GARTNERISKOLEN Søren Bundgaard Holm & Kevin Kuriakose Design Realisation Aarhus Arkitektskolen 2018
This project is done together by Kevin Kuriakose and Søren Bundgaard Holm. All the drawings and design were done in collaboration. Unless specified with the colors aplied to our photo above, our focus has been on working together.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION STATE OF BIODIVERSITY STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN DENMARK STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN AARHUS STATE OF POLLINATORS STATE OF POLLINATORS IN AARHUS LOCATING THE AREA STATE OF THE AREA
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
CONTEXT MUNICIPALITY PLAN SITE ANALYSIS SOLAR ANALYSIS SOCIAL CONTEXT MAPPING NATIVE SPECIES LOCATING THE SITE THE SITE INITIAL CONCEPTS
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
BRIEF PROGRAMME THE PROTAGONISTS & ECONOMICS
36 38
DESIGN & STRATEGY KEY MOVES DIAGRAMS THE AREAS MATERIAL OVERVIEW MASTERPLAN AXONOMETRIC OVERVIEW PERSPECTIVE SECTION PLANS
40 42 44 46 54 60 62
DESIGN REALISATION DR OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF KEY DETAILS WINTERGARDEN OVERVIEW WINTERGARDEN MATERIALS WINTERGARDEN AXONOMETRIC WINTERGARDEN DETAILS WINTERGARDEN PLANTING BIOWALL OVERVIEW BIOWALL MATERIAL BIOWALL CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE BIOWALL SOLAR ANALYSIS BIOWALL PLANTING BIOWALL DETAILS DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
70 72 74 78 80 84 92 94
98 100 101 102 104 108
PERFORMANCE BUILDING PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW RAINWATER ENERGY BUILDING FABRIC PERFORMANCE FIRE REGULATION ACCESSIBILITY DAY LIGHTING
110 112 114 116 118 120 122
UP-CYCLE PAVILION APPENDIX
128 136
STATE OF BIODIVERSITY
As I lay in a state of stupor The sweet lord came onto me, And beamed me up from my place of slumber And then he bought me upon a vast garden, out way west And as we descended, cries of impending doom filled the air A million voices, nay a billion voices rose from the Earth Please Lord what are those tortured screams? And the Lord said unto me Those are the howls of the critters You see, they have a consciousness, They have a life! They have a soul! And tomorrow is harvest day ‘tis the dawn of men And to them it is the holocaust!
We are right now in the middle of the 6th mass extinction, the Anthropocene extinction. We are the main culprits as we have emerged as a global force and as a super predator. The current rate of extinction is species is estimated to 100 to 1,000 times higher than the natural background rates and this mainly due to our widespread degradation of biodiverse habitats. A system that is founded on and fuelled by continual growth that is dependent on the exploitation of nature cannot sustain its progress; as it has in the past. As we shift away from this idea and try to become more sustainable a new way of engaging with nature and its ecological processes is required for humanity to even think about being truly sustainable. Our main aim for the project was to try and see what could be done at a local level, as architects, to help people understand ecological processes and help improve their appreciation for biodiversity and connect with nature.
Previous Semester work by Kevin Kuriakose
STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN DENMARK
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Danes have a rather dichotomous, contrastive view of nature, it is the relative contrast between the rural and the urban, nature is seen as the scenery of the countryside. This contrastive view of nature has reciprocally determined and enabled Denmark to become one of the most intensely cultivated and urbanized countries in the world. There is not much ‘natural’ wilderness left. This has taken a toll on the ecological health of Denmark especially in the decline of biodiversity. Even a quick google search will tell you that Danish biodiversity is declining due to myriad of reasons chiefly due to habitat loss, fragmentation and the side effects of intensive agriculture. This fragmentation can be seen in the maps of protected natural areas in Denmark. Fragmentation leads to a less resilient ecosystem. One might wonder why is biodiversity important? Especially in a country like Denmark? We might be fooled into thinking that our direct dependence on nature and ecosystems have diminished as we have moved through time, but our indirect interdependence and our influence on the non-human world has grown exponentially as we have multiplied. Even in Denmark nature provides us with ecosystem services. These services integral to the provisioning of clean drinking water, the decomposition of wastes, and the natural pollination of crops and other plants. It is essential that people are aware of these implications of their actions and become more knowledgeable about biodiversity.
GIS Mapping -Biodiversitetskortet
STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN AARHUS
T he city Ar hus belongs to Green cities cluster
Contextual Infor mation C ountry: Denmark A rea (km²)
467.4
P opulation dens ity (inh/km²)
682.7
Min average temperature (ºC ) A nnual prec ipitation (mm) Urban water areas (%)
17.2 0.7 814.0 0.9
Characterising cluster parameters
Urban Gr een Infr astructur e Main Indicator s
1.00
S hare of G reen Urban A rea (%)
73.6
Dis tribution of G UA (m/ha)
12.1
E ffec tive G I - Mean (%)
20.9
Mean Hots pot (%)
0.75 V alue
Max average temperature (ºC )
C lus ter 5 is the larges t c lus ter with 113 c ities , whic h are wides pread ac ros s E urope, only S c andinavian c ities are almos t not repres ented. Interes tingly, exc ept for the s hare of green urban areas , all other parameters have low values . Mos t s ignific ant parameters are a high s hare of green urban areas and low s oil s ealing degrees . A ls o the dis tribution of green urban areas is relatively low. T he c ity whic h repres ents this group the mos t is G iugliano in C ampania (Italy), whic h is loc ated outs ide of Naples and c ompris es many agric ultural areas within its boundary.
1.3
0.50 0.25
125
E U Mean + 1 S D
E U Mean - 1 S D
E U Mean
C ity Mean E G I
Urban blue areas
Dis tribution of G UA
S hare of Natura 2000
S hare of urban fores t
E ffec tive G I-Mean
S hare of G UA
L ow dens ity areas
Degree of s oil s ealing
Mean Hots pot
0.00
Mean E ffective G I (%)
100
75
50
25
0 0
5
10
15
20 25 30 Dis tance to the city centre (K m)
35
40
45
50
Globally more people now live in urban areas than ever before and this number is projected to grow. Urban dwellers are becoming increasingly disconnected from nature, nowadays many of us no longer understand the connection of a healthy ecosystem and healthy cities. Cities provide a unique habitat and safe for several species to establish themselves due to its unique micro-climate. Cities offer several advantages for exploring conservation practices, such as a lack of agriculture pesticides (Larson et al. 2013; Muratet & Fontaine 2015) (although home- and horticultural use of pesticides may be widespread) and few large herbivores (e.g., deer). Cities are rife with ‘novel ecosystems’ and can provide unique habitats for certain species and native plants and these need to be acknowledged for the values they possess in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This is outlined very well in the article by the Stockholm Resilience Centre; ‘the physical and mental distance between urban consumers and the ecosystems supporting them ask the ecological implication of choices made’ (Andersson, et al., 2014). It is of prime importance to reconnect the city with the biosphere and to change the dichotomous view of nature as something ‘out there’ in the countryside and as something not belonging to the urban realm. The study of Urban Ecology is a fairly new topic in Aarhus and there is very little understanding of the types of novel ecosystems that it supports and could potentially support. Interestingly, the city has a high share of urban green areas but all other parameters such as the overall effective green infrastructure is well below the EU mean and far below other Scandinavian counterparts (EEA, 2017). So the main challenge of our project was how could we design and plan an area that will boost biodiversity and contribute to the green infrastructure of the city?
Previous Semester work by Kevin Kuriakose
STATE OF POLLINATORS
Insects especially pollinators are keystones of most ecosystems and increasing the number of pollinators in cities will lead to a more diverse and resilient ecosystem. So we decided to use pollinators as our main target group. As seen from fragmented ecological mapping just catering to one group of pollinators, for instance by planting more native wildflowers, and planting ivy on buildings could potentially help improve overall species richness due to the interconnected nature of ecosystems. Cities such as Aarhus can provide unique habitats for a number of unique species that directly benefit us. For instance, pollinators such as wild bees and butterflies, which are declining in the Danish countryside due to monoculture and intensive pesticide use, can find a heterogenous, relatively pesticide free habitats in cities, but the conscious implementation of green infrastructure is necessary to achieve this. For instance there are 286 species of bee (all excellent pollinators) native to Denmark and climate change is driving several more species up to the North of Europe. Due to insect pollinators’ relatively small functional requirements (habitat range, life cycle, and nesting behavior) relative to larger mammals, pollinators put high-priority and high-impact urban conservation within reach. In a rapidly urbanizing world, transforming how environmental managers view the city can improve citizen engagement and contribute to the development of more sustainable urbanization
Previous Semester work by Kevin Kuriakose
STATE OF POLLINATORS IN AARHUS
The first step towards identifying a suitable site for pollinator infrastructure was to create a new species mapping that solely focused on pollinators. As one can see there is a lack of recording of pollinators in the center of the city. This is mainly due to the fact the center of Aarhus is densely built area with lesser access to diverse green spaces that pollinators need to survive. Also locating our site in the center would increase habitat connectivity from Marselisborg to Risskov, two diverse areas.
Pollinator Map based on data from Naturbasen
LOCATING THE AREA
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
By using GIS data used by biologists to measure nature connectivity we identified an isolated pocket of protected thickets that had a high biodiversity proxy score but was vulnerable to shocks in the system due to its small size and isolation. Our aim was to base our project in this area to improve and expand biodiversity in this area towards the heart of the city.
GIS Mapping of Biodiversity Scores.
STATE OF THE AREA
State of the Area The meet district area in the South Harbour have had a mixed used since the slaughter house were built in 1895. Many things came along with the slaughter house, in 1907 a restaurant was built as a venue for the cattle traders. Furthermore the railway was established to lighten the transportation to the area. In 1855, Aarhus got its first gas plant in the South Harbour are, which delivered gas for lighting, heating and cooking through 165 meters of underground pipes. 44 years later an electricity power plant was added, and from 1928 the excess heat from the production of electricity was used for district heating. The cranes and mountains of coal were gradually removed from the South Harbour district until 1997, and only two remnants from the once enormous plant can be found there today: Turbinehallen and the Coal Bridge. Today the area still has a mixed use of businesses, not only industrial also creative businesses such as architecture, designers, art, gin distillery and much more is located at the South Harbour. The state of the area is in decay, as the pictures above shows. Yet the area is undergoing great development as the municipality has made a development plan for the area to attract even more businesses to the area.
MUNICIPALITY PLAN
The vision for the South Harbor area, in short. In 2015 the city counsil launched a process for the development of the South Harbor area. With the development plan they wishes to realize the potentials of the area. It dictates the overall framework for the on going development and initiates eight substrategies for promotion of South Harbor area. The eight substrategies are: •
A dynamic business eco system
•
Art and culture production in the urban areas
•
Space for socially vulnerable
•
A district in motion
•
An allround district
•
Conservation, renewal and transformation
•
Living urban spaces
•
Activities
The precedens for the new area is formerly transformed harbor environments in Vancouver, New York and London. The goal is to adapt it to Aarhus' own particular size and idendity1. In other words, it is a holistic plan that consider all the many different matters for the development of the attractive city and for the Sydhavnskvarterets attractiveness as the framework for business, urban life and diversity - for both the city's current and future users and companies.
Pdf: Sydhavnskvarteret Aarhus C, p. 10
1
Culture and protected buildings
Square formations
Recreational path When looking at this development plan for the area three interesting development principles came up, which could be taken further on to the project. The first diagram on the top shows where a culture environment is planned to be, and what is worth keeping at the site and what is not. It is interesting because it shows the municipalities thoughts of what the meet district could potentially be developed to. The second diagram shows how squares are planned for gathering at the site. The third is showing a principle of how a recreational path is implementet from Marselisborg skov South from the harbour to Riis skov North from the harbor. It is a green path connecting the two forests, which goes well along with the topic of bringing more biodiversity into the city.
SITE ANALYSIS
When we were analysing the site it became clear to us that it is a very much industrial area, with a lot of concrete, asphalt, bricks and not much greenery is present. The site analysis along with the municipality plan has initiated the main idea of creating the missing link in greenery at the South Harbour. Based on our mapping and analysis we decided on a specific site in the meet district area. The reason for why we chose that exact spot was because it had the least greenery so we could connect the two green areas present at the site with our project. It played well along with the municipality's recreational path for connecting Marselisborg skov and Riis skov, adding a missing link. Also it was the area with the least signs of diversity in both plant and animal species, so we wanted to create a pathway for pollinators.
Chosen site
SOLAR ANALYSIS
Equinox
9.00 AM
12.00 AM
03.00 PM
Summer
Winter
Solar and wind analisys for June.
Solar and wind analisys for December.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
The growing period in Aarhus. The key focus was the sun since we had an idea of trying to grow as many plants as possible.
Dec
SOCIAL CONTEXT
1
2
3
Spanie
n
4
5
Jæger
gårds
gade
Kalkv
ærks
vej
6
7 8 9 ns Sy
dh
av
12
Strand
vejen
ga
de
10
11
Sv
en d
bo rgr am
pe
n
13
Creative businesses Professions, Commercial and Industri Cafe/Restaurant Sheds and storrage Public and Social Housing Roads Bika and footpath
The area has a mixed use of businesses, not only industrial also creative businesses such as architecture, designers, art, gin destilery and much more is located at the South Harbor. We wanted a program that would work symbiotically with the whole area including all the creative businesses and social initiatives. Below is the full list of businesses at the South Harbor.
1
NRGI
2
Jobcenter and health
3
Bylageret, city model
4
Artist workshops and Galery
5
Danskebank
6
Kirkenshorshær and Naapiffik
7
Njord, gin destillery
8
The Oil mill
9
Værestedet
10
Kohalen
11
The markethall (burnt)
12
Slaughterhouse
13
- Joiner - Artists - Photografer - Textile designer - Ceramist - Ecological clothing wholesale - Light installations - Architects - Frontløberne - Productionschool - TRX fitness - Gynozone - Rehersalspaces - Music studio - Eventmanager - Pindhunden - Microfone builder - Tile designer - More....
MAPPING NATIVE SPECIES
The main area of focus for us was biodiversity so we started our project by trying to map out with data provided by ecology department at the natural history museum the kind of biodiversity and species that exists on the site (Refer to Appendix for detailed analysis). Our main aim was to find out what kind of species of plants and animals already exists on the site and then by understanding the kind of species that lives there to create a masterplan and building that would enhance and interact with the surrounding ecosystem. The ecologically important species were mapped in a species map of the area to understand what kind of green areas and infrastructure needs to be provided to help maintain and improve the conditions for these species that have already colonized the area. Also utilizing species that are already adapted to the area have a higher degree of success in propagating. A lot of the species plants for instance were pioneering species which are hardy species which are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem. The protected thicket registered a high number as expected but the most interesting aspect of the mapping exercise was that the highest species diversity was recorded in peoples gardens (B7: 115 species). Not only does this show heightened awareness among the people who garden but gardens do have the potential to harbor high biodiversity especially when done with native species and with sustainable gardening practices. This inspired us to create a program that would be focused around sustainable horticulture and emphasizing our role as humans in improving biodiversity.
Part of Group work: Mapped by Kevin Kuriakose
LOCATING THE SITE
As clearly seen in this drawing of green spaces there is a green link that is missing from the protected thicket to the center of Aarhus.
Our choice of site was determined by our idea of replacing the missing link that would slowly spread out to the wider city of Aarhus and improve green infrastructure leading to a more biodiverse city. We envisioned our building as a node that would spread out its tendrils and create new forms of nature and interactions with nature across the city as the time goes by and helping future generations by greening the city as it urbanizes.
THE SITE
Transmission Line Concrete bridge that is now used as a supply ramp that is part of the Kulbroen development plan. It is 260m long and it still in use but it has been agreed between the muncipality and the owners that the ramp can be used for public purposes. It is made out of reinforced concrete.
The Site The site is part of the meat packing district but the lease for the slaughterhouse will expire in 2020 and the area has been allocated for public development.
Old Markethall Cattle market hall that was a listed building until it burnt down in February, 2018.
Car park Car park covered impermeable asphalt.
INITIAL CONCEPTS
As seen in this initial collage one of our main aims was to link existing nature by utilizing existing defunct infrastructure such as the transmission line and using it as a platform to create new urban green areas and for our building to itself be a part of this new green infrastructure link.
Collage by Kevin Kuriakose
As seen in this image of intent one of our main aims was to create a world where humans and polinators are equal to each other. The utopian illustration has to be seen as a unification of the two species, meaing that polinators help humans and vice versa.
Collage by Søren Bundgaard Holm
INITIAL CONCEPTS
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Private
Public
Courtyard
Public
Concept sketch showing division of private and public The main area of focus for us was of course biodiversity but we also wanted to create a habitat for not just plants and animals but also a building and a program that would encourage people to enhance and interact with the surrounding ecosystem. We need building and a program that not only preserves the existing species on site but that would enhance inter species interactions and help create a more biodiverse and therefore a more resilient urban ecosystem. The philosophical underpinning of our project was that there is no such thing as artificial nature instead nature is everything and whether manufactured by humans or not nature sees no difference. We wanted to utilize the full potential of the bridge as pollinator pathway and we envisioned our building growing out of this public pathway creating different layers of public and private spaces. We also wanted to create unique microclimates and the idea of a sheltered courtyard dedicated to wildlife and increasing biodiversity was a central idea of the project.
PROGRAM
Inspired by the mapping of our site we arrived at a program that would be centred around the act of gardening, Gartneriskolen, the Gardening School. The main inspiration for the program was the idea of medieval monastery and how it engaged with horticulture. Horticulture being the science and art of growing plants. The idea was to create a sort of urban monastery, a community that lives and works together to do urban horticulture in a sustainable way as to not only improve biodiversity but also to provide opportunities and services. Similar to a monastery the building would include a variety of programmes from workshops to urban gardening that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the wider community. It would be open to anyone who wants to learn practical skills and acquire vocational horticultural knowledge and training. The residents will take part in co-creating and improving biodiversity while living, working and learning together. A special focus of the program is to focus on providing services to the homeless population around the area. The key trend that we noticed was that the number of youth who are becoming homeless were on the rise (number of homeless aged 18-29 has increased by 76 percent since 2009). Homelessness is often a result of a combination of factors, for example, a lack of affordable housing and individual things such as mental illness, abuse problems or divorce. We wanted to create an open community that would work symbiotically with homeless as well offering some homeless who wish to join the Gartneriskolen opportunities for job training, transitional employment and support services centred around horticulture and above all a sense of community and belonging
CORRIDOR
LINK
LAYER
NODE
COMMUNITY
SYMBIOSIS
THE PROTAGONISTS & ECONOMICS
The Horticulturists The Gartneri school's main focus is providing residency programs to people who want to learn about urban nature and urban horticulture. We imagine the program to be state funded as it is vocational training program in the model of a produktionsskole. For at least 4 days of a week one is expected to engage in activities relating to the Gartneriskole such as maintaining the pollinator bridge, container gardening, working in the cafe etc. Depending on the level and duration of residency they will be given a single room or dormitory with shared facilities. Like in a monastery members are expected to cook and clean together. On successful completion of the residency, one will be eligible to apply to be a student tutor on the next residency programs and high degree of emphasis is placed on peer to peer learning. The successful applicant stays on at the school for a further year to continue learning and working in the at the site and be a mentor to the following year’s horticulturists. When it is not growing season the members are expected to engage in other activities such as working in the workshop (f.x producing boxes for the pollinator bridge) and maintaining the building.
Vulnerable People The homeless population is always welcome to participate in school activities or join up as resident. Furthermore to raise money produce from the nursery and foraged plants and herbs can be sold by the homeless and the revenue split between the school and the seller. This model is already in place in Denmark as the homeless of sell newspapers but instead of selling newspapers it will be plants.
Biota The EU’s 2020 biodiversity target is based on the realisation that biodiversity has significant economic value beyond its intrinsic value and the services it provides. This economic value of biodiversity is rarely reflected in the market. Ecosystem services provided by biota are worth billions of dollars. These services include supplying tangible goods like food and firewood, regulation services (benefits obtained indirectly from ecological processes such as pest control, soil formation and water purification) and cultural services (intangible benefits such as its value for ecotourism, for environmental education or simply its aesthetic value). Apart from this, the intangible benefits obtained from contact with nature such as the psychological and aesthetic benefits also shouldn’t be under estimated. Even though it might be costly to invest in biodiversity our failure to do so will result in much bigger losses.
The Public The state has to spend money on educating the Horticulturists and investing in their place of work and living. In return they will get better environment with accessible biodiverse green spaces and knowledgeable and sustainable members of the public that can disseminate knowledge and practical skills. Some of the state's expenditure will be offset by the economic generating activities in the building such as the rental spaces and all the maintenance of public green spaces provided by the residents as part of their training.
Private Enterprises Private and creative enterprises in the area will mutually benefit from the activities of the Gartneriskole. The increased traffic to the public green spaces and shops will directly benefit business. For instance the restaurant Kohalen and the local gin distillery in the area will be able to purchase unique local ingredients that have been grown and foraged at the site generating additional income for the school. Also the building will rent out spaces for shops that will generate additional income.
Peripheral
Kulbroen VĂŚrkstedet
Gin Distillery
e Garteneriskole Within th
Kohalen
Compost Common space 280 m2
Dwelling
Courtyard
660 m2
330 m2
Orchard
Shelter/Market
1300 m2
75 m2
Roof Gardens
Shops
Arboretum 2400 m
95 m2
2
Nursery 150 m2
Produktionsskole
Re-Use
CafĂŠ
Soup kitchen
150 m2
Pollinator Bridge
Workshops
1600 m2
375 m2
Pottery Timber
Allotment gardens Green House
Horticulturists
Vulnerable People
Biota
Public
Private Enterprises
Interaction Mapping of the Users and Spaces. This diagram shows the interaction of the colour coded users on the left and the spaces that they use and also the connections between the different spaces. For instance the productionsskole in our area can use the workshops in our building as well as engage with gardening and volunteering to maintain the pollinator bridge.
KEY MOVES DIAGRAMS
Massing Volume
Courtyard subtracted
Push back
Optimizing for microclimates
Adding common areas
Sloped roof for rain water collection
Glass boxes to create microclimates
Public private relations Public
Circulation, Horizontal and Vertical
Bio-wall is added in the cortyard for optimizing area for biodiversity
Private
Bridge connections
Implemented biodiversity
Semi-private
THE AREAS
Cultivation Biodiversity Circulation Vertical Circulation Public Programmes Shared Spaces Private Housing
AREA COUNT
Area count Gross area is everything counted, we have divided it up into functions for a more thorough and clear area count. This diagram also shows how many dwelling and dormrooms are in the builing.
Gross area: Ground floor
Private houses:
558 m2
Private houses:
0.
Dorm rooms:
360 m2
Dorm rooms:
0.
Common facilities:
300 m2
Greenhouses:
303 m2
Workshops
541 m2
Market place / shelter:
78 m2
First floor Private houses:
11.
Shops:
100 m2
Dorm rooms:
6.
CafĂŠ:
167 m2
Rooftop terrace
108 m2
Circulation space
1000 m2
Total gross area:
3514 m2
Second floor Private houses:
5.
Dorm rooms:
6. Accomodation:
Third floor
One dwelling*: (total of 19 apartments)
31 m2
One dorm room**: (total of 18 beds)
20 m2
Private houses:
3.
* Balcony included
Dorm rooms:
6.
** Shared spaces included
MATERIAL OVERVIEW
Concrete is one the most commonly used building material in the world and the global trends suggest that the use of concrete is only going to go up. Concrete creates up to 5% of worldwide man-made emissions of carbon dioxide. Despite its pervasive presence we need to find alternative ways of constructing with minimum use concrete and steel. This is one of the many reasons we decided to focus on timber as our main building material. It sequesters in carbon, its environmentally friendly, and its widely available from sustainable forests in Scandinavia. We believe that the use of timber in a variety of forms should be encouraged as much as possible.
Reclaimed Timber Denmark uses 130,000 tonnes of timber in the building industry every year and burns 181,000 (Lendager Group). It is especially important to promote the use of wood and at the same time upcyle and reduce wood waste as Denmark tends to incinerate any waste timber, even high quality virgin timber since there are no incentives to re-cycle it and it's easier to burn the timber for heat production. Working with reclaimed timber (especially on the pavilion) is difficult especially for its use as a structural material for a project that is the size of ours since it isn't economically feasible to source and prepare the wood we would need. Instead we try to use reclaimed and upcycled timber wherever possible such as for the cladding and the bio-wall.
Structural Timber Most of the timber we use for structural components are locally sourced pine, the most widely and economically viable option in Denmark. It is mostly used in our building in conjunction with steel for the main structural columns. The columns are designed to be prefabricated and easy to disassemble reducing timber waste on site.
Dowel Laminated Timber Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT) is a new mass timber product similar to CLT that we used for floor, wall, and roof structures. DLT panels are the only all wood mass timber product as the wood is held together with very dry dowels; when they absorb moisture from the surrounding wood they expand and lock the assembly together. Not only does it sequester ~1655kg CO2 per tonne it is extremely easy to upcycle and modify as the construction does not have any metal or glue. It does call for a longer design phase due to the prefabricated nature of it. The advantage is that there there is very little waste of timber on site and construction times are shorter.b It is made with a variety of sustainably sourced species. DLT is less expensive to fabricate than other glued products like CLT, and will come in at a lower price point. Currently it is only available from Austria but like CLT as more people become aware of it and use it more local options will become available.
Previous semester work by Kevin Kuriakose
MASTERPLAN
Urban Arboretum An arboretum is a botanical collection of trees. Increasing the urban tree canopy can directly help offset carbon dioxide emissions entering the atmosphere, decrease storm water runoff, increase shade and reduce the urban heat island effect, provide habitat and improve local air quality. The area will transform itself from a car park into a public park cared for by the residents. Reference: Oerliker park by Studio Vulkan
Urban Fruticetum The pollinator bridge will act as a fruticetum; a collection shrubs and bushes. The transmission line bridge will be transfromed into a public pollinator pathway with a wide variety of native species pre-cultivated in wooden boxes manufactured and cared for by the gartneriskole. Reference: Pixel Park by Studio Vulkan
Urban Orchard On the site of the former cattle markethall an urban orchard will be planted. Though tree crops require annual pruning, fertilizing, and harvesting, they tend to be much easier to care for than vegetables and are perennial, so just one tree could provide hundreds of pounds of fruit for many years. With this amount of produce, there is ample opportunity for addressing issues of food scarcity, creating job opportunities and urban farm business potential. In contrast to vegetables, trees may also provide a crucial buffer between eaters and the kinds of toxic compounds that exist in urban soils.
Pollinator Bridge As the bridge approaches the protected thicket the pollinator bridge will become wilder as principles of passive rewilding is implemented, the area will try minimize human interference.
Urban Arboretum
Urban Orchard
Pollinator Bridge
POLLINATOR BRIDGE
POLLINATOR BRIDGE
The pollinator bridge is an important driver of our project. It seeks to create an architectural and ecological link between Kulbroen area and the protected thicket. The Gartneriskole is an integral part of the bridge as it grows out of it. The bridge will be publicly accessible though as it approaches the thicket the arrangement of the boxes will get thicker and wilder to limit human interaction.
AXONOMETRIC OVERVIEW
In our efforts to decrease impermeable asphalt the area to the west of our building will be planted with a collection of native deciduous trees such as beech and common lime which already exist in the area. A hole two meters wide will be dug into the asphalt and the trees will be planted
Rooftop terrace with raised beds for growing vegetables
Common inhabitants
greenhouse
for
The old markedhall, which has burned down, is turned into an urban orchard providing fruits and other edible palnts and berries.
Sloped roof for rainwater harvesting
The pollinator courtyard and wildlife pond
PERSPECTIVE NORTH FACADE
The Common Greenhouse
This is a common greenhouse sha by the residents for growing prod and is the top floor of the Cha house.
The Chapter House Shared common facilities for the residents cooking and socializing. During the day it also acts as a place of instruction and learning
Pollinator Bridge
The crates are made from re and seeded and maintain a public pollinator pathwa colourful mix of hardy native and very small trees such site and hence require low m adapted to the site . The bo plants species will mix
The Greenhouse Cafe The cafe is run by the residents to generate income.
ared duce apter
The Greenhouse Nursery The nursery sells plants grown and foraged by the urban horticulturists
eclaimed timber in the workshop ned by the residents to create ay. The plant species will be a e perennial shrubs, culinary herbs as rowan already found at the maintenance as they are already oxes will decay over time and the
View from the bridge.
PERSPECTIVE SECTION 1:50
Wintergarden
Urban arboretum
Owlbox
Bio wall
Batcladding
Trestle
Bird b
Wildlife
boxes
e pond
Bird Bath Gutter
Planter boxes
Nursery
This perspective section show the different biotope we have implemented in the project. It focuses on habitation for both humans and animals.
Section cut
Pollinator garden
Human habitation
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1. SHOPS 2. COMMON BREAK ROOM 3. MARKET HALL 4. WORKSHOPS
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B
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2
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4
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1. REFECTORY 2. CELLS 3. CLOISTER WALK 4. NOVITIATE
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B
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SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1. CHAPTER HALL 2. CELLS 3. CLOISTER WALK 4. NOVITIATE 5. CAFÉ 6. NURSERY
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B
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THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:200
1. CHAPTER HALL 2. CELLS 3. CLOISTER WALK 4. NOVITIATE 5. CAFÉ 6. ROOF GARDEN
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DR OVERVIEW
DR Details by Søren Bundgaard Holm
DR Details by Kevin Kuriakose
Section cut
Wintergarden The wintergarden is inspired by Lacaton & Vassal's project Grand Parc in Bordeaux, the wintergarden will work as passive heating source in the winter and as a sprouting chamber in spring. Reference: Grand Parc by Lacaton & Vassal
Biowall Inspired by bioengineering gravity retaining structures called live crib wall and by the Orchid Pavilion by Manuel Cervantes. A live cribwall is a frame built with untreated timbers, and filled with soil and live cutting and once completed, this structure acts as a retaining wall (link). The biowall is a bioengineered green wall that creates a unique growing condition for plants and increases growing area vertically. Unlike traditional green walls the biowall will not dry out and it will eventually decay and become a selfsustaining ecosystem of sorts as roots and plants bind it together. Reference: Orchid Pavilion by Manuel Cervantes
Trestle The main inspiration for the lateral support structure were timber trestle bridges built throughout the early 19th and 20th century. It consists of a rigid frame made of weather resistant Oak that not only structurally braces the biowall but also serves as a framework for accessing the bio wall for maintenance, foraging and harvesting. Reference: Mexican Canyon Trestle, 1899
DETAIL
Detail at page 84 Detail at page 104
Detail on page 106
Detail on page 86
Section cut
Section at 1:50
Roof detail: Attic space: Wood floor planks, 25 x 125 Timber battens, 45 x 95 Insulation, 550 mm Vapour barrier (optional) DLT ceiling board
Corridor detail: Wood floor planks, 25 x 125 Timber battens, 45 x 45 Wedges for slope correction Waterproof membrane DLT slab
Wall detail: DLT wall board, 170 mm Vapour barrier (optinal) Insulation, 160 mm Wind barrier Timber battens, 45 x 45 Timber facade cladding
WINTERGARDEN OVERVIEW
Green roof covered in plants for insects and bird
Trellis system for climbing plants suited for North facing surfaces.
Animal shelters protected from human sight
The wintergarden is inspired by Lacaton & Vassal's project Grand Parc in Bordeaux, the wintergarden will work as passive heating source in the winter and as a sprouting chamber in spring.
The timber construction is inspired by the project Frienisberg by Atelier Abraha Achermann, the structure is designed with thoughs on design for disassembly.
The trellis system is a steel cables system working as bracing for the balcony structure. Along with that it is providing shade for the dwelling when the ivy is fully grown.
Sliding door system
WINTERGARDEN
WINTERGARDEN MATERIALS
Detail at 1:20
DLT Dowel laminated timber is the only all-wood mass timber product, the wood is held together with very dry dowels; when they absorb moisture from the surrounding wood they expand and lock the assembly together. It means no nail or metal fastneners. We also choose it for economic reasons; it is less expensive to fabricate than other glued products like Cross laminated timber (CLT). Timber is also good for sustainable reasons, as it consumes CO2 when growing. 1655kg CO2 sequestered per tonne.
Structural Timber The structural timber is used for the structural construction of the wintergarden. It is 100 x 100 collumns combined in a 4 collumn system with steel base and top plates. It is designed for disasembly, hence it is bolted together.
Polycarbonate twinwall sheets (PC) The polycarbonate twinwall sheets are used as the weater screen, it is fire resistant sheets and is categorized as a Class A material. Clear PC twinwall has a light transmission of 70%, which gives it a good ability for shading and blocks harmfull UV lights.
WINTERGARDEN AXONOMETRIC
1
DLT balcony slab with a slope for draining water, waterproofing membrane like asphalt sheets is applied.
2
Steel wire mesh with planter box. This wire mesh is for climbers creating privacy between balconys. Also it will work as planter box for herbs and edible plants.
3
Steel top plate for bolting column system together with balcony slabs.
4
Four column system consisting of 4; 100 x 100 timber columns, connected with a steel base and top plate (3)
5
On the inside of the balcony only two columns is needed, it will be attatched to the DLT wall structure
6
Balcony flooring on a timber joist construction. The joists are put on wedges for slope correction.
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Balcony railing, with a planter box applied on top
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Sliding doors created in a wooden frame covered in a polycarbonate twinwall sheets. The top panel is operable for natural ventilation
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1
3
Non movable facade panel for the sliding doors to slide behind. The top panel is operable for natural ventilation
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Facia boards to cover the sliding system
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Wire mesh for climber plants to climb. The mesh is made of steel wires for structural bracing
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WINTERGARDEN ATTIC DETAIL 1:20
Roof detail: 1:10 The attic wall is made like a traditional timber wall, with a base and head plate and vertical studs c-c 600 mm. The rafters has a sattle joint, it sits c-c 1000 mm, with battens for the metal roof to be attached to.
2 1 3 11 5
1. Metal roof 2. Metal cap 3. Batten 4. Rafter 5. Head plate 6. Wind barrier 7. Insulation (only owl box is insulated) 8. Plywood board, interior cladding. 9. Horrizontal battens 10. Wooden facade cladding 11. Facia board
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Green roof detail: 1:10 6
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Infront of the animal shelters, a green roof is present, to attract insects and bird.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Sloped DLT slab Waterproof membrane Sheet drain Drainage layer Capilar layer Growing medium Seed mats
Drainage detail: 1:10
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The green roof need to have an overflow drainage, so excess water can be let out. 6 5 8 4
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Sloped DLT slab Waterproof membrane Sheet drain Drainage layer Capilar layer Growing medium Seed mats Overflow drainage Downpipe
WINTERGARDEN BALCONY DETAIL 1:20
Planter box detail: 1:10
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On the balconies the tenant has the opportunity to attach a planter box onto the railing, it will be attached to the column and on top of the rail.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Planter box Balcony railing Top railing Drainage layer Capilar layer Growing medium Seed mats
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Balcony door detail: 1:10 1. DLT wall element 2. Sylomer strip 3. DLT floor slab 4. Insulation, 150 mm 5. Wind barrier 6. Horrizontal batten 7. Wooden facade clading 8. Firm insulation 9. Metal cap 10. Rubber shield 11. Balcony door 12. Base plate for double column
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Wintergarden detail: 1:10
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The wintergarden has sliding doors for it to be closed of in winter time, to act like a passive heat for the dwelling and the tenant has the opportunity to open up in summer.
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1. Structural column, 100 x 100 2. Steel base, columns are to be bolted to. 3. Sloped DLT slab 4. Waterproof membrane 5. Wedge build up for slope correction 6. Timber joist, 45 x 45 7. Wooden balcony flooring, 125 x 25 8. Facia board 9. Head plate, sliding door build up 10. Mounted facade panel 11. Sliding door frame 12. Polycarbonate twinwall, 8 mm 13. Sliding door guide
ATTIC DETAIL
Owl Box Insulated box insert to the attic space. Located in the attic to ensure no direct sight and contact with humans. Materials is reclaimed untreated wood and wood fiber insulation.
Bat wall cladding Provides a space for bats between wooden boards. The boards are rotated away from direct sunlight. Constructed of reclaimed untreated wood panels with greater texture to improve grip.
Bird box wall The hollow wall provides space for various sized bird boxes, for different types of birds. The boxes will be located in distance from the owl box. The boxes will be constructed of reclaimed untreated wood.
WINTERGARDEN DETAILS
Ventilation The facade sliding panels are designed in a way that natural ventilation of the wintergardens and greenhouses is done by opening one or more sections of the sliding door.
Shading Shading of the balcony can be done by overlapping the sliding doors. Also the trellis system for climbers is creating shadow.
WINTERGARDEN PLANTING
Harvest Time Blooming Time Jan
Yellow corydalis
Garden star-of-Bethlehem
Field wormwood
Orange Hawkbit
Wild Thyme
Spanish stonecrop
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Best for Attic grows in full sun and deep shade
Requires considerable moisture winter and spring. can tolerate summer drought.
It grows in open sites on dry sandy soils inโ ฏsteppes, rocky slopes, and waste areas.
Due to its bright orange flowers being highly attractive to a wide array of pollinators.
Flowers are very attractive to pollinators.
Looking for a drought tolerant, low-growing, low-maintenance. Prefers sun.
Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs . Cranberries
Parsley
Lavender
Common Mallow
Herb, biennial plant, flowers every second year
Flowering herb,attractive to pollinators
Climbing. Edible Leaves. Fibre stems is useful for cordage, textiles and paper making.
Climbing - North faรงade - Flowers late autumn extremly hardy English Ivy
European honeysuckle
Climbing plant good for pollinators. Full sun
BIOWALL OVERVIEW
The lateral forces are transferred to the main structure of the building
Large rainwater gutter provides protection for the bio-wall as well as pipes water through for drip irrigation.
Openings are constructed to allow lights and views as well as places for plants to grow
The trestle structure is anchored to the ground and transfers any lateral forces effectively. It also helps as scaffolding during the construction
Space for access to the Biowall and for storing scaffolding boards when not in use
The structure of the biowall was inspired by gravity retaining structures like crib walls. The wall will be made from interlocking pieces of reclaimed timber and filled with soil to allow for plant growth.
Scaffolding can be laid out on to the trestle structure for access for harvesting and maintenance
The 900mm thick wall will retain moisture and prevent drying out unlike traditional greenwall. The timber is allowed to decay releasing its nutrients imitating natural processes that occur on the forest floor.
A railway trestle inspired structure made of oak acts as scaffolding to enable access for maintenance and harvest while at the same time acting to stabilise the Bio-wall.
BIOWALL VISUAL
View from the Nursery towards the Biowall
BIOWALL MATERIAL
Example of a notching technique for log cabin construction where the pieces of timber are of varying sizes.
More expensive stainless steel bolts have to be used with Oak as the tanins can destroy normal steel bolts. It is still worth using Oak as opposed to other imported hardwoods.
The plants will be able to grow out of the hessian farbric and establish themselves. Once the fabric biodegrades the plant roots will be able to retain the soil.
Section at 1:50
Untreated Reclaimed Timber Though it is difficult to utilize reclaimed timber in large sections and for structural purposes it could be used for making the bio-wall. Instead of being incinerated it will decay releasing its nutrients to allow plants to grow enhancing biodiversity. Using the tools and machinery available at the wood workshop the bio-wall can be assembled in sections. The timber doesn't need to be cleaned completely of nails and a variety of sizes can be used as the assembly is based on notching.
Oak We primarily use this timber for the trestle to increase longevity. Europe has a long tradition of using Oak for construction in fact until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Oak wood has a density of about 0.75 g/cm3 (0.43 oz/cu in) creating great strength and hardness. The wood is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content and this makes good for outdoor use. It is locally available in Denmark though it is expensive. Cheaper alternatives are available but most of them are either chemically treated lumber or hardwoods such as Purpleheart which are native to rainforests and have to be imported, all which impacts sustainability.
Hessian Hessian is a woven fabric made from jute. It is widely used in shipping and used bags could be utilised to help retain soil on the biowall. One major advantage of hessian jute fabric is that, because it is made entirely from natural vegetable fibers, it is completely biodegradable and hence it does not contribute to the earth’s load. The breathability of the fabric allows sufficient aeration of the soil, and the hessian’s moisture-resistant properties prevent excess water from accumulating and allowing the growth of mold, mildew, or other types of rot. Here, we also see another reason why this fabric’s strength makes it so applicable to widespread uses.
BIOWALL CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
The Bio-wall will be built up over-time by the residents. During the winter they will produce the components necessary for the biowall in the workshop and during spring they will start growing plants on it. More and more layers will be added over time over time when the material is available. The supporting trestles will also be added as the wall grows higher.
BIOWALL SUN ANALYSIS
Equinox
Summer Solstice
During the equinox, when the growing period starts, the bio-wall starts to receive sunlight. Despite overshadowing of the tall buildings to the East almost all of the bio-wall receives some sunlight. especially around 9:00 AM.
During the summer some parts of the biowall receives full sun (6hrs of sunlight) while most of it receives partial sun (3-6 hrs of sunlight). This allows for a wide variety of pollinator friendly plants to propagate.
06.00 AM
09.00 AM
12.00 PM
03.00 PM
BIOWALL PLANTING
The plant species are based on what already grows in and around the area. Hardy pioneering perennial are given priority as they will continue to grow year after year and help transform the bio-wall into one living ecosystem. Deep rooted perennials are also chosen to bind together the soil. The aim is to have a mix of plants for pollinators such as yarrow as well some plants which can be harvested such as strawberries and raspberries. The calendar to the right shows some the species that could be grown on the bio-wall. For more information on specific plant species refer to the appendix.
Mushroom spores can be inoculated into the timber and can be harvested for consumption periodically. in spaces with minimum light
The hessian geotextile will be impregnated with a mix of perennial seeds. The perennial plants will self seed then propogate by itself.
The roots will penetrate the soils and bind it together holding the structure together after the timber has decayed.
Based on the principle of live crib wall trees such as willow and rowan are planted near the base to allow as it is the most damp area and the trees help with stabilisation as the roots bind the soil together. The live cuttings are inserted as the biowall is constructed. (Reference image link).
Section at 1:50
Harvest Time Blooming Time Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Edible Perennial Herb Thyme
Edible Perennial Herb Perennial Herbs
Mint
Hardy Edible Perennial Herb Rosemary
Edible Perennial Fruit Raspberry Fruit Bearing
Edible Perennial Fruit Strawberry
Hardy companion plant . Great for cavity nesting birds. Yarrow
Pioneering Plants
Holly
Red Clover
Evergreen pioneering plant. Great for wildlife.
Noted for attracting wildlife. Used for erosion control.
Leguminous climbing plant. Used for erosion control. Erosions Control
Vetch
Bittersweet nightshade
Willow
Leguminous climbing plant that grows in dark areas.
Excellent for bioengineered walls
Trees
Hardy pioneering tree Rowan
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
BIOWALL DETAIL 1:20
Biowall Detail 1:20
Metal Roof Standard metal roof that is economical and easy to instal.
Trestle Detail The ends of the Oak trestle are cut at angle of 30o to shed water and protect the end grain from rot
Bird Bath Gutter The large aluminium gutter collects rainwater from the metal roof and some it stored for birds to drink and bathe in. The rain continuously flushes the water out so it does not become stagnant. Will have to maintained and cleaned every year by the residents. Detail at 1:25.
Detail Axo. 01
Stretchers
Basic Structure of Crib Wall The crib wall consists of small individual timber members held together by notches. Only the headers are notched. This can be done easily in a workshop using a special notching machine.
200x50 Oak Trestle Members Provides lateral bracing for cribwall.
Notching is a good way of attaching the reclaimed wood as the notches can be adjusted to fit the varying sizes of reclaimed timber.
Tarpaulin
Headers
Coated canvas helps keep moisture away from the oak intel.
Keyed Beam
Detail Axo. 02
Refer to Detail Axo. 03
Oak Lintel Refer to Detail Axo. 03
Seeded Hessian Openings
Biodegradable hessian is used as seed mat and to retain the soil as the plants establish themselves.
The openings are made using a lintel of oak members to span the opening to ensure stability of the opening as it is resistant to rot. The oak is further protected from rot by a plastic memberane.
ca. 140x50 Timber Stretcher Refer to Detail Axo. 02
A keyed beam is also implemented to ensure structural integrity as per the engineers recommendation.
ca. 100x50 Timber Header Refer to Detail Axo. 02
Detail Axo. 03
BIOWALL DETAIL 1:20
Biowall Detail 1:20
Trestle Joinery The joinery is designed to not only be easily disassembled and replaced in case of damage but also to protect the joints from moisture ingress. It is detailed as to shed any water that permeates prolonging lifespan.
Planter Box These can be used to propogate plants especially climbers which can continue to spread upwards.
Detail Axo. 04
Scaffolding Boards
Scaffolding The notched beams connecting the trestle is notched to secure standard scaffolding planks to provide access to the biowall.
Timber Handrail
Scaffolding Boards Detail Axo. 05 Notched Support Beam The groove provides a spaces to secure scaffolding plank safely. Refer to Detail Axo. 05
Footing The base of the trestle is attached to concrete footing by steel base plate that acts as a foundation and keeps the timber off the floor and away from moisture.
Detail Axo. 06
DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY
150mm DLT Board With no nails or metal fasteners DLT is easy disassemble. From our experience of the pavilion it is extremely labour intensive to remove old nails and other metal fasteners.
100mm Structural Pine Smaller sections of pine are held together by bolts which makes disassembly easier. Also in case one of the members are damaged due to rot it can easily be replaced without disturbing the entire structure.
Steel Base Plate The timber members rest on a steel base plate and fastened to the side to ease removal of timber. There also cut-outs to allow for piping for collecting rainwater and providing water for plants. The combination of steel and timber work very well as the joints are usually the weak spots and steel provides the necessary structural integrity required for a stiff strong joint.
BUILDING PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW
Summer sun. In the summer shading is needed to avoid overheating of the dwellings, the wintergarden slab will provide shading.
Winter sun. In winter when the sun is lower, the wintergarden will work as a passive heating source for the dwellings.
Ground source heat pump Structural piles are a necessity when building close to the water. In this case the structural pile is turned into heat exchangers by adding loops of plastic pipes down the length. Heat is extracted from the ground. The heat pump uses a thermodynamic process to elevate the temperature of the heat for use in the building, such as space heating. The heat pump requires electricity to run.
Natural ventilation Natural ventilation is supplying and removing air troung the dwelling by natural means, meaning without any use of fan or other mechanical systems. Simply by opening windows and or doors the space will be natural ventilated.
Rainwater harvesting Rainwater will be harvested for watering plants, wildlife pond and groundwater recharge.
Section at 1:50
Section cut
RAINWATER
We have 550 m2 of roof as a catchment area, which with the rain amounts in Denmark will collect 350.000 liters pr. year. For that amount of water a minimum tank size of 114.000 liters. Since the water will be used on an everyday basis, we assume that a smaller tank can be installed.
Total Roof Area available for rainwater collection.
Aluminium Roof Gutters
Less Porous
More Porous
The Biowall is fed water by drip irrigation and the water filters through the wall. The porosity of the pipes varies in different sections according the amount of sun exposure. The leftover water is collected and used for irrigation again or is fed into the wildlife pond.
ENERGY
Figure from https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2014.09.22/tab1.png
Winter
Summer
Initially the idea was to include solar panels on the roof but once we did the calculations we realized that only a small percentage, around 35%(Refer to appendix for calculation) of total energy consumption could be produced using solar panels. Considering the cost of Solar panels and the expense of integrating it on to the roof in an aesthetic way we decided to look at other alternative. Also as seen from the image above Denmark produces a lot of its electricity from renewable sources though a lot of its heating is from burning waste in CHP plants. So we decide to look at ways of generating heat especially since the building features a lot of glasshouses that need to be heated in winter. Seeing that the geothermal energy pile installed on our pavilion site we decided to investigate the technology. Even though initial captial investment is high geothermal piles are also economically beneficial in the long term. The site demands for structural piles anyway, and even if each pile descends only 20 metres below the ground, the earth’s heat sits at 10°C - a temperature that is kept stable by the earth surface as well as the soil, rock and groundwater beneath it. Using this stable heat can boost the efficiency to twice that of a typical electrical heat pump. Although they commonly require similar or higher initial investment costs, they have lower running costs and hence lower life-cycle costs than comparable systems. They also have a very long life span. Ground source heat pumps also work in reverse and can be combined with cooling systems which is bonus during the summer when the glasshouses heat up. When in heating mode, the energy is extracted from the ground and when in cooling mode, the energy is rejected into the ground resulting in significantly reduced cooling energy costs.
BUILDING FABRIC PERFORMANCE
Detail 1:20
Wall detail: DLT wall board, 170 mm Wood Fiber Insulation, 160 mm Wind barrier Timber battens, 45 x 45 Timber facade cladding
U-Value for the wall is calculated to be 0.10 W/m2K which is below the minimum required by the BR-18 regulations(0.3 W/m2K). Also the use of DLT provides very good airtightness and no thermal bridging as it is 100% all wood product. Check appendix for calculation.
Detail 1:20
Roof detail: Attic space: Wood floor planks, 25 x 125 Timber battens, 45 x 95 Insulation, 550 mm DLT ceiling board
U-Value for the roof is calculated to be 0.04 W/m2K which is well below the minimum required accroding the BR-18 regulations(0.2 W/m2K).
FIRE REGULATION
Fire regulations are to be found in the danish Buinding Regulation 18 (BR18). Buildings; according to BR18 § 492 must be classified in fire classes 1-4. The fire class is determined based on the building's risk class and the usage to document the fire conditions, cf. § 490-492. The risk class is related to the category of applications, as well as the complexity of the building and the risk of evacuation and rescue, cf. section BR18 § 86. The risk class is determined by the following factors: • Application section of the building section. • The fire load in the building section. • The height of the building above and below the ground. • The number of people in the building section. BR18 is refering to a sample libary (Eksempelsamling om brandsikring af byggeri). The sample contains a number of examples on how the fire regulations in BR18 can be met, yet it can be done in other ways, as long as it is documented that the level of safety is according to the regulations. The building proprosal is in this case in risk class 3, and in the aplication category 2 and 5 Buildings with floors on the top floor are not more than 22 m above ground and no more than 1 floor below ground 1" 1
10.800
"In general
1500
Chapter 2 Access to escape routes. General According to building regulations 2018, chapter 5.2, 1, a building must be designed in such a way that evacuation can be done via escape routes or directly to terrain from anywhere in the building.
Section cut
Section at 1:50
http://bygningsreglementet.dk/Tekniske-bestemmelser/05/Krav/84_86
1
Clearence for staircases and circulation paths
1000
Min. 1000
Acording to BR18 a staircase need to have a clearence of at least 1 m. For circulations paths a minimum of 1.3 m is required for escape route.
Min. 1300 1500
Access to fire escape According to BR18, the length of the escape route cannot be more than 25 m when the building is taller than 9.6 m and lower than 22 m to the top floor level.
Max. 25m to the nearest escape
Hence in this project it means that a need of escape routes is necessary, because the full length of the building exceed more than the 25 m.
2
Fire rescure can be done through each wintergarden.
Had the top floor on the other hand not exceeded 9.6 m there is no regulations, becauce fire men can then use there ladders for rescue.
Rescue openings shall be in accordance to BR18. It has to be located and designed in such a way that people have the opportunity to make thenselves visible to the rescue team and can rescued via the rescue team's ladder or by personal help.
3
Rescue openings
If no balconies were a case, BR18 has specific regulations for the design. Rescuing people through a rescue opening can be done if it has a free height and width of a total of 1.5 m, the height is at least 0.6 m and the width at least 0.5 m, see diagram below.
21.5 m
Since all the dwellings have balconies, the inhabitant can from there make themselves visible for the rescue team.
Facade materials In accordance to BR18 the facade cladding has to be a Class A material (B-s1, d0), which means that the cladding need to have an approved certification. For example can untreated wood not be used more than on 20% of the facade. Wood can be fire treated to be Class A.
There are fire-retardant types of polycarbonate sheets. Standard PC and channel plates are tested according to EN13501-1 and are classified B-s1, d01.
https://www.rias.dk/industri-visuel-kommunikation/plasttyper/pc.aspx
1
1
In this project the weather screen is the wintergarden, which is made of sliding doors covered in polycarbonate sheets.
ACCESSIBILITY A diameter of 1500 mm is required for accessibility maneuvering area in restrooms, the space infront of the outgoing door swing needs to be minimum 500 mm. Doors need to have a minimum opening of 770 mm, also called a 9M door. Plan at 1:50
Min. 1000
Ă˜1500.00
5
A minimum 1300 mm is required for wheelchair accessiblilty. 1500 is prefered for a wheelchair and a person to pass each other. If two wheelchairs need to pass each other a minimum of 1800 mm is necessary.
4
Min. 500
Ă˜1500.00
Min. 1300
DAY LIGHTING
Bedrooms Due to the large openings compared to the size of the rooms the Lux levels inside the bedrooms are very high reducing the amount of artifical light needed. Also the polycarbonate used for the wintergarden allows a high degree of light transmission.
Corridor Due to the small openings in the BioWall the corridor will need artficial lighting. The LED light can be triggered by motion and LED grow lights can also be installed supplement the to growth of plants near the openings on the Biowall.
LUX
Chapter House The shared spaces are very well lit with high Lux levels due to its southern position. The winter gardens that surround the space brings in plenty of light reducing the need for artificial lighting.
Daylight Factor Plan In architecture, a daylight factor (DF) is simply the ratio of the light level inside a structure to the light level outside the structure. Due to its narrow plan that is based around a courtyard most of the living spaces receive high amounts of daylight. As one can see from the DF analysis the circulation spaces were planned in places with the least light in order to maximize the daylight received in living spaces.
Daylight Factor
Section Luminance Analysis As seen in the image the courtyard receives a lot of sunlight and it helps sunlight penetrate into the workshop areas on the ground floor.
LED Lighting LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps. They have become more and more commonplace and affordable and are more economically benefical in the long run. Some LED lamps especially in the glasshouses will also be full spectrum enabling plants to photosynthesis for longer during winter.
First Floor Daylight Factor Analysis
FISHBONE ON A FLOODPLAIN FISKEBEIN PÅ EN FLODSLETTE
EN MANDS SKRALD ER EN ANDEN MANDS GULD
ROOFLIGHTS WITH NEW FRAMES
Fishbone on a Floodplain is a pavilion proposal inspired by Nordic timber construction. Reminiscent of Viking long houses, it alludes to Vejles rich history. Having initially explored the rack structures commonly used across Scandinavia to dry fish, the timber A-frames creates an atmospheric and beautiful internal environment that provides shelter from the elements and a place to meet, sit and learn. In this upcycled pavilion, instead of acting as a rack for fish, the structure acts as a rack for waste. While still maintaining some open sections of structure, we propose a series of cladding panels constructed from household waste which will protect the timber joints from the Danish climate. Our intention is to make the waste cladding subtle enough that it is not immediately obvious that this pavilion is made from waste from your home. Inspired by the examples shown here, we believe we can make waste something intriguing and appealing.
ROOFLIGHTS ATTACHED TO WOODEN A-FRAME
The structure is inspired by nordic fishing rack construction but instead of fish it will be upcycled materials.
The A-frames would be constructed on the ground and lifted on up, allowing for multiple teams of students to be occupied at the same time. The waste cladding system also allows for school groups to participate in the construction of the pavilion at a later date. We envisage workshops that teach about how household waste can be re-used in the built environment. This would go hand in hand with teaching about the heat pump, which we propose surrounding in a brick ’chimney’, a reference to the fact that heat pumps can be our modern-day heating systems. We intend for the heat the pump produces to be distributed below the seating, which would be pleasant in the evenings and cooler months. To power the heat pump, we also suggest that solar panels could be integrated into the cladding on the South facade, as a sustainable solution to operating the system.
SHELTER FROM THE ELEMENTS
WOODEN A-FRAME MADE WITH UPCYCLED RAFTERS Solar panels and a variety of waste materials can be upcycled and incorporated into the cladding.
BRICK SEATING MADE WITH UPCYCLED BRICK BRICK HOUSING FOR HEAT PUMP
Waste materials like old Pallets can be upcycled and cut into boards to be used as shingles for cladding the structure. The orientation has been based upon the wind and the sun, but most importantly upon framing the view of the pond and the surrounding nature, whilst also allowing a journey through the site, making the pavilion part of the new planned Vejle route.
FRAMING THE VIEW Seating Seating
Heat Exchanger
The timber bracing is used to create a fish-bone like aesthetic that echoes down the spine of the pavilion.
Entrance/ Exhibition Space
10m
5m Seating Seating
N
N
The shape and structure of the pavilion are evocative of an old Viking longhouse. The meandering seating was inspired by the river in Vejle and Vejle’s connections to the water and future flooding. We are proposing a tiered configuration to maximise the amount of seating available and create a dynamic and interactive space for visitors.
Tin Cans
Crushed Cans
Smaller battens can be easily sourced from waste timber; even our school has available scrap. CDs
Plastic Bottles
POSSIBLE CLADDING OPTIONS
6,5m
3m
10m SECTION
NORTH ELEVATION
Reflecting on the pavilion design phase The main takeaway from the competition process is the importance of understanding the material that we have at hand for upcycling. One of the main things was how important it was to protects the joints from water as the timber we had for upcycling was old pine. Pine would not last if it was exposed to moisture unlike other hardier woods like Oak. It was not something we considered in the beginning of the first stage of the competition but it was an important lesson.
vandkilen project by Søren Bundgaard Holm, Marleen Stokkeby, Mads Juul Krogshede and Stine Skovbjerg
Created pavilion is orientated in the southeast and north-west direction which follows the walking route of the area. The evening sun is caught from the north-west while the western wind is blocked by the curved brick wall. The glass roof is sloped towards northeast. It opens the pavilion to the picturesque views of the surroundings and is reflecting the ever-changing sky above. The heatpump is located inside the brick wall and is observable on the street side of the pavilion. Heating pipes are used to warm up the brick wall and bench. As the users walk through the pavilion sliding their hand across the wall, they can feel the heat and that creates additional atmospheric feature to the structure. In the rain the pavilion comes alive. The water will pour down the two sloping roofs that concentrate the rain to create a wall of water, that the users can interact with, before flooding the pavilion which brings attention to the future challenges of the city of Vejle. Raised stepping stones keep the users of the pavilion dry and encourage discussion as the people will gather together under the structure to find shelter.
Water captured by the roof 3,8m Wall for presentation boards
Heated wall and seating area from the heat pump
Rain water basin
Diagram Water directions in floor 1:50
Diagram Water directions on roof 1:50
5m
Shelter area
Diagram Heatpump heating the brick wall and seating area Water channels
Heat pump Heated wall
8,05m
Light heated seating areas
Rain water basin
Stepping stones
Detail drawing, glass and beam 1:20
Detail drawing, wood joining on brick wall 1:20
Material used: Brick wall and bench - 6,3 m3 brick Stepping stones - bricks in window frames - 12 pieces 1m x 1m frames ; 0,65 m3 brick Foundation - window frames and bricks or field stones 7 frames cut into 4 Single layer glass roof - 12 pieces 1m x 1m ; 24 pieces 0,85m x 0,85m ; 12 pieces 1,075m x 1,630m Glass protecting the heatpump - single layer glass - 3 pieces 1,075m x 1,630m ; 1 piece 0,85m x 0,85m Wooden structure - 24 pieces 110mm x 110mm x 8m + smaller pieces to support the glass on the roof
Detail drawing, foundation 1:10
Working in a two persons group is great for small design tasks like Vejle Pavilion. The first phase, before deciding the three proposals to work further with, we tried to put in as much as what the municipality and users wanted, which in the end turned out to be too much. Both for the program and for the construction phase, since it will be too time consuming and difficult to build. So a thing to bring further on for a task like this, is to keep simple and not to push all the wishes in to a program, but instead go with the most interesting story. Also thinking more about the construction time is essential. After the selection we divided the five groups into three, meaning 4 persons on each team. It was a great idea, to work on another project or get two other persons in the group makes the project to be seen with other eyes, which in the end made a better project. Our main focus while building the pavilion was to focus on the timber structure.
UP-CYCLE PAVILION
The primary structure of the pavilion are a series of 9 simple timber frames notched and bolted together to provide a framework which will be covered in glass.
The frames made of upcycled pine wood rest on the masonry wall attached to a timber wall plate.
The frames are made by notching the members to create half-lap joints and secured with a bolt.
The foundation is made by utilizing aluminium window frames that have been cut and weiged down by using farm stones.
UP-CYCLE PAVILION
Since the foundation was not to be made with concrete, we had to collect farm stones. The stones had to have at least one flat side for stabalizing.
A galge was placed half a meter away from the start and end point of where the foundation was suposed to be. The reason for this was to get a guide for the right distance from the wall.
Using the guide the measures were placed at the string using masking tape, as an indicator for where to dig the holes and where to place the foundation.
The building plate was made of compact gravel consisting of crused concrete, stones and sand. Therefore a jackhammer was a nessesity to dig up the foundation holes. To create a stable foundation the depth of the foundation had to be 35-40 cm, enough for the farm stone to be partly covered.
The alluminium window were cut into brackets for the rafters to be bolted to. The foundation holes were tested to see if the bracket had a stable ground and was aproximately leveled, so it came up straigt from the ground. The last adjustment was done when the rafters was placed.
When the pit was aproved the two window frame brackets was placed according to the before mentioned masking tape guides, and then covered in a layer of clay mortar, mixed 1:5 - 1 part clay and 5 parts sand plus water. The farmstone was the placed in the mortar and the rest of the pit was filled with gravel.
A smaller farmstone was placed on the inside of the finished foundation for the post of the rafter to sit on.
UP-CYCLE PAVILION
The pine timber was first sorted according to size and then all the nails were removed using a crow bar. The nails that couldn’t be removed were hammered in and marked.
A quick template was made on the ground and then raised to determine the right height of the frames and to get an idea of the space it would create.
Using the template as a base, markings were made on the pieces of timber and we were able to quickly fabricate the rafters on the ground.
Due to the varying sizes of the members we decided that a half lap joint would be the best connection to create the frames. The joint would be fastened using bolts making disassembly easier.
To create the half lap joints the timber was scored using a circular saw and then notch was completed by hand chiseling.
After both members were notched they are aligned and bolted screwed together temporarily. They will be bolted together before being erected.
After the all the frames were made on the ground they were carried upright and attached to the foundations.
The rafters were bolted on to the window frame foundation and temporary bracing was added
UP-CYCLE PAVILION
Reflecting on the building process. After the announcement of the winner project in Vejle, it would have been good to have at least one or two days to finalize the project and implement the wishes from the municipality. The reason for this is when we the day after went to the building site, nothing was clear and we did not know where to start since we did not have proper drawings to show the craftsmen, so a lot of the first days went any way with trying to discuss how to build the pavilion. Regarding the use of reclaimed materials are after this project something to reconsider. The reason for this are many, f.x all the labour that has to be put in to cleaning the old materials, whether it is bricks or wood, it takes a fairly amount of time to get mortar off or all the nails pulled out. It is not only cleaning the materials, also all the work that has to be done on beforehand, screening for toxic materials that has been used years back. The demolished building from where we got the materials, only three types of materials, bricks, timber rafters and windows, could be reused. The rest of the building materials had either PCB, asbestos or lead in them. And some of the brick works could not be used because of cement, hence it could not be cleaned for mortar. To say a few words on the materials we got, the wood was difficult to work with, because of all the round edges and most of it was twisting. For the moment the danish building sector is not ready for it, not only architects needs to be aware of this issue it is also, craftsmen, building companies, the population and the investors, who mostly want to keep everything as cheap as possible. Perhaps if new technologies and methods on how to upcycle is found there could be a future. Of course it is also about the resources and not wasting as much materials as done, but it is more a matter of designing it with thoughts on disassembly, so it could potentially be taken down and reused, and that is what architects and builders needs to figure out. After all this said, it was a good experience and it has started a reflection on if it is worth it at all. The result came out really good and the no matter the above said the old bricks and timber really did something aesthetic to a pavilion like this.
APPENDIX - CALCULATION
U-Value Calculation Wall
U-Value Calculation Roof
Solar Energy Calculation
APPENDIX - SPECIES
Danish Name
English Name
Latin Name
Almindelig Røllike
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium
Statu Natur Location s alised LC Y C6, C7
Habitat
Comments on Ecology
Purløg Mark‐Bynke
Chives Field wormwood
Allium schoenoprasum Artemisia campestris
LC LC
Y Y
D3
Hyrdetaske Kornblomst Hvidtjørn sp.
Shepherd's purse Cornflower Hawthorn
Capsella bursa‐pastoris Centaurea cyanus Crataegus
LC LC LC
N Y Y
B6, B7 B7 C6
Vedbend‐Torskemund
Ivy‐leaved toadflax
Cymbalaria muralis
LC
N
C6, C7
It spreads quickly, growing up to 5 cm (2.0 in) tall – it commonly grows in rock and wall crevices, and along footpaths. The leaves are evergreen. Creeper.
Ager‐Padderok
Field horsetail
Equisetum arvense
LC
Y
C7
It is found in rich and moist soils.
Grålyng
Bell Heather
Erica cinerea
LC
Y
C7
Almindelig Snobørste
Bonfire moss
Funaria hygrometrica
LC
Y
C5
Burre‐Snerre
Cleavers
Galium aparine
LC
Y
C6
Hvid Snerre
Hedge bedstraw
Galium mollugo
LC
Y
C7
Pude‐Gråmos
Pulvinate dry rock moss
Grimmia pulvinata
LC
Y
B7, C6
Kristtorn
Holly
Ilex aquifolium
LC
Y
C6
It mostly occurs on moors and heathland with relatively dry, acidic, nutrient poor soils. It occurs in coastal dune heath and dune slack and occasionally in woodland. It is drought‐tolerant and grows well in full sun with well‐drained soil. Like most heathers, it is a calcifuge and dislikes alkaline soils Water moss which grows on moist, shady, and Funaria hygrometrica is nitrophilous and damp soil. Bryophytes. frequently occurs around human dwellings and dairies, where it grows in moist crevices of walls, paving and the sides of water troughs. The plant can be found growing in hedges and Cleavers are annuals with creeping straggling waste places, limestone scree and as a garden stems which branch and grow along the ground weed. and over other plants. They attach themselves with the small hooked hairs which grow out of the stems and leaves. Commonly occurs in hedges, bushes, paths, meadows and slopes Soil surface. Grimmia pulvinata colonizes a variety of Bryophyte. Grimmia pulvinata is a pioneer surfaces including rocks, concrete, and tree species. In addition, its resistance to pollution trunks. It is tolerant of a wide range of PH levels allows it to colonize urban areas such as roofs, on surfaces, allowing it to live on many types of walls, and tarmac rock. It has a great capacity to adapt to different Pollinated by bees. Holly is a rugged pioneer conditions and is a pioneer species that species that prefers relatively moist areas, and repopulates the margins of forests or clearcuts. tolerates frost as well as summer drought.
Rød Tvetand Haremad Hvid Okseøje
Red dead‐nettle Common nipplewort Oxeye daisy
Lamium purpureum Lapsana communis Leucanthemum vulgare
LC LC LC
Y Y Y
C6 B7 C6, C7
Almindelig Katost
Common mallow
Malva sylvestris
LC
Y
C5
Humle‐Sneglebælg
Black Medic
Medicago lupulina
LC
Y
B7, C6, C7
Kost‐Fuglemælk
Garden star‐of‐Bethlehem
Ornithogalum umbellatum
LC
Y
C6
Rød Hestehov
Butterbur
Petasites hybridus
LC
Y
B4
Honningurt
Purple Tansy
Phacelia tanacetifolia
LC
N
B7
Green Manure
Pomerans‐Høgeurt
Orange Hawkbit
Pilosella aurantiaca
LC
Y
C7
The plants grow on roadside verges and banks and flower from June to August.
Håret Høgeurt Håret Høgeurt
Mouse‐ear hawkweed Mouse‐ear hawkweed
Pilosella officinarum Pilosella officinarum
LC LC
Y Y
B7 C7
Randfliget Kantskivelav
Pale yellowish green crustose lichen
Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Lecanora muralis
LC
Y
B7
Gul Lærkespore
Yellow corydalis
Pseudofumaria lutea
LC
N ‐ B7 Nativ e to Alps
Sæbeurt
Soapwort
Saponaria officinalis
LC
Y
C7
Bleg Stenurt
Spanish stonecrop
Sedum hispanicum
LC
Y
C5
Eng‐Brandbæger
Stinking willie
Senecio jacobaea
LC
Y
B7
Bittersød Natskygge
Bittersweet nightshade
Solanum dulcamara
LC
Y
B5, C7
Almindelig Røn
Rowan
Sorbus aucuparia
LC
Y
C7
Link
Yarrow grows from sea level to 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) in elevation. The plant commonly flowers from May to July. Common yarrow is frequently found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests. Active growth occurs in the spring
Several cavity‐nesting birds, including https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium the common starling, use yarrow to line their nests. Experiments conducted on the tree swallow, which does not use yarrow, suggest that adding yarrow to nests inhibits the growth of parasites. Great Companion Species.
It grows in open sites on dry sandy soils in steppes, rocky slopes, and waste areas. Native to Eastern Europe and Asia. Endangered in its natural habitat.
Flowering Time August–September. Perennial herb. Flowers All year round. Soil seed bank. Beneficial Weed. Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are important for many nectar‐ feeding insects. This plant has an unusual method of http://climbers.lsa.umich.edu/?p=2560 propagation. The flower stalk is initially positively phototropic and moves towards the light. After fertilisation, it becomes negatively phototropic and moves away from the light. This results in seed being pushed into dark crevices of rock walls, where it is more likely to germinate. Equisetum is used in biodynamic farming in particular to reduce the effects of excessive water around plants (such as fungal growth). The high silica content of the plant reduces the impact of moisture. Provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_cinerea
http://pza.sanbi.org/funaria‐hygrometrica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonepteryx_rhamni #Habitat
http://practicalplants.org/wiki/Galium_mollugo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimmia_pulvinata
Young Leaves are edible. Perennial Plant. L. vulgare is a Top‐ranked for pollen production typical grassland perennial wildflower, growing in a variety of plant communities including meadows and fields, under scrub and open‐canopy forests, and in disturbed areas Growing freely in Meadows, hedgerows and Climbing. Edible Leaves. A fibre obtained from https://www.permaculture.co.uk/readers‐ solutions/benefits‐common‐mallow‐malva‐ in fallow fields. the stems is useful for cordage, textiles and sylvestris paper making Black medick thrives in dry to moist, well‐ Like other legumes, the roots of black medick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_lupulina drained soils containing sand, loam, or clay, and contain nodules hosting nitrogen‐fixing bacteria. is a pioneer plant, often growing on disturbed It is used to make honey. ground. Poor Soil. It grows in alkaline, neutral, and mildly acidic conditions. It does not grow in shady areas. Black medick grows well in limestone soils and on coastal sand dunes, where it suffers less competition from the other plants. Resistant to Cold. Requires considerable moisture during winter Flowering Plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithogalum_umbe llatum and spring, but can tolerate summer drought. It can be grown in a woodland garden as semi‐ shade is preferable. Prefers permenantly moist soil. Perennial plant. It spreads mostly vegetatively https://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName= from rhizome fragments. Great source of nectar Petasites+hybridus and pollen
Found here and there in Denmark. Native to USA. Nectar Rich flower. Attracts hoverflies. Wildflower gardens due to its bright orange flowers being highly attractive to a wide array of pollinators. Ability to colonize select areas.
The plant favours dry, sunny areas. It grows well It is a known allelopathic plant, whose roots on sandy and similarly less fertile ground types. secrete several substances inhibiting root growth,including its own. It grows on rock Lichens are widely used as environmental including basalt, pumice, rhyolite, granite, sands indicators or bio‐indicators. tone, and limestone. Sometimes it can be found growing on bark. It may be tightly or loosely attached to the substrate. Yellow corydalis is hardy to –34 °C (‐ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudofumaria_lute a 30 °F; hardiness zone 4). It does best in light shade with good moisture, but will tolerate both full sun and deep shade. It grows wild in cracks in old walls where drainage is excellent. Perennial Plant. Woodland Garden Sunny Edge; Dappled Shade; Attracts Pollinators https://www.pfaf.org/USER/plant.aspx?LatinName =Saponaria+officinalis Ground Cover; Meadow; Hedgerow. It can grow in semi‐shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil. Grows on rocks. ‐ Looking for a drought Flowering March‐June. tolerant, low‐growing, low‐maintenance. Prefers sun. It can be found along road sides, and grows in all Common Wildflower. Food for 77 insect species. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobaea_vulgaris cool and high rainfall areas. Ecologically Important. Often considered a weed. It grows in all types of terrain with a preference The plant is relatively important in the diet of for wetlands and the understory of riparian some species of birds such as European forests.Along with other climbers, it creates a thrushes, which feed on its fruits and are dark and impenetrable shelter for varied immune to its poisons, scattering the seeds animals. The plant grows well in dark areas in abroad. Creeper. l h h l h f The plant is undemanding and frost hardy and Fruits ripen in August to October and are eaten https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbus_aucuparia colonizes disrupted and inaccessible places as a by many bird species. The plant is undemanding short‐lived pioneer species. Can withstand and frost hardy and colonizes disrupted and shade. The plant is also resistant to air pollution, inaccessible places as a short‐lived pioneer wind, and snow pressure. Mostly grows on soil species. Can be used in woodworking. Pollinated that is moderately dry to moderately damp, by bees and flies. The snail Helix aspersa feeds acidic, low on nutrients, sandy, and loose. on the leaves.
Park‐Lind
Common Lime
Tilia × europaea
LC
Y
B7
Rød‐Kløver
Red Clover
Trifolium pratense
LC
Y
C7
Hvid‐Kløver
Dutch clover
Trifolium repens
LC
Y
B6
Lugtløs Kamille Følfod
Wild chamomile Coltsfoot
Tripleurospermum perforatum Tussilago farfara
LC LC
Y Y
C6 B4
Tofrøet Vikke
Hairy tare
Vicia hirsuta
LC
Y
C5, C7
Legume and can fix nitrogen. Prefers well‐ drained soil. It can grow in semi‐shade or no shade. It prefers moist soil.
It is an annual herb producing a slender, often four‐sided, hairless to lightly hairy, climbing stem up to 70 to 90 centimeters tall, and known to well exceed one meter at times. Creeper.
Foder‐Vikke
Common vetch
Vicia sativa
LC
Y
C7
Prostrate when sown alone, viney in mixtures. Smooth stems. Shallow taproot. Adapted to regions with mild winters. Grown as a summer annual in areas with cool summer temperatures. Adapted to well drained fertile soils. More acid tolerant than most legumes.
Vicia sativa is a sprawling annual herb, with http://practicalplants.org/wiki/Vicia_sativa hollow, four‐sided, hairless to sparsely hairy stems which can reach two meters in maximum length. Climbing Plant. Legume. Sown as green manure. Creeper.
Marts‐Viol
Wood Violet
Viola odorata
LC
Y
C6, C7
Almindelig Væggelav
Xanthoria parietina
Xanthoria parietina
LC
Y
B4, B6, C6
Almindelig gedeblad
European honeysuckle
Lonicera periclymenum
LC
Y
C6
Lavendel
Lavender
Lavandula angustifolia
LC
Y
C6
The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings Lichen that grows on rocks and walls. It is often Can be used as a bio monitor for measuring associated with high level of nitrogen and pollution levels. favored by eutrophication Lonicera periclymenum is one of several https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_periclymen honeysuckle species valued in the garden, for its um ability to twine around other plants, or to cover unsightly walls or outbuildings; and for the intense fragrance of its profuse flowers in summer. It needs to be planted with its roots in Ideal for window boxes
Smalbladet timian
Creeping Thyme
Thymus serpyllum
LC
Y
C6
Roof or ground cover
Tranebær Lasioglossum sp.
Cranberries Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum
LC LC
Y Y
C6 C7
Birke‐Barkmåler
Engrailed Moth
Ectropis crepuscularia
LC
Y
B6
Almindelig Træsvirreflue
Hoverfly
Xylota segnis
LC
Y
B5
Malthodes sp.
Soldier Beetle
Malthodes
LC
Y
C6
Rødpelset Jordbi
Tawny mining bee
Andrena fulva
LC
Y
B4, B7, C7
Nældens Takvinge
Small tortoiseshell
Aglais urticae
LC
Y
B5, B6, B7, C6, C7
Ideal for Window Boxes Most halictids nest in the ground, though a few Read more at Gardening Know How: Creeping nest in wood. Thyme Information: Tips For Growing Creeping Thyme Plants https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/e dible/herbs/thyme/growing‐creeping‐ thyme.htm Caterpillar feeds on a huge array of plants. Flies at night. Larvae are normally associated with decaying Adults feed by grazing on anemophilous pollen tree sap. Extremely important grazed from surface of leaves. . Flight times last from April to September Nest in the ground Soldier beetle larvae feed on the eggs and larvae https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic‐ gardening/pest‐control/soldier‐beetle‐facts‐ of beetles, grasshoppers, moths and other insects, and adult soldier beetles feed on aphids zw0z1302zkin and other soft‐bodied insects. Nests in the ground. The nest is a vertical shaft Active March‐May 200–300 mm. Feeds on Nettles. Need nettles that have high National Butterfly of Denmark. Vulnerable to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_tortoiseshell nitrogen content and that are wet Global Warming.
Admiral
Red Admiral
Vanessa atalanta
LC
Y
B5, B6, C5
Stinging Nettles
Hushumle
Tree Bumblebee
Bombus hypnorum
LC
Y
B6, B7
Agerhumle Ectemnius cavifrons
Bumblebee Ectemnius cavifrons
Bombus pascuorum Ectemnius cavifrons
LC LC
Y Y
B7 B7
These bumblebees prefer habitats that others do not, allowing them to pollinate flowers in areas that many other species do not get to.
Gorytes laticinctus
Wasp
Gorytes laticinctus
LC
Y
B7
Havesnegl Hylaeus communis
White‐lipped snail Common Yellow Face Wasp
Cepaea hortensis Hylaeus communis
LC LC
Y Y
B7 B7
Rød Murerbi
Red Mason Bee
Osmia bicornis
LC
Y
B7
Nests in hollow of stems. Small range.
Vinbjergsnegl
Roman snail
Helix pomatia
LC
Y
B7
Almindelig Gedehams Honningbi Citronsommerfugl
Common Wasp Honey Bee Brimstone
Vespula vulgaris Apis mellifera Gonepteryx rhamni
B7, C6 B7, C7 C6
Skakbræt Brun Mosaikguldsmed Jordhumle
Lady Beetle Brown Hawker Buff‐tailed bumblebee
Propylea quatuordecimpunctata Aeshna grandis Bombus terrestris
LC Y LC Y LC‐ Y Conc ern in Denm ark LC Y LC Y LC Y
It prefers high humidity and lower temperatures, and needs loose soil for burrowing to hibernate and lay its eggs.
Dagpåfugleøje Konvalrodæder Almindelig Gødningsflue
European peacock Common swift Yellow dung fly
Aglais io Korscheltellus lupulin Scathophaga stercoraria
LC LC LC
Y Y Y
B6 B6 C7
Skinnende Bladlustæge
Common flowerbug
Anthocoris nemorum
LC
Y
C7
Syvplettet Mariehøne
7‐spot ladybird
Coccinella septempunctata
LC
Y
C7
Toogtyveplettet Mariehøne Spættet Sæl
22‐spot ladybird Harbor seal
Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata Phoca vitulina
LC LC
Y Y
C7 D3
Natugle Fjeldvåge Gråspurv
Tawny Owl Rough‐legged buzzard House sparrow
Strix aluco Buteo lagopus Passer domesticus
LC LC LC
Y Y Y
B7 C6 C6
C6 B5 B5, B6
Great for pollinators and have lots of Aphids that produce honeydew. Meadows, pastures and other grassy places, It can fix Nitrogen. It is noted for attracting especially on calcareous soils. wildlife. It can grow on many different types and pHs of Attracts pollinators. Important forage crop. soil Green Manure. As a leguminous and hardy plant. Pollen is collected by solitary bees The plant is often found in waste and disturbed Used by Lepidoptera as food places and along roadsides and paths.
Wasp nests in Dead wood.
An opportunistic cavity‐nester, utilising existing burrows of a suitable diameter, particularly in dead wood and woody stems (such as bramble), but also in the soil and crevices in mortar joints.
https://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName= Trifolium+pratense
Thymus praecox is a low growing perennial https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_serpyllum hardy in USDA hardiness zones 4‐9 with fairly minimal requirements. An evergreen with lightly haired foliage, this tiny‐growing creeping thyme varietal — rarely over 3 inches — will appear in low, dense mats, which sprawl randomly and quickly fill in areas as a ground cover. T. serpyllum is another creeping thyme variety.
Feeds on Ivy and last butterfly before winter sets. Could be affected by climate change.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_atalanta http://beta.artsdatabanken.no/#_s::15196429748 90
Pollinator
Nests in light soil. Nests also between paving stones. Eats weeds like nettles.
Solitary Bee. Not aggressive. Imporant pollinator. Edible to the French
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmia_bicornis
During the winter, adult brimstones travel to woodlands to hibernate, as they provide ideal overwintering sites with shelters such as evergreen foliage and holly. Feeds on Aphids Flight time is mainly July to September. Eats insects B. terrestris generally forage on a large variety Pollinates tomatoes. Agriculture has a profound of flower species. impact on many bumblebees, and is causing widespread decline in several species Nettle Plants and hops. Appears quite early in spring https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglais_io Rely on dung.
It more commonly inhabits lower vegetation than trees, and especially nettles in the later half of the growing season. Wide range
Harbor seals prefer to frequent familiar resting sites. Birthing of pups occurs annually on shore.
Nests in open ground, unforested areas. The house sparrow is closely associated with human habitation and cultivation.
Good pollinator. Yellow dung flies are a key part of decomposing waste in pastures, which is key to preventing the spread of endoparasites and Biological Pest control
Voracious predator of Aphids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella_septemp unctata
Eats mildew
Bird of Prey Bird of Prey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_beetle
Kernebider
Hawfinch
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
LC
Y
C6
Deciduous or mixed woodland, including parkland, with large trees – especially hornbeam – is favoured for breeding.
Skimmelflagermus Hasselmus Hare Grå Sektoredderkop Aglaostigma aucupariae Mørk Jordhumle Toplettet Mariehøne Mejeredderkop Almindelig Guldøje Almindelig Sølvkræ Chrysoesthia sexguttella
Parti‐coloured bat Hazelnut Dormous European hare Missing sector orb weavers Sawfly Buff‐tailed bumblebee Two‐spot ladybird Longbodied cellar spider Common Green Lacewing Silverfish Chrysoesthia sexguttella
Vespertilio murinus Muscardinus avellanarius Lepus europaeus Zygiella x‐notata Aglaostigma aucupariae Bombus terrestris Adalia bipunctata Pholcus phalangioides Chrysoperla carnea Lepisma saccharina Chrysoesthia sexguttella
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
B7 D4 D4 B6 C7 B5, B7 B5, B7 B6, B7 B7 B7 B7
Species is protected
Ctenophora pectinicornis Gaffelmejer Kålstankelben Krumknivgræshoppe Lys Jordhumle Scymnus sp. Skakbræt Spytteedderkop Stenhumle Stor Blødvinge Tiplettet Mariehøne Almindelig Zebraedderkop Fjeldribsbladlus Hindbærbille Ræv
Ctenophora pectinicornis Harvestman Marsh Crane Fly Speckled bush‐cricket White‐tailed bumblebee Dusky lady bug Small lady beetle Spitting spider Bombus lapidarius Soldier Beetle Ten Spotted Ladybird Zebra Back Spider Woundwort Aphid Raspberry beetle Red Fox
Ctenophora pectinicornis Dicranopalpus ramosus Tipula oleracea Leptophyes punctatissima Bombus lucorum Scymnus sp. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata Scytodes thoracica Bombus lapidarius Cantharis fusca Adalia decempunctata Salticus scenicus Cryptomyzus korschelti Byturus tomentosus Vulpes vulpes
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B5, B7, C5 C6 C6 C7
Dying Falling Tree and Bioindicators
Brun Rotte Ager‐Stedmoderblomst Almindelig Bingelurt Almindelig Fuglegræs Almindelig Guldregn Almindelig Hønsetarm
Brown Rat Violet Dog's Mercury Common Chickenweed Common Laburnum Mouse‐ear chickweed
LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y N Y
B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7
Bakke‐Forglemmigej Bidende Stenurt Erantis Gaffel‐Vortemælk Mark‐Ærenpris Mark‐Forglemmigej Almindelig Svinemælk Almindelig Guldstjerne Almindelig Brandbæger Almindelig Kællingetand Krat‐Ærenpris Hjertebladet Gemserod Vild Kørvel Almindelig Vorterod Have‐Tulipan Almindelig Rajgræs
Early forget‐me‐not Goldmoss stonecrop Buttercup Euphorbia peplus Wall speedwell Field forget‐me‐not Sow Thistle Yellow Star‐of‐Bethlehem Old‐man‐in‐the‐Spring Bird's‐foot trefoil Ivy‐leaved Speedwell Leopard's‐bane Cow parsley Lesser celandine Didier's tulip Perennial ryegrass
Rattus norvegicus Viola arvensis Mercurialis perennis Stellaria media Laburnum anagyroides Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare var. vulgare Myosotis ramosissima Sedum acre Eranthis hyemalis Euphorbia peplus Veronica arvensis Myosotis arvensis Sonchus oleraceus Gagea lutea Senecio vulgaris Lotus corniculatus Veronica hederifolia Doronicum pardalianches Anthriscus sylvestris Ficaria verna Tulipa gesneriana Lolium perenne
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7, C5 B7, C6 B7, C7 B7, C7 B7, C7 C6 C6 C6, C7 B4 B6
Frynse‐Eg Gold Byg Have‐Forsythia Korsedderkop Løgkarse Stueflue
Turkey oak False Barley Border forsythia European garden spider Garlic mustard Housefly
Quercus cerris Hordeum murinum Forsythia x intermedia Araneus diadematus Alliaria petiolata Musca domestica
LC LC LC LC LC LC
N Y Y Y Y Y
B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Liguster
Wild privet
Ligustrum vulgare
LC
Y
C5
Puccinia lagenophorae Prikbladet Perikon Tyrkerdue Skive‐Kamille Sort Natskygge Stinkende Storkenæb Tandfri Vårsalat Vej‐Pileurt Skov‐Forglemmigej Tornirisk Lancet‐Vejbred Storkronet Ærenpris Fiskeørn Troldand Gråkrage Solsort Skovspurv Sumpmejse Ederfugl Klyde Stor Præstekrave Sjagger
Rust Fungus St. John's Wort Eurasian collared dove Pineappleweed European black nightshade Red Robin Corn Salad Common knotgrass Wood forget‐me‐not Common linnet Ribwort plantain Birdeye speedwell Osprey Tufted duck Hooded Crow Common blackbird Eurasian tree sparrow Marsh tit Common eider Pied avoce Ringed plover Fieldfare
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
C5 C7 B5, B7 B7 B7 B7 B7, C7 B7 B7, C6 B7, C7 C6, C7 C6, C7 B6 D3 B4 B4 B4, B6 B5 B6 C5 C5 C7
Blishøne Bysvale Gråand Hættemåge Knopsvane Lille Lappedykker Gul Vipstjert Råge Sortkrage Allike Huldue
Eurasian Coot Common House Martin Mallard Black‐headed gull Mute Swan Little grebe Western yellow wagtail Rook Carrion Crow Western Jackdaw Stock Dove
Puccinia lagenophorae Hypericum perforatum Streptopelia decaocto Matricaria matricarioides Solanum nigrum Geranium robertianum Valerianella locusta Polygonum aviculare Myosotis sylvatica Carduelis cannabina Plantago lanceolata Veronica persica Pandion haliaetus Aythya fuligula Corvus cornix Turdus merula Passer montanus Poecile palustris Somateria mollissima Recurvirostra avosetta Charadrius hiaticula Turdus pilaris Turdus pilaris Turdus pilaris Fulica atra Delichon urbicum Anas platyrhynchos Chroicocephalus ridibundus Cygnus olor Tachybaptus ruficollis Motacilla flava Corvus frugilegus Corvus corone Corvus monedula Columba oenas
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D4 D4 D4 B4, B7 B4, B7
Klippedue/Tamdue Mursejler Skarv Musvit Gransanger Fiskehejre Sanglærke Bogfinke/Kvækerfinke
Domestic Pigeon Common swift Great black cormorant Great Tit Common chiffchaff Grey Heron Eurasian Skylark Snowfinch
Columba livia domesticus Apus apus Phalacrocorax carbo Parus major Phylloscopus collybita Ardea cinerea Alauda arvensis Montifringilla
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
B4, B7, D3 B6, B7 B6, B7 B6, B7, C6 B6, B7, C6, C7 B6, B7, D3 B6, B7, D4 B7
Gærdesmutte Gråkrage Grønirisk Grønsisken Hættemåge Halemejse Jernspurv Knortegås Landsvale Råge Ravn Ringdue
Eurasian Wren Danish Crow European greenfinch Eurasian Siskin Black‐headed gull Long‐tailed tit Dunnock Brant Barn Swallow Rook Raven Common wood pigeon
Troglodytes troglodytes Corvus cornix Carduelis chloris Carduelis spinus Chroicocephalus ridibundus Aegithalos caudatus Prunella modularis Branta bernicla Hirundo rustica Corvus frugilegus Corvus corax Columba palumbus
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7
Biological Pest Control/Yeast Symbionts Moth and a pollinator.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoesthia_sexgut tella https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora_(fly)
Feeds on Aphids Feeds on Aphids Important Bee. 1750 meters. Eats small insects
Infects plants
Pest
Pest
Noxious weed Can be eaten as a salad/Pollination Required Daisy Family
Perennial ryegrass is an important pasture and forage plant, and is used in many pasture seed mixes. Turkey Oak is invasive and harbours a wasp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_cerris
Common in hedgerows
Edible leaves. Houseflies play an important ecological role in breaking down and recycling organic matter. Flowers are produced in mid‐summer. The berries are poisonous to humans but readily eaten by thrushes, which disperse the seeds in their droppings.
Edible. Weed
Wild Pigeon. Facing sharp decline. Nests in old https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_dove oaks. Will use nest boxes. The cavity should be about 75 centimetres deep and the hole should be big enough to admit a fist. Nests in man‐made buildings.
Nests in High trees.
Nests in rafters and buildings. They need open water to drink and bathe in.
Eurasian sparrowhawk are predator Crows are pests. Well Adapted to City life
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_heron
Rød Glente Rødstjert Rørhøg Sangdrossel Sangsvane Sildemåge Silkehale Skovskade Spætmejse Stillits Vindrossel Hvid Vipstjert
Red Kite Common redstart Western marsh harrier Song Thrush Whooper Swan Lesser black‐backed gull Bohemian waxwing Eurasian jay Eurasian nuthatch European goldfinch Redwing White wagtail
Milvus milvus Phoenicurus phoenicurus Circus aeruginosus Turdus philomelos Cygnus cygnus Larus fuscus Bombycilla garrulus Garrulus glandarius Sitta europaea Carduelis carduelis Turdus iliacus Motacilla alba
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7 B7, C5
Stær Blåmejse Bogfinke Dompap Grågås Spurvehøg Munk
Common starling Eurasian blue tit Common chaffinch Eurasian bullfinch Greylag Goose Eurasian sparrowhawk Eurasian blackcap
Sturnus vulgaris Cyanistes caeruleus Fringilla coelebs Pyrrhula pyrrhula Anser anser Accipiter nisus Sylvia atricapilla
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
B7, C5 B7, C6 B7, C6 B7, C6 B7, C6 B7, C6 B7, C6, C7
Gærdesanger Stormmåge Sølvmåge Musvåge Rødhals
Lesser Whitethroat Common Gull European herring gull Common buzzard European Robin
Sylvia curruca Larus canus Larus argentatus Buteo buteo Erithacus rubecula
LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y
B7, C7, D4 B7, D3 B7, D3, D4 B7, D4 C6
Skærpiber Ål Almindelig Vandmand Hestemusling Stikkelsbærgople
Eurasian rock pipit European Eel Common jellyfish Northern horsemussel Sea gooseberry
Anthus petrosus Anguilla anguilla Aurelia aurita Modiolus modiolus Pleurobrachia pileus
LC LC LC LC LC
Y Y Y Y Y
C6 D3 D4 D4 D4
The species has adapted well to human changes to the environment and has exploited human changes such as man‐made structures that are used for nesting sites and increased open areas that are used for foraging. Resident Bird/Destroyer of Pests Pest in Orchards (Also likes Kale)
Edible Frequent in meadows, forest edges, roadsides and gardens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_bullfinch