MATERIAL METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY
Souvik Bhattacharya LAD 2016
Acknowledgement
The one week spent on “Material Methods and Technology� module has indeed been an enriching one. It taught us about the different types of textiles, their uses and properties. This brilliant learning experience would not have been possible without the constant guidance of our course faculty Mr. Sutirtha De. I would like to sincerely thank him for being so patient and available to my many queries.
Types of Weaves Plain Weave:
Most simple and most common type of construction Inexpensive to produce, durable, Flat, tight surface is conducive to printing and other finishes. The simplest of all patterns is the plain weave. Each weft yarn goes alternately over and under one warp yarn. Each warp yarn goes alternately over and under each weft yarn. Some examples of plain weave fabrics are crepe, taffeta, organdy and muslin.
Basket Weave:
A variation of the plain weave usually basket or checkerboard pattern Contrasting colors are often used Inexpensive, less durable than plain weave. Basket weave is the amplification in height and width of plain weave. Two or more yarns have to be lifted or lowered over or under two or more picks for each plain weave point. When the groups of yarns are equal, the basket weave is termed regular, otherwise it is termed irregular.
Twill Weave:
Twill weave is somewhat similar to plain weave. Twill weave is durable, heavier, wrinkle and soil resistant, and is more flexible than plain weave. The examples of twill weave fabrics are covert cloth, drill, jean, jersey, tussah, velvet, worsted cheviot etc.
Satin Weave:
atin weave, although more complicated, is a flexible type of weave than the plain weave. The satin weave is lustrous with a smooth surface and it drapes in an excellent manner. The examples of satin weave fabrics are bocade, brocatelle, crepe-satin, satin, peau de soie, velvet satin etc.
Explorations Make a fabric swatch of 6 inch length by weavng using the four shaft loom provided.You are allowed to create different textures using different textures by varying the patterns and colour of yarn
Explorations Tie & Dye
Tie dye is a technique for dying natural fabrics that results in interesting, colorful patterns. The technique involves crumpling, pleating or folding the fabric into various patterns, then tying it with string, which is what gives it its name. The tied fabric is dipped into vats of dye, then wrung out and rinsed. Tied areas accept dye unevenly amidst the folds, creating varied patterns in the finished product.
Ombre Dyeing OmbrĂŠ, also known as dip dyeing, color bleeding, or gradated dyeing, is an effect usually achieved by hand dipping fabric in dye so that it gradually goes from light to dark, or sometimes from one color to another.
Shibori For the Shibori stitch resist technique, use thread to stitch any design or pattern you can think of onto the fabric, from simple lines to complex patterns. The stitches act as a resist so the dye can’t penetrate certain areas of the fabric. With this method you can basically draw with the thread to create detailed designs. With Shibori stitch resist, the possibilities are endless, so experiment with different designs and multiple colors to get beautiful and unique results.
Weakening The given piece of muslin was first rubbed on a textured cemented wall. Then it was put on the sanding machine and later the edges were put on fire.
BEFORE
AFTER
Strengthening The given piece of muslin was dipped in starch for few hours and then tightly tied with a rope in the shape of a ball. Later the thread was cut off. The piece of muslin had become hard and retained its new shape.
Volume
The given piece of muslin was dipped in starch. Then the muslin was wrapped around a bowl so that it takes its shapes when it gets dried.
Fabric Manipulation Take two pieces of muslin and try strengthening and weakening without stitching or glueing
WOOD
It’s common knowledge that wood comes from trees. What may not be so apparent is the structure of the wood itself, and the individual components that make up any given piece of lumber. Unlike a mostly homogenous piece of foamboard, MDF, or other man-made material, wood is an organic material, and has many distinct characteristics
THICKNESS PLANNER MACHINE Thickness Planners are of three types, Planomax, Heavy Duty, Popular. The one with Heavy Duty have a Moulding Block. The Planomax and Popular have :- Motor pulley, Motor fixing plate, Toolkit & m/c manual.
SPINDLE MOULDER MACHINE
These have moulding blocks of different dimensions. These have washer set, mitre gauge, motor pulley, Toolkit & m/c manual in common.
COMPUNF MILTER SAW A miter saw is a specialized tool that lets you make cuts at a variety of angles. The saw has a blade mounted on a swing arm that pivots left or right to produce angled cuts. You can use a miter saw to quickly make cuts for crown molding, picture frames, door frames, window casings and more.
SANDER
A sander is a power tool used to smooth surfaces by abrasion with sandpaper. Sanders have a means to attach the sandpaper and a mechanism to move it rapidly contained within a housing with means to hand-hold it or fix it to a workbench.
WOOD SAW MACHINE These have :- Saw Blade, Upper & lower saw blade guide set Mitre gauge, Motor pulley, Motor fixing plate, Toolkit & m/c manual, Circular cutting attachment as standard accessories with all max models.
BASIC WOOD WORKING MACHINE These have safety guard, motor pully, motor plate, revolving centers etc.
JOINT 1 Soft Wood
JOINT 2 Hard Wood
Learning * While cutting wood from a big piece, grain of the wood should be kept in mind. *Wood can be weakened by cutting it in the wrong grain.
JOINT 3
Hard Wood Wood
* MDF is a made of compresssed wood dust. It is ideal for carving and making moulds for casting. * Wood saw machine can not be used to cut a roundish piece of wood because of lack of stability. * Soft wood like chill pine chips out very easily. So its hard to give it a smooth finish but because of its softness it can be cut or carved very easily. * Hard wood is harder to cut and carve but proper smoothness can be achived. * Sander should be used in the direction in which the belt is moving.
Metal Metals are generally defined as being solid elements which share certain physical, chemical and mechanical properties that differentiate them. Apart from their shine, malleability, ductility, hardness, resilience and elasticity, they are good conductors of heat and electricity, and have a high light reflection capacity.
Important Properties of Metal * Malleability, or the ability to be stretched in all directions without breaking when subjected to lamination or hammering. Gold is the most malleable metal of all, followed in descending order by silver, aluminium, copper, tin, platinum, lead, zinc, iron and nickel. * Ductility. This is a characteristic that is closely linked to malleability, and is considered to refer to the ability to be become deformed, in order to be converted into strands or threads. Gold is the most ductile metal, followed, once again in descending order, by silver, platinum, iron, nickel, copper, aluminium, zinc, tin and lead. * Elasticity is the ability that metals possess to return to their initial shape after a momentary deformation caused by the action of a load. * Hardness is the resistance that metals put up to being scratched. If any impurities are present (small quantities of other elements), these alter a metal’s hardness. * Metals are made of crystals known as grains. When a substance passes from a liquid to a solid state, a process called crystallisation occurs.
Learning * Alloying of metal is done to get a property which was missing in the parent metal. * Metal can be made flexible and soft like a fabric or brittle and hard , depending on its manufacturing process. *Aluminiym has more flexibility and easy to work with than mild steel. *Aluminium is highly malleable and can be molded easily, specially when compared to mild steel.
Demonstration of Shape Memory Metal
A shape-memory alloy is an alloy that “remembers� its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. Shape-memory alloys have applications in robotics and automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries.
* Shape of shape memory metal can be manipulated but when put in hot water it retains its original shape. .Sound of a metal depends on the density of the metal.
Explorations
Joinnery
Combination of hard &soft texture
Weaving with aluminium wire
Soft Texture
Exploring malleability of aluminium wire
Exploration with aluminium wire
Weaving with mild steel strips The Pyramid is made of mild steel and filled with small cutting of metal. It makes a sound when shaken.
Leather Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry. Skins and hides are rarely used in their natural state as they are subject to rotting and temperature variations. The purpose of tanning is to eliminate these problems using suitable agents of animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic origin.
Exploration Etching effect is done using hand tools and then burned to strenthen it.
Combination of hard and soft texture using hand tools.
Leather is carved using wood carving tools.
Interlacing is used to join two pieces of leather
Leather is made more flexible and soft by redcing the space between the cuts.
Learning * Leather gets hard when dipped in hard water. * Leather become hard and brittle when burnt. * Leather is a fibrous material whose layers can be removed very easily. * VT leather gives a shine when rubbed with smoth round object. * Leather has many layers, each layer has a special property which can be used for a particular reason.
Volume is achived by moulding the leather to a particular shape.
* Leather can be woven by taking out very fine strips.
Conclusion The two weeks spent on material exploration has taught us a lot about textile, wood, metal and leather. It gave us an basic idea of the manufacturing processes of these material and also the processes of manipulating this material. We got to work in the workshop for the first time which was really excitting for all of us. I would like to thank all the faculty members of this module for introducing us to these materials.