1800s and 1970s, we’ve probably reached the carrying capacity of members in the US and further growth in the US could be challenging. Alternatively, looking outside of our borders, vast opportunities for growth exist if we stop running the SWS as an exclusively US non-profit and start expanding internationally. By promoting and utilizing our PWS’s more strategically by interacting with regulatory and government agencies and providing recommendations and helping develop wetland policy, we will be poised to develop better solutions to the global problems we are facing.

Fortunately, the SWS Presidents that followed me also recognized the importance of internationalization and continued to pursue and build on this goal. I feel the membership still considers and thinks of the SWS as a uniquely American organization and we really need to stop trying to run the organization for American interests only. To become a truly international organization we need to start getting involved outside of the US and start bringing solutions to interna-

tional wetland issues. We have deep bench strength in our membership on a variety of wetland issues and the people with these amazing skills are not being used/contacted when global wetland issues emerge before our eyes.

In my opinion if the SWS is to survive, we need to be helping wetland NGOs, governments, and stakeholders develop sound wetland policy around these resources and provide meaningful recommendations around wetland creation, restoration, and enhancement. In light of the global changes we are currently facing, we need to be making recommendations now to prevent issues from occurring, rather than waiting to fix an issue after it appears. It is my humble opinion, as Past-President of the SWS and SWSPCP, for the future of both the SWS and SWSPCP, it is time to let go of the idea that our organization is an American non-profit group and start thinking like leaders and citizens of the world. In addition, we need to promote our PWS as global wetland experts and expand the internationalization of the PWS certification program. This sector of the membership will also need to be more visible and play a much more prominent and significant role as global wetland ambassadors. If we don’t, then we will be just another academically-oriented organization that has flat membership growth with scientists fighting for a limited pool of funds and complaining nobody is listening to some very important messages/results being generated by the scientists in the academic sector of the organization.

KIMBERLI PONZIO (2015-2016) Having served on the Board of Directors as a Chapter Chair (3 years), Secretary-General (3 years) and as President Elect, current President and Past President (3 years), I have seen many positive changes in the organization.

We have become “A” wetlands leader in the world, but we have some work to do in order to become “THE” wetlands leader in the world. Much of this has to do with geography. We started as, and still remain, an organization that is widely recognized in the United States, but struggle with keeping momentum outside of the U.S. Internationalization of SWS has been improving, but we need to step up efforts to collaborate with sister organizations in other countries, have a multilingual website, offer webinars in other languages, support students and wetland professionals from developing countries, and be a voice that can influence other countries to embrace protective wetland policies. Of course, with regard to policy-related work outside of the U.S., we need to be cognizant of our

governing documents (Vision, Mission, Strategic Plan) and what our Board of Directors and Membership want with regard to policy actions, as we develop plans to influence protection and restoration of wetlands (e.g., Studenchiste Marsh in Macedonia, Jiading wetland in Taiwan, etc.).

While I believe all who serve SWS do it with the overall mission of SWS in mind, each individual executes those duties differently. There are varied approaches to leadership and ways to keep positive momentum. Having a strategic plan that is regularly updated helps to keep us on track and focus on the task at hand. However, support for activities and initiatives waxes and wanes, which results in a winding path that may never achieve our overall mission. We have had two SWS ad hoc committees recommend that SWS hire an Executive Director (2010 and 2018), primarily for constancy and continuity of purpose. Although it will be a difficult process, we need to welcome the growing pains and finally make it happen. It is interesting to note that earlier in SWS history, the organization was experiencing growing pains and needed to take the step to hire a business office. According to leaders from that era, there was resistance to this important step in growing the organization. But, in the end, SWS moved forward and has benefitted greatly from the professionalization of many of the business office’s services to the Society. A decision to hire an Executive Director would help SWS move to the next level as an organization, especially with regard to internationalization.

SWS Presidents, and others serving on the SWS Executive Board, only have so much band-width for volunteering their spare time to lead SWS, balancing their “real jobs” and families with that commitment. With inconsistent support, both tangible and intangible, from employers, and restrictions to actions based on perceived or real conflicts of interest, it is sometimes a difficult process. Having an Executive Director, that is paid by SWS, removes any barriers to fully engaging in activities that will further our mission.

In addition, having one person be the face of the organization for more than one year at a time will build capacity for SWS. The Executive Director can develop and maintain relationships with international players and partner societies, who now feel challenged keeping up with the constantly changing rotation of top leaders of SWS. I have personally witnessed the power of personal connections in getting things done as one collaborative entity. It is by being present at meetings, conferences (not only SWS conferences) and other activities that allows that person-to-person interaction and interfacing with wetland professionals from ALL sectors (academia, practitioners, NGOs, government, etc.) all over the world. It was the connection of Gillian Davies and I when we were in China at the 10th INTECOL meeting in 2016 with Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 15

Luisa Ricaurte, and Arnold van der Valk with Fred Ellery, that helped revitalize the International Chapter. We also connected with Jenny Davis, Neil Saintilan, and Jayne Hanford at INTECOL, enabling the revitalization of the Oceania Chapter.

It is the hard work that Wei-Ta Fang does to bring SWS Presidents to Taiwan every year since 2008, to make connections between the leadership and the Asia Chapter.

Those activities eventually blossomed into the formation of the China Chapter in 2017 (also with connections forming during the INTECOL meeting) and keep us engaged in locations half-way around the world.

It is the funding of Chapter / Section Development Grants that enabled deep connection with several long-time SWS Members in Europe (Rob McInnes, Matt Simpson, and Jos Verhoeven) that were struggling to keep Europe membership viable and vibrant. Attending the Europe Chapter meeting in Potsdam, Germany, to award a $5K Chapter Development Grant to the Chapter, also resulted in our very first international Student Association being initiated at Bangor University with Chris Freeman and his students.

It is by attending a SWS Chapter meeting in Faro, Portugal that led to the in-person signing of the renewal of the Memorandum of Cooperation between the SWS President and the Ramsar Secretary- General; something that could only have happened with the support of the Europe Chapter leadership (Jos Verhoeven and Matt Simpson) and an active and vibrant Ramsar Section, whose Chair, Nick Davidson, was instrumental in arranging the signing between both parties.

It is the formation of the Wetland Ambassador Program that allowed several students from developing countries to share their knowledge with and learn from individual SWS mentors in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. One student, Tatiana Lobato, became the Co-Chair of the International Chapter after forging a strong partnership with SWS members that engendered a sense of belonging in SWS. I believe, that in order for SWS to make a BIG impact for wetland science all over the world, we need to work collaboratively and give power and trust to local and regional leaders. But we need one face, one person, that can lead the charge, by equipping many, MANY others to serve a common cause, by forging multi-year relationships with leaders of partner organizations, and by supporting consistency in effecting the SWS Strategic Plan, Mission, and Vision.

And we have the means to do this. Our financial position is STRONG and there’s never been a better time to forge boldly ahead. While it will cost money to hire an Executive Director, we should consider the cost of not hiring one - that will continue to limit our potential for internationalization, collaborative partnerships, potential fundraising, and fully implementing the SWS Strategic Plan. We 16 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

are poised for success – it’s time to make this calculated and carefully considered leap.

Having said all that... SWS has been my professional home for a long time (30 years) from student to SWS President and beyond. I have made life-long relationships with those that I served alongside. I would never give up the many enriching experiences that I have had with SWS and, of course, would encourage anyone and everyone to step up to serve. I can see a vision for SWS that involves a diverse, world-wide collaborative partnership, all working together to achieve the SWS mission to promote understanding, conservation, protection, restoration, science-based management, and sustainability of wetlands.

GILLIAN DAVIES (2016-2017) Since its origin in 1980, SWS has become the leading international organization for wetland scientists in all sectors of the profession, offering educational opportunities, championing wetland science, developing the next generations of wetland scientists, promoting the use of science to guide policy and management, all in an effort to conserve, protect, restore, and sustain wetlands. Time and again, visitors have commented on how open and welcoming our Annual Meetings are, and how approachable and friendly our members are. Looking into the future, the challenge for SWS is to continue on its trajectory towards becoming a well-known voice for wetland science around the world, and to be known for substantive contributions to wetlands-related solutions to global challenges such as climate and land use change and biodiversity loss. We have made important gains in our effort to become more international, and to have a greater international presence. Imagine SWS in every country, and as a “go to” resource for leaders and scientists at all levels from local to international!!

Strategic Planning With regard to Strategic Planning, I think that the biggest external challenges that SWS (and other similar societies) faces are a turning away from ecological stewardship that has arrived in the U.S. and other countries, climate and land use change, biodiversity loss and ecological degradation.

In my opinion, the biggest internal challenges that SWS faces in terms of continued good stewardship of the society, growth of the society, and capacity to achieve or embody the Vision, Mission and Strategic Plan goals are: succeeding at internationalizing, workload on the Executive Board and staff, and continuity of leadership.

With regard to the external challenges, I think SWS and members have many vehicles for responding: Annual meetings, Wetlands journal, WSP and other forms of written and digital outreach, Webinars, collaborating with Partner organizations, and our various Sections & Chapters, etc.

With regard to internal challenges, SWS has made good progress on internationalizing over the past several years, and hopefully the next Strategic Plan can maintain and build on the past efforts by continuing to prioritize internationalization, as we still have a distance to go. With regard to workload on EB and staff, and continuity of leadership, these are tough nuts to crack. In terms of staff, funding additional staff time and finding staffing efficiencies is the challenge. In terms of Executive Board, the workload on the President in particular is such that it is unlikely that a volunteer could maintain the office for more than the one year term that currently exists, and yet with a one year term, it seems unavoidable that priorities shift annually.

Sometimes the shift is less pronounced, and other times more pronounced. The shifting causes the society to meander towards and away from specific goals in the Strategic Plan, the Vision and Mission, and makes the society less predictable for members and for partner societies. From year to year, there is variability in the President and other EB members’ capacities to contribute time as everyone is a volunteer. Proactively addressing these costly challenges is an area for improvement in the functioning of the society.

It is not for me as a past president to prescribe solutions, but I offer these observations in the hope that they are of value to the next generation of leaders.

MAX FINLAYSON (CURRENT PRESIDENT: 2019-2020) Joining SWS I have used this particular title as most of my association with SWS has been from a distance. That distance has been both physical given I have been based in Australia most of the time since I joined, but also with limited active involvement in the society until recent years. Why then did I join in 1982? The answer is simple – to get access to the journal Wetlands. It was a huge drawcard and it was not available through our library. It was a valuable addition to our knowledge resources at a time when awareness of wetlands was not as high as it is now and wetlands were more often seen as a waste of good farming land or land that could be used to contain waste. I was at that time working in an irrigation research institute where water from rivers

was seen as something that farmers should be able to use to grow food and wetlands were just part of the expendable landscape that surrounded our human advancement.

Leaving aside the philosophic and moralist dialogues associated with such views I did share each issue of the journal with a small group of colleagues, and patiently waited for the next blue-covered issue to appear in my mail box (the snail mail box not an email inbox).

The Journal There I was, working in the magnificent tropical wetlands of Kakadu National Park at the top of Australia, supported by great people, well resourced (get that – we were in an isolated and lightly populated area and we had the resources that we needed to get the job done), minimal paperwork (what is it about finances, personnel management and occupational health and safety that nowadays takes so much effort to document, and to that we can add the inevitable circularity of documentation processes for strategic planning and personal development, all of which are for our beneficial engagement as custodians of environmental knowledge) and with a copy of Wetlands in my hand and others on my desk and on the shelves that adorned my mini-sized office with others being picked over by my colleagues.

I later moved to the UK to an organisation that had even fewer of the library resources that I craved, making Wetlands even more valuable. My view of the value of such literature was obviously not shared to the same extent by others around me in the conservation world that I had moved into, but I was not letting go. Information and knowledge were at the source of what we were engaged to do and the Wetlands journal was valuable for myself. I then discovered that I could take out life membership in the Society by paying several lump sums that got rid of the annual trip to the bank, with attendant queues, to arrange a foreign currency transfer, add various fees or charges to get those who cared for my money to send it to those I was willing to share it with. I was on the way to being signed up for life to the Society, and the journal kept coming, albeit with a few delivery hiccups as I then moved back to Australia.

Annual Meetings As my career became more international I came to value the networking provided by links with the Society but I was unable to get to the annual meetings; the tyranny of time, costs and priorities was working against me at this time. Then I received an International Fellow Award and had the funds to attend the Charleston, South Carolina, annual meeting in 2005. And of course, I could not attend for some long forgotten reason. The Society was equal to the task and they moved the support over to 2006 and the annual meeting in Cairns, Australia. I was again not workWetland Science & Practice January 2020 17

ing in Australia but I did get there and received an impressive ‘nautilus’ statuette from the SWS President, Barbara Bedford. I also had to present a plenary on the first morning of that meeting, which challenged my then casual attitude to preparing my talk well in advance of the meeting, largely because the World Cup football was on overnight and ran into extra time and penalty kicks. Nevertheless without any sleep and having flown in from Sri Lanka I raced to the venue to discover that the electricity was off and the start was delayed. This was a message from some greater being and I was able to insert my concluding slides. Afterwards a few colleagues commented that while the talk was to my normal standard (which I assumed was a positive statement) I did not seem to know what the last few slides contained. The truth was I was not aware of how many slides were left let alone what was on them. This was a salutary lesson in preparedness; albeit not one really learnt until after subsequent near misses including one when I misplaced my laptop and twice having laptop failures as I was racing against time to be ready for an early session talk. I far prefer presenting later in the day.

Heading for 40 years And nowadays with travel support from a generous sponsor I have been to a few more meetings, enjoyed the camaraderie and extended my involvement in the Society. A twin approach (if not an actual ambush then definitely a wellplanned pincer movement) by two recent past presidents of our Society led to myself being nominated and then elected to lead the Society as it moves into its 40th year. It’s a pleasure and an honour to be President for 2019-2020 and to look back over the history of what is an august Society and to look forward as we further engage with our members and partners, and face the not insubstantial challenges that lay ahead for wetland science and practice. These challenges are well known to ourselves, possibly not to others, but that is another story and, in reality, one that has been told before and possibly needs to be told again but with more vigour and damnation of those who will not listen. Who better to lead that effort than the largest wetland society that I know. And in doing that we may well need to reassess our

18 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

view on what advocacy can mean for an ardent and wellinformed society of wetland scientists and practitioners.

The 2020 annual meeting in Quebec City is looming as a wonderful opportunity to celebrate together and recognise all those, starting with Richard Macomber and colleagues who have actively supported the Society over 4 decades as well as those being tapped on the shoulder at this very moment to take us into another decade. Our human capital is our strength. Sorry, I just had to use that terrible phrase – jargonised language is another of my pet topics of interest! Let me rephrase – our people are our strength and our future. SWS is a great Society, and I still refer regularly to papers published in Wetlands, and have a few of my own in the journal, complete with wonderful co-authors who have been a joy to work with. It was always a goal to have a paper published in Wetlands, but it was not until 2018 that I managed this. That may be an interesting reflection in itself, but equally, next to irrelevant to anyone but myself.

A final reflection applies to all those hard copy issues of Wetlands that I received across many years. Many were handed around to colleagues (in the days before pdf copies and online library services) and some seemed to just disappear, the issues as well as some of the colleagues. As with many other people I eventually made the move to collecting e-copies of the burgeoning volume of research literature and the remaining hard copies were recycled and now form a well credentialed and respected base for my expanding vegetable garden. While I gently brush aside the annoying moths, snails and possums that like to share my organic food, and recoil when discovering a sedate but venomous reptile coiled beneath the brassicas, I am also in connection with all those authors, editors and reviewers who have contributed so much towards making the journal a success. It is a great success story of our Society, and to complete the circle for myself, the reason I joined the Society all those years ago.

As a final statement, besides paying for a life membership I was subsequently told that I had received two further life memberships with various awards so I am around for some time ….. and look forward to it especially for sharing our love of wetlands and wetland science and practice. n

SWS Statement on Australian Fires Like so many others around the world, the SWS membership has watched in horror and sadness as fires have erupted and swept across parts of Australia, claiming human lives, homes and property, devastating wildlife populations and setting ecosystems on uncertain trajectories.

Some of our Australian members remain on high alert with evacuation plans and packed bags as new fires break out.

Our hearts and thoughts go out to them.

If you are interested in helping but are not sure where to begin, you might consider donating to one of the non-profit organizations. Please be careful, however, because there are a number of scams out there on the internet. Make sure the organization is reputable and that you send the donation directly to the charity, rather than a middleman (beware of separate websites that say they are raising money for that charity). There are a bunch of go-fund-me campaigns, most of which are difficult to verify their authenticity. It may be helpful to do a little research and find legitimate organizations where donated funds are going to help on the ground Wetland biodiversity matters efforts. If you see a charity you haven’t heard of, you can check to see if it’s an official non-profit before donating by Wetland biodiversity matters searching Australia’s charity database at acnc.gov.au/charity .

Here are just a few of the legitimate non-profit organizations that are helping: 2 February 2020 2 February 2020 • Salvation Army Australia • NSW2Wildlife Join us - visit WorldWetlandsDay.org Wetlands and2020 biodiversity Wetlands and biodiversity #WetlandBiodiversityMatters February 2020 2 February • NSW Rural Service Information, Join Fire us - visit WorldWetlandsDay.org WetlandsRescue and biodiversity Wetlands and biodiversity • Australian Red Cross and Education Service • GIVIT (WIRES) • World Wildlife Fund • Australian Koala Foundation #WetlandBiodiversityMatters 2 February 2020 Join us - visit WorldWetlandsDay.orgWetlands and biodiversity ~Loretta Battaglia, President-Elect SWS

Life thrives in wetlands

Life thrives in wetlands

Life thrives in

#WetlandBiodiversityMatters

President’s Address, continued from page 3

Wetland biodiversit

2 février 2019 Zones humides et changement climatique

you share my views you were probably pretty disappointed affects wetlands and climate. Around the world we have about the outcomes from the recent climate change talks seen some remarkable citizen-led commentary on climate change and biodiversity loss, and I’d hope to see even in Madrid. Various SWS members have over the past few years been working together to create and share further and when that occurs hope even more ardently that it 2 févriermore, 2019 is backed by the best available science-based information. information about wetlands and climate change, and I 2 de 2019 a proposal that think they have done a lot. We know a lot about the role That sentence tofebrero introduce Zones humides et leads me Los humedales y el cambio climático of wetlands in mitigating climate change, and about their some ofclimatique us have been working on to develop a SWS clichangement vulnerability to climate change. We will argue for some mate change and wetland initiative – a proposal that does time about whether climate change is currently affecting not require further money from our budget (my budget comments above are generic and not specific to this), but wetlands – to stimulate that further – my view is that they are. We will also see some very different views about how which does engage with as many SWS members who are to respond to such changes. Paramount in this is the data interested in engaging ….. as we head towards Quebec City in June 2020 a few of us are already planning to share that supports these views, and I’m sure you have all seen our ideas for further activities addressing the science-base some data or extrapolations that have caused you to raise an eyebrow and ponder the strength of the sampling behind and policies of climate change. We would welcome other some views. This critical appraisal is a part of our sciideas and opportunities – please give this some thought and let’s get this moving. n ence, and some (many?) do it well. What I’m less sure of is how effective we are at influencing policy making 2 thatde febrero 2019

2 février 20 Zones hum changemen

Science & Practice January 2020 19 Los humedales y el cambioWetland climático

CHAPTER NEWS

2019 Society of Wetland Scientists-Asia Chapter and Korean Wetlands Society Joint Meeting Wei-Ta Fang1 and Seung Oh Suh2

M

a regional event “2019 Society of Wetland Scientists-Asia Chapter and Korean Wetlands Society Joint Meeting”. The meeting was organized by the Ramsar Regional Center – East Asia (RRC-EA) and the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS)-Asia Chapter, in collaboration with the Suncheon City Government and Korean Group picture after the opening program (Photos courtesy of Ramsar Regional Center Wetlands Society (KWS). The event aimed East Asia). to showcase new developments in wetland science, education and management, provide a forum for wetland scientists and managers to discuss about latest wetland research, and create and strengthen linkages and cooperation among new and current chapter members.

Chief Executives of organizations that conducted the joint meeting delivered short messages during the opening ceremony– Presidents of SWS-Asia Chapter, KWS and Suncheon National University; Executive Director of the RRC-EA; and Mayor of Suncheon City. From August 19-20, 2019, 20 parallel sessions (10 for SWS-Asia Chapter and 10 for KWS) were organized based on a range of priority topics and themes, which include mangrove Awarding of plaque of recognition by Dr. Wei-Ta Fang, SWS Asia Chapter President, to Hon. ecosystems, wetland sound science and Heo Seok, Mayor of Suncheon City, Republic of Korea (Photos courtesy of Ramsar Regional Center - East Asia). education, effective management of wetland sites, collaboration and data sharing in wetland science, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, wetlands for water quality management, among others. The parallel sessions accommodated a total of 105 oral presentations while 56 poster presentations were also organized for the event. Keynote presentations were delivered by esteemed wetland scientists and advocates from the Florida Gulf Coast University, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, North Dakota State University, National Taiwan Normal University, and National Geographic Society – Asia.

The joint meeting concluded with an award ceremony that recognized the achievements and contributions of outstanding wetland scientists, and the best 1 SWS Asia Chapter President; Professor of the National Taiwan Normal University 2 papers submitted by speakers for oral and Executive Director Ramsar Regional Center - East Asia ore than 170 wetland scientists, and wetland conservation practitioners and managers from 10 countries in Asia convened on August 19-22, 2019 at the Suncheon National University, Suncheon City, Republic of Korea for

20 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

poster presentations. The following day (August 21, 2019), SWS-Asia participants toured the Suncheon Bay Ecological Park, Suncheon Bay National Garden, and Nagan Traditional Folk Village. In a parallel event, KWS successfully carried out its wetland education program for elementary, middle school and high school students. A side event was held on August 22, 2019 at the Suncheon Culture and Arts Center, where eminent wetland scientists shared their wisdom and experience in wetland science and research with citizens of Suncheon City. n

Keynote speech delivered by Dr. William Mitsch, Professor from Florida Gulf Coast University, USA (Photos courtesy of Ramsar Regional Center East Asia).

* In April 2017, the Ramsar Regional Center – East Asia and Society of Wetland Scientists – Asia Chapter signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to promote scientific study, restoration, education, and outreach on wetlands in Asia, specifically in East, Southeast, and South Asia. The RRC-EA also signed an MOU with the Korean Wetlands Society earlier this year.

Certificates for outstanding paper presentations awarded to session speakers by Mr. Suh Seung Oh, Executive Director of the Ramsar Regional Center – East Asia (Photos courtesy of Ramsar Regional Center - East Asia).

Field visit to Suncheon Bay National Garden (Photos courtesy of Ramsar Regional Center - East Asia).

SWS Chapters - Upcoming Meetings

EUROPE CHAPTER MEETING May 25-27, 2020 Wageningen, The Netherlands Full information on the conference themes, call for abstracts (deadline January 31) and registration can be found on the meeting web site www.wur.eu/SWS-europe2020.

The meeting will feature symposia on different themes: • Wetland policy and • Constructed wetlands practice • Ecosystem services • Wetland restoration and climate change • Paludiculture rivers and peatlands

ROCKY MOUNTAIN CHAPTER MEETING April 15, 2020 American Mountaineering Center 710 10th St. in Golden, Colorado.

More info and to register: https://netforumpro.com/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site= SWS&WebCode=EventDetail&evt_key=f8822c8c-5f4f48e9-a82b-840c7f3959d1

Informational Flyer: http://www.sws.org/images/chapters/ europe/15thSWSEuropeMeetingFlyer.pdf

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 21

CHAPTER NEWS

South-Central Chapter Annual Meeting in Galveston, Texas

By Scott Jecker, Chapter President

T

he South-Central Chapter (SCC) meeting was held at the Waterfront Pavilion at Texas A&M University on October 23–25, 2019. The three-day meeting included presentations from professionals and recent graduates on wetlandrelated research and industry updates, plus a regulatory update from the Galveston District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A highlight of the meeting was the “Living Shorelines” workshop and field trip to various wetland restoration sites around Galveston Bay hosted by the Galveston Bay Foundation. Attending students had the opportunity to take advantage of a round table discussion with professionals from consulting, industry, academia, and the federal government.

The round-table discussion provided insights on career paths, resume tips, and networking opportunities. Sponsors for the meeting were Cattails Environmental, LLC, HDR, Horizon Environmental Services, Inc., Plummer, Ranger Environmental Services, Inc., Texas A&M University at Galveston, and Whitenton Group Environmental Consultants. n Kenny Jaynes from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provides regulatory updates along with insights to their core mission. (Ryan Gay photo)

Galveston Bay Foundation member Lee Anne Wilde introduces her organization and their Living Shoreline Program. (Ryan Gay photo)

Part of the Living Shorelines Workshop included a visit to one of their restored sites along the bay. (Ryan Gay photo)

22 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

SPECIAL REPORT

EPA and the Army Finalize the Navigable Waters Protection Rule for Regulating Wetlands Under the Clean Water Act Source: EPA Website (https://www.epa.gov/nwpr/navigable-waters-protection-rule-step-two-revise)

O

n January 23, 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of the Army (Army) finalized the Navigable Waters Protection Rule to define “Waters of the United States” and thereby establish federal regulatory authority under the Clean Water Act. For the first time, the agencies are streamlining the definition so that it includes four simple categories of jurisdictional waters, provides clear exclusions for many water features that traditionally have not been regulated, and defines terms in the regulatory text that have never been defined before.

Congress, in the Clean Water Act, explicitly directed the Agencies to protect “navigable waters.” The Navigable Waters Protection Rule regulates these waters and the core tributary systems that provide perennial or intermittent flow into them.

Under the final rule, four clear categories of waters are federally regulated: • The territorial seas and traditional navigable waters, • Perennial and intermittent tributaries to those waters, • Certain lakes, ponds, and impoundments, and • Wetlands adjacent to jurisdictional waters

THE NAVIGABLE WATERS PROTECTION RULE MATERIALS • Final Rule: The Navigable Waters Protection Rule: Definition of “Waters of the United States” pre-publication version • Press Release: EPA and Army Deliver on President Trump’s Promise to Revise Definition of “Waters of the United States” • Fact Sheets:​ -Overview of the Navigable Waters Protection Rule Fact Sheet (PDF)(5 pp, 224 K) -Mapping and the Navigable Waters Protection Rule - Fact Sheet (PDF)(4 pp, 233 K) -Implementating the Navigable Waters Protection Rule - Fact Sheet (PDF)(5 pp, 238 K) -Rural America and the Navigable Waters Protection Rule - Fact Sheet (PDF)(3 pp, 213 K) -“Typical Year” and the Navigable Waters Protection Rule - Fact Sheet (PDF)(4 pp, 232 K) -Navigable Waters Protection Rule Photo Appendix (PDF)(5 pp, 2 MB)

The final rule also details 12 categories of exclusions, features that are not “waters of the United States,” such as features that only contain water in direct response to rainfall (e.g., ephemeral features); groundwater; many ditches; prior converted cropland; and waste treatment systems.

The final rule clarifies key elements related to the scope of federal Clean Water Act jurisdiction, including: • Providing clarity and consistency by removing the proposed separate categories for jurisdictional ditches and impoundments.

• Refining the proposed definition of “typical year,” which provides important regional and temporal flexibility and ensures jurisdiction is being accurately determined in times that are not too wet and not too dry.

• Defining “adjacent wetlands” as wetlands that are meaningfully connected to other jurisdictional waters, for example, by directly abutting or having regular surface water communication with jurisdictional waters.

PUBLIC OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES: Public Webcast - A public webcast discussing the final Navigable Waters Protection Rule will be held on February 13, 2020 - EPA and the Army will hold a public webcast to help explain the key elements of the final Navigable Waters Protection Rule on Thursday, February 13, 2020. Registration is available here.The webcast will be recorded and available online following presentation. n

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 23

SWS ANNUAL MEETING

2020 SWS Annual Meeting - Plan to be there!

This year, SWS is holding our Annual Meeting jointly with the Canadian Land Reclamation Association (CLRA) and the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER). The Quebec RE3 2020 Conference will be held June 7 to 11, 2020, at the Québec City Convention Center (Québec, Canada). The theme for the meeting is From Reclaiming to Restoring and Rewilding (RE3 Meeting). We already have seven keynote speakers confirmed who are widely recognized experts in reclamation, restoration and rewilding. There are already 23 field trips confirmed and 50 symposia, workshops and training course abstracts have been submitted ! n

#QUEBECRE3

HTTP://WWW.RE3-QUEBEC2020.ORG/

BECOME A PARTNER OF THE QUÉBEC RE3 CONFERENCE Québec RE3 offers numerous opportunities for partnership and exhibition with various options and levels. We invite you to consult the Partnership and Exhibition Prospectus. Do not hesitate to contact us if you would like to share your ideas and discuss other partnership scenarios.

We are flexible and willing to work with you to design a partnership package that will fulfill your needs. For more information: http://www.re3quebec2020.org/partnership-exhibition.

24 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

REGISTER TODAY Early bird registration is now open, until March 15, 2020: http://www.re3-quebec2020.org/registration-0. And book your room early to receive exclusive discounted hotel rates!

AND DON’T FORGET YOUR PASSPORT!

REMINDER OF IMPORTANT DATES AND DEADLINES: • Abstract submission deadline: January 30, 2020 • Abstract acceptance notice: March 2, 2020 • Early / presenting author registration deadline: March 15, 2020 • Conference: June 7-11, 2020

WEBINARS

Take Full Advantage of Your Membership Through SWS’ Monthly Webinar Series Participate in outstanding educational opportunities without leaving your desk! SWS is pleased to provide its monthly webinar series that addresses a variety of wetland topics. The convenience and flexibility of SWS webinars enables you to educate one or a large number of employees at once, reduce travel expenses, and maintain consistent levels of productivity by eliminating time out of the office.

SWS webinars are free for members. Additionally, every quarter, one of our monthly webinars is open to the public. These free quarterly webinars are offered in March, July, September and December.

WEBINAR ARCHIVES If you’re unable to participate in the live webinar, all webinars are recorded and archived for complimentary viewing by SWS members.

The SWS Webinar Committee is excited to announce that our past webinars are available on YouTube. Non-members may access webinars that are three months or older on the SWS YouTube channel.

SUBTITLED WEBINARS Webinars are also viewable with subtitles on YouTube.

SPANISH-LANGUAGE WEBINAR SERIES The SWS International Chapter also offers a series of webinars in Spanish (http://www.sws.org/About-SWS/proximos-seminarios-webde-sws-en-espanol-nonmembers-2.html). n NEW IN 2020: SWS Webinar Series Sponsorship Opportunities

4

Annual Sponsorship Includes >10 SWS Webinars

We only allow

sponsors per year to maximize your impact!

Pre-Webinar

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• SWS’ UPCOMING Webinars webpage on sws.org • E-blasts - 1-2 per month to all 3,000+ SWS members

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During Webinar • Recognition of sponsor during the webinar’s introductory slides, which will include sponsor logo • Slide at the end of the webinar with sponsor contact information

Webinar Statistics: Average 100 registrants Average 60 particpants

Post-Webinar • Your Logo and Link to Your Website on SWS Past Webinars webpage for the term of the sponsorship.

• Additional exposure from on-demand recordings of the webinars, on the SWS YouTube channel.

UPCOMING WEBINARS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 2/20/2020 | 1:00 pm ET How certification of Professional Wetland Scientists can improve wetland practice around the world Presenters: Matt Simpson, Robbyn Myers, Ben LePage 3/19/2020 | 1:00 pm ET WANTED: Invasive Plants - Dead or Alive Presenters: Karina Dailey, Zapata Couragent 4/16/2020 | 1:00 pm ET Convergence of Wetland Science and Technology Presenters: Jeremy Schewe, Lance Lee SPANISH: 3/25/2020 | 1:00 pm ET Spatial variation of carbon sequestration and methane emissions in tropical wetlands: A contrast between highlatitude peatlands and mineral soil freshwater wetlands in the lowlands Variación espacial del secuestro de carbono y emisiones de metano en humedales tropicales: Un contraste entre turberas de alta montaña y humedales en suelos minerales de tierras bajas Presenter: Jorge A. Villa Betancur

THANK YOU TO WEBINAR SERIES SPONSORS WHO HAVE ALREADY COME ON BOARD THIS YEAR:

https://www.facebook.com/WaterResourcesHydrologyHydraulicsEducation/

https://www.whitentongroup.com/ Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 25

ECOLOGY

Howard T. Odum and wetland ecology Arnold van der Valk, Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University

ABSTRACT oward Thomas Odum (1924-2003) was an important transitional figure in the development of wetland ecology in the United States. Although he was educated before wetland ecology became a recognized subdiscipline of ecology, his research during the first half of his academic career (ca. 1950 to 1975) was focused primarily on wetlands. By the early 1970s, he was self-identifying as a wetland ecologist, e.g., by establishing the Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida. Although Odum was interested in much more than wetlands, especially during the last half of his lengthy career, he contributed significantly to increasing the visibility of wetlands and to the development of wetland ecology in four principal ways: (1) his innovative and influential research on the trophic structure of Silver Springs, a riverine wetland; (2) his highly visible research on the use of Cypress Domes to treat waste water; (3) his establishment of a major academic, wetland research institute, the Center for Wetlands; and (4) his many graduate students who obtained influential jobs in academia, government agencies and private companies. When Odum started his academic career wetland ecology did not exist.

Halfway through it, wetland ecology began to arise as a distinct discipline and Odum was one of the major reason why this happened.

H

FIGURE 1. Howard T. Odum in 1973 (HTO Papers Box 69, from Joslin 1973).

26 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

INTRODUCTION The development of wetland ecology occurred unsystematically as a result of individuals making observations or doing research on wetland ecosystems or wetland organisms.

Initially, these were natural-history observations that in retrospect dealt with some aspect of wetland ecology. The amateur naturalists who made them were proto-wetland ecologists (Egerton 2012). By the late nineteenth century, a new class of scientists arose within the universities and natural history museums who studied natural systems or organisms (van der Valk 2011). They initially identified themselves as botanists or zoologists and some later as ecologists. A few of the latter studied wetlands or wetland organisms, and I have called them antecedent wetland ecologists (van der Valk 2017, 2018). Wetland ecology as a distinct subdiscipline within ecology only began in the 1970s when scientists working on wetlands or wetland organisms began to self-identify as wetland ecologists. In this paper, I examine the career of Howard T. Odum who started his scientific career as an antecedent wetland ecologist, but who began to identify himself as a wetland ecologist in the early 1970s. Thus, Howard Odum is an important transitional figure in the development of wetland ecology.

Howard Odum (Figure 1) was a polymath, but a monomaniacal polymath. He was interested in and wanted to understand everything having to do with nature and man and the interactions between them, but primarily in the context of their energy acquisition and use. Although he used a systems approach, in his systems models, only energy flows linked their major components. Odum developed his systems worldview early in his professional career, starting with his stint in the military as a meteorologist and then during his early years as an academic ecologist studying the energetics (production, food webs) primarily in aquatic and coastal systems. For Odum energy was the unifying concept in ecology. He even created a new modeling approach and energy language that describes the storages and flows of energy in ecosystems (Odum 1983).

In this paper, I will examine only one facet of Howard Odum’s career, his impact on the development of wetland ecology. Odum had about 300 publications during his career and only a small number of those deal with wet-

lands (Ewel 2003). For a more comprehensive overview of Odum’s contributions to economics, systems ecology, and ecological engineering., see Hall (1995). Nevertheless, Odum contributed to the development of wetland ecology in four ways.

1. His classic paper on the energetics of Silver Springs (Odum 1957) raised the visibility of wetlands.

2. His study of Cypress domes for removing nutrients and other contaminants from polluted water demonstrated the economic benefits of wetlands.

3. He established the first wetland research institute, the University of Florida’s Center for Wetlands.

His graduate students became important and influential wetland ecologists.

This paper is based not only on Howard Odum’s published works, but also on my research in the Howard T. Odum Papers, which are housed in the Special and Area Studies Collections of the George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. This collection contains correspondence, research files, manuscripts, publications, photographs, and personal papers. Information based on materials in the Howard T. Odum Papers used in this paper is cited by the box in which it was found, e.g., HTO Papers Box 21. Detailed information about the contents of each of the 93 boxes can be found on the Howard T. Odum Papers website (http://www.library.ufl.edu/spec/ archome/MS130.htm).

EDUCATION AND ACADEMIC CAREER Although born in Durham, North Carolina, Howard Thomas Odum (1924-2003), Tom or HT to most of his friends and colleagues, grew up in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His father, the sociologist Howard Washington Odum, was on the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The ecologist Eugene P. Odum was his older brother.

Howard Odum began work on his B. S, in Zoology at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1941 and finished it in 1947. During the Second World War (19431946), he served in the US Army Air Corps. While in the military, he volunteered for a meteorological program and then worked as a meteorologist. After he completed his B.S., he went to graduate school at Yale University (19471950) where he worked with G. Evelyn Hutchinson. He was officially awarded his PhD in June 1951.

Odum’s first academic appointment in 1950 was as an assistant professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Florida. He left Florida for Duke University in 1954, but did not stay long. In 1956, he became the director of the Institute of Marine Science in Port Aransas, Texas, which is part of the University of Texas. From Texas, he moved to Puerto Rico in 1963 as chief scientist at

the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center operated by the University of Puerto Rico. While in Puerto Rico, he directed a major study of the Loquillo tropical rainforest. In 1966, Odum moved yet again. This time to his alma mater, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. There he finished his most widely-read book, Environment, Power and Society (Odum 1971), which he had begun in Puerto Rico. After 20 years as an academic gypsy, he moved back to the University of Florida in 1970 as a Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Engineering Sciences. Odum spent the rest of his academic career (more than 30 years) at Florida.

In his letter of resignation from the Department of Zoology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (HTO Paper Box 1), Odum outlined his vision for a new type of university curriculum. “The times are ripe for some university to foster world leadership in a new curriculum that starts in undergraduate levels with teaching, understanding, and management of all our systems from the molecular to the big environmental ones that include our survival issues of war, medicine, economics, food, and ecological stability, etc. To build new programs in times which require fast and effective new means, there has to be assigned enough authority, confidence, and budget in single individuals, free from the destructive elements of committee decision approaches ” The University of Florida evidently was more amenable to developing his proposed new curriculum and giving him the resources and freedom needed to establish it.

As Odum demonstrated in his 1971 book, Environment, Power, and Society, he viewed systems analysis that focused on energy flows and storages as the best way to describe, model, analyze, and manage natural and human systems at all scales (Odum 1971). He initially developed energetic models of systems as part of his field and experimental (microcosm) studies of wetlands early in his career at Texas, North Carolina, and Florida. As Odum put it in his remarks on August 28, 1991 on retiring as director of the Center for Wetlands (HTO Papers Box 71): “You can’t understand wetlands by studying only wetlands. You have to include the next larger scale systems, which means people and their economics.” As his interests expanded from wetland systems to human systems (Figure 2), he increasingly focused on the costs of energy to human societies, i.e., to what is now known as ecological economics (Costanza 1995). In chapters written by Odum’s students and collaborators toward the end of his career, Hall (1995) provides an overview of Odum’s contributions to ecosystem modeling and simulation, ecological engineering, ecological economics, and “emergy” analysis. Several chapters also deal with his contributions to wetland ecology, most notably, Nixon’s on his contribution to marine ecology and Knight’s on wastewater treatment wetlands.

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 27

feeling, though, that at least some of the ideas are piquing enough to start some people making ecological studies on the basis of productivity and efficiency, and that would be quite gratifying even though some of the hesitantly proposed “principles” turn out to be wrong” (Quoted in Cook 1977). Howard Odum found some of Lindeman’s ideas piquing, and, after taking a faculty position at the University of Florida in 1950, he began a study of energy flows and storages at Silver Springs, Florida.

From 1952 to 1955, Odum’s attempts to quantify the storages and fluxes of energy in the Silver Springs ecosystem was unprecedented in its scope and detail. Silver Springs is one of a number of large freshwater springs in northcentral Florida. Immediately downstream from the SILVER SPRINGS “boil” (springhead), the spring runs are simply freshwater Howard Odum began his PhD at Yale University in 1947. streams. Odum recognized that these spring runs proFive years earlier, Odum’s major professor, G. E. Hutchivided an ideal system for studying ecosystem energetics son, had helped revise a theoretical paper on energy flow in flowing water systems (Odum 1956, 1957). They have in a Minnesota bog by Raymond Lindeman (1915-1942): relatively constant flow volumes year-round and from year the trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology (Lindeman 1942). to year. Water temperatures are also nearly constant yearLindeman had come to Yale in 1941 as a postdoctoral felround. Their water chemistry does not vary seasonally. low after completing his PhD at the University of MinneThey were in his words “a ready-made natural laboratory sota. While working on this manuscript, Lindeman wrote a … for studying the role of the factors that control producletter to William S. Cooper back in Minnesota. “I’m afraid tivity” (Odum 1957). In fact, he viewed them as natural you’re going to say that I’ve hazarded a great deal of theory chemostats. This view greatly influenced the overall design on very little information, and you may be right. I have a of the study. Because Odum viewed the Silver Spring ecosystem as in quasi equilibrium, he FIGURE 2. Odum’s general model of energy and material linkages between natural ecosystems and believed that it was not necessary to make simultaneous measurements of the human economy. (HTO Papers Box 68, Notes for the talk, Century of General Systems Ecology, the various energy storage compartthat was given at Syracuse University, April 14, 1998). ments or energy fluxes. This simplifying assumption allowed Odum to piece together a large number of small studies that he and others had made at different times or even years into his overall energy model of the Silver Springs ecosystem. Odum did recognize what he called “variation inherent in analytical procedures” and provided a table of standard deviations for carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements ( 1957). In the Silver Springs study, Odum used an important new method, diurnal changes in oxygen concentrations, to estimate overall ecosystem metabolism. He had, however, previously published a paper on this method (Odum 1956).

Interestingly, Odum (1957) presents his overall energetic model of Silver Springs (his Figure 7 on Another of Odum’s fundamental beliefs was that natural systems benefit human societies. In retirement remarks (Box 73), he noted that “when I returned to [Florida] in 1970, there were bitter controversies nationally between environmentalists and engineers. My own background, … taught me that there was a middle way in which harmony of humans and environment were found in partnership (at that time a new idea).” His studies of how well cypress domes cleaned up sewage effluent demonstrated the utility of this new approach. That natural systems like wetlands can reduce or solve environmental problems created by human societies became one of the central tenets of what is now called ecological engineering (Mitsch 1995, 2003).

28 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

page 61) before he gives a detailed description of the components of the Silver Springs ecosystem, any field data collected during the study, or even a description of his sampling methods. In effect, readers got the main take-home message of the paper (Figure 3) after the first 7 pages and could ignore the next 50 pages, which were primarily of interest to limnologists specifically interested in the methods used or the data collected. He had even published a skeletal version of this model the previous year in Limnology and Oceanography (Odum 1956). As Odum admits in a long footnote in the legend for Figure 7, the energy flows were estimated very roughly for purposes of indicating their order of magnitude. In spite of this caveat, this figure presented the most detailed estimate of the energetics (gross and net primary production, secondary production, trophic fluxes) of any ecosystem then published. The data-rich Silver Springs paper provided actual data that could be used to test Lindeman’s (1942) principles of ecosystem energetics. Odum’s paper stimulated increased interest in ecosystems and their energetics.

Silver Springs is a riverine wetland, and Odum (1957) raised the utility of wetlands as ecosystems worth studying and thus their visibility outside wetland circles. Figure 7 became one of the most widely known figures in the rapidly developing field of ecology in the 1960s and 1970s. It was reproduced in Eugene P. Odum’s second edition of The Fundamentals of Ecology (Odum 1959), the dominant ecology textbook of this era. (I used it as a student in three different ecology courses in the late 1960s.) Howard Odum himself (Odum 1971) also made extensive use of it (see pp. 2-3 and pp. 22-23) in Environment, Power and Society.

FIGURE 3. Summary of energy flows of the Silver Springs ecosystem. (HTO Papers Box 68. Notes for the talk, Century of General Systems Ecology, that was given at Syracuse University, April 14, 1998). This is a version of Figure 7 in Odum (1957).

FIGURE 4. Map of the Cypress Dome wastewater application study site (Ordway 1984).

CYPRESS DOMES By the 1960s, it had been demonstrated repeatedly that wetlands could remove a variety of contaminants in water passing through them. Käthe Seidel (1907-1990) had done much of the pioneering work on this topic. Seidel’s original interests and training were in horticulture. She was particularly interested in the cultivation of bulrushes, which were used in caning furniture seats and backs by local artisans in Germany. After the Second World War, she did graduate work at the University of Kiel in limnology and microbiology and obtained a research position at the Krefeld substation of the Hydrobiological Institute in Plön, Germany. At Krefeld, her research interests increasingly shifted to the use of bulrushes Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 29

and other aquatic plants to clean up polluted water. Starting in the 1950s, she began to build small sewage treatment wetlands planted with emergent wetland species. She eventually showed that treatment wetlands could remove nutrients, heavy metals, phenols, etc. from contaminated water passing through them. In fact, Seidel became increasingly convinced that wetlands were capable of cleaning up any kind of polluted water and she promoted the use of treatment wetlands for the rest of her life. Because her work demonstrated that wetlands were valuable to society, her classic 1966 paper, Reinigung von Gewässern durch höhere Pflanzen (Purification of waters by higher plants) has had a lasting impact on the history of wetland ecology. Her work directly or indirectly resulted in many other studies of wetlands and water quality in Europe and North America. By the mid-1970s, nearly 20 studies of nutrient removal by natural wetlands had been published (van der Valk et al. 1978), among them was the Cypress Dome study

by Howard Odum and his associates in Florida.

In the United States, water pollution had become a major political issue by the 1960s. In 1972 the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act) was passed by the US Congress to address the problem. This new environmental mandate to reduce water pollution stimulated a variety of research projects to study novel ways to clean up polluted waters, including the use of wetlands (Knight 1995).

While he was still at the University of North Carolina, Odum had collaborated in a study that used man-made ponds filled with estuarine water to treat sewage and to evaluate the impact of increased nutrients on estuarine production. This was one of the first studies to use estuarine systems to treat wastewater (Knight 1995). Shortly after returning to Florida in 1970, Odum put together a grant proposal to study how effectively a local, isolated wetland type - cypress domes - could remove or store contaminants from sewage entering them (Figure 4). Odum’s Cypress Dome project was funded by a million-dollar grant, “Cypress wetlands for water management, recycling and conservation,” funded jointly by the Rockefeller Foundation and the National Science Foundation’s Division of Research Applied to National Needs (RANN). The size of this grant was unprecedented, and it marked a quantum leap in the funding of a wetland research project. Odum’s Silver Springs study was done for about $5,000 (HTO Papers Box 68, Notes for a talk, Century of General Systems Ecology, given April 14, 1998 at Syracuse University).

The overarching goal of the Cypress Dome project was to elucidate the relation between human society and the wetlands (swamps); i.e., “to explore the concept that a symbiosis between humanity and nature would maximize the vitality of both the economy and wetlands” (Ewel and 30 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

Odum 1984). If wetlands could be shown to benefit society by reducing the cost of cleaning up polluted water, this would obviously benefit local economies as wells local wetlands by ensuring their conservation. This large project was co-directed by Katherine Ewel, also of the University of Florida. During this project, wastewater from a facultative sewage lagoon that treated waste from a trailer park near Gainesville was applied to cypress domes at a low hydraulic loading rate (Figure 4). The goal was to add only as much wastewater as would be lost through evapotranspiration over a given period. This was done to prevent the domes overflowing. The study ran from 1974 to 1977.

The book, Cypress Swamps, which was edited by Katherine Ewel and Howard Odum (1984), summarizes much of the research done by a small army of graduate students, Florida faculty, and off-campus collaborators during the project as well as other research on cypress swamps in the Southeastern US in the 1970s. Specifically, Part II, Effects of Wastewater on Cypress Domes, contains 19 chapters based on the Cypress Dome project, including chapters on hydrology, nutrient mass balances, ecology of cypress, invertebrate faunas, microbes, and economics. The final chapter in Part II examines the possibility of using Florida’s cypress wetlands for tertiary waste treatment: its authors conclude that cypress wetlands are excellent nutrient traps and that they potentially could be used as tertiary treatment systems at about 35% of the wastewater treatment systems in Florida (Fritz and Helle 1984). Knight (1995) provides an evaluation of the Cypress Dome study, as well as the earlier estuarine pond studies, on the development of the use of treatment wetlands.

The Cypress dome study had one major flaw. Odum had assumed that it was acceptable to use natural wetlands to clean up polluted water. After the Clean Water Act, it was, however, no longer acceptable to let point sources of polluted water contaminate aquatics systems, i.e., lakes and streams. Why was this acceptable for natural wetlands?

Although a number of similar studies were done on the use of natural wetlands to clean up polluted water in the United States during this period, the use of natural wetlands for this purpose eventually fell into disfavor. Instead, constructed or treatment wetlands that were specifically designed and built for this purpose became the norm (Knight 1995; Kadlec and Knight 1996).

CENTER FOR WETLANDS The Center for Wetlands was established in 1973 as part of the Rockefeller-RANN grant that funded the of the Cypress Dome project. Its main function initially was to coordinate the many studies that were part of this grant (see Ewel and Odum 1984). Howard Odum was its director for 18

years (1973-1991). Its original mission was to understand “wetlands and their role in the partnership of humanity and nature” (HTO Papers Box 33, Odum, Best and Brown (1985) Center for Wetlands). Wetland projects done through the Center include work on sewage treatment, phosphorous mine reclamation, productivity, energy analysis, environmental planning, and public policy. With time, however, the Center’s research projects began to emphasize how “the patterns of humanity and nature may generate maximum economic vitality defined as the landscape’s carrying capacity for humanity.”

In a memorandum announcing his resignation as the Center’s director dated August 31, 1991 (Box 71) that is addressed to the staff, students, alumni, and friends of the Center, Odum outlines its major accomplishments during his tenure as director: 80 theses and dissertations, 220 research reports, and 135 journal papers and book chapters.

He notes that only about half of the work done dealt with “wetlands and ecological engineering” and the other half with “environmental systems, resources evaluation, energy comparisons, and global futures.” In short, as Odum became more interested in developing his energy theories and models and applying them to political entities at a variety of scales, wetland research at the Center for Wetlands became less of a priority. Consequently, the Center’s visibility as a major center of wetland research declined as Odum’s term as director progressed. Odum gradually ceased to be a wetland ecologist and his direct influence on the development of wetland ecology waned. The Center’s last major wetland publication while he was still director was Ewel and Odum (1984), Cypress Swamps.

The Center for Wetlands was the first such academic institute in the United Stated. It greatly increased the visibility of wetland ecology. Its establishment demonstrated that such a center could attract major funding for wetland research and could be a congenial home for faculty, graduate students, postdocs and visiting scientists interested in wetlands. The Center for Wetlands was an important milestone in the development of the wetland ecology in the United States.

GRADUATE STUDENTS Odum’s academic family tree is found in Hall (1995, see figure P.1) that shows his collaborators and graduate student in chronological order up to January 1994. There are a lot of them, and you need a magnifying glass to make out their names. Of those who worked primarily on wetlands, a significant number became major figures in wetland ecology, including Robert Beyer, Ariel Lugo, John Day, Scott Nixon, Tom Fontaine, Scott Leibowitz, Robert Knight, Pat Kangas, and Bill Mitsch. Odum’s wetland legacy lives on

through the work of his graduate students who obtained positions in academia (Day, Nixon, Kamgas, Mitsch), government agencies (Fontaine, Leibowittz) and consulting firms (Knight). It continues today through the graduate students of Odum’s graduate students.

Odum held strong views about the self-organizing nature of ecosystems. Given a specific set of boundary conditions (hydrology, nutrient input, energy inputs, organisms, etc.) a specific ecosystem would develop that maximizes gross production and total ecosystem energy consumption.

Self-organization makes ecosystems “competitive and useful” and able to “capture and feed energy back into useful processes” (HTO Papers Box 43, Odum (1973), Principles for interfacing wetlands with development). Odum identified Fredeic E. Clements, an early American plant ecologist whose views of vegetation development were highly deterministic (van der Valk 2014), as an important contributor to the development of systems ecology (HTO Papers Box 68, Notes for a talk, Century of General Systems Ecology, given April 14, 1998 at Syracuse University). For Odum, Clements’ theory of succession to climax was an example of self-organization. For the first half of the twentieth century, Clements’ deterministic views dominated ecological theory in the United States, but by the 1970s they were on the wane. Odum gave them new life. Odum’s deterministic view of ecosystem development and functioning would become widespread in wetland ecology after the 1970s as it was spread by Odum’s students in their papers, reports and books. For a detailed examination of Odum’s deterministic approach to ecology, see Taylor (1988).

SUMMARY Howard T. Odum did much to raise the visibility and value of wetlands, both among his fellow scientists (the Silver Springs study most notably) and among policy makers and the general public (the Cypress Dome study). His work demonstrated that wetlands were important ecosystems whose study would reveal new scientific insights and would establish the importance of wetlands to human society. He was, however, much more than just a wetland ecologist.

He developed a new approach to describing and modeling energy flows and storages in ecosystems. After the publication of Environment, Power and Society (Odum 1971), his intellectual interests became increasingly fixed on societal and economic issues and on applying his insights from work on the energetics of ecosystems to human societies at a variety of scales.

For a new scientific discipline to develop, recruiting and training additional scientists in the discipline is essential as is institution building. Odum’s lab at Florida was a major center for training wetland ecologists. Many of Odum’s graduate Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 31

students went on to become important and influential figures in wetland ecology during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Odum also raised the visibility of wetland ecology through the establishment of the Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida. In short, although Odum was a wetland ecologist only during the first half or so of his lengthy professional career, his work on wetlands helped transform wetland ecology from an antecedent science to a new, selfconscious scientific discipline. n REFERENCES

Constanza, R. 1995. What is ecological economics? In C.A.S. Hall (ed.).

Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. Pp. 161-163.

Cook, R.E. 1977. Raymond Lindeman and the trophic-dynamic concept in ecology. Science 198: 22-26.

Egerton, F.N. 2012. Roots of Ecology. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Ewel, J.J. 2003. Howard Thomas Odum (1924-2002). Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 84: 13-15.

Ewel, K.C. and H.T. Odum (Editors). 1984. Cypress Swamps. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Fritz, W.R. and S.C. Helle. 1984. Feasibility of Cypress wetland tertiary treatment. In K.C. Ewel and H.T. Odum (eds.). Cypress Swamps. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Pp. 249-257.

Hall, C.A.S. (Editor). 1995. Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. Joslin, C. (Editor). 1973. Action Today for Energy Tomorrow. Second National Energy Forum, March 18-20, 1973. Atomic Industrial Forum, Washington, DC. Kadlec, R.H. and R.L. Knight. 1996. Treatment Wetlands. CRC Press/ Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. Knight, R.L. 1995. Wetland systems for wastewater management: Implementation. In C.A.S. Hall (ed.). Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. Pp.123-131.

Lindeman, R.L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23: 399-418.

Mitsch, W.J. 1995. Ecological engineering: From Gainesville to Beijing – A comparison of approaches in the United States and China. In C.A S. Hall (ed.). Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum.

University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. Pp. 109-122.

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Mitsch, W.J. 2003. Ecology, ecological engineering and the Odum brothers. Ecological Engineering 20: 331-338.

Nixon, S. 1995. H. T. Odum and marine ecology. In C.A.S. Hall (ed.).

Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. Pp. 19-22.

Odum, E.P. 1959. Fundamentals of Ecology. Second Edition. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Odum, H.T. 1956. Primary production in flowing water. Limnology and Oceanography 1: 102-117.

Odum, H.T. 1957. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecological Monographs 27: 55-112.

Odum, H.T, 1971. Environment, Power, and Society. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY. Odum, H.T. 1983. Systems Ecology: An Introduction. John Wiley, New York, NY. Ordway, J.W. 1984. Description of study site. In K.C. Ewel and H.T. Odum (eds.). Cypress Swamps. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Pp. 69-71.

Seidel, K. 1966. Reinigung von Gewässern durch höhere Pflanzen.

Naturwissenschaften 53: 289-297.

Taylor, P.J. 1988. H. T. Odum, and the partial transformation of ecological metaphor after World War II. Journal of the History of Biology 21: 213-244. van der Valk, A.G. 2011. Origins and development of ecology. In K. deLaplant, B. Brown, and K.A, Peacock (eds.). Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 11. Philosophy of Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Pp. 25-48. van der Valk, A.G. 2014. From formation to ecosystem: Tansley’s response to Clements’ climax. Journal of the History of Biology 47: 293-321. van der Valk, A.G. 2017. Antecedent wetland ecologists – German and Austrian in the nineteenth century. Wetland Science and Practice 34: 112-117. van der Valk, A.G. 2018. Stephen A. Forbes, antecedent wetland ecologist. Wetland Science and Practice 35: 18-24. van der Valk, A.G., C.B. Davis, J.L. Baker, and C.L. Beer. 1978. Natural freshwater wetlands as nitrogen and phosphorous traps for land runoff.

In P.E. Greeson, J.R. Clark, and J.E. Clark (eds.) Wetland Functions and Values: The State of Our Understandings. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, MN. Pp. 457-467.

FLOATING WETLANDS

Formation and Development of Floating Peat Mats in a European Eutrophic Lake: A Case Study Henning Günther1, Dresden University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany and Rüdiger Knösche, Potsdam University (retired), Potsdam, Germany

ABSTRACT n a case study, we analyzed the development of a spatially extended eutrophic floating marsh in a mid-European river floodplain lake. Such buoyant fringe marshes occur occasionally in lakes or river floodplain waters which have accumulated considerable amounts of very soft organic sediments. There are two hypotheses about their formation: 1) diverse helophytes, among them Cicuta virosa and Carex pseudocyperus, colonize floating-leaf plant communities or floating plant residues washed ashore, and 2) normal reed stands detach from the soft lake bottom which then float up caused by their rhizome aerenchyma and by marsh gas accumulation. The following questions were pursued: 1) How did these floating peat mats develop and do they grow horizontally on the water surface? and 2) How will they develop in future? Our study is mainly based on the analysis of historical maps, aerial photographs, and the zonation of the riparian vegetation. In the first half of the 20th century, the formation of floating swamps began on the waterside edge of large reeds that had developed on huge mud banks.

The succession proceeded at this edge to alder carr without substantial expansion toward the open water. This and other findings led us to the conclusion that the floating mat formation proceeds according to the second hypothesis. Since there is no significant horizontal growth of these floating marshes, the riparian vegetation belt of the lake will only spread by repeating the entire process.

I

INTRODUCTION Eutrophic floating peat mats (floating islands, floating marshes, ‘Schwingmoore’ or ‘Schwingriede’ in Germany, ‘Plaur or Plav’ in Danube Delta, floating sudds in Africa, ‘matupá’ in Brasilia) are worldwide in distribution (Gore 1983; Van Duzer 2004; Tiner 2009). They are stands of helophytes growing on several decimeters and sometimes up to 2 m thick layers of rhizome networks, interspersed with peat, floating on water surface or on extremely liquid mud predominantly in front of the normal reed belt. Wind and wave action occasionally detach pieces from these mats which then drift over the lake, run aground on mud banks, or run ashore. The growth time for such mats depends on 1. Corresponding author: henning.guenther@htw-dresden.de.

the productivity of their vegetation and can take up to 100 years for a 60 cm thick Typha mat (Hogg and Wein 1988a).

Eutrophic floating marshes occasionally seem to mark the terminal stage of the limnic phase of lakes (Pokorný and Jankovská 2000; Tallis 1983) and therefore, their developmental dynamics are of interest for comprehensive understanding of terrestrialization (i.e., filling of the lake by sedimentation and accumulation of organic matter that converts open water to a habitat dominated by woody vegetation) as well as for lake management (Mallison et al. 2001). Moreover, in nature conservation this type of emergent vegetation that often forms great belts around lakes is of higher interest, due to its structure. Floating peat mats are characterized by a relatively low vegetation height, relatively high plant species diversity, and interspersed small water areas providing special habitats for water birds (Burgess and Hirons 1992; Dunlop et al. 1991; Sjörs 1983). Occasionally, floating mats are also of economic interest because detached mat pieces can block waterways and outflows (Mallison and Hujik 1999; Mallison et al. 2001, 2010).

For understanding the origin and development of floating eutrophic marshes, it must be stated in principle that many helophytes are more or less able to float due to their gas-filled lacunar system (aerenchyma) in the corm (Crawford 1983). However, most of them cannot survive floating on water surface in an upright position without anchorage in a solid ground. In order to explain origin and development of floating peat mats in Central Europe the following hypotheses have been suggested (Boer 1942; Hejný 1971; Sculthorpe 1985): 1a. Floating-leaf plants, e.g., Nymphaea and Nuphar, and floating communities of Stratiotes aloides or Hydrocharis morsus-ranae serve together with entrapped floating organic matter in stagnant lake bays as substratum for establishment of the plant community Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi with the characteristic species Cicuta virosa and Carex pseudocyperus. These initials become more and more solidified by plant roots and by incorporated organic matter (Freitag et al. 1958; van Donselaar 1961; den Held et al. 1992).

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 33

1b. A similar hypothesis is the assumption of colonization of organic residues by helophytic plants that have been washed ashore providing a suitable substratum for growth of diverse helophytic plants.

Here species such as Cicuta virosa, Carex pseudocyperus, and Thelypteris palustris may be very effective (Krausch 1965). Cicuta virosa and Carex pseudocyperus are specially adapted to grow on wet, little decomposed plant litter (Hejný 1960).

2. Typha or Phragmites stands anchored in very soft mud detach from the bottom at rising water level, sometimes additionally promoted by wind and wave action, and begin to float due to their aerenchyma and accumulated marsh-gas bubbles. These floating reeds will then be invaded by a range of lower growing helophytes, such as Cicuta virosa, Carex pseudocyperus, Mentha aquatica, Lycopus europaeus, and Thelypteris palustris (Pallis 1916; van Donselaar-Ten Bokkel Huinik 1961; Rodewald-Rudescu 1974; Hogg and Wein 1987; Krusi and Wein 1988; Lieffers 1984; Mallik 1989; Tomassen et al. 2004; Volkova 2010).

Rodewald-Rudescu (1974) in describing floating mats in the Danube Delta estimated that this way of floating mat formation was the rule in that water system.

Although most scientists tend favor the second hypothesis, it is not yet clear whether both pathways occur in Central European waters, and if so, which way is more important or for which types of waters these ways are characteristic. Especially for larger lakes, it is not easy to understand how such vegetation initials on loose organic matter can survive wind and wave action for long periods. In the case of colonization of Stratiotes carpets, the carrying vegetation even sinks to the bottom at winter time. Furthermore, small isolated waters cannot accumulate substantial amounts of loose organic matter on the shore.

We had the opportunity to investigate Lake Schollene within the Havel River floodplain in NE Germany - which is characterized by extensive floating vegetation mats and was described relatively well in an older study (Potonié 1937). This enabled us to conduct a case study on the longterm development of eutrophic floating peat mats. For this, we addressed two questions: 1) How did these floating peat mats develop and do they grow significantly laterally on the water surface? and 2) How will they develop under human influence in future?

STUDY AREA Lake Schollene, located in the floodplain of the lower section of River Havel (Brandenburg, NE Germany), is a mediumsized shallow lake covering 240 ha including reeds and the FIGURE 1. Map showing the position of Lake Schollene within the lower Havel River floodplain. floating peatland belt. The zone of reeds and floating marshes is exceptionally large so that the open water occupies only 39% (94.6 ha) of the total area (Rutter et al. 1994; Figure 1). The original depth to the mineral substrate was approximately 12 m (Potonié 1937), but the lake has filled with organic sediment up to an average free water depth of 0.75 m and a maximum depth of 2.1 m, measured at summertime (Fisch und Umwelt 2005). The water catchment area of the lake has an area of 3100 ha, from which a high proportion of the water seeps diffusely into the lake.

During flooding phases, water flows from the Havel River into the lake via a connecting ditch - Seestrang Ditch, and at low river water levels in summer, the lake is impounded by a weir to 34 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

ensure a minimum level (e.g., 24.40–25.13 m a.s.l. in 1996).

Without this weir one third of the open water area would fall dry (be exposed) during summer (Hilbig and Reichhoff 1974; Kummer et al. 1973). The productivity of the lake can be classified as polytrophic (Knösche 2008).

METHODS Historical Water Surface Areas For analysis of the water surface areas of Lake Schollene, historical maps were superimposed using GIS with the help of three road crossings. We used historical topographic maps of 1767-1787 (Schmettau’s map series at 1:50.000), of 1843 (Prussian Base Mapping 1830-1865, ordinance survey map of Schollene surveyed by Techow in 1843, the first reliable topographic map at 1:25.000), of 1877-1915 (Prussian New Land Survey 1877-1915 at 1:25.000), and of 1985 (topographic maps at 1:25,000).

Historical Water Levels In addition to the water surface area, we estimated the historical water levels in the River Havel at the mouth of Seestrang Ditch. That was possible using historical water level data recorded at the gauges Rathenow and Havelberg between 1900 and August 1945 as well as at the gauges Grütz and Garz since August 1945 provided by the Water and Shipping Administration of the Federal Government, Federal Institute for Water Sciences. Water levels at the mouth of Seestrang Ditch were interpolated, assuming a constant flow gradient, by using the ratio of distances between this point and the weir Rathenow (after 1913 the weir at Grütz) as well as the whole distance between Rathenow (Grütz) and Havelberg for the period 1900–1945.

These water levels correspond during the winter with those of Lake Schollene. For the period after August 1945 the gauges of weirs Grütz and Garz (built between 1906 and 1912) were used. The interpolated water levels have been validated on the basis of measured winter water levels since 1996 to 2015 at a gauge in the ditch which corresponds with the water level of Lake Schollene during winter and spring (‘gauge’ in Figure 2). Interpolated data from 1913 to 1945 were additionally corrected by a factor derived from comparison of current interpolated data on the basis of the gauges in Havelberg/Rathenow and Grütz/Garz. That is the time period from which the water level data of Grütz/Garz were lost (i.e., burned) at the end of the Second World War. Vegetation For analysis of the vegetation development, we used a vegetation map based on an aerial photograph published by Potonié (1937), as well as original aerial photographs from May 31, 1944 (film No. 0066-44), the summer of 1953 (film No. 1953, picture 679), May 25, 1995 (film No. 10-95, picture 107), and April 17, 2003 (film No. 25-03, picture 475)

obtained from the Office of Land-surveying and Geoinformation Brandenburg. The use of the aerial photographs was permitted by this Institution in accordance with Agreement Geobasisdaten © GeoBasis-DE/LGB, GB 05/19.

The emergent vegetation was surveyed in detail only at the lakeward side. In the winter 2005/06, we systematically surveyed 70 transects (4 m wide, 10–30 m long) beginning at the lakeward vegetation boundary to assess the distribution and spatial sequences of the floating vegetation types.

The ice cover allowed us to enter the reed stands. Transects were arranged equidistantly every 100 m. Most of the helophytic species could also be determined in winter so that the assignment to plant associations was possible.

The assignment of communities was based on a geobotanical study in this lake by Zank (1997, unpublished). Four vegetation types were identified, with vegetation types 1, 2, and 3 being mostly described as floating marshes in the literature.

1. A community regularly characterized by Carex pseudocyperus occurs nearly exclusively at the lakeward edge of the emergent vegetation. It is rich in helophytes of lower stature like Thelypteris palustris, Rumex hydrolapathum, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Peucedanum palustre, Epilobium sp., and is sparsely interspersed with Phragmites australis or Typha species. This phytocoenosis has been described as Cicuto virosae-Caricetum pseudocyperi Boer et Siss. 1942 by Boer (1942), as Cicuta type by Den Held et al. (1992), or as ‘water hemlock-sedge fen’ by Succow and Joosten (2001, pp. 146-148 and 152). Cicuta is often absent in this type of vegetation, yet many authors assign such communities to the CicutoCaricetum, as they are similar in structure, physiognomy and function (Philippi 1973; Hilbig and Reichhoff 1974).

2. A community like the Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi is extensively dominated by Carex paniculata. It has been termed as Cicuto-Caricetum paniculatae Succ 1970 (Jeschke and Müther 1978), Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi variant of Carex paniculata (Timmermann 1993), Caricetum paniculatae (Krausch 1964; Westhoff and Den Held 1969; Pott 1992), Rumici hydrolapathi-Caricetum paniculatae Succ. 1988 (Schubert et al. 1995), or as Carex paniculata type (Den Held et al. 1992). To distinguish this community from the Caricetum paniculatae Wangerin 1916 ap. v. Rochow 1951 on wet terrestrial sites where Rumex hydrolapathum is usually absent, we use the name Rumici hydrolapathi-Caricetum paniculatae.

3. This type is nearly up to 100% covered by Thelypteris palustris. Phragmites or Typha are moderately frequent interspersed and the other helophytes of the CicutoCaricetum are absent or scarce. This phytocoenosis has been described as Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum Kuiper 1957 (Kuiper 1957; Tomaszewicz 1977).

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4. The last type - alder carr termed as Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Tx. 1931, is dominated by Alnus glutinosa, moderately colonized by Carex paniculata, with scattered Carex elongata. This type is the driest of the lake’s wetland plant communities.

Sampling of Peat Cores Common peat corers were not suitable for sampling peat due to the very coarse and compressible substrate of the peat mats. Consequently, we used a long knife to cut out a 20 x 20 cm peat block which was then carefully excavated.

From the upper peat layer, we cut three blocks (7-10 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, measured precisely) and one block from the sublayer. Blocks were taken to the lab, dried at 70°C in a drying oven for one week and then weighed.

show any flood marks while non-buoyant vegetation carried such marks at a height corresponding to the water level rise.

Further, non-buoyant alder trees suffered from submergence of their trunk bases, having their leaves turn yellow (i.e., evidence of chlorosis) or having lost their foliage. This happens due to a decrease of oxygen supply to the roots via lenticels located predominantly at the trunk bases when inundated during the growing season (Ellenberg and Leuschner 2010, p. 467). On this basis, we mapped the buoyant and nonbuoyant vegetation as far as it could be viewed from water.

At longer distances, the yellow-leaved or dead alder trees indicated non-floating vegetation. The landward boundary of the floatability, however, was only estimated (Figure 2). We found non-buoyant vegetation in the center of the southern island and as small patches at the water side periphery of RESULTS the emergent vegetation which anchor the large floating peat mats at their position. Sometimes these patches originated Floatability of Emergent Vegetation in Lake Schollene from former floating peat mats already carrying alder trees The floatability of large areas of emergent vegetation in this which lost their buoyancy (Figure 2 and 3) while in other lake has been achieved in different ways. During the flood cases, they may be formed by reeds that did not get buoyant. events of 2002, 2006, and 2013, large islands detached from the emergent vegetation belt forming the lakeshore and then Hydrology and Water Level of Lake Schollene drifted over the lake (Figure 2). The extreme summer flood As noted earlier, this lake is part of the Havel River flood2002 left highly visible flood marks on alder trunks and reed plain and is connected by a ~1.5 km long ditch called plants rooted in the substrate. Floatable vegetation did not “Seestrang” (Figure 1). Between 1980 and 2015 the lake’s water level ranged from 24.85 m to FIGURE 2. Floatability of the emergent vegetation mapped on the basis of flood marks on alder 26.31 m a.s.l. (mean: 24.95 m). The trunks and on dead emergent plant parts after the extreme Elbe River flood in the summer of 2002. minimum water level is controlled by The inserted photograph shows a non-floating part (dead alders) at the northern shore line of the a weir in Seestrang Ditch that is closed southern large island. The arrows indicate the direction of movement of detached floating mats in during the summer when the river 2002, 2006, and 2013. The use of the underlying map is permitted by Geobasisdaten © GeoBasiswater level goes down. If the water DE/LGB, GB 05/19. level in the river exceeds about 25 m a.s.l., the surrounding fen areas of the lake will increasingly be flooded until the lake level corresponds with that of the river. This weir existed before the Second World War but had almost completely disintegrated by the end of 1960s. It was reconstructed in the 1970s but the exact construction time was not documented (personal information from the authorities for nature conservation). Before the reconstruction, the water level in the lake was from time to time lowered so far that larger peripheral areas of the lake were exposed to air (personal observations from local fishermen, aerial photograph from summer 1953 – Figure 6, and Kummer et al. 1973). Unfortunately, that was not documented in a manner we could use for analysis.

36 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

From 1900 to today, some important actions were taken for river regulation. Between 1906 and 1912 two new weirs were constructed between Rathenow and Havelberg at Grütz and Garz. The Weir Neuwerben in the north of Havelberg which ensures minimum water levels in the Havel River was set into operation in 1954 (Nabu 2017).

Water levels in the Havel River at the mouth of Seestrang Ditch correspond during the winter with those of Lake Schollene. The water levels responded clearly to the river regulation measures from 1906 to 1912: they were lowered by about 0.5 m (Figure 4). Simultaneously, the lowest water levels increased slightly (better water retention in the river). Since then, the river’s water level often fell below 25 m a.s.l. (mean water level of Lake Schollene).

Consequently, large peripheral areas of the lake would fall dry in summer if the weir in Seestrang Ditch was not closed. According to the bathymetric map of Fisch und Umwelt (2005), a 15–60 m wide peripheral strip of the lake would be exposed when the water level drops below 24.5 m while about 80% of the lake area would be dewatered at a level of 24 m.

In-filling History of Lake Schollene since the Late 1700s The oldest available map of Lake Schollene is that of Schmettau (1767-1787). Unfortunately, it was rather difficult to fit this map to modern maps due to the generalized land survey techniques used at that time. Thus, the exact dimensions of the lake remained unreliable, only the shape of the lake could be fairly reliably assessed. Another problem was the appraisal of the silting-up vegetation. This vegetation was usually not mapped by the land surveyors because

FIGURE 4. Estimated water levels of River Havel at the mouth of Seestrang Ditch during different time periods. White box: Period of the construction of the Weirs Grütz and Garz, these data are somewhat unreliable because it is not known when the weirs became fully operational. Boxes: 25%-quantile to 75%-quantile with the median (line) and mean value (cross).

FIGURE 5. Comparison of historical maps (1843, 1880, and 1985) of Lake Schollene showing the recent development of emergent vegetation and floating marshes: a: 1880 map vs. 1843 map (grey background map) and b: 1985 map vs. 1880 map. The maps were fitted using the crossroads 1, 2, and 3 as well as the inflow ditch in the west.

FIGURE 3. Flood marks: Non-floating section within a floating alder carr after the 2006 spring flood. The area inundated during the flood then exhibited dead epigeal marsh vegetation and flood traces on alder trunks (dried lake detritus) while the surrounding buoyant area remained fresh and green.

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 37

it was of little interest at that time and difficult to survey.

The first information about the occurrence of wetlands in the lake appears on Techow’s map of 1843 (Figure 5A, grey background map). This map shows a water area that almost perfectly corresponds with that from 1880 (continuous line in Figure 5a and b). Within this boundary line, Techow symbolized relatively large areas of vegetation standing in water, as it was marked by reed symbols over horizontal blue brush strokes (asterisks in Figure 5A). These areas roughly resembled those of the emergent vegetation on the map of 1985 (light grey in Figure 5B). In the map of 1880, some reed symbols are inserted in these areas, indicating that reeds grew in water. But, at that time, reeds were only mapped very roughly.

Outside of the 1880 shoreline, Techow mapped alder carrs (small vertical dashes) within the border of wet meadows which have been farmed since 1880 (dashed line in Figure 5a and b). In the terrestrial area within this dashed

line, Rutter et al. (1994) found lake sediments in soil cores, but not outside this zone. The historical maps suggest that the area of open water including reeds standing in water decreased by about 65% very rapidly from the middle of the 18th century to the first third of the 20th century and then remained fairly constant (Table 1). However, it should be emphasized that Schmettau’s maps of 1767-1787 were not very accurate.

The development of the emergent vegetation and floating marshes inside the lake from 1936 onwards is well documented by aerial photographs. Besides the fairly constant area of open water, the structure of the emergent vegetation changed occasionally. In 1936 and 1953 the lake was dotted with many small reed islands, sometimes free floating and sometimes anchored in the ground (Potonié 1937; Figure 6). That was the period when the lake occasionally fell partially dry (Kummer et al. 1973). These islands occurred exclusively within the shallower lake zones and were mainly

TABLE 1. Estimated development of the non-terrestrialized lake area from 1767 to 1880 (grey, area of reeds standing in water unclear) and the area of open water from 1936 to 2015 (white). Note that the areas from 1767 and 1812 are not very reliable because the land survey at that time was not as accurate as it was since the Prussian Base Mapping (1830-1865).

Year Area of open water (ha)

1767 270

1812 228

1843 168

1880 168

FIGURE 6. Development of the emergent and floating vegetation areas between 1936 and 2015 drawn from the vegetation map of Potonié (1937) and from aerial photographs of 1953, 1995, and 2015. Dark grey: emergent and floating vegetation, light grey: open water table, and white: bare lake bottom. A large section of marsh in the lower left of the 1995 image floated (dotted hatching) away and relocated to the lower right in 2015.

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1936 95.1

1953 83.8

1995 95.0

2003 95.7

2015 93.7

FIGURE 7. Development of floating marshes shown for the eastern part (main basin) of the lake, drawn from aerial photographs. The mixed reed plant community is very similar to the Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi according to the reported species by Potonié (1937) although he did not mention this association. The wooded areas increased from 27.8 ha in 1936 (11.4 ha Alnus glutinosa and 16.4 ha Salix sp.) to 40.7 ha in 1953 and to 43.8 ha in 2003. However, the differentiation into willow and alder groves was not done for 1953 and 2003 because this was not reliably possible on the existing aerial photographs.

Typha patches (documented in some photographs from that is that the great number of small islands in the shallow portime, H. Krüger, Rathenow 1955-60, unpublished pertion of the lake have disappeared. sonal communication). The structure of the lake remained The Vegetation of the Floating Marshes constant for four decades after 1953 until very high water The sequence of the four vegetation types was surveyed levels caused considerable rearrangements of reed beds in along transects during the winter 2005/06. The observed 2002, 2006 and 2013 (Figures 2 and 6). Floating mats carvegetation sequences were almost variable. In 19% of the rying alder forests drifted over the lake driven by wind and transects, the Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi occurred attached to other locations on the lakeshore. at the water side and was followed by the Rumici hydroDevelopment of the Floating Marshes since 1936 lapathi-Caricetum paniculatae or/and the ThelypteridiThe formation of floating marshes was documented using Phragmitetum and then by the Carici elongatae-Alnetum the vegetation map of Potonié (1937) and two aerial photo- glutinosae. Sometimes the Cicuto-Caricetum was directly graphs, one from 1953 and the other from 2003. The main followed by an Alnetum (Figure 7). In Lake Schollene, purpose was to record the spread of alder trees because they Cicuta virosa is currently absent but we nevertheless asmark the end point of the succession of emergent vegetasigned this phytocoenosis to the Cicuto-Caricetum as has tion in waters. On the aerial images of 1953 and 2003, it been done by many geobotanists (e.g., Krausch 1964; was impossible to differentiate reliably between willow Fabiszewski and Faliński 1967; Philippi 1973; Hilbig and bushes and alder carrs, so we classified both willows and Reichhoff 1974; Fischer 1999). This community formed alders simply as woody plants. The northwestern part of the a 1–9 m wide (median = 3 m) vegetation belt. In transects lake was excluded from our analysis, because the differenwhere the Cicuto-Caricetum was absent, the Rumici hydrotiation between reeds and woody plants on the photographs lapathi-Caricetum paniculatae (26%) or the Thelypteridiwas not always possible there.

Phragmitetum (33%) adjoined the open water. In 20% of From 1936 to 2003, the areal extent of the emergent the transects alder carr bordered directly on the open water. vegetation did not appear to change as the reported water At two sites, a 2 m wide stand of Typha latifolia rooting in area was nearly constant (Table 1). Some changes in the arthe lake bottom was situated in front of the Cicuto-Cariceeal structure did occur. The large southern island showed its tum (Figure 7). basic structure already in 1936 which, however, got more compact until 2003 FIGURE 8. The sequence of plant associations in 70 radial oriented and equidistant (100 m) arranged transects beginning at the open water/emergent vegetation edge. Cic.-Car. = Cicuto(Figure 7). This island revealed the Caricetum pseudocyperi without Cicuta virosa, Car. pan. = Rumici hydrolapathi-Caricetum panicudevelopment of the emergent vegetalatae, Thel.-Phr. = Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum, Scir.-Phr. = Scirpo-Phragmitetum, Alnetum = Carici tion best. At the first stage in 1936, the elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae. Parentheses mean that the community is sometimes present and island consisted mainly of Phragmites sometimes not. The survey was made in January 2006. Two basins in the northwest were inacand Schoenoplectus reeds surrounded by cessible due to ice conditions. a helophytic plant community characterized by Cicuta virosa, Rumex hydrolapathum, Thelypteris palustris, Iris pseudacorus and Symphytum officinale, and interspersed with reed species - it was called “Röhricht-PflanzenGemeinschaft, gemischt” (mixed reed plant community) by Potonié (1937).

Nearly exclusively within this community, small alder bushes developed (Figure 7). These alder patches enlarged centripetally as well as centrifugally and reached the lakeward shoreline in most places. This development could also be observed at the other shores of the lake.

The residual of the central reed stand in the island is today well anchored in the ground and does not contain Thelypteris palustris. A further conspicuous change Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 39

The Structure of the Floating Peat Mats Four peat cores were excavated from the island that drifted away in 2013, two from the fringe zone (about 5–10 m from the peat mat edge) and two from the inner zone of the island (about 30–35 m from the edge). The fringe carried a largely open alder carr with a lot of dead trees (only about 10% cover by living trees) while the inner zone contained a more closed and vital alder carr (about 60% tree cover). Total mat thickness was 70 and 76 cm in the fringe and 62 and 66 cm in the inner area. The upper substrate layer was a brown peat mass intertwined by roots from the alder trees and below this layer a network of old dead rhizomes from a reed vegetation (rhizome diameter up to 2 cm) was found. The dry mass density ranged from 0.07 to 0.12 g cm-3 and excavated pieces from both layers were very buoyant (Figure 9).

DISCUSSION Recent Development of the In-filling Zone The open water area of the lake was presumably never larger than marked by the dashed line in Figure 5 since Rutter et al. (1994) did not find any lake sediments outside this border line and areas inside are much wetter than the farmed meadows outside. As noted earlier, the area of open water appeared to decrease very rapidly from the middle of the 18th century to the first third of the 20th century - by about 65% and remained fairly constant thereafter (Table 1). Besides the accumulation rate of organic sediments, the speed of terrestrialization depends on changes of the water level. A decreasing water level promotes the progression of the reed stands towards the open water area and vice versa, whereby the regression of the reed is slower and often not complete (van der Valk and Davis 1979; Wallsten and Forsgren 1989; Coops et al. 2004). Unfortunately, we have FIGURE 9. The vertical profile of the floating peat mats, compiled from the results of 4 peat cores taken from the island drifted away in 2013 (see Figure 2)

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no information about the lake water levels before 1900.

However, at the beginning of the 20th century the lowering of the mean water level in the Havel River by about 0.5 m (Figure 4), occasionally in combination with years in which the lake fell partially dry, may have promoted the repeated colonization of the exposed lake bottom or of very shallow water areas by reed stands, often in the form of small patches and islands (Figure 6). An aerial photograph from 1945, which is difficult to evaluate due to its poor quality, also shows a great number of reed islands. Thus, it is striking that the reed island formation only occurred during the time of unstable minimum water levels before the reconstruction of the outflow weir. Remarkably, no new reed stands have emerged after that.

The Structure and Floatability of the Peat Mats The structure and thickness of Lake Schollene’s floating peat mats correspond with those reported from the Mississippi River Delta (two-layered and about 50 cm thick; Sasser et al. 1991, 1995a, 1996; Swarzenski et al. 1991), but the sublayer of those mats was described as loose peat consisting of more decomposed organic material.

The floating Phragmites marshes in the Danube Delta are different (Rodewald-Rudescu 1974). They are threelayered, 50–200 cm thick, with two sublayers consisting mainly of more horizontal (deepest layer) or more vertical (middle layer) Phragmites rhizomes. These differences in the structure of the peat mats may be due to the morphology of Phragmites australis. The floating mats of Lake Schollene originated from Phragmites or Typha stands (rhizomes of the sublayer, Figure 9) but were later successively colonized by stands of herbaceous helophytes and alders (see below). Typha and Phragmites rhizomes have large aerenchyma that contribute to their buoyancy (Hogg and Wein 1988a, b). However, the most important contribution to the buoyancy comes presumably from marsh gas entrapped within the peat (Canadian flooded fen: Hogg and Wein 1988b; Mississippi Delta: Sasser et al. 1996).

Unfortunately, we have not done any similar investigations to confirm this for Lake Schollene peat mats. The strong dependence of the buoyancy on trapped marsh gas means that the floating mats may lose their buoyancy when subjected to strong wave action and/or due to the increased weight of the alder trees. Strong wave action may further loosen the peat body so that it may lose marsh gas while introducing oxygen into and under the peat mats that may slow marsh gas production. Observations of a local dieback of alders on peripheral zones of the floating marshes (Figure 2) seems to suggest loss of buoyancy.

These sites can be colonized by willows which are more flood-tolerant than alders (Hilbig and Reichhoff 1974).

Besides the degree of marsh gas accumulation, buoyancy depends on the density of the peat (fresh mass per volume) (Hogg and Wein 1988b; Sasser et al. 1995a, 1996).

Since measuring the density of fresh peat is a challenge as marsh gas bubbles and water are lost immediately during excavation of the cores, authors have used the dry peat weight per unit volume as an important metric. Tomassen et al. (2004) estimated a bulk density of dried peat of about 0.075 g cm-3 in Dutch floating oligotrophic bogs. Similar results and a density for non-floating peat ranging between 0.105 and 0.16 g cm-3 were reported by Sasser et al. 1991, 1995a, 1996 and Swarzenski et al. 1991 from eutrophic floating mats in the Mississippi Delta. For Lake Schollene peat mats we found 0.11 g cm-3 in the upper layer and 0.07 g cm-3 in the sublayer, which are more at or above the limit for buoyancy. It is difficult to assess why bulk densities in Lake Schollene are slightly higher. It may be that the higher root content and possibly the better degradability of alder litter, partly promoted under the influence of oxygen, leads to denser peat. Due to the high nitrogen content of alder litter and the correlation of the litter decomposability with the C/N ratio, the decomposition rate of alder litter is about 25 times higher than that of Phragmites or Typha (Enriquez et al. 1993). We have carefully tried to exclude a compression of the peat by our sampling method but the leakage of marsh gas during the excavation of the sample could not completely be prevented. It may be that in such old peat mats, carrying alder trees, especially the top layer is more compressed by the own weight.

The Process of Floating Mat Formation in Lake Schollene If floating mat formation in Lake Schollene came through colonization of pleustophytic vegetation (i.e., free floating plants) or of accumulated organic matter (first hypothesis, see Introduction), one would expect to see substantial lateral growth of the floating mats. However, such lateral growth has not been observed in this lake. Consequently, development of the emergent vegetation in Lake Schollene more likely supports the second hypothesis (detachment of reed stands from the lake bottom and subsequent floatingup). At the latest, in the first third of the 20th century, the emergent vegetation began to float on water or on extremely liquid mud (Potonié 1937). Potonié’s map indicates that at the beginning of the 20th century the in-filling process had progressed so far that suitable conditions for floating peat mat formation arose: 1) up to 12 m accumulated organic sediment distributed over the whole lake area, 2) free water depth ≤2 m, 3) possibility of wind-induced redistribution of the lake mud, and 4) formation of very soft mud banks. His map shows very large areas with water depths ≤25 cm in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the lake - areas located nearest to the prevailing wind direction

and therefore most sheltered from wind by the shore and its vegetation. Here large quantities of redistributed very soft organic sediments have accumulated, accelerating the spread of reed-bed vegetation (Horst et al. 1966; Figure 5). However, the very soft consistency of the redistributed organic matter allowed for only a poor anchoring of plants in the sediment. The preferential formation of floating marshes on very thick and soft mud layers has also been highlighted by many authors (Pallis 1916; Boer 1942; van Donselaar 1961; Jeschke 1963; Bernatowicz and Zachwieja 1966; Schmidt 1981; Hogg and Wein 1988a; Bunting and Warner 1998; Fischer 1999).

As the map comparison suggests, the formation of floating peat mats likely began at places with typical reeds standing in water (Figure 5). To explain the formation of floating mats in detail we focus on the southern big island because the process is best visible there. This island was located in the same place until 2013 - the map of 1843 shows reeds most likely standing in water (Figure 5), and later Potonié (1937) mapped normal Phragmites stands on approximately 75% of the central island area. The formation of floating mats started at the periphery of the island with a community called by Potonié as “mixed reed plant community” (Figure 7), occupied by species that do not grow in deep water and are characteristic for the Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi. Among these species, Cicuta virosa clearly prefers floating marshes (Shin et al. 2013, 2015). Moreover, the floatability is evident, because the first small alder groves, which would not be able to survive submergence at summertime (Ellenberg and Leuschner 2010), colonized these peripheral communities. These alder groves spread then towards the periphery of the island, so that they often border directly to the water body (Figure 10). But the most conspicuous spread of the alder carr occurred centripetally, indicating the progression of floatability (Figure 7). All this development took place without any substantial expansion of that island, meaning that the formation and further development of the floating marshes occurred at one and the same site. Consequently, an enlargement of the total area of the floating mats seems only be possible after reeds colonized the lake bottom followed by the whole process of floating up due to a rise in lake levels. On old floating mats, the alders can then accumulate so much organic matter that they touch down on more stable layers of the lake sediment. The described process of floating mat formation is illustrated in Figure 11 and applies in principle to the other shores of the lake (Figure 7).

The mode of floating mat formation, as described for Lake Schollene, was discussed by the most scientists who have studied eutrophic lakes in the temperate climatic zone (Pallis 1916; Rodewald-Rudescu 1974; Hogg and Wein Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 41

FIGURE 10. Non-floating section with dead alder trees within a floating alder carr after the spring flood in 2006. This photo was taken in July 2006 and therefore shows recovering marsh vegetation.

FIGURE 11. Schematic representation of the hypothesized origin and development of the floating marshes in Lake Schollene. The scheme represents, for instance, a NE to SW transect through the southern island shown in Figure 7.

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1987; Hogg and Wein 1988a; Krusi and Wein 1988; Mallik 1989; Somodi and Botta-Dukat 2004; Volkova 2010).

Hogg and Wein (1987) directly observed this process in a Canadian lake in the temperate zone after a rise in water levels. Some of the studies assumed lateral growth of these floating peat mats (Bernatowicz et al. 1966; Hogg and Wein 1988a; Krusi and Wein 1988; Somodi and Botta-Dukat 2004; Volkova 2010) but clear evidence for this assumption were not reported. Sasser et al. (1995b) even found a net area loss of the floating peat mats by about 4% on the basis of aerial photographs within a 47-year period in a lake in the Mississippi River Delta.

The floating Sphagnum mats in oligotrophic bog lakes can generally grow centripetally along the water surface. In contrast to eutrophic systems, the pioneer species in such bogs (e.g., Menyanthes trifoliata, Carex limosa, Carex lasiocarpa, Chamaedaphne calyculata, and Kalmia polifolia) are low-growing herbaceous species or shrubs with long rhizomes or horizontal growing shoots (Dansereau and Segadas-Vianna 1952; Larsen 1982; Taylor 1983; Kratz and DeWitt 1986; Zimmerli 1988). Their large aerenchyma provide a strong buoyancy and they do not need anchoring in the ground due to their low stature. These pioneers are then colonized behind the floating mat edge by Sphagnum mosses and other bog species (Larsen 1982). The average rate of lateral growth is about 1 cm/year up to a maximum of 5 cm/year (Larsen 1982; Schwintzer and Williams 1974).

The question if floating mats were formed on pleustophytic vegetation (e.g., Stratiotes aloides) in Lake Schollene, as suggested by van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1961) and Den Held et al. (1992), could not be investigated today because such communities have disappeared.

This assumption is merely based on the frequently observed occurrence of floating marshes in the neighborhood of Stratiotes. When initials of the floating mat vegetation are found directly on Stratiotes carpets, the question arises as to how they can survive the wintertime when Stratiotes is submerged. In tropical waters where the floating mat formation on pleustophytes (e.g., Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, and Pistia stratiotes) was clearly observed we have a different situation. Here the growth is considerably faster and without any interruption during the whole year. After accumulation of some organic matter within the pleustophyte carpets, very fast-growing rhizomatous sedges or grasses like Cyperus papyrus, Scirpus cubensis, or Leersia hexandra interlacing each other allow colonization of these carpets. Owing to the uninterrupted rapid growth in tropical regions, these colonizers can successively replace the pleustophytes during a short time (Trivedy et al. 1978; Gore 1983; Hill et al. 1987; Ellery et al. 1990; Wolf 1990; Junk 1997; Adams et al. 2002; Azza et al. 2006).

Regarding the formation of floating marshes on dead organic matter washed ashore, we did not find any evidence of this in Lake Schollene but we cannot exclude this process, as it is generally possible. Perhaps, this way of floating mat formation is better suited for old river branches where large amounts of dead organic matter can accumulate permanently transported in the river. These river branches are often wind-sheltered enough so that wave action will not so easily destroy the accumulations (Freitag et al. 1958; Lieffers 1984).

The role of the communities with the dominant species Phragmites australis and Thelypteris palustris on floating peat mats is almost unclear. Tomaszewicz (1977) described such communities as Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum Kuiper 1957 and found often them on floating peat mats in very shallow lakes. However, we do not know whether this community represents a specific way of floating marsh formation or whether the increased dominance of Thelypteris simply indicates succession on an existing floating mat. Zank (1997) pointed out on the basis of publications of Horst et al. (1966) and Hilbig and Reichhoff (1974) that Thelypteris in Lake Schollene probably became more dominant from 1954 to the time of his own investigations.

The Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum may be a specific vegetation type or a later developmental stage of the buoyant peat mats because it could often be found in deep inner areas of the floating marshes. At these sites, the up-floating reed stands remain mostly intact and dense so that only the slightly shade-resistant, runner-forming fern is able to occupy these sites.

The willow shrubberies in the north and east of the lake, which were mapped on the land side by Potonié (Figure 7) and which were later partly colonized by alders, indicate a younger stage of development than the alder stands, according to the normal sequence of terrestrialization in lakes. Willow groves were much more widespread until the 1950s and have since declined (Hilbig and Reichhoff 1974).

The floating marsh formation marks the last limnic phase of Lake Schollene due to the accumulation of very fluid organic sediments nearly up to the water surface. A palynologic study of Pokorný and Janovská (2000) seems to support this view. In a fossil lake which was almost similar to Lake Schollene, they found at the transition from the limnic to the terrestric phase of lake development, a singular occurrence of Cicuta virosa together with Carex pseudocyperus and helophytes that are typical for the Cicuto-Caricetum.

Do the Floating Peat Mats Grow Laterally Along the Water Surface?

Based on our work, we believe that the floating peat mats in Lake Schollene are not able to grow substantially laterally.

This view is supported by the following facts. First, dur-

ing the eight decades after 1936 the open water area did not decrease substantially. The lower water area observed in 1953 promoted the formation of numerous reed islands during very low lake water levels. These islands disappeared nearly completely in years with normal water levels, especially after the reconstruction of the weir in the outflow (Seestrang) during the 1970s. Second, the succession of the vegetation progressed at one and the same place at the lakeward periphery from the first stage the Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi (at the beginning even with Cicuta virosa; Potonié 1937; Horst et al. 1966), to the more solidified Rumici hydrolapathi-Caricetum paniculatae, partially with interspersed willows and young alder trees, to closed alder carr (Figure 7). The fact that mostly the Cicuto-Caricetum disappeared at the lakeward front and that it was often replaced by alder carr provides strong proof that lateral growth does not occur. Cicuta virosa has been seen as a pioneer species on less solidified floating peat mats (Shin et al. 2013, 2015); it often colonizes bare organic substrates and even dead wood (Hejný 1960, pp. 32-34 and 136-138; Demuth et al. 1992, p. 273). Third, besides small tillers of Thelypteris palustris, no species was observed that grows along the water surface. The almost heavy and tall helophytic species need to be anchored in the ground.

Nonetheless, we cannot exclude possibility that disrupted old rhizomes accumulated and compacted in small sheltered coves serve as substratum for the vegetation of the Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi as it was hypothesized

by Krausch (1965). This way of floating mat formation could have led to a filling of the many small indentations on the outer edge of the floating vegetation. Such CicutoCaricetum pseudocyperi initials were not observed on accumulated floating organic matter in Lake Schollene. A similar result may be reached by drifting floating mat islands disrupted on other sites, but this does not increase the whole area of floating mats or decrease the open water area.

Floating Mat Formation in Relation to the Lake Water Levels Our examination of the formation of the floating mats in Lake Schollene has shown that their formation probably dates back into the first half of the 20th century. This was the period from the construction of the two weirs Grütz and Garz until the reconstruction of the weir in the outflow (Seestrang). It was characterized by lower lake water levels (Figure 4) and some summers with a partially dry (exposed) lake bottom. The bare lake bottom during the growing season provided suitable substrate for the establishment and rapid expansion of new reed stands (van der Valk and Davis 1979; van der Valk et al. 1994; Coops et al. 2004). The great number of reed islands in the shallow lake zones found in 1936 and 1953 (Figure 6) can be interpreted to support this. In years with higher water Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 43

levels throughout the year, consolidated larger pieces of reed stands could then have accumulated enough swamp gas that they became buoyant and smaller ones were presumably disintegrated. After reconstruction of the weir in the lake outflow during the 1970s the minimum lake water level could be stabilized at about 24.85 m at summertime.

Since then, no more reed islands have formed. We therefore believe that the formation of new areas of floating vegetation mats is now prevented and will be prevented as long as the current minimum water level is maintained or until such time as new organic matter banks are piled up to almost reach the water surface. Accordingly, the vegetation on the floating peat mats gives the impression of a very advanced succession stage: the absence of Cicuta virosa, a high percentage of Carex paniculata or a shift into a Rumici hydrolapathi-Caricetum paniculatae, and the spread of alder carr (Boer 1942; van Donselaar 1961; den Held et al. 1992). Cicuta virosa prefers to colonize bare organic matter in young floating peat mats or even in mats of pleustophytes (Boer 1942; van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink 1961; Shin et al. 2013, 2015). Furthermore, the typical Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi containing this species is regarded as the first stage of vegetation development on floating mats (Boer 1942; Kuiper 1957; Koerselman and Verhoeven 1992; Fischer 1999). We must conclude that the present state of the vegetation of the floating mats in the lake also indicates that any substantial new formation of floating mats is not occurring.

Expected Development at Different Water Level Regimes While the current water level regime with variable maximum water levels during winter time and constant relatively high minimum water levels from year to year (Table 1, after 1980) persist, we expect that the area of the open water will decrease very slowly over a long time depending on a general or local rise of organic matter accumulation. In time, it is possible that more areas of non-floating, emergent vegetation may become buoyant and can later be colonized by alders. We expect that the floating peat mats will increase in thickness until they will rest on more solid layers of the underlying mud, forming non-floating, consolidated alder carr which directly borders on the open water (Kratz and DeWitt 1986). A temporary strong increase of the water level (extreme flood), however, would result in disintegration and/or disruption followed by a drifting away of floating mats. This new floating-mat formation in front of the existing vegetation would lead to a faster reduction of the open water surface than if more constant water levels are maintained as is the current situation. n

44 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank R. Tiner for the helpful discussion and valuable comments he made during the preparation of the manuscript.

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TEACHING HYDROLOGY

Teaching Groundwater Hydrology in a Wetland Ecology Class Douglas A. Wilcox1, Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, SUNY -- The College at Brockport, Brockport, NY

I

taught Wetland Ecology 25 times: 15 as an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Michigan and UM-Dearborn while I worked at the USGS-Great Lakes Science Center in Ann Arbor and 10 as the Empire Innovation Professor of Wetland Science at SUNY--The College at Brockport in my native western New York State. During the first year in giving the wetland hydrology lectures in Michigan, founded on water budgets, I realized that non-hydrology students had great difficulty understanding groundwater. They can see surface water and precipitation and likely learned about evapotranspiration in a plant ecology course. However, groundwater is an unseen mystery, and typical text material is too complicated to unravel that mystery. Fortunately, about that time, my friend, the late Tom Winter, handed me the new USGS Circular 1139 – Ground Water and Surface Water: a Single Resource (Winter et al. 1998), and I quickly realized that I had a solution.

I have long-contended that wetland science students should take a hydrology course (Wilcox 2008) and made it a requirement for undergrads when I created the Wetland Ecology concentration at Brockport. My wetlands grad students must take the Hydrology course offered by the Earth Sciences Department. However, some in the Wetland Ecology class need special attention on hydrology, especially groundwater hydrology. So, as a follow-up on describing how I teach redox as a Chinese buffet (Wilcox 2019), I will now describe my approach to teaching wetland groundwater hydrology to the uninitiated using Circular 1139 figures accompanied by material from other sources. By no means is this meant to capture the breadth of groundwater science, but it provides the general understanding needed by a Wetland Ecology student. To show how I present the lecture, I will progress through individual figure- and written textPowerpoint slides (each identified by •) (with accompanying text of my spoken explanations in italics).

• See Figure 2. As precipitation reaches the surface, some of it enters the ground. There is enough water to saturate the soil and support a water table at a given elevation. This groundwater may flow to a surface water body, as shown here.

• It is time to learn some terms.

-Water Table: water level in an unconfined aquifer below which the pores are generally saturated -Aquifer: underground porous “water-bearing” strata that can store and transmit amounts of water large enough to be considered usable by humans or ecosystems, consisting of rocks and unconsolidated deposits that are saturated from above or from structures sloping toward it FIGURE 1. https://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/images/fig18.gif

FIGURE 2. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/groundwater-flowshowing-natural-conditions

• See Figure 1. From your understanding of a water budget, you can see that in addition to surface water and precipitation, input to a wetland may include water from beneath the surface. Flow from the wetland may also include groundwater (as well as surface water and evapotranspiration).

1. Corresponding author: dwilcox@brockport.edu Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 47

-Unconfined Aquifer: an aquifer in which the upper boundary is the water table -Confined Aquifer: an aquifer whose upper and perhaps lower boundary is defined by a layer of natural material that does not transmit water

-Aquitard: underground geological formation that is only slightly permeable and yields inappreciable amounts of water when compared to an aquifer -Hydraulic Conductivity: ease with which water can flow through porous media

• -Confining Layer: geologic material through which only insignificant amounts of water can move; located below unconfined aquifers or above and below confined aquifers Note that Figure 2 shows a confining layer beneath the surficial or unconfined aquifer.

-Permeable Layer: a layer of porous material through which water freely passes as it moves through the ground -Impermeable Layer: a layer of material (e.g., clay) through which water essentially does not pass

• -Vadose Zone (unsaturated zone): pore spaces between grains are filled with both water and air (above the water table) -Phreatic Zone (saturated zone): pore spaces are filled with water; the “water table” describes the surface of the phreatic zone -Groundwater Recharge: inflow of water to the groundwater system -Groundwater Discharge: outflow of water from the groundwater system Refer to Figure 2.

FIGURE 3. Redrawn by Peter Veneman from Richardson et al. (2001).

FIGURE 4. Darcy’s Law drawing by Doug Wilcox.

• See Figure 3.

-Capillarity: the ability of soil pores to retain water; effect is strongest in smallest pores and negligible in large pores -Capillary Fringe: a zone just above the water table that is saturated or near saturation; in sands, it is virtually 0 and may be as high as 30-45 cm in clayey materials • See Figure 4. Darcy’s Law can be shown in different ways; we shall use this form. Darcy’s Law is used to explain the flow of groundwater and is the foundation for much of the science of groundwater hydrology It is a measure of Q -- the rate of flow of water as volume/time (e.g., cubic meters per second) and is composed of: -the hydraulic conductivity K or ability of water to flow through the soil (m/sec), which differs greatly by soil FIGURE 5. From the Bog drawing by Doug Wilcox.

48 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

type (very high for gravel, fairly high for sand, very low for clay). This is a characteristic of both the water viscosity and the soil, it is not the measure of flow (Q).

-A is the size of the plane or area across which flow is measured (m2) -i is the hydraulic gradient (similar concept to slope) across which the flow is measured (m/m) -note that the units on the right side of the equation equal those on the left To help illustrate Darcy’s Law, I created this diagram.

Each block represents a cubic meter of water that will pass left-to-right across the 1 m2 plane at the right side. High hydraulic conductivity is represented by the lighter orange shading, and low hydraulic conductivity is represented by the darker blue shading. The hydraulic gradient is represented by different slopes of the blocks between the top and bottom rows.

From top to bottom, rate of flow Q will be greater when the hydraulic gradient i is greater because there is a greater potential to make water flow downhill.

From left to right, Q will be greater for the orange block because water can flow more easily if the hydraulic conductivity or value of K is high.

same principles apply – flow goes perpendicular to the contour lines). These elevations are typically below the land surface but they don’t have to be. If they are higher than land surface then the aquifer is called artesian, meaning that water has the potential to flow above the land surface.

FIGURE 6. Figure A-2 from Circular 1139.

• See Figure 5. Increasing the value of K may also explain initiation of childbirth.

• See Figure 6. To understand groundwater hydrology, you must be able to think in three dimensions. I will try to add the third dimension to what you may already know in two dimensions.

Did you ever delineate a watershed, given elevations of the land surface or contour lines on a topo map?

Look at block A. If the numbers represent land-surface elevations on a hillside, you could construct a topo map like FIGURE 7. Figure A-3 from Circular 1139. in block B with contour lines decreasing in value toward the bottom of the hill. If you were a drop of water falling in the upper right corner, you would not wander downhill in a random manner, you would go straight downhill as fast as you could – perpendicular to the contour lines, as in block C. Well, the numbers are not landsurface elevations; they are the elevations of the water table or of water in water-table wells (the circles seen from above). The Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 49

To add that third dimension, let’s look at a representation of block C from the side (I then look into the edge of the screen).

FIGURE 8. Photo by Doug Wilcox.

• See Figure 7. If we were looking at this from above, as in the last figure, there would be a contour line coming out of the screen at 120 and one at 110, etc. (let’s call them meters). (I hold a pencil coming out of the screen to make the point), but they are not straight lines, they waver around (move the pencil).

In fact, they are not even lines; they are planes (I hold up a sheet of paper coming out of the screen following several of the isopleths and wave it around into classroom space).

So, how does groundwater flow across this diagram?

As shown by the solid arrows, it goes perpendicular to those planes, from high numbers to lower numbers.

Let’s look at this figure more closely. In the upper right, there is enough recharge from precipitation to

Installing Monitoring Wells in Soils Version 1.0

FIGURE 9. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/ nrcs142p2_052914.pdf August 2008

FIGURE 10. Photo by Don Rosenberry.

FIGURE 11. Redrawn by Peter Veneman from Richardson et al. (2001).

FIGURE 12. Redrawn by Peter Veneman from Richardson et al. (2001).

USDA – Natural Resources Conservation Service 50 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 National Soil Survey Center

support a water table at 120m, but it is actually water pressure or hydraulic head supporting the plane coming out of the screen at 120. As groundwater flow progresses downhill, that pressure decreases, and flow (solid arrow) goes from higher pressure to lower pressure perpendicular to the planes represented by the isopleths.

On the left side of the figure, the flow line is going up.

Why would that happen? There may be a confining layer that does not let flow continue going rightto-left. The hydraulic head decreases as elevation increases, and flow is upward. We will return to this in a few minutes..

There are also some other notations on this figure.

We will get back to them, but first, we need to learn some more terms.

• See Figure 8. Water-Table Well. Note that the width of the slots should be smaller than the smallest diameter soil grains so that water, but not sediment, can flow through them.

• See Figure 9. Here is an illustration of how watertable wells may be installed.

• See Figure 12. These flow systems can be very complicated, with recharge from Wetland A on the left being discharged to Wetland B in the middle but also flowing deeper and discharging at Wetland C. Wetland B serves as a flowthrough wetland.

• See Figure 13. Deep regional flow systems can also discharge to wetlands.

• See Figure 7 again. The vertical bars under notation C are piezometers open to water input only at the bottom. The open bottom of the longest bar (deepest piezometer) on the left has a hydraulic head or piezometric pressure of 80m, meaning that the column of water inside that pipe will rise to an elevation of 80m in the piezometer. That piezometric pressure is equivalent to a water table at 80m, as shown on the scale to the right. The middle bar is a piezometer exposed to a hydraulic head of 90m; the water level of 90m shows that there is piezometric pressure supporting a water table at an elevation of 90. Similarly, the bar on the right shows piezometric pressure supporting FIGURE 13. Figure 24 from Circular 1139.

• See Figure 10. Piezometer. Note that a true piezometer is open only at the bottom of the pipe, but to speed up well response, a short distance is slotted, often 10 to 20 cm.

• -Piezometers need to be installed at different depths to assess the vertical direction of flow (nested piezometers).

-If the water in the deep piezometer is at a lower depth than in the shallow piezometer, the groundwater flow is downward, indicating recharge conditions (Figure 7, notation C).

-If the water in the deep piezometer is at a higher level than in the shallow piezometer (Figure 7, notation A), the groundwater flow is upward, indicating discharge conditions.

-If the water level in all piezometers, no matter how deep, are the same, then there is no potential for vertical flow and the flow is simply horizontal (Figure 7, notation B).

FIGURE 14. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/artesian-wells-canbring-water-land-surface-naturally

• See Figure 11. As seen on the left in this figure, the shallow piezometer has higher water levels than the deep piezometer, so flow is downward (recharge). On the right, the deep piezometer has the higher water levels, so flow is upward (discharge). In the middle, discharge occurs on one side and recharge occurs on the other, and the wetland is flowthrough.

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 51

FIGURE 15. Figure 12 from Circular 1139.

upward. Note that water in the deep piezometer may flow out above the land surface.

• See Figure 14. So, now we have a new term: Artesian Aquifer. If a confined aquifer is tapped by a well, the water in the well may rise above land surface (discharge conditions) if supported by sufficient piezometric pressure.

• See Figure 15. The water table can also be influenced by surface water levels. In diagram A, groundwater flow is into the stream (or wetland). In B, stream water levels rise above the original water table (a common occurrence during a flood), and the stream begins recharging groundwater, In C, it becomes even more extreme (perhaps during an extreme flood).

• See Figure 16. Water flows and groundwater divides can also be influenced by outside changes in hydrology. In diagram A, the surface water and groundwater divides are both at the crest of the hill, with flows going nearly the same in both directions. In diagram B, a tile drain on the right side is drawing water away, lowering the water table and creating a major shift of the apex of the water-table mound to the left of the land-surface divide. In diagram C, higher water levels in the wetland on the left shift the groundwater divide to the right of the land-surface divide.

FIGURE 16. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5003/pdf/SIR2013-5003.pdf

a water table at 110m. As noted in the previous slide, since water in the deep piezometer is at a lower depth than in the shallow piezometer, groundwater flow is downward.

The right-most bar (piezometer) under notation A on the left side of the figure shows the deep piezometer exposed to a hydraulic head of 20m and the shallower piezometer next to it with a head of 10m. Again, since water in the deep piezometer is at a higher level than in the shallow piezometer, groundwater flow is 52 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

• See Figure 17. In addition to tile drains, the water table can be reduced by pumping from wells. In diagram B in this figure, pumping from the well creates a groundwater divide by intercepting some of the water that otherwise would have flown to the stream. The V shape around the well is really a three-dimensional cone – called a cone of depression. When pumping of the well is increased in diagram C, the divide disappears, and the well pulls water from the stream.

• See Figure 19. Temporary changes in the water table can also occur. At the top, water collecting in the depression can infiltrate at a greater rate and result in focused recharge that causes a mound in the water table. On the bottom, evapotranspiration can draw water away and create a cone of depression.

FIGURE 18. Figure 17 from Circular 1139.

• See Figure 18. So, how does groundwater influence development of wetlands on the landscape? In diagram A, complex flow fields drive water to near the surface. In diagram B, a break in slope of the land surface exposes the water table and brings groundwater to the land surface. In diagram C, a depression in the landscape receives groundwater discharge, and in diagram D, the depression receives enough surface runoff and precipitation to create a recharge wetland that allows the adjacent and underlying groundwater system to rise to the elevation of the wetland surface stage.

FIGURE 17. Figure C-1 from Circular 1139.

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 53

FIGURE 19. Figures 6 and 7 from Circular 1139.

• See Figure 20. Finally, how quickly does groundwater move through the ground? In an unconfined aquifer, water recharged near a stream (or wetland) may discharge in days or years, depending on soil type and relative hydraulic conductivity. Water that slowly works its way into a confined aquifer may take centuries to discharge. Water in an even deeper confined aquifer may take millennia before it can discharge.

For additional information on wetland hydrology, see Chapter 2 – Wetland Formation and Hydrology in Wetland Indicators (2nd edition; Tiner 2017). n ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thank you to Don Rosenberry for reviewing this manuscript and providing very useful comments and changes/ corrections in the text.

REFERENCES

Richardson, J.L., J.L. Arndt, and J.A. Montgomery. 2001. Hydrology of wetland and related soils. In J. L. Richardson and M. J. Vepraskas (eds.).

Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification.

Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 35-84.

Tiner, R.W. 2017. Wetland Indicators: A Guide to Wetland Formation, Identification, Delineation, Classification, and Mapping. Second Edition.

CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Wilcox, D.A. 2008. Education and training of wetland scientists and managers. Wetlands 28: 578-584.

Wilcox, D.A. 2019. Teaching redox as a Chinese buffet. Wetland Science and Practice 36: 44-46.

Winter. T.C., J.W. Harvey, O.L. Franke, and W.M. Alley. 1998. Ground water and surface water: a single resource. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir1139

FIGURE 20. Figure 3 from Circular 1139.

54 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

STEWARDSHIP Youth Engaged in Wetlands: A Global Network to Protect Wetlands Elise Allély-Fermé1, Tatiana Lobato-de Magalhães 1, 2, Gab Mejia1, Priyanka Sarkar 1, 3, Roger Delamou1, and Nic Fabian1

INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1. Map with the YEW core-team members worldwide. he continuing and alarming decline of wetlands worldwide constitutes an urgent call-to-action for all generations to join efforts in conserving wetlands and using them wisely. As today’s youth will bear the brunt of today’s action or inaction towards wetland conservation, they are one of the most important assets and key stakeholders in conserving wetlands and in achieving a sustainable future. Equipping youth with the appropriate tools and support to become active members in their local and global community is therefore critical in ensuring their positive impact on wetland conservation.

Youth Engaged in Wetlands (YEW) is an international network whose mission is to provide a global platform for youth, THE ROLE OF YOUTH THROUGH THE YEARS AND THE CREATION which would enable and empower them to protect wetlands OF YEW DURING RAMSAR’S 13TH CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES and promote their conservation worldwide. By facilitating YEW’s establishment in 2018 was inspired by several prenetworking and with a strong component on youth capacvious initiatives and existing youth groups in other Convenity building, YEW aims to support the Ramsar Convention tions. One of the most important inspirations to YEW was on Wetlands’ mission and build greater ownership of this the Global Youth Biodiversity Network, the official youth mission among younger generations. YEW’s vision is to constituency of the Convention on Biological Diversity be identified as the leading youth network for wetlands and founded in 2012. recognized as a key stakeholder for the Ramsar Convention Youth has become a key stakeholder in the Ramsar for greater intergenerational cooperation.

Convention, thanks to their varied contributions throughout As of October 2019, YEW has a new team of dedicated the years. For instance, during the 9th Conference of the and passionate volunteers all working on or studying difContracting Parties (COP) (Uganda, 2005), also known as ferent wetlands types worldwide (Figure 1). The team is the Children’s COP, youth delegates coming from all over engaged in different aspects of wetland conservation from the world were invited to participate in the Ramsar meetresearch and fieldwork to advocacy and campaigning. The ing (Figure 2). The youth delegates were able to voice their interdisciplinary team has recently included two Wetland concerns, requesting a more inclusive COP by making the Ambassadors of the Society of Wetland Scientists Graduate information easier to comprehend by younger generations.

Research Fellowship Program, Tatiana Lobato de MagalAs such, they reminded the delegates that the youth will be hães (2018 WA) and Priyanka Sarkar (2019 WA), in the impacted by the COP’s decisions. roles of Conservation Policy / The Americas’ representaTen years later, youth engagement has gained some tive, and Asian representative, respectively. momentum with the first ever youth-specific Ramsar Conservation Award granted during the 12th Conference of the 1. Youth Engaged in Wetlands, youthengagedinwetlands@gmail.com Contracting Parties (Uruguay, 2015). This event was orga2. Autonomous University of Queretaro, Mexico

T

3. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 55

nized to recognize the contribution of young people in the conservation and wise use of wetlands. Parallelly, the Youth Engagement Thematic Group (a precursor of YEW which is under the umbrella of the Ramsar Culture Network) connects people from around the world to explore the cultural dimension and role of youth in the management and wise use of wetlands.

The involvement of youth in the realm of the Ramsar Convention is growing not just globally but also on local and national scales through the Convention’s Communication, Education, Participation, and Awareness Raising Program where children and youth are mentioned as the “the next generation of environmental managers and caretakers.” Nevertheless, there is still a need to further engage youth in wetland conservation. Through increased capacity building and participation in wetland conservation practices and decisions, young citizens can be empowered to become active participants in wetland conservation and the development of sustainable livelihoods.

It is within this context that the YEW network was created. With the support of the World Wetland Network, FIGURE 3. Workshop participants celebrate their commitments during a Conservation Volunteers Australia, MAVA Foundation for youth-led COP13 Visioning Workshop.

Nature, and the Korean Wetland NGO Network, young people from different countries around the world organized a series of events at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) of Ramsar (the United Arab Emirates, 2018).

Acting as a Youth Forum for the COP13, these activities enabled the development of a platform for young professionals at the Conference to gather and discuss youth engagement; bringing knowledge and experience from around the world to start building a common vision for youth in the Convention (Figure 3).

As the Conference progressed through the week, the young professionals received strong support from COP Participants and greatly benefited from inter-generational exchanges with NGO and government representatives. YEW FIGURE 4. YEW members, Anne Valentina Bourbon and Takuma Satoh, pres- was able to deliver a statement during the closing plenary ent the youth statement during the closing ceremony of the Ramsar COP13. of Ramsar COP13 in front of 1000+ representatives from governments and organizations (Figure 4). The statement highlighted young people’s willingness to collaborate and called for the youth to be taken into account as a relevant stakeholder in the Ramsar Convention. The full statement is available on the World Wetland Network website here.

FIGURE 2. Youth representatives presented their concerns and proposals during the COP9 (2005). Photo credit: ENB IISD

YOUTH ENGAGED IN WETLANDS IN ACTION – THE PATH TO 2021 Following the COP13, the strengthened network of young professionals worked virtually to create their strategy for YEW from now until 2021 when the Ramsar Convention will hold its 14th Conference of the Parties in Wuhan, China. Together, YEW established a work plan following four strategic objectives (Figure 5): 56 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

1. Implementation and coordination: To ensure ongoing and efficient facilitation and implementation, management, and coordination of the objectives of YEW; 2. Knowledge and capacity building: To establish a platform to increase understanding of the challenges and opportunities for youth engagement in the Ramsar Convention and conservation of wetlands; 3. Participation and intergenerational cooperation: To ensure participation of youth in decision-making and intergenerational cooperation for better representation of youth at different levels of the Ramsar Convention;

build relationships and promote youth engagement in the Convention.

• Refreshing our website and expanding our social media impact for enhanced communication.

Youth Engaged in Wetlands has a lot of ideas in store!

Follow us on Facebook to receive updates and news as we keep working towards our mission: https://www.facebook. com/youthengagedinwetlands/ If you are interested in joining YEW or supporting any of the future activities of YEW, please do not hesitate to contact us at youthengagedinwetlands@gmail.com n

4. Communication and outreach: To build networks with and for FIGURE 5. Youth Engaged in Wetlands objectives and work-structure (2019-2021) youth and youth organizations to communicate the mission of the Ramsar Convention and create greater ownership of the mission among young people.

In January 2020, the YEW coreteam will be meeting for the first time in person in Tokyo, Japan, through a meeting organized and hosted by Youth Ramsar Japan, a core and original member of YEW. Some of the key activities currently underway include: • Developing a membership program for young people and individuals to engage more people in YEW and create a global community of young wetland stewards.

• Collecting case-studies of youth engagement in wetlands to identify challenges and opportunities for young people in wetland conservation and develop a knowledge and capacity building program.

• Working with other biodiversity-related youth groups and movements building alliances in support of the development of the CBD’s Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.

• Participating in Ramsar meetings including the 57th meeting of the Standing Committee to

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 57

WETLANDS IN THE NEWS Listed below are some links to some random news articles that may be of interest. Those links that are new this issue are shown in the blue section before the rest. Members are encouraged to send links to articles about wetlands in their local area. Please send the links to WSP Editor at ralphtiner83@gmail.com and reference “Wetlands in the News” in the subject box. Thanks for your cooperation. n NEW LINKS THIS ISSUE Ocean Acidification Is Literally Dissolving The Shells Of Dungeness Crabs https://sfist.com/2020/01/26/ocean-acidification-is-literally-dissolvingthe-shells-of-dungeness-crabs/

Nuns are turning a convent into a wetland to fight flooding in New Orleans https://thehill.com/changing-america/resilience/smart-cities/477197nuns-are-turning-a-monastery-into-a-wetland-to-fight

In Glacier National Park, Ice Isn’t the Only Thing That’s Disappearing https://www.ecowatch.com/glacier-national-park-endangered-species-2644924257.html

Chinese paddlefish is extinct, new study finds https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/chinese-paddlefish-extinct-studyintl-hnk-scli/index.html

Could we have a clean Estero Bay again? FGCU’s Cela Tega conference offered a toolkit of ideas https://www.news-press.com/story/tech/science/environment/2020/01/25/could-we-have-clean-estero-bay-again-fgcus-cela-tegaconference-offered-toolkit-ideas/4553820002/

Why a wetland might not be wet https://theconversation.com/why-a-wetland-might-not-be-wet-103687

FGCU wetlands professor blasts Trump water rules, calls for citizen action https://theparadiseprogressive.home.blog/2020/01/24/fgcu-wetlandsprofessor-blasts-trump-water-rules-calls-for-citizen-action/ Trump Administration Rule Endangers Chesapeake Wetlands, Environment Advocates Say https://www.npr.org/local/305/2020/01/24/799279466/trump-administration-rule-endangers-chesapeake-wetlands-environment-advocates-say EPA weakens protections for streams and wetlands https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/23/politics/trump-epa-repeals-obamawater-regulation/index.html Trump’s EPA is said to cut scientists out of new water policy that threatens New England wetlands https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2020/01/18/trump-administrationallegedly-cuts-federal-scientists-out-new-water-policy/eRq03KhTRl7WteOJPce5tJ/story.html A blob of hot ocean water killed a million seabirds, scientists say https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/16/world/blob-seabird-study-intl-hnk-scliscn/index.html As Seas Rise, a Florida Keys ‘Ghost Forest’ Makes A Last Stand https://www.wlrn.org/post/seas-rise-florida-keys-ghost-forest-makeslast-stand#stream/0 Sandy Bottom wetlands to receive protection for ‘national ecological significance’ https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2020/01/14/nc-wantsbuncombe-county-sandy-bottom-wetlands-better-protected/4452929002/ Wetlands Bring New Life to the Salton Sea https://www.planetizen.com/news/2020/01/107932-wetlands-bring-newlife-salton-sea Wetland geomorphology and paleoecology near Akab Muclil, Rio Bravo floodplain of the Belize coastal plain https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0169555X18304239

58 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

WOTUS in the West https://www.eenews.net/special_reports/wotus_in_the_west Sky Lake In Mississippi Is Home To Some Of The World’s Oldest Trees https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/mississippi/sky-lake-wma-ancientcypress-trees-ms/ Tampa Bay area construction boom, disappearing wetlands contribute to flooding in neighborhoods https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/local-news/i-team-investigates/ tampa-bay-area-construction-boom-disappearing-wetlands-contribute-toflooding-in-neighborhoods Amid the wasteland of the Salton Sea, a miraculous but challenging oasis is born https://www.thedailyworld.com/life/amid-the-wasteland-of-the-saltonsea-a-miraculous-but-challenging-oasis-is-born/ Floating Wetlands For Montauk’s Fort Pond https://indyeastend.com/news-opinion/south-fork/floating-wetlands-formontauks-fort-pond/ Surge in Global Methane Emissions Traced Back to East African Wetland https://e360.yale.edu/digest/surge-in-global-methane-emissions-tracedback-to-east-african-wetland Lawsuit Challenges Destructive Luxury Development in Historic Wetland Area on South San Francisco Bay https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/lawsuit-challengesdestructive-luxury-development-historic-wetland-area-south-san-francisco-bay-2019-12-16/ Urban jungle: Student project at saline wetland chronicles the animals among us https://journalstar.com/news/local/urban-jungle-student-project-at-salinewetland-chronicles-the-animals/article_2d4daf45-f2df-554c-b168-a7b44f8810cc.html Biodiversity has substantially changed in one of the largest Mediterranean wetlands https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191219142806.htm Wetlands and buffers group has unfinished business https://www.capegazette.com/article/wetlands-and-buffers-group-hasunfinished-business/195018

Willow-dominated wetlands of Lapland fells are resilient to reindeer grazing https://phys.org/news/2019-12-willow-dominated-wetlands-laplandfells-resilient.html

Weatherwatch: restore peat bogs to fight climate change | Greenhouse gas emissions https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/02/weatherwatchrestore-peat-bogs-to-fight-climate-change

‘Helping something other than ourselves:’ Petaluma kids save wetlands https://www.petaluma360.com/news/10479423-181/helping-somethingother-than-ourselves

Sea levels are rising more than expected, according to scientists https://thenextweb.com/syndication/2019/11/28/sea-levels-are-risingmore-than-expected-according-to-scientists/

Wetlands will keep up with sea level rise to offset climate change https://phys.org/news/2019-12-wetlands-sea-offset-climate.html

Will Vermont farmers pay the price to protect wetlands? https://www.wcax.com/content/news/Will-Vermont-farmers-pay-theprice-to-protect-wetlands-565237302.html

Verbatim: Little River Wetlands Project buys 40-acre site https://www.journalgazette.net/article/20191230/WEB/191239989 Boston Institutes New Tougher Wetlands Ordinance https://www.globest.com/2019/12/30/boston-institutes-new-tougherwetlands-ordinance/ Colorado Parks and Wildlife celebrates 30 years of the North American Wetlands Conservation Act https://northfortynews.com/colorado-parks-and-wildlife-celebrates30-years-of-the-north-american-wetlands-conservation-act/ 2,624-Year-Old Tree Discovered in North Carolina Swamp Is One of the Oldest on Earth https://www.newsweek.com/2624-tree-north-carolina-swamp-oldestplanet-1421844?fbclid=IwAR0ri81WU2sFPQIEmh3DM5FJvCcS9ciqxs 6Ox7hoSxIuTwo0ynElQOst5C4 ‘Mother Nature recovers amazingly fast’: reviving Ukraine’s rich wetlands https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/27/it-is-amazinghow-quickly-mother-nature-can-recover-restoring-ukraines-rich-wetlands-aoe Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris Roots Signal Revolutionary Change in Earliest Fossil Forests: Current Biology https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(19)31569-6 Wetlands – News, Research and Analysis https://theconversation.com/us/topics/wetlands-2219 Louisiana sues California over alligator ban https://apnews.com/4f7a15d773bf8c44579a5d5a8cf5c107 Bringing the world’s buried wetlands back from the dead https://apnews.com/baa09527e9d34b139b752559714f7e68 First CWA Case Ruling Relies on EPA Groundwater Statement https://www.natlawreview.com/article/ruling-first-cwa-case-to-rely-epas-interpretive-statement-groundwater-releases Granger Wetlands, a habitat-rich 163-acre site, will become a Medina County Park District Wildlife Sanctuary https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-medina/grangerwetlands-a-habitat-rich-163-acre-site-will-become-a-medina-countypark-district-wildlife-sanctuary Wetlands Saga That Reached Supreme Court Churns in Ninth Circuit https://news.bloombergenvironment.com/environment-and-energy/ wetlands-saga-that-reached-supreme-court-churns-in-ninth-circuit Tiny woodlands are more important than previously thought https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/tiny-woodlands-importantpreviously-thought/

CLEAN WATER ACT: Economic analysis could undermine Trump rule repeal -- Wednesday, October 30, 2019 https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061417555 INTERIOR: Meet the feds who track changes in the nation’s wetlands https://www.eenews.net/stories/1061408399 Coastal authority wants to use Maurepas Swamp diversion as mitigation for West Shore Lake Pontchartrain levee https://www.nola.com/news/business/article_3f6ca544-f449-11e9-b77acbf509926f76.html Wetland Soils Pollen Preservation in Alluvial Soils: Implications for Paleoecology and Land Use Studies https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/83/5/1595 $25 Million Wetland Project in Delaware Breaks Ground https://www.estormwater.com/plants-aquatic-native-wetland/25-millionwetland-project-delaware-breaks-ground We Need to Talk About Peat http://m.nautil.us/issue/78/atmospheres/we-need-to-talk-about-peat Warmer, wetter climate benefits some birds as wetlands vanish https://theconversation.com/warmer-wetter-climate-benefits-some-birdsas-wetlands-vanish-124222 Bringing the world’s buried wetlands back from the dead https://wtop.com/asia/2019/11/bringing-the-worlds-buried-wetlandsback-from-the-dead-2/ Rising sea levels could submerge entire cities worldwide by 2050, report warns https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/30/world/rising-sea-cities-study-intl-hnkscli-sci/index.html Grouse-shooting estates face ban on burning of peat bogs https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/oct/29/grouse-shootingestates-face-ban-on-burning-of-peat-bogs In the Land of Peat & Whiskey https://growlermag.com/in-the-land-of-peat-whiskey/ Climate change: Peatlands ‘turning into carbon sources’ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50124001 Northern peatlands may contain twice as much carbon as previously thought https://phys.org/news/2019-10-northern-peatlands-carbon-previouslythought.html New “Ghost Forests” Are a Sign of Climate Change https://www.nathab.com/blog/new-ghost-forests-are-a-sign-of-climatechange/

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Warming Waters In The Gulf Of Maine Threaten Whale Populations https://www.npr.org/2019/10/06/766401296/the-gulf-of-maine-is-warming-and-its-whales-are-disappearing

The Amazon Fires Are Political https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/amazon-fires-arepolitical/596776/

Report shows ‘stunning and dramatic’ scenes of thawing permafrost in Siberia that ‘leaves millions on unstable ground’ https://www.rawstory.com/2019/10/report-shows-stunning-and-dramatic-scenes-of-thawing-permafrost-in-siberia-that-leaves-millions-onunstable-ground/

The Gulf Stream is slowing down. That could mean rising seas and a hotter Florida https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/20190823/gulf-stream-is-slowing-down-that-could-mean-rising-seas-and-hotter-florida

UN Climate Report on Oceans, Frozen Regions Warns ‘Unprecedented Transitions in All Aspects of Society’ Needed to Sustain Life on Earth https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/09/25/un-climate-reportoceans-frozen-regions-warns-unprecedented-transitions-all-aspects Helping the World Breathe – Wetland Restoration in Iceland https://www.icelandreview.com/magazine/helping-the-world-breathe/ Climate change may destroy vital peatland over next 30 years https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/climate-change-may-destroy-vitalpeatland-over-next-30-years-8vtd89zxp Amazon rainforest captured in 19th-century photos https://www.cnn.com/style/article/amazon-photography-19th-century/ index.html Inside the search for Africa’s carbon time bomb: a huge peatland https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/inside-search-forafrica-carbon-time-bomb-peatland/

ICC’s constructed wetland expected to hold a slew of benefits https://www.pjstar.com/news/20190723/iccs-constructed-wetlandexpected-to-hold-slew-of-benefits Iceland’s Okjokull glacier commemorated with plaque https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49345912 The water is so hot in Alaska it’s killing large numbers of salmon https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/16/us/alaska-salmon-hot-water-trnd/ index.html ‘Dead zone’: Data confirms dire warnings about algae growing in Chesapeake Bay https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/16/algae-threatdead-zone-chesapeake-bay-growing/2028226001/ Greenland’s ice melted at the expected worst-case rate for 2070 https://amp.businessinsider.com/greenland-ice-melting-is-2070-worstcase-2019-8

Over 600,000 trees to be planted on disused peat bogs in Ireland https://www.irishpost.com/news/600000-trees-planted-disused-peatbogs-ireland-172107

Wet, Wild And High: Lakes And Rivers Wreak Havoc Across Midwest, South https://www.npr.org/2019/08/14/749062901/wet-wild-and-high-lakesand-rivers-wreak-havoc-across-midwest-south

Connecting fractured habitats has long-lasting ecological benefits, study in Science https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/09/26/connecting-fractured-habitats-has-long-lasting-ecological-benefits-study-finds/

The World’s Biggest Frogs Are So Chunky, They Shift Rocks to Build Their Own Ponds https://www.sciencealert.com/the-world-s-biggest-frogs-are-so-hugethey-build-they-own-ponds-for-their-young

Brits And Americans Try Bog Snorkelling For The First Time https://www.buzzfeed.com/ayeshamittal/brits-and-americans-competebog-snorkelling-tradition

Pentagon May Have Released Weaponized Ticks That Helped Spread of Lyme Disease: Investigation Ordered https://www.newsweek.com/pentagon-weaponized-ticks-lyme-diseaseinvestigation-1449737

‘Heartbreaking’: Wetland home of critically endangered eels bulldozed by council https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/criticially-endangeredeuropean-eels-tallaght-wetlands-dublin-conservation-a9118151.html What’s going on with Everglades restoration? https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article235402752.html Rollback of water rule could affect SETX wetlands https://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/Rollback-of-waterrule-could-affect-SETX-wetlands-14436194.php Restoring peatlands to ‘reduce risk of wildfires’ in south Wales https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-49584671 Watch “Parking lot becomes salt marsh in Del Mar wetland restoration” on YouTube https://youtu.be/aklASAS3ONI Proposed 836 extension gets slammed by EPA: ‘unacceptable adverse secondary impacts’ to the Everglades https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article234428567.html Mosquito incognito: Could graphene-lined clothing prevent mosquito bites? https://www.brown.edu/news/2019-08-26/moquitoes Hundreds swim through murky water at World Bog Snorkelling Championship https://metro.co.uk/2019/08/25/hundreds-swim-murky-water-worldbog-snorkelling-championship-10629506/

60 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

Scientist, photographers capture first-ever images of ghost orchid pollinators https://www.news-press.com/story/news/local/2019/07/12/ghostorchid-corkscrew-swamp-sanctuary-giant-sphinx-massive-hawkmoth/1713553001/ Invasive plants choke Michigan waters. So why can anyone order them online? https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/invasiveplants-choke-michigan-waters-so-why-can-anyone-order-them-online Odum’s 1960s Everglades Studies Shape the Science of Ecology https://www.nps.gov/articles/nutrient-flow-ever.htm Lawsuit Seeks Federal Habitat Protection for Two Central Texas Salamanders https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/lawsuit-seeksfederal-habitat-protection-two-central-texas-salamanders-2019-06-03/ WOTUS debate moves to Senate committee https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/local_news/wotus-debate-moves-tosenate-committee/article_e6b48519-5f57-5902-af52-1493d95a72a0.html Temporary floating wetlands installed in stormwater pond https://weartv.com/news/local/temporary-floating-wetlands-installed-instormwater-pond Vintage photos of Cuyahoga River on fire highlight why EPA exists https://amp.businessinsider.com/vintage-photos-of-cuyahoga-river-onfire-before-epa-2019-6

Enchanted Lake residents fear planned development will destroy wetlands https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/06/18/enchanted-lake-residentsfear-planned-development-will-destroy-wetlands/ Scientists amazed as Canadian permafrost thaws 70 years early https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-permafrostidUSKCN1TJ1XN

How sea level rise affects birds in coastal forests https://phys.org/news/2019-05-sea-affects-birds-coastal-forests.html Groups, gov’t partners tap farmers to save Candaba wetlands https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1109041/groups-govt-partners-tap-farmersto-save-candaba-wetlands

Permafrost is thawing rapidly. How much should we worry? https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/06/permafrost-is-thawing-rapidly-how-much-should-we-worry/

Indonesia sees drop in hotspots due to peatland restoration efforts, says agency – CAN https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-peatland-hazeenvironment-fire-masagos-climate-change-11496892

Near-record ‘dead zone’ predicted in the Gulf of Mexico this summer... https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/10/dead-zonenear-record-zone-forecast-gulf-mexico/1407088001/

Big ‘green’ mistake: dumping sewage in wetlands carries hidden costs https://thelensnola.org/2019/04/22/a-big-green-mistake-wetlands-wontcleanse-partially-treated-sewage/

Climate change alters what’s possible in restoring Florida’s Everglades https://www.rawstory.com/2019/06/climate-change-alters-whats-possible-in-restoring-floridas-everglades/

Shrinking wetlands getting help http://www.journalgazette.net/news/local/20190428/shrinking-wetlandsgetting-help

Bog near Bristol gains more protection with nonprofit’s land purchase https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/bog-near-bristol-gainsmore-protection-with-nonprofit-s-land/article_430cec38-340a-5008ab54-e2ab92f17707.html

On one island, a microcosm of Vietnam’s environmental challenges https://news.mongabay.com/2019/04/on-one-island-a-microcosm-ofvietnams-environmental-challenges/

Embracing The Salt And Adapting To Sea Level Rise https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/embracing-the-salt-and-adapting-to-sea-level-rise/ See the drastic toll climate change is taking on our oceans https://relay.nationalgeographic.com/proxy/distribution/public/amp/environment/2019/06/see-the-drastic-toll-climate-change-is-taking-on-our-oceans How an Irish Bog Got a Second Life as a Sculpture Garden https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/where-is-lough-boora-discovery-park Coastal wetlands protect us from disaster https://wpde.com/news/local/coastal-wetlands-protect-us-from-disaster The bog swarming with scientists and artists https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48471579 Wetlands park on pace to open in fall https://www.ocala.com/news/20190601/wetlands-park-on-pace-to-openin-fall Using the past to unravel the future for Arctic wetlands https://phys.org/news/2019-05-unravel-future-arctic-wetlands.html Cranes, gators and eagles: Houston Zoo’s new wetlands exhibit showcases Texas conservation success https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/science-environment/article/ Cranes-gators-and-eagles-Houston-Zoo-s-new-13882732.php Record number of wading bird nests is sign of hope for Everglades https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-ne-everglades-wading-birds20190517-j2rcuuzitrek3bw6et7us5nkhm-story.html?outputType=amp The Homeland and the Wetlands: The Yazoo backwater fight rages https://mississippitoday.org/2019/05/15/the-homeland-and-the-wetlands-the-yazoo-backwater-fight-rages/ Bozeman developers donate wetlands to Audubon for nature preserve https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/bozeman-developers-donate-wetlands-to-audubon-for-nature-preserve/article_66753c59-a43e5f6e-9c35-d4864f7e294c.html In Antarctica, a little poop goes a long way https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/9/18538138/antarctica-poop-fertilizer-nitrogen-biodiversity Ancient cypress tree found in NC swamp https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article230191724.html

Fourteen-year project sees bare paddocks shaped into wetland in Wairarapa https://i.stuff.co.nz/environment/112202070/fourteenyear-project-seesbare-paddocks-shaped-into-wetland-in-wairarapa Groups, gov’t partners tap farmers to save Candaba wetlands https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1109041/groups-govt-partners-tap-farmersto-save-candaba-wetlands Gardeners persist in using peat, despite environmental pleas https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/19/gardeners-persist-usingpeat-despite-environmental-pleas/ Endangered wetlands offer vital wildlife habitat and, often, a reason to fight about coastal development https://www.ocregister.com/2019/04/19/wetlands-offer-vital-wildlifehabitat-and-often-a-reason-to-fight-about-coastal-development/amp/ Chinese contractor destroys wetlands in Nyari https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-04-18-chinese-contractor-destroys-wetlands-in-nyari/ There are bogs that should never have been designated in the first place https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/there-are-bogs-that-should-neverhave-been-designated-in-the-first-place/ Plentiful wildflowers ready for first generation of monarch butterflies https://texasbutterflyranch.com/2019/04/12/plentiful-wildflowers-readyfor-first-generation-of-monarch-butterflies/ Florida’s least wanted: 10 invasive animal species that are wrecking native ecosystems https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/environment/2019/04/13/florida-invasive-animal-species-wrecking-nativeecosystems-non-native/3456294002/ Mosquito Management is Key in Creating Popular Urban Wetlands https://entomologytoday.org/2019/04/11/mosquito-management-keyurban-wetlands/ 10 Acres In, Wetlands Restoration Project Near Flagler Beach Is Still Kicking Up Turbid Opposition https://flaglerlive.com/135440/wetlands-restoration-update/ Scientists just captured a record 17-foot-long python in Florida https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/04/07/us/florida-huge-python-capturedtrnd/index.html

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California adopts new wetlands rules to protect them from Trump rollbacks https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-state-wetlands-protections20190402-story.html?outputType=amp

Why the world needs wetlands https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/02/why-the-world-needswetlands/

Invasive round gobies may be poised to decimate endangered French Creek mussels https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190401142207.htm

Neither snow, slush nor sunken ice keeps these scientists from wetland restoration https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/02/18/scientists-wetland-restoration

The Usual Story of the National Park Service Is Incomplete http://time.com/5562258/indigenous-environmental-justice/

Conserving Carolina working to rehab 100-acre wetland https://www.blueridgenow.com/news/20190206/conserving-carolinaworking-to-rehab-100-acre-wetland

Amphibian ‘apocalypse’ caused by most destructive pathogen ever https://relay.nationalgeographic.com/proxy/distribution/public/amp/animals/2019/03/amphibian-apocalypse-frogs-salamanders-worst-chytrid-fungus Sea level rise: Saltwater intrusion laying waste to Delmarva farms https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/maryland/2019/03/29/ sea-level-rise-saltwater-intrusion-laying-waste-delmarvafarms/3276897002/ Spring bird migration at Montezuma Wetlands Complex https://www.democratandchronicle.com/picture-gallery/ news/2019/03/22/spring-bird-migration-montezuma-wetlands-complex/3247284002/ Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines https://wednesdayswomen.com/elizabeth-coleman-white-blueberryqueen-of-the-jersey-pines/ Spotted salamanders discovered at Munroe Falls Metro Park as wetlands make a return https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-summit/spottedsalamanders-discovered-at-munroe-falls-metro-park-as-wetlands-makea-return Study finds people in Ireland and Scotland made “bog butter” for millennia https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/03/study-finds-people-in-irelandand-scotland-made-bog-butter-for-millennia/ Marshes Can Adapt To Rising Seas By Trapping More Carbon. Here’s What That Means https://amp.wbur.org/news/2019/03/07/wetlands-sea-levels-carbonclimate-change As sea level rises, wetlands crank up their carbon storage https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190306131401.htm The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath, Scientists Warn https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-ocean-is-running-out-ofbreath-scientists-warn/ The ubiquitous SC coastal marsh grass is no longer called spartina https://www.postandcourier.com/news/the-ubiquitous-sc-coastalmarsh-grass-is-no-longer-called/article_51f439b4-3916-11e9-a607abf6634164d3.html What’s in a Name? A Lot, It Seems! https://ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/currents/2019/01/whats-in-a-name-a-lot-it-seems/ Scientists say there’s still time to save Minnesota from invasive wetland plant https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/02/27/scientists-say-theres-stilltime-to-save-minnesota-from-invasive-wetland-plant Wetland mud is ‘secret weapon’ against climate change https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/science-environment-47472602 Continued sea-level rise on East and Gulf coasts detailed: Nearly all nonAlaskan West Coast tide stations also saw higher seas https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190225123513.htm Ancient wetlands provide new insight into global carbon cycle https://phys.org/news/2019-02-ancient-wetlands-insight-global-carbon.html WOTUS Rollback: ‘No Wetlands, No Seafood’ https://www.coastalreview.org/2019/02/wotus-rollback-no-wetlands-noseafood/

62 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

Tulane Study: Sea levels are rising faster than originally thought https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/tulane-study-sea-levels-arerising-faster-than-originally-thought/289-f6ca1d44-9167-4243-a33741e4525c95f1 As EPA Eases Wetlands Rule, California Makes a Countermove https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-epa-eases-wetlands-rule-californiamakes-a-countermove-11549123200 FGCU researcher wants to clean water by flipping lands between wetlands and farm fields in Everglades https://www.news-press.com/story/news/2019/01/07/everglades-restoration-lake-okeechobee-fgcu-caloosahatchee-river-red-tide-blue-greenchad-gillis/2481016002/ World’s Oceans Are Warming Faster, Studies Show, Fueling Storms and Sea Rise https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10012019/ocean-warming-accelerating-sea-level-rise-hurricanes-climate-change-science-review Along the East Coast, rainy days, high tides and sea rise make floods a part of life https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/news/east-coast-sea-level-rise-hightides-flooding-ncna957241 Wetlands in Wood County to be restored http://www.wtol.com/2019/01/17/wetlands-wood-county-be-restored/ Stirrings in the Muck: Fiddler Crabs, Yellow-Crowned Night Herons Locked in Climate Change Dance – National Geographic Society Newsroom https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2018/08/17/stirrings-in-the-muck-fiddler-crabs-yellow-crowned-night-herons-locked-in-climate-change-dance/ SC wetlands — prized for habitat and flood buffer — lose protection under Trump water rule https://www.postandcourier.com/news/sc-wetlands-prized-for-habitatand-flood-buffer-lose-protection/article_e8b1b568-15e7-11e9-9f73fb66dc7843a5.html Saving the World’s Largest Tropical Wetland - the Pantanal https://www.ecowatch.com/worlds-largest-wetland-pantanal-2626630113.html Novato wetlands project cleared for $5.7M infusion https://www.marinij.com/2018/12/25/state-approves-funding-for-nextphase-of-hamilton-wetlands-project/ City adds to wetlands preservation along Salt Creek https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/cityadds-to-wetlands-preservation-along-salt-creek/article_4c18b7a5-9c5e59ad-96e6-4f0aa3e61731.html Global sea level could rise 15 meters by 2300, study says https://phys.org/news/2018-10-global-sea-meters.html New Climate Report Was Too Cautious, Some Scientists Say https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-climate-report-was-toocautious-some-scientists-say/ What’s Another Way to Say ‘We’re F-cked’? https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/climate-change-sealevel-rise-737012/

Cows help battle invasive grass at Great Salt Lake wetlands https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/10/13/cows-help-battle-invasive/ Developer cited for violating clean water act after developing part of subdivision in wetlands http://www.wbrz.com/news/developer-cited-for-violating-clean-wateract-after-developing-part-of-subdivision-in-wetlands/

Bill would roll back wetlands protections http://www.michiganradio.org/post/bill-would-roll-back-wetlandsprotections Marin gets $520,000 for Novato wetlands restoration project https://www.marinij.com/2018/11/27/marin-county-gets-520000-grantto-design-novato-wetlands-restoration-project/

Rising Seas Threaten Iconic Mediterranean Sites https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rising-seas-threaten-iconicmediterranean-sites/

West Coast Wetlands Could Nearly Disappear in 100 Years https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/west-coast-wetlands-couldnearly-disappear-in-100-years

The future of wetlands: We’ve been warned https://forestsnews.cifor.org/57861/the-future-of-wetlands-weve-beenwarned?fnl=en

Wetlands are a natural climate solution. Guess who’s turning them into big polluters? https://grist.org/article/wetlands-are-a-natural-climate-solution-guesswhos-turning-them-into-big-polluters/

Prevent red tide? Start with more wetlands, experts say http://floridapolitics.com/archives/277986-wetlands-water-red-tide Climate change doubters are finalists for Environmental Protection Agency Science Advisory Board https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/climate-change-doubtersare-finalists-environmental-protection-agency-science-advisory Sea level rise doesn’t necessarily spell doom for coastal wetlands https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sea-level-rise-doesnt-necessarilyspell-doom-coastal-wetlands West Marin wetlands project hits 10-year mark https://www.marinij.com/2018/10/22/nature-reclaims-giacomini-wetlands-a-decade-after-major-restoration-project/ As Sea Levels Rise, How Best to Protect Coasts? https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/07/as-sea-levels-risehow-best-to-protect-our-coasts/ World’s Largest Tropical Wetland Has A Problem With Roadkill https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/worlds-largest-tropicalwetland-has-a-problem-with-roadkill/ Rising Seas Forcing Changes on Maryland’s Historic Eastern Shore Farms https://www.voanews.com/a/climate-change-maryland-farms/4633200.html Climate change: ‘Wetlands vital to protect cities’ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46020176 As Insect Populations Decline, Scientists Are Trying to Understand Why https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-insect-populations-decline-scientists-are-trying-to-understand-why/ Rising sea levels may build, rather than destroy, coral reef islands https://phys.org/news/2018-11-sea-coral-reef-islands.html $400,000 grant to plan wetlands restoration between Bucktown and Bonnabel in Jefferson Parish https://www.nola.com//environment/2018/11/400000-grant-to-plan-wetlands-restoration-between-bucktown-and-bonnabel-in-jefferson-parish.html Saltese Flats wetlands project underway for wildlife, water http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2018/nov/15/saltese-flats-wetlandsproject-underway-for-wildli/ Industries face closure for polluting wetlands, water bodies https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/industries-face-closure-pollutingwetlands-water-bodies Oasis Lost - With urbanization sprawling west, one of the most important landscapes in the western hemisphere—the wetlands of the Great Salt Lake—is at risk of disappearing. https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/oasis-lost/Content?oid=10443272 End of an era as Ireland closes its peat bogs ‘to fight climate change’ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/27/ireland-closes-peatbogs-climate-change

Requiem for our wetlands? What’s at risk in NE Minnesota https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2018/11/requiem-forour-wetlands-whats-at-risk-in-ne-minnesota/ Michigan Senate votes to drain wetlands regulations https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/12/04/ michigan-senate-votes-drain-wetlands-regulations/2206092002/ As he exits, Michigan lawmaker wants to gut wetland protection, boost waste https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/he-exits-michigan-lawmaker-wants-gut-wetland-protection-boost-waste Trump EPA Proposes Major Rollback Of Federal Water Protections https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675477583/trump-epa-proposes-bigchanges-to-federal-water-protections Southeast Long Beach land swap could net more wetlands—and more greenhouse gases https://lbpost.com/news/coastal-commission-southeast-long-beach-oilwetlands/ Saving the Graniteville Woods and Wetlands: How a poor community is fighting to save their only open, green space http://www.sicwf.org/ CLEAN WATER ACT: EPA falsely claims ‘no data’ on waters in WOTUS rule https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060109323 LSU wetlands mitigation bank plan moves forward https://www.businessreport.com/realestate/lsu-wetlands-mitigationbank-plan-moves-forward Trump wetlands rule rollback makes about 6 million acres in Florida unprotected https://www.tampabay.com/environment/trump-wetlands-rule-rollbackmakes-about-6-million-acres-in-florida-unprotected-20181213/ In India, Nature’s Power Overwhelms Engineered Wetlands https://e360.yale.edu/features/in-india-natures-power-overwhelmsengineered-wetlands Controversial wetlands legislation gets scaled back by state Legislature https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/12/21/ scaled-back-wetlands-legislation-gets-house-ok/2379537002/ Wetland damage from roseau cane plague visible in satellite images https://articles.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2018/09/wetland_ plague_damage_in_missi.amp Wetlands disappearing 3 times faster than forests threatening fresh water supplies: Report https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wetlands-disappearing3-times-faster-than-forests-threatening-fresh-water-supplies-report/ articleshow/65974012.cms

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 63

Why we must save the Endangered Species Act https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-we-must-save-the-endangered-species-act-from-the-trump-administration-babbitt

Minnesota wetland conservation http://www.startribune.com/federal-project-leader-scott-glup-sees-workas-the-front-lines-of-protection-for-wetlands-and-waterfowl/479060743/

Beavers are redefining the landscape at Smith and Bybee Lake Wetlands Natural Area https://katu.com/news/local/beavers-are-redefining-the-landscape-atsmith-and-bybee-lake-wetlands-natural-area

Hong Kong wetlands https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/04/08/trouble-paradise-suspiciousfires-land-battles-afflict-hong-kongs-nam-sang-wai-wetlands/

What the world needs now to fight climate change: More swamps http://theconversation.com/what-the-world-needs-now-to-fight-climatechange-more-swamps-99198 Proposal for wetland buffers doesn’t hold water in Lewes https://www.capegazette.com/article/proposal-wetland-buffersdoesn%E2%80%99t-hold-water-lewes/165372 Future of tidal wetlands depends on coastal management https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06190-x Moving a floating wetland from a beach in Minnesota https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-happened-to-the-minnesota-bog

Spokane County wetland restoration http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2018/apr/03/spokane-county-central-valley-district-make-saltes/#/0 Florida wetland regulation https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-lagoon/ health/2018/03/19/wetland-protection-poised-shift-corps-engineersflorida-dep/417298002/ Sea-level rise threatens local tribe in Louisiana https://e360.yale.edu/features/on-louisiana-coast-a-native-communitysinks-slowly-into-the-sea-isle-de-jean-charles Turtles in crisis http://therevelator.org/turtle-extinction-crisis/

Stop using “Swamp” as a negative term (e.g., “drain the swamp”) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/opinion/sunday/stop-callingwashington-a-swamp-its-offensive-to-swamps.html

Pantanal wetlands https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/5-interesting-facts-about-thepantanal-the-world-s-largest-tropical-wetland

Upcoming ASWM webinar on compensatory mitigation registration https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/7485952740901587715

http://www.worldwaterforum8.org/en/news/brazil-bolivia-and-paraguay-signed-declaration-conservation-pantanal

Restoring wetlands for desert pupfish https://www.ecowatch.com/desert-fish-endangered-2569323966.html

Penguins seen from space https://gizmodo.com/poo-stains-seen-from-space-lead-to-discovery-ofmassive-1823457294

North Carolina wetland regulations https://portcitydaily.com/local-news/2018/05/11/3-days-vs-3-monthsregulatory-structure-makes-it-tougher-protect-wetlands/ Massachusetts wetland enforcement https://www.ecori.org/government/2018/5/3/appeals-court-upholdsdecision-to-restore-damaged-wetlands Wetlands for downtown Durham, NC http://www.heraldsun.com/news/local/counties/durham-county/article209713499.html Wetland conservation in Texas http://kfdm.com/news/local/additional-wetlands-protection-providesdefense-against-flooding Wetland banking in Minnesota http://www.startribune.com/bank-gives-landowners-committed-torestoring-minnesota-wetlands-a-financial-incentive/480463381/ Columbian wetlands http://www.columbian.com/news/2018/apr/18/shoring-up-a-key-wetland-in-camas/ Wetland restoration in Milwaukee https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/milwaukee/2018/04/17/restoration-one-last-wetlands-milwaukees-harbor-estuary-provide-morepublic-recreation-ato-restored/522547002/ Kansas wetland park http://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article208500834. html Walden Pond revisited https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-study-details-manmade-damage-done-walden-pond-180968700/ Wisconsin Frac mining permit https://www.wpr.org/dnr-staff-felt-pressure-approve-wetland-fill-fracsand-mining-project

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Wisconsin wetland regulations http://www.gazettextra.com/news/government/county-officials-say-isolated-wetlands-bill-could-have-adverse-effects/article_7f98b9ef-48eb55cc-b4b6-f851f1213d3d.html http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/politicizedwisconsin-dnr-erasing-rare-wetlands-retirees-say/article_881666fcf9c0-5cf7-ac2a-272e9c1d4094.html Ballona wetlands historic images http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-los-angeles-ballona-creekwetlands-watershed-2018-2 Mining impacts proposed for Minnesota https://search.app.goo.gl/EUQb6

WETLAND BOOKSHELF

A

new book on wetlands arrived in my mailbox this summer: “Wading Right In: Discovering the Nature of Wetlands”

by Catherine Owen Koning and Sharon M. Ashworth (The University of Chicago Press; August 2019). Designed with the average citizen in mind, the book offers an entertaining introduction to major wetland types in the coterminous U.S., highlighting their unique qualities, threats, restoration efforts, and future challenges. The authors use stories from a varied group of “wetlanders” to underscore the value and functions of wetlands and describe the type of work these folks are doing for wetland conservation. This would be a quick summer read for wetlanders and, perhaps more importantly, one that you might want to recommend to your family and friends.

For the latest news on wetlands and related topics, readers are referred to the Association of State Wetland Managers website. Their “Wetland Breaking News” section include links to newspaper articles that should be of interest: https:// www.aswm.org/news/wetland-breaking-news. Their blog – the Complete Wetlander – may also be of interest: https:// www.aswm.org/wordpress/. Additional resources are listed below.

Please help us add new books and reports to this listing. If your agency, organization, or institution has published new publications on wetlands, please send the information to Editor of Wetland Science & Practice at ralphtiner83@gmail. com. Your cooperation is appreciated.

BOOKS

• An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America (5th Edition) https://he.kendallhunt.com/product/introduction-aquatic-insects-north-america • Wading Right In: Discovering the Nature of Wetlands https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/ bo28183520.html • Sedges of Maine https://umaine.edu/umpress/books-in-print/ • Sedges and Rushes of Minnesota https://www.upress.umn. edu/book-division/books/sedges-and-rushes-of-minnesota • Wetland & Stream Rapid Assessments: Development, Validation, and Application https://www.elsevier.com/ books/wetland-and-stream-rapid-assessments/dorney/978-0-12-805091-0 • Eager: The Surprising Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/eager/ • Wetland Indicators – A Guide to Wetland Formation, Identification, Delineation, Classification, and Mapping https://www.crcpress.com/Wetland-Indicators-A-Guide-toWetland-Identification-Delineation-Classification/Tiner/p/ book/9781439853696 • Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification https://www.crcpress.com/Wetland-Soils-Genesis-Hydrology-Landscapes-and-Classification/VepraskasRichardson-Vepraskas-Craft/9781566704847 • Creating and Restoring Wetlands: From Theory to Practice http://store.elsevier.com/Creating-and-Restoring-Wetlands/ Christopher-Craft/isbn-9780124072329/ • Salt Marsh Secrets. Who uncovered them and how? http://trnerr.org/SaltMarshSecrets/ • Remote Sensing of Wetlands: Applications and Advances. https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781482237351 • Wetlands (5th Edition). http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ WileyTitle/productCd-1118676823.html

• Black Swan Lake – Life of a Wetland http://press.uchicago. edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo15564698.html • Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, Ecology, Distribution and Applications http://www.cambridge.org/ us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/ environmental-science/coastal-wetlands-world-geologyecology-distribution-and-applications • Florida’s Wetlands https://www.amazon.com/FloridasWetlands-Natural-Ecosystems-Species/dp/1561646873/ ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1518650552&sr=84&keywords=wetland+books • Mid-Atlantic Freshwater Wetlands: Science, Management, Policy, and Practice http://www.springer.com/environment/ aquatic+sciences/book/978-1-4614-5595-0 • The Atchafalaya River Basin: History and Ecology of an American Wetland http://www.tamupress.com/product/ Atchafalaya-River-Basin,7733.aspx • Tidal Wetlands Primer: An Introduction to their Ecology, Natural History, Status and Conservation https://www. umass.edu/umpress/title/tidal-wetlands-primer • Wetland Landscape Characterization: Practical Tools, Methods, and Approaches for Landscape Ecology http:// www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466503762 • Wetland Techniques (3 volumes) http://www.springer.com/ life+sciences/ecology/book/978-94-007-6859-8 • Wildflowers and Other Plants of Iowa Wetlands https://www.uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2015-spring/wildflowers-and-other-plants-iowa-wetlands.htm • Wetland Restoration: A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater Systems https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/books/wetlands-handbook • Wetland Ecosystems https://www.wiley.com/en-us/ Wetland+Ecosystems-p-9780470286302 • Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Development https://www.routledge.com/Constructed-Wetlands-and-Sustainable-Development/Austin-Yu/p/book/9781138908994 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 65

ONLINE PUBLICATIONS

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS • Regional Guidebook for the Functional Assessment of Organic Flats, Slopes, and Depressional Wetlands in the Northcentral and Northeast Region http://acwc.sdp.sirsi. net/client/en_US/search/asset/1047786 • Wetland-related publications: -http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/ results?te=&lm=WRP -http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/ results?te=&lm=WRP • National Wetland Plant List publications: http://rsgisias. crrel.usace.army.mil/NWPL/ • National Technical Committee for Wetland Vegetation: http://rsgisias.crrel.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/ntcwv.html • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency wetland reports and searches: http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/wetpubs.cfm • A Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Forested Wetlands in Alluvial Valleys of the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States ERDC/EL TR-13-1 • Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions: Guidelines for Developing Guidebooks (Version 2) ERDC/EL TR-13-11 • Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing the Functions of Flat and Seasonally Inundated Depression Wetlands on the Highland Rim ERDC/EL TR-13-12 • Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin (online publication) http://www.mvp.usace. army.mil/Missions/Regulatory/?Page=12

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, NATIONAL WETLANDS INVENTORY • Wetland Characterization and Landscape-level Functional Assessment for Long Island, New York http://www.fws.gov/ northeast/ecologicalservices/pdf/wetlands/Characterization_Report_February_2015.pdf or http://www.aswm.org/wetlandsonestop/wetland_characterization_long_island_ny_021715.pdf • Also wetland characterization/landscape-level functional assessment reports for over 12 small watersheds in New York at: http://www.aswm.org/wetland-science/134-wetlandsone-stop/5044-nwi-reports • Preliminary Inventory of Potential Wetland Restoration Sites for Long Island, New York http://www.aswm.org/ wetlandsonestop/restoration_inventory_long_island_ ny_021715.pdf

66 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

• Dichotomous Keys and Mapping Codes for Wetland Landscape Position, Landform, Water Flow Path, and Waterbody Type Descriptors. Version 3.0. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA. https://www.fws. gov/northeast/EcologicalServices/pdf/wetlands/Dichotomous_Keys_and_Mapping_Codes_for_Wetland_Landscape_Position_Landform_Water_Flow_Path_and_Waterbody_Type_Version_3.pdf • Connecticut Wetlands Reports: • Changes in Connecticut Wetlands: 1990 to 2010 • Potential Wetland Restoration Sites for Connecticut: Results of a Preliminary Statewide Survey • Wetlands and Waters of Connecticut: Status 2010 • Connecticut Wetlands: Characterization and Landscape-level Functional Assessment • Rhode Island Wetlands: Status, Characterization, and Landscape-level Functional Assessment http://www.aswm. org/wetlandsonestop/rhode_island_wetlands_llww.pdf • Status and Trends of Prairie Wetlands in the United States: 1997 to 2009 http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/ Status-and-Trends-of-Prairie-Wetlands-in-the-UnitedStates-1997-to-2009.pdf • Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009. http://www. fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-In-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Conterminous-US2004-to-2009.pdf • The NWI+ Web Mapper – Expanded Data for Wetland Conservation http://www.aswm.org/wetlandsonestop/nwiplus_web_mapper_nwn_2013.pdf • Wetlands One-Stop Mapping: Providing Easy Online Access to Geospatial Data on Wetlands and Soils and Related Information http://www.aswm.org/wetlandsonestop/wetlands_ one_stop_mapping_in_wetland_science_and_practice.pdf • Wetlands of Pennsylvania’s Lake Erie Watershed: Status, Characterization, Landscape-level Functional Assessment, and Potential Wetland Restoration Sites http://www.aswm. org/wetlandsonestop/lake_erie_watershed_report_0514.pdf

U.S. FOREST SERVICE • Historical Range of Variation Assessment for Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems, U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr286.pdf • Inventory of Fens in a Large Landscape of West-Central Colorado http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5363703.pdf

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, NATIONAL WETLANDS RESEARCH CENTER • Link to publications: http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/pblctns. htm (recent publications are noted) • A Regional Classification of the Effectiveness of Depressional Wetlands at Mitigating Nitrogen Transport to Surface Waters in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain http:// pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5266/pdf/sir2012-5266.pdf • Tidal Wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries, Oregon: Geographic Information Systems Layer Development and Recommendations for National Wetlands Inventory Revisions http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1038/ pdf/ofr2012-1038.pdf

U.S.D.A. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE • Link to information on hydric soils:http://www.nrcs.usda. gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/use/hydric/ • Field Indicators of Hydric Soils of the United States, Version 8.1 (online publication) https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053171.pdf

PUBLICATIONS BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS • The Nature Conservancy has posted several reports on wetland and riparian restoration for the Gunnison Basin, Colorado at: http://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationByGeography/NorthAmerica/UnitedStates/Colorado/science/climate/ gunnison/Pages/Reports.aspx (Note: Other TNC reports are also available via this website by looking under different regions.)

• Book: Ecology and Conservation of Waterfowl in the Northern Hemisphere, Proceedings of the 6th North American Duck Symposium and Workshop (Memphis, TN; January 27-31, 2013). Wildfowl Special Issue No. 4. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, UK. • Report on State Definitions, Jurisdiction and Mitigation Requirements in State Programs for Ephemeral, Intermittent and Perennial Streams in the United States (Association of State Wetland Managers) http://aswm.org/stream_ mitigation/streams_in_the_us.pdf • Wetlands and People (International Water Management Institute) http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/ PDF/wetlands-and-people.pdf • Waubesa Wetlands: New Look at an Old Gem (online publication) http://www.town.dunn.wi.us/land-use/historic-documents/

ARTICLES OF INTEREST FROM VARIED SOURCES • Comparative phylogeography of the wild-rice genus Zizania (Poaceae) in eastern Asia and North America; American Journal of Botany 102:239-247. http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/2/239.abstract

LINKS TO WETLAND-RELATED JOURNALS AND NEWSLETTERS JOURNALS • Aquatic Botany http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaticbotany/ • Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28IS SN%291099-0755 • Aquatic Sciences http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ ecology/journal/27 • Ecological Engineering http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ ecological-engineering/ • Estuaries and Coasts http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/12237 • Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science http://www.journals. elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/ • Hydrobiologia http://link.springer.com/journal/10750 • Hydrological Sciences Journal http://www.tandfonline. com/toc/thsj20/current • Journal of Hydrology http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ journal-of-hydrology/ • Wetlands http://link.springer.com/journal/13157 • Wetlands Ecology and Management https://link.springer. com/journal/11273

NEWSLETTERS Two of the following newsletters have been terminated yet maintain archives of past issues. The only active newsletter is “Wetland Breaking News” from the Association of State Wetland Managers.

• Biological Conservation Newsletter contained some articles that addressed wetland issues; the final newsletter was the January 2017 issue; all issues now accessed through the “Archives”) http://botany.si.edu/pubs/bcn/issue/latest.htm#biblio • For news about conservation research from the Smithsonian Institution, please visit these websites: -Smithsonian Newsdesk http://newsdesk.si.edu/ -Smithsonian Insider http://insider.si.edu/ -The Plant Press http://nmnh.typepad.com/the_plant_press/ -SCBI Conservation News http://nationalzoo.si.edu/conservation -STRI News http://www.stri.si.edu/english/about_stri/headline_news/news • Wetland Breaking News (Association of State Wetland Managers) http://aswm.org/news/wetland-breaking-news • National Wetlands Newsletter (Environmental Law Institute) – access to archived issues as the newsletter was suspended in mid-2016 due to the changing climate for printed publications. https://www.wetlandsnewsletter.org/

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 67

BOOK REVIEW

An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America – Fifth Edition

Edited by R.W. Merritt, K.W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg, Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa Reviewed by Ralph Tiner, Editor, Wetland Science & Practice

I received a review copy of this book days before Christmas. The package weighed a ton and I wondered what I had ordered online that was so heavy? When opening it, I was surprised that it was a book about “water bugs.” “Introduction” is an understatement as the 1480-page tome is more of an encyclopedia than an introduction. The original version by Merritt and Cummins published in 1980 contained 441 pages and weighed 3.3 pounds might have been an introduction, but the length of the current version is more than three times than the original’s and is twice as heavy coming in at 6.6 pounds. The editors should seriously consider renaming the publication as it now is far more than what the name “introduction” would suggest.

It a serious, comprehensive treatment of aquatic insects, containing 27 chapters covering the major taxa and more.

The chapters on taxa are written by subject experts and include an introduction to the Order, dichotomous keys, and line drawings of diagnostic features. In addition to those subjects, the book contains chapters on insect morphology, sampling, respiration, life history, general ecology, and use of insects in bioassessment, among others. A chapter showing 276 photographs of aquatic insects plus a handful of images on taking photos of these organisms has been added to this edition. This book should be a valuable reference for anyone working in streams, rivers, and lakes, especially individuals working on bioassessments. My only criticism of the book is that the size and weight of the spiral version makes it a bit unwieldly. The book might have been better published in a few hardcover volumes rather than as a single document. It does comes in both

68 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

hardcover or e-book formats, so that latter may be more desirable for most readers. The book can be ordered at: https://he.kendallhunt.com/product/introduction-aquaticinsects-north-america. n

WETLANDS JOURNAL

What’s New in the SWS Journal - Wetlands?

The following articles appear in Volume 39, Issue 5 of Wetlands, Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists.

• Management Strategies for the Conservation, Restoration and Utilization of Mangroves in Southeastern Mexico • Vegetation Response and Juvenile Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Outmigration Following Connectivity Enhancement of a Typha Dominated Coastal Wetland • Influence of Floods and Growth Duration on the Productivity of Wet Grasslands of Echinochloa stagnina (Retz) P. Beauv. in an East African Floodplain • Effects of Tropical Saltmarsh Patches on the Structure of Benthic Macrofaunal Assemblages • Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Efflux from Permanent, Semi-Permanent, and Temporary Subalpine Ponds • A Classification System for Colombian Wetlands: an Essential Step Forward in Open Environmental Policy-Making • The Influence of Personality on Small Fish Migration and Dispersal in the Everglades • Wood Biomass and Carbon Pools within a Floodplain Forest of the Congaree River, South Carolina, USA • Can Multi-Element Fingerprinting of Soils Inform Assessments of Chemical Connectivity Between Depressional Wetlands?

• Effect of Hydrologic, Geomorphic, and Vegetative Conditions on Avian Communities in The Middle Rio Grande of New Mexico • Temporal Dynamics of the Natural and Trimmed Angiosperm Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales:Zosteraceae), and an Effective Technique for Transplantation of Long Shoots in a Temperate Tidal Zone (Northern China) • Mapping Mountain Peatlands and Wet Meadows Using Multi-Date, Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru • Physiognomic and Multivariate Phytosociological Analyses of a Subtropical Peat Bog Located on the Eastern Plateau in Southern Brazil • Recolonisation by Spontaneous Vegetation of a Rewetted Peatland after Topsoil Removal: a Focus on Biomass Production and Nutrient Uptake • Salt and Wetland: Traditional Development Landscape, Land Use Changes and Environmental Adaptation on the Central Jiangsu Coast, China, 1450–1900 • Response of Mangroves to Late Holocene Sea-Level Change: Palaeoecological Evidence from Sumatra, Indonesia • Impacts of Cattle on the Vegetation Structure of Mangroves • Flood Exposure Affects Long-Term Tree Survival in Compensatory Mitigation Wetlands

Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 69

WSP SUBMISSION GUIDELINES

About Wetland Science & Practice (WSP)

W

etland Science and Practice (WSP) is the SWS quarterly publication aimed at providing information on select SWS activities (technical committee summaries, chapter workshop overview/ abstracts, and SWS-funded student activities), brief summary articles on ongoing or recently completed wetland research, restoration, or management projects or on the general ecology and natural history of wetlands, and highlights of current events.

WSP also includes sections listing new publications and research at various institutions, and links to major wetland research facilities, federal agencies, wetland restoration/monitoring sites and wetland mapping sites. The publication also serves as an outlet for commentaries, perspectives and opinions on important developments in wetland science, theory, management and policy.

Both invited and unsolicited manuscripts are reviewed by the WSP editor for suitability for publication. Student papers are welcomed. Please see publication guidelines at the end of this issue.

Electronic access to Wetland Science and Practice is included in your SWS membership.

All issues published, except the the current issue, are available via the internet to the general public.

At the San Juan meeting, the SWS Board of Directors voted to approve release of past issues of WSP when a new issue is available to SWS members only. This means that a WSP issue will be available to the public four months after it has been read by SWS members (e.g., the June 2017 issue will be an open access issue in September 2017). Such availability will hopefully stimulate more interest in contributing to the journal. And, we are excited about this opportunity to promote the good work done by our members.

HOW YOU CAN HELP If you read something you like in WSP, or that you think someone else would find interesting, be sure to share. Share links to your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn accounts.

Make sure that all your SWS colleagues are checking out our recent issues, and help spread the word about SWS to non-members!

Questions? Contact editor Ralph Tiner, PWS Emeritus (ralphtiner83@gmail.com). n 70 Wetland Science & Practice January 2020

WSP Manuscript – General Guidelines LENGTH: Approximately 5,000 words; can be longer if necessary.

STYLE: See existing articles from 2014 to more recent years available online at: http://www.sws.org/Publications/wsp-contents.html TEXT: Word document, 12 font, Times New Roman, single-spaced; keep tables and figures separate, although captions can be included in text. For reference citations in text use this format: (Smith 2016; Jones and Whithead 2014; Peterson et al. 2010).

FIGURES: Please include color images and photos of subject wetland(s) as WSP is a full-color e-publication.

Image size should be less than 1MB – 500KB may work best for this e-publication.

REFERENCE CITATION EXAMPLES: • Claus, S., S. Imgraben, K. Brennan, A. Carthey, B. Daly, R. Blakey, E. Turak, and N. Saintilan. 2011. Assessing the extent and condition of wetlands in NSW: Supporting report A – Conceptual framework, Monitoring, evaluation and reporting program, Technical report series, Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney, Australia. OEH 2011/0727.

• Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington D.C. Publication 242.

• Clewell, A.F., C. Raymond, C.L. Coultas, W.M. Dennis, and J.P. Kelly. 2009. Spatially narrow wet prairies. Castanea 74: 146-159.

• Colburn, E.A. 2004. Vernal Pools: Natural History and Conservation. McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, VA. • Cole, C.A. and R.P. Brooks. 2000. Patterns of wetland hydrology in the Ridge and Valley Province, Pennsylvania, USA. Wetlands 20: 438-447.

• Cook, E.R., R. Seager, M.A. Cane, and D.W. Stahle. 2007.

North American drought: reconstructions, causes, and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 81: 93-134.

• Cooper, D.J. and D.M. Merritt. 2012. Assessing the water needs of riparian and wetland vegetation in the western United States. U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-282.

WEB TIP

Resources at your fingertips!

For your convenience, SWS has compiled a hefty list of wetland science websites, books, newsletters, government agencies, research centers and more, and saved them to sws.org.

Find them on the Related Links page sws.org.

From the Bog

Time for a new dam.

by Doug Wilcox Š

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wetland science practice

WSP is the formal voice of the Society of Wetland Scientists. It is a quarterly publication focusing on the news of the SWS and providing important announcements for members and opportunities for wetland scientists, managers, and graduate students to publish brief summaries of their works and conservation initiatives. Topics for articles may include descriptions of threatened wetlands around the globe or the establishment of wetland conservation areas, and summary findings from research or restoration projects. All manuscripts should follow guidelines for authors listed above. All papers published in WSP will be reviewed by the editor for suitability and may be subject to peer review as necessary. Most articles will be published within 3 months of receipt. Letters to the editor are also encouraged, but must be relevant to broad wetland-related topics. All material should be sent electronically to the current editor of WSP. Complaints about SWS policy or personnel should be sent directly to the elected officers of SWS and will not be considered for publication in WSP. n Wetland Science & Practice January 2020 71