Bristolonίκη - Technical Report

BARC0115 Landscape Inhabitation & Environmental Systems MA/MLA: 2020-21 26 April 2021

Bristolonίκη Submission B: Design Project Review Souvatzi Alexandra Studio 03

Practice tutor: Aitor Arconada Module coordinator: Ana Abram

PROJECT DESCRIPTION intellectual ambition

STATEMENT As global climate continues to change, Bristol’s climate by 2050 will resemble a northen Mediterranean city, where heatwaves and droughts will occur frequently during the summer. Many indigenous plants will not be able to survive the new environmental conditions, which will alter the local ecosystem. As the UK is an island, it is difficult for new plant species to reach its lands without the assistance of humans.

“Bristoloniki” reimagines Bristol as a productive northern Greek landscape, where orchards mix with the forest, to create a unique biodiverse ecosystem.

Our site of interest, Silverthorne island, hosted Bristol’s industrial activities during the 19th and 20th centuries. However, once the industrial center had perished, it left behind vacant factories and heavily polluted soil. Bioremediating the soil is a slow process that needs decades of care. By the time it is completed, Bristol’s climate will be able to host a Mediterranean landscape. The project examines the stages of this timeline, taking into consideration the financial benefit that can be achieved, in order to compete with the pressure of development for the site.

Bristoloniki

CONTENTS booklet overview

01 / ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1.1 / Understanding Bristol 1.2 / Climate swift 1.3 / Softscapes 1.4 / Urban context 1.5 / Geological context 1.6 / Silverthorne island 1.7 / Soil contamination

p. 01 p. 02 p. 03 p. 04 p. 05 p. 06 p. 07

02 / LANDSCAPE INHABITATION 2.1 / Proposed masterplan 2.2 / Design approach 2.3 / Topography 2.4 / Habitat of reference 2.5 / Remediation strategy 2.6 / Planting strategy

p. 09 p. 10 p. 11 p. 12 p. 13 p. 14

03 / LANDSCAPE REALISATION 3.1 / 45 years timeline 3.2 / Phase 1 3.3 / Phase 2 3.4 / Phase 3 3.5 / Phase 4 3.6 / Phase 5

p. 17 p. 19 p. 21 p. 23 p. 25 p. 27

05 / BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography

p. 29

04 / APPRENDIX Habitat of reference Soil contaminants Bristol’s food initiatives Silverthorne island species Physical models & design approach UK soil information

p. 31 p. 33 p. 35 p. 37 p 39 p 45

06 / LIST OF FIGURES List of figures

p. 47

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS section 01

1.1 / UNDERSTANDING BRISTOL social and environmental parameters

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01.a / Location map demonstrating cultural and historical places.

Images illustrating significant cultural moments.

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01.b / Location map demonstrating waterways and rail networks.

Images illustrating the relation of Bristol with water.

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01.b / Location map demonstrating natural landscapes within and around Bristol.

Images illustrating wildlife and archaeological foundings on tidal coast.

The influence of local culture Bristol is seen as a city of innovation, where new products and ideas reach its port and are reclaimed by the residents.

International trade with British colonies introduces exotic fruits and ingredients to the public, providing opportunities for new culinary experiences and products. Imported materials, such as copper, are used by local engineers to advance their mechanical technologies. The significant amount of university students influence change in culture and lifestyle making the city vibrant and open to research.

The influence of water Bristol is a port city ever since its creation, depending strongly on the rivers Avon and Severn as waterways to the ocean and thus, global trade. During the industrial revolution, the city engaged permanently with the use of water as its main trading route, with the creation of floating harbor; a technological achievement that relieves the trading routes from the dependency on the tides. Water also acts as a means for leisure, sports and tourist attraction, with the main event being the Spring Tide, one of nature’s major wonders.

The influence of the natural environment Bristol hosts a significant amount of wildlife that has managed to coexist with the human activities. Urban foxes and otters live in the city but are threatened by pollution and diseases. Avon’s gorge is home to unique flora species which are threatened by invasive weeds brought in the ecosystem due to global trade.

Locals put a lot of effort to preserve this unique ecosystem which dates back to the ice age period. Bristol is also home to exotic fauna brought from the British colonies, which is being hosted in the city’s famous zoo.

Fig. 01 / Mapping and Scholarly research to understand Bristol Enviromental Systems

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1.2 / CLIMATE SWIFT climatic conditions of future Bristol The fast-paced climate change will swift Bristol’s climate in the near future. Data indicate that by 2050, Bristol’s climate will be similar to the current conditions of northern Mediterranean cities. Rainy days will be less common, while rain intensity will increase significantly.

Sunshine will be a lot more frequent throughout the year and temperatures will increase, which will cause excessive heatwaves and droughts, especially during the summer seasons. The existing habitat of Bristol will not be able to cope with the new climate and equally, Mediterranean habitat will have to move upwards in order to survive. Landscape architects can assist this habitat transaction by designing for future climatic conditions. Bristoloniki links the cities of Bristol and Thessaloniki and considers how the northern Greek habitat can find a new home in the future climate of southern UK.

Bristol

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Fig. 02 / Bristol’s climate will resemble a Mediterranean city by 2050 02

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1.3 / SOFTSCAPES urban landscapes & flood predictions In 2015 Bristol was awarded the status of Green Capital of Europe for its strategies towards sustainability as well as for the number of green spaces that exist within the city’s boundary, an amount that exceeds any other UK city. However, when situating our site of interest within the urban texture, it can be understood that such softscapes are scattered far away from it. In more detail, there are four major categories of green spaces in the greater area around the site. 1) Public parks that are used as leisure spaces can be found mostly in the central part of the city or at the outskirts. 2) Allotments or farmland that engages locals to agricultural activities of local food production are mostly found far away from the city center. 3) Cemeteries that are carefully landscaped and 4) leftover urban spaces that are reclaimed by nature. In our site of interest, only the final category of green spaces can be encountered.

Leisure spaces

Farmland / allotments

Cemeteries

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Fig. 03 / Urban landscapes are scattered far away from our site

Natural areas

Flooding predictions due to sea level rise and intense rainfall are quite severe for our site of interest and the surrounding location. The artificial canal on the edge of the site, is connected to the floating harbor and the river Avon and can hold certain amount of water. Thus, its depth fluctuates throughout the year. However, its depth is not enough to deal with the increasing flooding problem of the region and as a result it often overflows in cases of intense rainfall. The low altitude of the site allows the water to enter in roads and lots, which in many cases makes the site inaccessible. Even though current legislation regarding development makes water management obligatory of all kind of proposals in this location, the amount of water that will enter the site in the next century will require adjacent infrastructure to be created.

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2044 Fig. 05 / Pictures from BBC, 2016 Floods already occur on the site, causing connectivity problems.

Intense rainfall on short timeframes is the main reason.

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Fig. 04 / Flooding predictions are quite severe for this location Enviromental Systems

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1.4 / URBAN CONTEXT landuse & connectivity Our site of interest is located within a financial zone that is dedicated to industrial, commercial and retail activities. It can be seen that these activities attract fast transit networks such as primary roads and railway. The site is directly connected with Temple Meads, the central railway station of the city. The rail network was created by y Isambard Kingdom Brunel during the industrial revolution, in order to ease product distribution between Bristol’s port, local industries and the rest of the UK. Today, the station is considered a tourist attraction and continues to be the main entrance of visitors to the city of Bristol.

06.a / Financial zones: industrial commercial

06.d / Points of interest: historic buildings tourist attractions

retail

nightclubs

06.b / Road network: main transit

Leisure points of interest are gathered mainly in the center of the city. Tourist attractions are relatively far away from our site, but there are historical buildings situated inside it. These are mainly old factories constructed from local stone or ceramic bricks. Nightclubs are also considered to be points of interest, as Bristol is well-known for its music festivals, and many of them are hosted inside historical buildings.

Leisure spaces attract public transport and pedestrian network, leaving the site relatively disconnected from the city. The current condition of the site does not encourage pedestrian access or daily circulation.

secondary

06.e / Public transport: bus routes water bus route

local streets

06.c / Rail connectivity: train lines stations

06.f / Pedestrian circulation: bicycle lines pedestrian urban texture

Fig. 06 / Diagrams illustrating the way landuse attracts different kind of circulating networks 04

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1.5 / GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT soil qualities of the site A Redcliffe Sandstone substrate extends to our site and separates it in the middle. Sandstone is considered to be a fertile substrate, as it is permeable and is has beneficial balance between sand, loam and clay. This particular layer is also the base for the most fertile lot in Bristol’s outskirts, which is named “the Blue finger” and has been used by local food initiatives in the recent past. The other half of our site consists of a substrate that is referred to as “Made ground”. This is because it is an artificial ground that has been constructed on top of clay and silt layers. This part of our site is significantly non-permeable and unproductive. Its sole purpose was to create a base for the construction of industrial activity on top of it and to retain the artificial canal.

The Blue finger

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07.a / Site soil division: Redcliffe Sandstone

Clay and Silt (Made Ground)

07.b / Redcliffe Sandstone substrate extending to site Sandstone substrate qualities Calcium Carbonate: Moderate Sand > Loam > Clay

Fig. 07 / Soil qualities of the site Enviromental Systems

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1.6 / SILVERTHORNE ISLAND site qualities & industrial past Our site is named Silverthorne island and it hosted the industrial activities of the city during the 19th and 20th centuries. It is squeezed between the railway network and the floating harbor, which used for product distribution. When the industrial activity perished, it left behind vacant factories and contaminated soil. Today, the site has some specific qualities that can be understood while navigating inside it.

Historical buildings constructed from stone can be found on site.

Most of them are abandoned factories, while others are still in use for commercial purposes.

In my proposal I intend to reuse some of these buildings and incorporate them into my design.

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08.a / industrial buildings of intrest

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On the part of the site that has the sandstone substrate exists a registered wildlife corridor, which is neglected, yet quite lush. The most important fauna that has been encountered there is the urban foxes and otters, animals that are under protection in Bristol. The wildlife corridor runs parallel to the railway tracks, which is dangerous for the species crossing them.

08.b / registered wildlife corridor

The location of the site is called an island because it is separated from the city from the railway and the canal. It is connected with the city mainly with tunnels and a few bridges. The tunnels cross underneath the railway tracks and are dark and hostile.

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08.c / site connectivity with the city

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Another characteristic of the site is tall stone walls that separate the factories from the streets and block the view. These walls in most cases hide the historical buildings and separate the space into individual parts. However, they provide an opportunity for material reuse, as they can be demolished and reconstructed in different ways, in order to support the design proposal.

08.d / stone walls separate the site into lots

Fig. 08 / Site characteristics 06

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1.7 / SOIL CONTAMINATION aftermath of industrial activity The contamination of the site varies depending on each location. Different industrial activities left behind different types of contaminants.

The part that is closest to the railway is less contaminated than the rest of the site, as it did not host heavy industrial activities on top of it, however contaminants brought by the air rest on the topsoil. In the middle of the site, me majority of contamination is from hydrocarbons, as there used to be underground fuel and oil storages. Petroleum spoilages can be seen on topsoil. Heavy metals are found on the made ground due to surrounding activities. The most contaminated part of the site rests close to the artificial canal where the factories where located. Aromatic chemicals and hydrocarbons such as kerosene are the in high levels and are detectable even by smell. The made ground underneath is heavily contaminated as well as the groundwater. Taking these under consideration, in order to create any kind of landscape, remediation of the soil is necessary, so that plants can grow, and humans can access the location without health risks.

PAH’s & heavy metals

River Terrace Deposits

Tidal Flood Deposits

Made Ground

Unproductive Strata: low permability, neglible significance for water

Rede

Fig. 09 / Soil layers of the site and existing contamination Enviromental Systems

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Fig. 10 / Table of main contaminants. For more detailed information, go to Apprendix

PAHs hydrocarbons & heavy metals

Hydrocarbons & heavy metals

Concrete and Asphalt Surface

Sandstone

Bedrock

ecliffe sandsstone: permable layer, supports water supplies at local scale, important source of base flow to rivers 0

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LANDSCAPE INHABITATION section 02

2.1 / PROPOSED MASTERPLAN physical model experimentation Bristoloniki reimagines Bristol as a productive Greek landscape, where orchards mix with the forest, to create a unique biodiverse ecosystem. However, the introduction of a fruit forest on this site cannot be a straightforward move. It is a time-based project that requires several milestones to be achieved. The final output will have 5 main units.

1) The fruit forest; Artificial hills of remediated soil on top of the sandstone substrate will host dense cultivating activities of fruit trees. The crops will be collected for consumption or trade. The new habitat will be able to host a diverse variety of fauna, from microorganisms to mammals.

2) The waterway; The existing canal will be allowed to enter the site providing access to the site through water. Shallow streams will collect the water from intense rainfall and store it to avoid flooding.

3) Water treatment; Wetlands with adjacent species will extract contaminants and purify the water, while providing an accessible landscape.

4) The market; A local food market will create a financial hub on site for trading food related goods. When the fruit forest is ready, crops will be sold on site, enhancing local food production.

5) Taste; Spaces for food consumption will be provided, so that individuals could develop catering activities such as restaurants & canteens

waterway

fruit forest

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water treatment

Market

Taste

Fig. 11 / Design intention expressed on a physica model Landscape Inhabitation

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2.2 / DESIGN APPROACH intention & thinking process

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11.a / Zoning Fruit forest qualities Water treatment areas Financial & community activities

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11.b / Hierarchy > > Cultivation zones > > Food market & taste

> > > >

Water treatment system Production zones

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11.d / Circulation Primary connectivity with the city; cycling & pedestrian route Secondary pedestrian route Forest path

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11.f / Views City center skyline Wetland landscape Fruit forest hills Food market Inward looking / stream view

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11.e / Water strategy Existing Feeder canal Wetland landscape

New permanent canal / catchment area Temporary streams Runoff streams

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11.c / Fruit forest Microbiomes Species getting more sunshine Species getting more humidity

Species getting more shadow Species that are tall and wide

Fig. 12 / Diagrams illustrating the design intentions 10

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2.3 / TOPOGRAPHY earthworks strategy The relatively flat topography of the site is being reshaped to host the fruit forest. There is a 5-meter height difference currently on site, between the canal and the railway. The designed earthworks have multiple uses. Primary, when the soil is excavated and moved it is aeriated, which accelerates the remediating process. Secondary, the new slopes direct the water into a specific path towards the canal, which prevents the site from flooding. Additionally, the artificial hills bring into the site the imaginary of a Greek forest, frame views and provide a sense of enclosure. Lastly, the hills act as a barrier towards the rail tracks, providing sound insulation and protection for the wildlife.

mammal C.n. / Water vole Sc n. / Arvicola terrestris mammal C.n. / Otter Sc n. / Lutra lutra

Fig. 13 / Key plan

C.n Sc n. / reptile C.n. / Great Crested Newt Sc n. / Triturus cristatus

amphibian C.n. / Common toad Sc n. / Bufo bufo

insecta C.n. / Dragonfly Sc n. / Banded damoiselle fish C.n. / Great Crested Newt Sc n. / River Lampery

mollusc C.n. / Little whirpool Ramson snail Sc n. / Anisus vorticulus

true fly C.n. / Bee-fly Sc n. / Bombylius discolo fish C.n. / Brown trout Sc n. / Salmo trutta

beetle C.n. / Glow worm Sc n. / Lampyris noctiluca

Existing topography

Made Ground

Fruit trees that need less sunshine exposure North orientation

Fruit trees that grow taller and need more space

Fruit trees that need more humidity

Wetland species

Water management

New canal water access point

Existing canal

Tidal Flood Deposits

Fig. 14 / Microbiomes depending on different orientation and location Landscape Inhabitation

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2.4 /

ΗΑΒΙΤΑΤ CREATION flora & fauna

The forests of north Mediterranean region are very biodiverse and can host fauna from small insects to mammals. Having as reference a low-altitude northern Greek forest whose flora is capable of bearing fruit, it is intended to introduce this kind of diverse habitat in future Bristol. Our site has areas that are registered as wildlife corridors, as local fauna can be found there from insects to mammals, including otters and urban foxes. As it is stated in the Bristol Biodiversity Action Plan, allotments and urban farms in the city are very beneficial to support wildlife. The intention of the design is to create a habitat of fruit trees and shrubs, an orchard forest, where wildlife can roam by and at the same time, the local community will benefit from local fruit production.

mammal C.n. / Rabbit Sc n. / Oryctolagus cuniculus bird C.n. / Cuckoo Sc n. / Cuculus canorus

bird n. / Swallow Hirundo rustica

mammal C.n. / Urban fox Sc n. / Vulpes vulpes

reptile C.n. / Slow worm Sc n. / Anguis fragilis

moth C.n. / Small ranunculus Sc n. / Hecatera dysodea

bird C.n. / House sparrow Sc n. / Passer domesticus

butterfly C.n. / Small blue Sc n. / Cupido minimus

beatle C.n. / Ant Sc n. / Platyrhinus resinosus

insecta C.n. / Grasshopper Sc n. / Locustella naevia insecta C.n. / Honey bee Sc n. / Apis

or

bird C.n. / barn owl Sc n. / Tyto alba

bird C.n. / Kingfisher Sc n. / Alcedo atthis

mammal / bat C.n. / Greater Horseshoe Bat Sc n. / Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

mammal C.n. / Hedgehog Sc n. / Erinaceus europaeus

mammal C.n. / squirrel Sc n. / Sciurus vulgaris

insecta C.n. / a beetle Sc n. / Formicidae

insecta C.n. / Fireflies Sc n. / Lampyridae Haplotaxids C.n. / Earth worms Sc n. / Lumbricina

Aeriated & proccessed existing soil

Existing railway

Boundaru towards the railway Tall & wide fruit tree species

Fruit trees that need a lot sunnshine exposure South orientation

Fruit trees that need less sunshine exposure North orientation

Fruit trees that grow taller and need more space

Fruit trees that need less sunshine exposure North orientation

Wetland species

Fruit trees that need more humidity

Redcliffe Sandstone

Fig. 15 / Wildlife that exists in Bristol & can find refuge in the microbiomes of the propposal 12

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2.5 / REMEDIATION STRATEGY necessary stages to remove existing contamination from soil The strategy used to purify the soil from contamination is bioremediation, which has several stages.

1) The first step is mycoremediation. More specifically, the use of mycorrhizal fungi to break down topsoil contamination. Species such as oyster mushrooms are adequate for such use and are also very beneficial for habitat creation. They have the ability to enrich the soil with mycorrhizae, which assists plants to metabolize nutrients. Additionally, their mushrooms attract decomposers and insects, triggering the chain of life. The duration of this step is 1 year.

2) The second step is to plant grasses. The remediated topsoil will be able to host plants of shallow roots. Grasses have the ability to develop symbiotic relations with microbes in the soil, such as bacteria, that are beneficial for the plant’s health. Also, they provide habitat for earthworms, an indicator of healthy soil. The duration of this step should be 2 years, before adding more plants that will cover the grasses.

Sprouting mushrooms

Remediating grasses

Straw cover

Grass roots host beneficial bacteria and earthworms

Cover to protect from rain and the sun

Mycorhizal network Wood shavings infused with fungi

Contaminants in the soil

Mycorhizal network Contaminants in the soil

Topsoil

Topsoil

Max thickness: 5,00 m

Max thickness: 5,00 m

Redcliffe sandstone

Redcliffe sandstone

Depth from stratum: 2,00-10,00 m Max thickness: 18,50 m

Depth from stratum: 2,00-10,00 m Max thickness: 18,50 m

Bedrock

Bedrock

Depth from stratum: 23,00 - 27,00 m

Depth from stratum: 23,00 - 27,00 m

19.a / Stage 1: Mycoremediation Duration: 1 year

19.b / Stage 2: Phytoremediation (grasses) Duration: 42 years

Fig. 16 / Remediation strategy diagram Landscape Inhabitation

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3) The third step is to plant shrubs that provide yields. Such plants can extract contamination from the soil and transfer it to their crops.

Thus, while the soil is contaminated, the products of these plants should not be consumed, on the contrary they should be collected and composted on site. The roots of these plants will reach deeper layers of soil. The duration of this step should be 10 years before adding any other vegetation.

4) The next step is to plant remediating trees. They have the ability to reach much deeper layers of the soil, and thus purify the soil more holistic and effectively. Such trees have a life circle of 30 years and after that they can be easily removed together with their roots. By the end of this step the soil should have been remediated completely and be ready to host a variety of flora.

5) The final step is the end of the remediation of the site. All remediating plants should be removed. The wood of the trees can be used on site as a material for the landscape’s furniture or construction elements. By the end of the bioremediation process, Bristol’s climate will have already reached the temperatures of a northern Mediterranean city. And thus, the landscape will be ready to host a fruit forest habitat.

6) Following the remediation stages, the fruit forest species are planted. First, it is planted the underfloor that includes fruit producing shrubs, to stabilize the soil. Then, the tree species are planted in selected locations. The vegetation differs according to shade, humidity and use of spaces. As the soil has been purified after the long process of bioremediation, the fruits are safe to consume.

Remediating trees

Grasses & wildflowers

Grasses & wildflowers

Remediating grasses

Remediating crops

Beneficial habitat bacteria and earthworms

Fruit forest species

Beneficial habitat bacteria and earthworms

Remediating grasses

Mycorhizal network

Beneficial habitat bacteria and earthworms

Remediating crops

Mycorhizal &root network

Beneficial habitat bacteria and earthworms

Contaminants in the soil

Mycorhizal &root network

Mycorhizal &root network

Contaminants in the soil

Topsoil

Topsoil

Topsoil

Topsoil

Max thickness: 5,00 m

Max thickness: 5,00 m

Max thickness: 5,00 m

Max thickness: 5,00 m

Redcliffe sandstone

Redcliffe sandstone

Redcliffe sandstone

Redcliffe sandstone

Depth from stratum: 2,00-10,00 m Max thickness: 18,50 m

Depth from stratum: 2,00-10,00 m Max thickness: 18,50 m

Depth from stratum: 2,00-10,00 m Max thickness: 18,50 m

Depth from stratum: 2,00-10,00 m Max thickness: 18,50 m

Bedrock

Bedrock

Bedrock

Bedrock

Depth from stratum: 23,00 - 27,00 m

Depth from stratum: 23,00 - 27,00 m

Depth from stratum: 23,00 - 27,00 m

Depth from stratum: 23,00 - 27,00 m

19.c / Stage 3: Phytoremediation (crops) Duration: 40 years

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19.d / Stage 4: Phytoremediation (trees) Duration: 30 years

19.e / Stage 5: Removal of remediating plants Duration: 0,5 year

19.f / Stage 6: Plant fruit forest species Duration: 1,5 year

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2.6 / PLANTING STRATEGY planting palette timeline

Mycorrhizal oyster mushrooms are infused within the soil in this stage. Grey mushrooms fruit almost throughout the year, while yellow ones fruit during spring and summer.

Their fruits should not be consumed, as they will be contaminated.

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Stage 1

C.n.: grey oyster mushroom Sc.n.: pleurotus ostreatus

Grasses give to the landscape an evergreen view that changes slightly during the warm seasons. They cover the soil, protecting it from erosion and establishing a beneficial habitat that will assist the vegetation that will be planted in the future.

Stage 2

C.n.: creeping red fescue Sc.n.: festuca rubra

Crops make seasonality visible, as they swift their colours many times during the year. Their yields should be collected and composted on site.

Wetland plants prevent erosion from the streams and flooded areas. They also purify the water and create a habitat for insects, reptiles and aquatic animals.

Trees provide shade and habitat for birds. Their seasonal changes also have visible impact to the landscape, demonstrating first the arrival of spring. Humans can enjoy their shade on a sunny day.

Stage 3

C.n.: brown mustard Sc.n.: brassica juncea

Stage 4

C.n.: osier, willow Sc.n.: salix viminalis

Stage 5 Berries and other fruit shrubs create the underfloor of the fruit forest. They provide shelter for wildlife animals.

Their fruits are consumed by both humans and non-humans.

C.n.: blackberry Sc.n.: rubus fruticosus

Fruit producing trees assist greatly the wildlife habitat. They attract pollinators to fertilize them, and they feed microorganisms, insects and mammals from their falling fruit. Their branches provide shelter for birds. When ripe, their fruit are collected from humans.

C.n.: yellow oyster mushroom Sc.n.: pleurotus citrino-

C.n.: tall fescue Sc.n.: festuca arundinacea

C.n.: common wheat Sc.n.: triticum aestivum

C.n.: osier, willow Sc.n.: salix carpea

C.n.: blueberry Sc.n.: vaccinum cyanococus

C.n: mycelium network

C.n.: redtop Sc.n.: agrostis gigantea

C.n.: rapeseed Sc.n.: brassica napus

C.n.: rasberry Sc.n.: rubus idaeus

Stage 6

C.n.: cherry tree Sc.n.: prunus cerasifera

C.n.: koromilia Sc.n.: prunus instititia

C.n.: walnuts tree Sc.n.:juglans

Fig. 17 / On site planting palette according to project stage Landscape Inhabitation

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species added in each stage

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C.n.: alpine pennygrass Sc.n.: thlaspi caerulescens

C.n.: vetiver / khus Sc.n.: chrysopogon zizanioides

C.n.: plums Sc.n.: prunus domestica

C.n.: chestnut tree Sc.n.: castanea

C.n.: rhizobacteria Sc.n.: agrobacterium rhizogenes

C.n.: soft rush Sc.n.: juncus effusus

C.n.: apple tree Sc.n.: malus domestica

C.n.: almond tree Sc.n.: prunus dulcis

C.n.: peach tree Sc.n.: prunus persica

C.n.: apricot tree Sc.n.: prunus armeniaca

Fig. 18 / Sections demonstrating the scale of the proposed vegetation 16

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LANDSCAPE REALISATION section 03

3.1 / 45 YEAR TIMELINE bioremediation & construction milestones

Fig. 19 / 45 year realisation timeline Landscape Realisation

17

18

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3.2 / PHASE 1 site preparation & mycoremediation Phase 1 has lasts 2 years. During this time frame, the site is being prepared for the construction of the landscape. Demolition and rearrangement of material is the main target. First, the existing asphalt hardscapes are torn down to expose the underlying soil. The produced gravel is sorted to be used on site. Second, the existing tall stone walls are deconstructed, and the stones are stored to be used for the retaining walls of the artificial hills. After the soil is exposed, earthworks reshape it to create artificial hills. Thus, the soil is aeriated, which will accelerate its remediation. Mycoremediation is the next step of this stage. On top of the excavated soil, a layer of mulch 45 cm thick is spread. This layer includes shavings that have been infused with the fungi, usually an oyster mushroom type. Above that, a thin cover is placed to protect the fungi from the sun and rain and on top a layer of straw. The process is considered successful when the fungi begin to decompose the wood shavings and mushrooms appear. During the mycoremediation stage, temporary nurseries created on site, inside the existing factory, start to prepare remediating grasses to be planted in the next phase.

Topsoi grey oy

Material sorting and storage

A / Deconstruct

B / Material sorting

C / Earthworks

D / Create artificial hills

E / Reuse stones to build walls

F / Retaining walls support hills

G / Mix wood shavings & fungi

H / Mycoremediate topsoil

Fig. 20 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 1 Landscape Realisation

19

Topsoil Existing soil aeriated by earthworks Drywall from reclaimed stones Wooden binding modules

Filling of cruched reclaimed stones

Perforated draining pipe Geotextile

Concrete foundation Gravel / Crushed reclaimed stones Compacted soil Existing soil

Fig. 21 / Detail of drywall

il remediation with yster mushroooms

Earthworks reshape topography & aeriate the soil

Reclaimed material is used for retaining walls

Topsoil remediation with yellow oyster mushroooms

Relocated site soil that will be used for earthworks

Fig. 22 / Perspective section and construction details phase 1 20

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3.3 / PHASE 2 hardscapes & phytoremediation - grasses Phase 2 also lasts 2 years. The materials collected during phase 1 are now reused to construct the hardscapes of the landscape. Circulation paths and resting areas are constructed using as base layer the gravel from deconstruction. The retaining stone walls are constructed to serve two purposes. First is to support the artificial hills and to prevent them from erosion. Second is to recreate the imaginary of the northern Greek landscape, where “xerolithies” (dry stone walls) separate the landscape into smaller lots. Regarding vegetation, the nourished grasses are planted on the artificial hills to both remediate the soil and to assist to erosion control. The temporary nurseries begin to take care of the shrubs that will be needed in the next step of the timeline. Already from this stage, the landscape is able allow visitors to enjoy it. At the same time, the temporary nurseries can engage community activities, such as schools or volunteering, to assist in the plant growth ans preparation, as well as planting on the artificial hills.

Temporary nurseries grasses / shrubs

A / Spread grass seeds

B / Temporary nursery - grasses

C / Reuse gravel for path’s base

D / Construct hardscapes

E / Plant remediating grasses

F / Grasses purify & enhance topsoil

G / Remediating crops & shrubs

H / Temporary nursery - crops & shrubs

Fig. 23 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 2 Landscape Realisation

21

Drywall from reclaimed stones Stone bedding course & joint fill Crushed reclaimed stone gravel

Topsoil

Stone paver

Perforated draining pipe

Concrete edge

Geotextile Concrete foundation

Concrete foundation Compacted soil Existing soil

Fig. 24 / Detail of path with incorporated bench

Main pedestrian & cycling route crossing the site

Planting remediating grasses

Small gravel path for strolling

Main pedestrian walkway on hills with resting bench

Participatory volunteering planting & maintenance

Fig. 25 / Perspective section and construction details of phase 2 22

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3.4 / PHASE 3 canal extraction & phytoremediation - crops Phase 3 lasts 10 years. As it projects quite far in the future, adequate measures are needed to deal with the emerging problems of climate change. As it is seen in Section 01, by 2044 the site will already be extensively flooded. Thus, it is necessary that infrastructure is created to hold the water before the area is inevitably flooded. To deal with this issue, an artificial canal is excavated and connected with the existing Feeder canal of the site. Drawing inspiration from seasonal streams of Greek forests, this new canal has the ability to hold water in case of intense rainfall and prevent flooding. Sandstone is considered to be a very good base for streams and rivers, thus the artificial canal is excavated on this area of the site. Regarding vegetation, remediating crops are being introduced to the artificial hills. These plants not only extract contaminants from the soil, but they add to the landscape the parameter of seasonality. Visitors and passers by can see the seasonal swifts from blooms to yields and can engage with the cycle of cultivation. This step also adds the parameter of maintenance to the landscape.

Human participation should begin to be regulated and planned. The extent of this phase gives the opportunity to the temporary nurseries to prepare the remediating trees that will be needed next, and to grow them from seeds, educating participants to the full circle of their life.

Temporary nurseries remediating trees

A / Excavation

B / Create new canal - stream

C / Stream to hold floods

D / Water treatment - wetlands

E / Plant remediating crops & shrubs

F / Crops extract contaminants

G / Remediating trees sheeds

H / Temporary nursery - grow trees

Fig. 26 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 3 Landscape Realisation

23

Maximum water level

Anchored retaining wall

Gravel

Substrate

Pebbles

Terracing using stones

Retaining concrete wall

Topsoil

Made ground

Pond liner Compacted soil Gravel Redcliffe Sandstone

Concrete foundation

Fig. 27 / Detail of flood cathment canal

Canal / flooding cathment stream

Wetland species

Mixed cultivation of remediating species

Cultivation of wheat as remediating crop

Cultivation of brown mustard as remediating crop

Fig. 28 / Perspective section and construction details of phase 3 24

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3.5 / PHASE 4 local market & phytoremediation - trees Phase 4 has the largest duration, that of 30 years. It includes the final stage of remediation, that of planting trees. Trees need to complete their life circle in order to be easily removed afterwards. When it is finished, the soil will have been purified from any contamination and it will be adequate for fruit cultivation. It is important that in this phase the community will establish a financial hub in the space provided. The abandoned buildings left from industrial activity can be reclaimed by the locals to develop activities regarding taste and food distribution. A local food market and spaces for restaurants are created. The location of the site has excellent connectivity with exporting networks and thus it can be used for these purposes. Regarding vegetation, in this phase the trees are planted and the temporary nursery begins to grow the species of the fruit forest. By the end of this phase, the climate of Bristol will have changed significantly and it will resemble that of northern Mediterranean region.

Temporary nurseries fruit forest species

A / Commercial district

B / Market in historical ruin

C / Taste - local shops

D / Product distribution

E / Plant remediating trees

F / Trees reach deeper soil layers

G / Fruit forest species

H / Temporary nursery - fruit species

Fig. 29 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 4 Landscape Realisation

25

Tree grown in the temporary nursery

Wire anchor Mulch

Planting hole 3 times the size of the root ball

Root neck Small gravel base

Aeriated existing soil

Fig. 30 / Detail of tree planting proccess

Rotate from crop cultivation to remediating trees orchard

Mixed vegetation of remediating species

Mix wheat cultivation and remediating trees

Planting remediating trees / willows

Mix mustard cultivation and remediating trees

Fig. 31 / Perspective section and construction details of phase 4 26

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3.6 / PHASE 5 fruit forest & finalisation The final phase creates a rapid and final swich in the softscapes of the landscape. The remediating plants will be removed, including all crops and trees. The wood of the trees will be reused on site to create urban furniture and construction elements. The fruit forest species will be planted on the assigned earthworks, creating the final imaginary. Cultivation and maintaining activities will become more organised and precise, collecting the fruits during their mature season and taking care of them the rest of the year. Fruit producing species will allow wildlife to flourish, including insects, birds and small mammals that already exist in the area. Since the temporary nurseries will no longer be needed, the reclaimed factory will be converted into a hydroponic farm, using the advanced technology that will have developed by then.

Thus, the landscape will also provide crops for trade or local consumption. The result will be a productive landscape that will engage the community simultaneously in the production of food, distribution and consumption.

Automated hydroponic farm

A / Remove remediating trees

B / Utilise wood on site

C / Plant fruit forest species

D / Final image of the landscape

E / Fruit collection by community

F / local distribution in the market

G / Advanced automated systems

H / Hydroponic farm

Fig. 32 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 5 Landscape Realisation

27

Bell siphon to control overflow Floating substrate to hold plants Fresh nutrient water pipe Plant’s roots Used water collection pipe

Growing module

Metal beam

Metal column that includes the water circulation system

Fig. 30 / Detail of hydroponic module Canal during the droughts season / stream

Fruit tree species that need humindity

Mixed vegetation terrace

Fruit trees and fruit shrubs cultivation

Tall and wide fruit tree species

Fig. 34 / Perspective section and construction details of phase 5 28

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BIBLIOGRAPHY section 05

BOOKS

Books

Astrid Zimmermann (ed.) (2008). Constructing Landscape. Basel: Birkhauser Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (2015). The Suds Manual. Edited by: Woods B., Wilson B., Udale – Clarcke H., Illman S., Scott T., Ashley R., Kellagher R. London: Ciria. Available at: https://www.susdrain.org/resources/SuDS_Manual.html (Accessed: 5 April 2021) Gomme et al (1979). Bristol: an architectural history. Edited by: Andor Gomme, Michael Jenner, Bryan.

Little, London: Lund Humphries: Bristol and West Building Society Jean-Louis Morel et al (2002). Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils. Edited by: J.Morel, G. Echevarria, N. Goncharova. Trest; Springer. NATO Science Series. IV Earth and Environmental Sciences – Vol.68.

Joshua Zeunert, Tim Waterman (2018). Routledge Handbook of Landscape and Food. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315647692-41 (Accesses: 26 January 2021) Joshua Zeunert (2017). Landscape Architecture and Environmental Sustainability. London: New York: Bloomsbury Neil Willey (ed.) (2007). Phytoremediation. New Jersey; Humana Press. Center for Research in Plant Science, University of West England, Bristol, UK. Paul Stamets (2005). Mycelium Running. New York: Ten Speed Press DOCUMENTARIES – TV PROGRAMMES

Documentaries & Online lectures

Ade at Sea (2014). Bristol Channel. BBC One Television, 10 April. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/06D6BD91?bcast=109022147 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) Armchair Britain (2020). Bristol. BBC2 England, 27 October. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https:// learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/12374274?bcast=133155936 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) Bristol Food Producers (2019). Farmers Finals. Vmeo. Available at: https://vimeo.com/user72431509 (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Coast (2008). Exmouth to Bristol. BBC2 England, 23 February. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https:// learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/00537B2F?bcast=28656356 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) Coast (2008). Severn Estuary to Aberystwyth. BBC2 England, 12 March. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/00537B22?bcast=43124154 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) Countryfile (2013). Bristol. BBC One Television, 24 Febrruary. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https:// learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/02FA2C98?bcast=94096823 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) Country Tracks (2010). Avonmouth. BBC1 London, 28 February. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https:// learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/01479232?bcast=42498586 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) Joe Evans (2013). The Blue Finger. Vmeo. Available at: https://vimeo.com/56582836 (Accessed: 19 January 2021) The Animal Magic Zoo (2011). BBC2 England, 21 July. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/01D86240?bcast=67583844 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) The Great Antiques Map of Britain (2016). Episode1, Bristol. BBC2 England, 08 August. Available at Box of Broadcasts: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/08A5F014?bcast=122252669 (Accessed: 11 January 2021) ARTICLES

Articles

Damian Carrington (2019). ‘Tree planting ‘has mind-blowing potential’ to tackle climate crisis’.

The Guardian. 4 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions (Accessed: 27 January 2021) Ellis. S (2018). ‘Bristol’. British Heritage Travel. ProQuest. pp 20-21.

Available at: https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/2112527234/E3D-

Bibliography

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C9D786F2F412FPQ/1?accountid=14511 (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Emma Bryce (2021). ‘A drastic revolution in the way we eat and farm could limit habitat lost to agriculture to a mere 1%’. Anthroposcene. 8 January. Available at: https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2021/01/if-we-drastically-revolutionize-the-way-we-eat-and-farm-habitat-lost-to-agriculturewould-drop-to-a-mere-1/ (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Emma Bryce (2020). ‘Researchers calculated how much food urban green spaces could produce’.

Anthroposcene. 3 April. Available at: https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2020/04/researcherscalculated-how-much-food-urban-green-spaces-could-produce/ (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Fiona Harvey (2019). ‘Global heating: London to have climate similar to Barcelona by 2050’. The Guardian. 10 July. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/10/global-heating-london-similar-climate-barcelona-2050 (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Koopmans, M. E., Keech, D., Sovová, L., and Reed, M. (2017). ‘Urban agriculture and place-making: Narratives about place and space in Ghent, Brno and Bristol’. Moravian Geographical Reports. Volume 25: Issue 3, pp. 154-165. Available From: Sciendo https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0014 (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Matt Reynolds (2018). ‘The year is 2050, and as climate change takes hold the bees will be the first to fall’. WIRED. 12 April. Available at: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/climate-change-norfolk-species-conservation (Accessed: 27 January 2021) Nicola Jones (2018). ‘Redrawing the Map: How the World’s Climate Zones Are Shifting’. Yale Environment 360. 23 October. Available at: https://e360.yale.edu/features/redrawing-the-map-howthe-worlds-climate-zones-are-shifting (Accessed: 27 January 2021) Niall Patrick Walsh (2020). ‘How the Dutch Use Architecture to Feed the World’. ArchDaily. 24 January.

Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/932301/how-the-dutch-use-architecture-to-feed-theworld?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all (Accessed: 19 January 2021) Sonia Shah (2020). ‘Native Species or Invasive? The Distinction Blurs as the World Warms’. Yale Environment 360. 14 January. Available at: https://e360.yale.edu/features/native-species-or-invasivethe-distinction-blurs-as-the-world-warms (Accessed: 27 January 2021) Steve Holt (2018). ‘Is Vertical Farming Really the Future of Agriculture?’. EATER. 3 July. Available at: https://www.eater.com/2018/7/3/17531192/vertical-farming-agriculture-hydroponic-greens (Accessed: 19 January 2021) WEBSITES - REPORTS

Websites & Reports

Bristol City Council (2021). Ordnance Survey. Available at: https://pa.bristol.gov.uk/online-applications/spatialDisplay.do?action=display&searchType=Application (Accessed: 25 February 2021) Bristol.gov (2010). Bristol Biodiversity Action Plan. Available at: https://www.bristol.gov.uk/documents/20182/35052/BBAP.pdf/9074afdf-8f21-4296-b457-bc50830f0efc (Accessed: 26 January 2021) Crowther Lab (2021). Cities of the future: Visualizing climate change to inspire action. Available at: https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action?utm_source=Guardian&utm_medium=OnlineCoverage&utm_campaign=Cities2050#213121 (Accessed: 27 January 2021) Street Check (2021). Area Information for Silverthorne Lane, Bristol, BS2 0QD. Available at: https:// www.streetcheck.co.uk/postcode/bs20qd (Accessed: 26 January 2021) The Environmental Records Centre for the West of England (2021). TAXON AND SPECIES LISTS. Available at: http://www.brerc.org.uk/imaps/map-taxon.htm (Accessed: 26 January 2021)

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APPRENDIX section 04

HABITAT OF REFERENCE northen greek fruit forest

Cercis siliquastrum in the forest

Prunus cerasifera

Local stone as a building material

Apprendix

Shrubs and wildflower mix

Prunus instititia (red)

Prunus instititia (yellow)

Gr

Lonicera etrusca

Small bridges cross seasonal streams

31

rasses mix

Shallow stream of clean water cutting through the forest

Vaccinium cyanococcus

Rubus fruticosus

Stone walls as supporting element

32

Malus domestica

Prunus dulcis

Dry stone walls as a separating element

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SOIL CONTAMINANTS data collected from repots at Bristol’s Ordance Survey* MIDDLE OF THE SITE

* The link to the source was provided from the Public Protection of Bristol City Hall, after I contacted them with email.

Apprendix

33

TOP OF THE SITE (close to the railway)

BOTTOM OF THE SITE (close to the feeder canal)

34

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BRISTOL’S FOOD INITIATIVES communities & recent history

Food related activities in Bristol Apprendix

35

Bristol has 4,300 allotments distributed within the city

Fig. 61 / Allotment distribution in Bristol and surroundings

Timeline of food initiatives in Bristol 36

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SILVERTHORNE ISLAND existing species information

Soil fertility in the greater area of Bristol Apprendix

37

38

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PHYSICAL MODEL EXPERIMENTATION design components

buildings of interest

waterway / water treatment

earthworks

land circulation

cultivate / taste / export

Silverthorne Island topographic physical model and design components Landscape Inhabitation

39

design intention

waterway

water treatment

fruit forest

Market

Taste

Design intention expressed on a physica model 40

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STAGES OF DESIGN DEVELOPMENT landscape configuration

2021

2022

site recognition

2030

canal waterway / flood adaption

2036

2050

water treatment / soil apropriation Initial thoughts on construction phases Landscape Inhabitation

41

site preparation

2024

earthworks / remediation / circulation

fruit forest / production hub / market

42

2070

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DESIGN APPROACH

pr oc es s

sketch model

e tim

r atu /n

Bristol

Sketch physical model Apprendix

43

al

Bristoloniki

ses

Skecth model: architecture and landscape work together to achieve remediating processes

The historic fabric of the site is used and adapted to serve the landscape design

44

Landscape design is a processing tool that remediates both soil and water

Each step of the design is dependant to the previous phase.

Different grids and design scales mix, creating transitional spaces

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UK SOIL INFORMATION quality & fertility measures

Soil fertility in the greater area of Bristol Apprendix

45

UK soil observtory - soil qualities in greater area of Bristol 46

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LIST OF FIGURES section 06

Fig. 01 / Mapping and Scholarly research to understand Bristol. (based on QGIS and Open Street Map data). Images from Google Images. (Accessed: 12 January 2021). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 02 / Bristol’s climate will resemble a Mediterranean city by 2050. (based on data from the MET office and BBC Weather predictions). Available at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/index and at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/resources/idt-d6338d9f-8789-4bc2-b6d7-3691c0e7d138 (Accessed: 19 January 2020). Author’s own work (2021) Fig. 03 / Urban landscapes are scattered far away from our site. (based on QGIS and Open Street Map data). (Images from Google Earth Street View). (Accessed: 19 January 2021). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 04 / Flooding predictions are quite severe for this location. (based on ArchGIS). Available at: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=e93998df16bd41138579aaf0deaffbf1 (Accessed: 19 January 2021). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 05 / Pictures from BBC, 2016. Floods already occur on the site, causing connectivity problems. Intense rainfall on short timeframes is the main reason. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-38051515 (Accessed: 22 January 2021).

Fig. 06 / Diagrams illustrating the way landuse attracts different kind of circulating networks. (based on QGIS and Open Street Map data). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 07 / Soil qualities of the site. (based on UK Soil observatory). Available at: http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/ukso/home.html Author’s own (2021) Fig. 08 / Site characteristics. (Images from Google Earth Street View). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 09 / Soil layers of the site and existing contamination. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 10 / Table of main contaminants. For more detailed information, go to Apprendix. (data collected from Bristol Ordance Survey).

Available at: : https://pa.bristol.gov.uk/online-applications/spatialDisplay.do?action=display&searchType=Application (Accessed: 25 February 2021). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 11 / Design intention expressed on a physica model. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 12 / Diagrams illustrating the design intentions. (base image from Google Earth). Author’s own (2021) Fig 13 / Key plan. (base image from Google Earth). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 14 / Microbiomes depending on different orientation and location. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 15 / Wildlife that exists in Bristol & can find refuge in the microbiomes of the proposal. (Images of fauna from Google Image search). Author’s own (2021) Fig. 16 / Remediation strategy diagram. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 17 / On site planting palette according to project stage. (Images of flora from Google Image search and personal archive).

Author’s own (2021) Fig. 18 / Sections demonstrating the scale of the proposed vegetation. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 19 / 45 year realisation timeline. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 20 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 1. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 21 / Detail of drywall. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 22 / Perspective section and construction details phase 1. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 23 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 2. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 24 / Detail of path with incorporated bench. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 25 / Perspective section and construction details phase 2. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 26 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 3. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 27 / Detail of flood catchment canal. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 28 / Perspective section and construction details phase 3. Author’s own (2021)

List of figures

47

Fig. 29 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 4. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 30 / Detail of tree planting process. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 31 / Perspective section and construction details phase 4. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 32 / Sketches demonstrating the processes of phase 5. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 33 / Detail of hydroponic module. Author’s own (2021) Fig. 34 / Perspective section and construction details phase 5. Author’s own (2021)

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