At Pratt & Whitney, these are just a few of the values we hold dear. And it is these values that drive the commitments we make – and the work we do. As we build on our 70-year commitment to India, we will continue investing in the region - designing, building, and servicing the world’s most advanced, sustainable aircraft engines. This is the Pratt & Whitney way, and this is why we are inspired to go beyond.
June-July 2023 | VOLUME 16 | ISSUE 3
INDUSTRY / ANALYSIS
P6 | INDIAN AVIATION IS SOARING!
Surging air traffic demand, a burgeoning middle class, a demographic dividend, and substantial orders by various Indian carriers, improvements in aviation infrastructure, and others are all contributing to the market’s growth
REGIONAL AVIATION / OPERATIONS
P10 | REGIONAL JETS VS TURBOPROPS
A closer look at the Operating Economics of Regional Jets and Turboprops as Airlines focus on efficiency and profitability
REGIONAL AVIATION / TECHNOLOGY
P13 | JETS VS TURBOPROPS — A TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
While both types of aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines, they differ significantly in their technical and technological characteristics. We explore the technological differences between turboprop and jet engine aircraft and how these differences impact their performance, efficiency, and safety.
OEM / COMAC
P16 | CHINA’S C919 MAKES MAIDEN COMMERCIAL FLIGHT
The aircraft is a sign of China’s growing technological prowess, and it is expected to play a major role in the country’s economic development
ENGINES / PRATT & WHITNEY
P19 | LEADING THE WAY
Cover:
On June 20th, Boeing and Air India announced that they have finalized an order for up to 290 jets during the Paris Air Show in Paris. This includes 190 737 MAXs, 20 787 Dreamliners and 10 777X jets (seen here in flight at the air show) with options for 50 737 MAXs and 20 787 Dreamliners.
Cover Design: SP’s Design
Cover Photograph: ASDS Media
SHOW REPORT / PARIS AIR SHOW 2023
P22 | FLIES HIGH LEAVING TRAILS OF GROWTH BEHIND
Pratt & Whitney’s large commercial engines are revolutionising commercial aviation with ultra-efficient Geared Fan Technology and sustainable solutions
With an estimated $150 billion worth of contracts signed, the Paris Air Show’s return underlined the show’s significance as a catalyst for economic growth and industry development
SUSTAINABILITY / SAF
P28 | SOLVING THE NET ZERO CONUNDRUM WITH SAF
The aviation industry realises that SAF is the most viable option to attain the very challenging target of net zero CO2 emissions by 2050 that has been set for it
P2 | EDITOR’S NOTE
P3 | NEWS BRIEFS
P32 | FINALLY
PUBLISHER AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Jayant Baranwal
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Neetu Dhulia
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Ayushee Chaudhary
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S.R. Swarup, Vasuki Prasad
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Jayant Baranwal
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The commercial debut of the C919 is a significant milestone for China’s aviation industry. It is a sign that China is now capable of producing world-class aircraft, and it could help to boost the country’s global economic and political influence.
The commercial debut of the Chinese COMAC C919 airplane took place on May 28, 2023, when China Eastern Airlines operated the first scheduled passenger flight of the aircraft. The flight departed from Shanghai and landed in Beijing. The C919 is a narrow-body airliner that is designed to compete with the existing narrow-body aircraft. It is the first domestically produced passenger jet in China, and has already received huge orders, presumably from Chinese carriers. The start of commercial flights of the C919 is a sign that China is now a major player in the global aviation market. It will be interesting to see how this programme develops and goes beyond the shores of China.
Surging air traffic demand, a burgeoning middle class, a demographic dividend, substantial orders by various Indian carriers, improvements in aviation infrastructure, a significant increase in domestic and international passengers are all factors contributing to the Indian aviation market’s growth. Currently India’s civil aviation industry is on a promising and interesting curve as it is heading to become one of the largest aviation markets. Despite some turbulences, India’s aviation industry appears well-supported and is estimated to reach 1.5 billion by 2030. The Indian government has recognised the potential of the aviation sector and is investing heavily in its development. As the industry continues to evolve, both domestic and international passenger traffic is expected to exceed pre-Covid levels, driving further economic growth and prosperity for the nation. A detailed report on the industry by Ayushee Chaudhary is a part of this issue.
Regional aviation especially through the UDAN scheme has been a major fuel to the growth of India’s domestic market. A story by Rohit Goel takes a closer look at the operating economics of regional jets and turboprops as airlines focus on efficiency and profitability. Another of his story explores the technological differences between turboprop and jet engine aircraft.
As a proof of India’s promising aviation market, Indian carriers are making waves internationally too. Air India and IndiGo placed large orders at the Paris Air show that returned after a four-year pause caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A detailed report from the 54th edition of the show that $150 billion worth of contracts, is also included in this issue.
At a global level, sustainability remains the key word. Joseph Noronha writes about the aviation industry’s realisation that SAF is the most viable option to attain the very challenging target of net zero CO2 emissions by 2050. Sukhchain Singh’s article looks at Pratt & Whitney’s large commercial engines that are revolutionising commercial aviation with ultra-efficient Geared Fan Technology and sustainable solutions. Another report talks about the maiden flight of China’s C919 that showcases China’s growing technological prowess.
All this and more in this issue of SP’s Airbuz Welcome aboard and we wish you many happy landings!
Jayant Baranwal Publisher & Editor-in-Chief
Chanchal Kumar, a 1992–batch Bihar cadre IAS, will take over as the new -Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation after the incumbent Rajiv Bansal retires on August 31, 2023. Kumar, is currently the Managing Director of National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited, will join as OSD in the Civil Aviation Ministry on August 1, and take charge as Secretary after Rajiv Bansal retires.
Boeing and Iraqi Airways celebrated the delivery of the airline’s first Boeing 787 Dreamliner with a special event in Baghdad to welcome the flag-carrier’s super-efficient widebody jet. The Iraqi flag carrier has taken the first of 10 787s on order, to profitably grow its long-haul network and connect Iraq to more international destinations.
The delivery of Iraqi Airways’ first 787 follows delivery of four Boeing 737 MAX airplanes since February. The airline has ordered a total of six 737-8s and 10 737-10s, providing its single-aisle fleet with more capability across its regional and mediumhaul routes. Iraqi Airways currently serves more than 50 destinations from Baghdad and is expanding and renewing its fleet to support the anticipated increase in international business and leisure travel to and from the country.
Eve Air Mobility and United Airlines announced plans to bring Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to San Francisco by launching electric commuter flights throughout the Bay Area. The announcement is an important first step as both companies will be working with local and state officials, infrastructure, energy and technology providers to ensure the appropriate infrastructure is in place to introduce electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft flights. The companies are also working together to identify origin and destination areas and the future route network for Urban Air Mobility (UAM).
In 2022, United announced a $15 million investment in Eve Air Mobility and a conditional purchase agreement for 200 eVTOLs plus 200 options, part of its strategy to invest in cutting-edge technologies as the airline stakes out its position as a leader in investing in aviation sustainability and innovation technologies. Eve’s eVTOL will offer United’s customers a
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) announced that RwandAir CEO Yvonne Manzi Makolo has assumed her duties as Chair of the IATA Board of Governors (BoG) for a one-year term, effective from June 5, 2023. Makolo is the 81st Chair of the IATA BoG and the first woman to take on this role. She has served on the BoG since November 2020. Makolo started her aviation career in 2017 when she was appointed as RwandAir’s Deputy CEO in Charge of Corporate Affairs. She was named CEO in April 2018.
Alexis Vidal has been appointed Senior Vice President Commercial for ATR, -effective June 26, 2023. Alexis has held several senior management roles within the aerospace and defence industry. He began his career with the Airbus Group in 2004, moved to Airbus Helicopters in 2007 and held various management positions. He was appointed Vice President Sales for Energy and Leasing segments in 2016. He moved to Airbus Commercial Aircraft as Head of Sales for Customer Services in 2019. In his last position in 2021, Alexis was Head of Marketing for widebody programmes.
CFM International has appointed Jérôme Morhet as Executive Vice President,Commercial Engines Division, Safran Aircraft Engines. As part of the CFM Executive Team, Morhet is responsible for overseeing the CFM56 and LEAP -programmes, working closely with his counterparts at GE, LEAP engine and CFM56 product line, to monitor engineering, development, production, and services activities for these programmes. Morhet also serves as Vice President of CFM programmes for Safran Aircraft Engines.
Embraer has appointed Mark Neely to the position of Vice President Freighter, in its Commercial Aviation division, effective June 1, 2023. Neely boasts extensive experience in both the passenger and freighter markets and is set to lead the company’s growing focus on the Passenger to Freighter (P2F) aircraft opportunities and market development. He previously served as Vice President Sales & Marketing, Head of Region for North America, managing some of Embraer’s largest customers, serving all the major airlines in the US.
Pratt & Whitney, an RTX business, announced the appointment of Ajay Surti as the head of its India Customer Training Centre (ICTC) in Hyderabad. In his new role, Ajay Surti will lead Pratt & Whitney’s ICTC in Hyderabad, focusing on delivery of high-quality training to customers and developing new opportunities to provide field support. Ajay brings more than 27 years of experience in the aviation industry, having worked with various airlines and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) over the course of his extensive career. He is also a licensed aircraft engineer for both Airbus and Boeing planes.
quick, economical and lower-carbon way to get to its hub airports and commute in dense urban environments, as compared
with conventional air taxis and other forms of traditional public transportation. Eve’s eVTOL is 100 per cent electric and has a
range of 60 miles (100 kilometers) allowing it to complete a variety of urban air mobility missions in the San Francisco Bay Area. It will be piloted at launch but evolving towards uncrewed operations in the future. Eve’s eVTOL is scheduled to enter service in 2026.
mile connectivity across all serviceable pin codes in the country.
The development of Ayodhya Airport is expected to be completed by September 2023. The new Airport will be suitable for the operation of A320/B737 type of Aircraft and is being developed at the cost of `350 crores (approximately). The development work includes an extension of the existing runway from 1500m X 30m to 2200m x 45m for the operation of Code -C type of aircraft under IFR condition, an Interim Terminal Building, an ATC Tower, a Fire Station, Car parking, new Apron for parking 03 nos. Code ‘C’ type of aircraft. and allied city-side and airside infrastructure.
The New Interim Terminal Building having an area of 6,250 sqm is equipped to manage 300 passengers during peak hours. Passengers’ facilities include 08 check-incounters, 03 conveyor belts (01 in Departure and 02 in Arrival Hall), Car parking for seventy-five cars & 02 nos. bus parking. The Airport will be PRM (Passenger with reduced mobility) compliant. The Terminal Building of the airport is equipped with various sustainability features like Double Insulated Roofing System, Provision of Canopies for energy saving, LED Lighting, Low Heat Gain Double Glazing Unit, Rainwater Harvesting to recharge the groundwater table, Landscaping with fountains, HVAC, Water treatment plant, Sewage treatment plant and use of recycled water for landscaping, a solar power plant with capacity of 250 KWP has been provided to meet GRIHA –V ratings. The Terminal has been designed to integrate the culture and heritage of Ayodhya, State of Uttar Pradesh, creating a sense of place for the visitors.
Godrej Aerospace, foresees a remarkable growth exceeding 100 per cent in the civil aviation segment within the next three years. The company’s focus on innovation and exports in the Europe region is expected to fuel this exponential growth, solidifying its position as a key global player. Considering the growing opportunities in the civil aviation and space sector, Godrej Aerospace is actively capitalising on international market trends. The industry’s upward trajectory, particularly the demand for single-aisle aircraft and their engines, presents a favourable market environment. In FY23, Godrej Aerospace reported Euro 10 million revenue in the civil aviation segment. Godrej Aerospace has secured significant new orders, particularly in sheet metal brackets, complex fabrications, tubings, and ducting, which will serve as the foundation for its growth trajectory. These orders present tremendous opportunities to expand its customer base and strengthen its foothold in the civil aviation sector internationally.
ST Engineering announced that its Commercial Aerospace business has received the Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) for its cabin lavatory solution, ACCESS, which is currently designed for installation on the Airbus A320 family. Developed with passengers with reduced mobility (PRMs) in mind, ACCESS is the world’s first lavatory solution that can be expanded to bring about 40 per cent more space to accommodate a passenger in a wheelchair and an accompanying caregiver. Following the successful certification for implementation on the A320 aircraft, ST Engineering is working next to make ACCESS available on the Boeing 737 platform. The design of ACCESS for Boeing 737 has already been completed, with certification being targeted for 2024.
SpiceXpress and Logistics Pvt Ltd has partnered with Ekart, one of the largest supply chain services providers in the country, to strengthen its door-to-door delivery capability. As part of this partnership, Ekart will provide first mile pickup of Cargo shipments and will also help deliver them through last
The partnership will enable SpiceXpress, a tech-enabled logistics company, to significantly expand its reach and offer value, speed and transparency for its customers. With Ekart’s extensive network, SpiceXpress will offer an end-to-end service to its customers across all major industries.
CAPA India has been named the official Knowledge Partner for the upcoming Air Expo India next December in New Delhi. CAPA India will be responsible for the conference programme for the First GA & Business Aviation Exhibition that will be held at Delhi International Airport in December 2023 to share their expertise and insights on topics such as the demand outlook, fleet management, aircraft acquisition, financing options, regulatory challenges, and market trends in the Indian and global aviation industry.
This partnership aims to unite key stakeholders and decision-makers in the general and business aviation sector to exchange ideas, network, and explore potential business opportunities.
SpiceJet will partner with FTAI Aviation Ltd, a leading aftermarket provider of engine services, on a CFM56 revitalisation programme. Under this programme, FTAI Aviation Ltd will provide SpiceJet with up to twenty (20) engines for lease, inclusive of maintenance services. By leveraging FTAI Aviation’s engine expertise, SpiceJet will have access to a pipeline of available engines which eliminates the need for frequent shop visits. The revitalisation programme will reduce maintenance expense and minimise aircraft downtime, enhancing the airline’s overall performance. •
BASED MARITIME ENERGY Heli Air Services Pvt Ltd (MEHAIR), the pioneers of seaplane services in India since 2011 has signed an order for fifty, electrically powered regional amphibious aircraft PHA-ZE 100 with Switzerland based Jekta. (MEHAIR) has inked a deal with deposits agreed for ten firm orders and options for 40 more. With this agreement, MEHAIR will be the first customer to receive the aircraft in Asia, with initial deliveries starting in 2029. It is anticipated that the first ten aircraft will be delivered in baseline configuration for 19 passengers to support regional connectivity.
The company has made a decisive move in line with the global trends to move toward sustainable aviation by placing orders for Jekta’s electrically powered aircraft. “We know the Jekta team’s heritage for producing efficient amphibious aircraft, and having been introduced to its electrically powered PHA-ZE 100, we made a decisive move to acquire these aircraft early, showing our deep commitment towards greener technology. We want to be one of the first operators in the world to update its fleet with a zero emissions aircraft to support regional flights between land and water infrastructure,” says Siddharth Verma, Director of MEHAIR.
MEHAIR has already successfully operated seaplane services in India across geographies helping populations travel seamlessly between cities and destinations virtually inaccessible by land infrastructure. MEHAIR has served destinations across the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and destinations across
Maharashtra. The company is rescheduling its services in India, starting with Andaman & Nicobar and Goa in 2023 under the Government of India’s highly successful UDAN Scheme. MEHAIR believes the 19-seat PHA-ZE 100 will come for deliveries at the ideal time to address the market’s demand in 2029. The Jekta PHA-ZE 100 design meets the operating requirements at much lower costs than existing seaplanes.
“We know that the Indian government has defined multiple water routes across India and is launching many more, nearing 100 seaplane routes. Demand for regional, sustainable air travel is set to grow exponentially worldwide, and India is at the forefront of this potential. We are delighted to work with MEHAIR to cater to this new and exciting market’s dynamic demands,” says George Alafinov, CEO of Jekta Switzerland. The PHA-ZE 100 flying boat will be certified to EASA CS-23 and US FAA FAR-23 standards for fixed-wing passenger aircraft. Powered by ten electric motors supplied with energy from batteries or hydrogen fuel cells, the PHA-ZE 100’s initial flight endurance on battery power is projected at one hour, with a 30-minute reserve. The PHA-ZE 100 will operate from coastal waters in waves up to 1.2m high, lakes, waterways, and runways using its standard retractable wheeled landing gear. Optimised to serve coastal and island communities with flexible configurations including 19-seat, mixed economy/freight, VIP, and ambulance options, the PHAZE 100 is an optimal platform for sustainable and new amphibious operations. SP
THE CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR in India has once again seen a new inflection point,” Jyotiraditya Scindia, Minister of Civil Aviation stated. “The mega-orders for over 900 passenger jets placed by IndiGo and Air India are a testament to India’s unprecedented growth potential in the civil aviation sector. This latest order by one of our foremost carriers for 500 aircraft with Airbus talks of the potential of civil aviation in the country.” At the recently concluded Paris Air Show, Air India firmed up its order for 250 Airbus aircraft as well as up to 290 new Boeing jets, while IndiGo placed a firm order for 500 Airbus A320 family aircraft.
The aviation industry in India is experiencing a remarkable surge, propelled by a multitude of factors. Surging air traffic demand, a burgeoning middle class with rising disposable incomes, a demographic dividend, and substantial orders for over 1,200 planes by various Indian carriers, coupled with improvements in aviation infrastructure, are all contributing to the market’s growth. Indian airlines have already placed orders for more than 1,100 aircraft, scheduled to be delivered in the coming years.
Surging air traffic demand, a burgeoning middle class, a demographic dividend, and substantial orders by various Indian carriers, improvements in aviation infrastructure, and others are all contributing to the market’s growth
Among them, the country’s largest airline, IndiGo, is set to receive approximately 500 planes. Go First, Akasa Air, and Vistara are also poised to receive 72, 56, and 17 aircraft, respectively, and SpiceJet has aircraft on order.
The order once again attested to the unprecedented growth experienced by the sector since 2014 as well as the aspirations of 1.4 billion people who were desirous of travelling by air, said India’s Civil Aviation Minister. “Coming very close on the heels of the Air India order, this largest recorded order by a carrier [IndiGo] with a global aircraft manufacturer sets another landmark. What is also important to understand are its direct and indirect economic multiplier effects. every $1 invested in the civil aviation sector yielded $1.3 in terms of new growth as well each direct job created resulted in another 6.1 indirect jobs being created.” It is time now for the civil aviation ecosystem to have a very firm footprint in India as we realise the workings of economies of scale and market size in this industry, the Minister added.
Presently, there are around 700 commercial aircraft operating in India, with the majority falling into the narrow-body category.
Airbus boasts approximately 470 aircraft in commercial service, while Boeing accounts for around 159 planes. India’s promising aviation market has seen the civil aviation industry become one of the country’s fastest-growing sectors in recent years.
STRONG PASSENGER & TRAFFIC GROWTH. India has become the world’s third-largest aviation market. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), India is expected to come behind only China and the United States to become the world’s third-largest air passenger market by 2030. This rising demand has prompted a surge in the number of operating aircraft, which is predicted to reach 1,100 planes by 2027. In the fiscal year 2022, airports in India estimated that domestic passenger traffic would reach 166.8 million, reflecting a 58.5 per cent year-on-year increase. Furthermore, international passenger traffic was projected to reach 22.1 million, marking a 118 per cent year-on-year increase compared to the fiscal year 2021. Aircraft movements in the same period reached 2,029,090, emphasising the need for increased airport capacity. Projections indicate that freight traffic at Indian airports could reach 17 million tonnes by fiscal year 2040.
According to the Ministry of Civil Aviation’s (MoCA) annual report, 2022, the number of domestic passengers carried by scheduled domestic Indian Carriers has witnessed a growth of 48.9 per cent in the year 2022 as compared to the previous year 2021 (up to December 31). During the period January to December 2022 a total of 43.4 million passengers were carried on international routes by Scheduled Indian/foreign carriers as against 17.2 million in the corresponding period in 2021, thereby witnessing a growth of 152.7 per cent.
The growth has continued through 2023. Passengers carried by domestic airlines registered an annual growth of 36.10 per cent and monthly growth of 15.24 per cent, according to the Ministry. Further, domestic airlines carried 636.07 lakhs passengers during
5,576
4,10,368 passengers on 2,787 flights
8,20,477
Total flight movements Total passengers
January-May 2023 and the overall passenger growth in May 2023 increased by 3.26 lakhs (2.52 per cent) as compared to April 2023.
The country’s aviation system handled nearly 200 million passengers in the financial year 2022-23, with 12.9 million passengers in March alone. The first quarter of 2023 witnessed 37.5 million domestic flight passengers, marking the best first quarter ever for Indian aviation, according to CAPA India.
Domestic traffic alone contributes around 69 per cent of total airline traffic in South Asia, according to India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). By 2023, India’s airport capacity is expected to handle 1 billion trips annually. Despite the setbacks caused by the COVID19 pandemic, the Indian aviation industry has made a complete
recovery, as evident from the air traffic movement. In the fiscal year 2023 (April-December 2022), air traffic reached 236.71 million, compared to 131.61 million in the same period the previous year.
In April 2023, domestic aviation achieved a post-pandemic record with 40,000 flights in a single month. Daily passenger numbers reached as high as 4,50,000 and are projected to reach 5,00,000 by the end of 2023. The MoM growth rate between April 2022 and April 2023 has increased by 22.18 per cent.
To accommodate the rising air traffic, the Indian government seems to be actively working to expand the number of airports. As of 2022, India had 131 operational airports, with plans to increase this figure to 220 by 2025. Over the past eight years, the number of airports in India has more than doubled, from 74 to 141, and there are plans to open approximately 80 additional airports within the next five years. “The number of airports has gone up from 74 in 2014 to 147 in 2022. We aim to take this to 220 by 202425. Under National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), CAPEX of more than `98,000 crore is likely to be incurred during the period FY 2019-20 to FY 2024-25, where AAI would be incurring approximately `25,000 crore and remaining expenditure shall be borne by airport developers under PPP mode,” stated the Ministry’s report.
India’s aviation sector, like much of the world, faced significant challenges during the pandemic. However, it has made a robust recovery.
TRENDS & TURBULENCES. The post-pandemic era has witnessed notable changes in the Indian aviation industry. Most notably, Air India has been privatised and returned to the Tata Group from government ownership. This development comes with substantial investments and expansion plans, including a threefold increase in the airline’s fleet over the next five years. In 2023 alone, Air India plans to add 42 planes, including 11 Boeing 777s and 31 Airbus A320neos. Other significant developments include the entry of Akasa Air, targeting the growing low-cost traffic market, the merger of Vistara into Air India, and the recent
grounding of Go First. These transformations signify the dynamic and evolving nature of India’s aviation industry.
Despite the positive trends being stronger, there are potential challenges and turbulence in the Indian aviation industry. These include the increasing cost of airline fuel, which accounts for a significant portion of airline expenses, and the potential decline in corporate travel budgets due to global economic uncertainties. One of the key areas that require attention is aviation fuel taxation, as India currently has the highest fuel tax rates globally, pointed out CAPA. Airlines have been urging the government to bring aviation fuel under the new tax regime of goods and services tax (GST).
Due to high demand during the summer travel season, airfares on specific domestic routes witnessed a significant increase, particularly for last-minute bookings, especially in May. In addition to that, Go First’s insolvency made the matter worse. In response, Civil Aviation Minister asked airlines to develop a system to ensure reasonable airfares, particularly on routes previously served by Go First. On June 8, the minister announced a reduction in airfares on certain routes from Delhi by 14 per cent to 61 per cent. Although the costs have been on a rise since last year due to pandemic after effects as well as Russia-Ukraine war which led to increase in the cost of air-turbine fuel and hence the
too.
“The orders once again attested to the unprecedented growth experienced by the sector since 2014 as well as the aspirations of 1.4 billion people who were desirous of travelling by air,” said the Civil Aviation Minister
There are different ways of measuring air transport’s impact on an economy. We look at three; the jobs and spending generated by airlines and their supply chain, the flows of trade, tourism and investment resulting from users of all airlines serving the country, and the city pair connections that make these flows possible. All provide a different but illuminating perspective on the importance of air transport.
Additionally, there may be concerns about the capacity to accommodate a large number of aircraft, considering the substantial aircraft orders placed by Indian carriers, and hence the infrastructure availability.
ROUTE FURTHER. According to data from CAPA, the industry is poised for exponential growth, with projections indicating that passenger numbers could surpass 1.3 billion over the next two decades. However, achieving such ambitious targets would require significant efforts to scale up the country’s aviation ecosystem. The existing National Civil Aviation Policy, which was released in 2016, also can be considered for a refresh given the transformations that the industry has witnessed in the last couple of years.
CAPA India called for a new policy that aims to shape Indian aviation’s transformational vision for the next 20 years. CAPA India has outlined a roadmap for the formulation of a new civil aviation policy that can propel the industry to unprecedented heights. Under a more conservative linear growth scenario, CAPA predicts that India could reach a market size comparable to pre-Covid China. This signifies the immense potential for India to become a major player in the global aviation landscape. The economic impact of this growth is substantial, with CAPA India
estimating that by 2043, aviation could contribute up to $1 trillion annually to the Indian economy. This calculation takes into account direct, indirect, induced, and catalytic impacts, emphasising the wide-reaching benefits that a thriving aviation sector can bring to the country.
Despite some turbulences, India’s aviation industry appears well-supported by multiple factors. The country’s large and expanding population, estimated to reach 1.5 billion by 2030, coupled with a growing middle class, will generate a significant increase in domestic and international passengers. Low-cost carriers are also playing a vital role in making air travel accessible to more people. The Indian government has recognised the potential of the aviation sector and is investing heavily in its development. New airports are being built, existing ones are being expanded, and air traffic management systems are being improved. With the right policies and a focus on quality, cost, and passenger interests, India is on track to be the third-largest aviation market by 2025. Improved pricing power, healthier yields, and favorable external factors contribute to the positive outlook. As the industry continues to evolve, both domestic and international passenger traffic are expected to exceed pre-Covid levels, driving further economic growth and prosperity for the nation. SP
REGIONAL AIRLINES PLAY A crucial role in the aviation industry by providing air transport services to small cities and towns, connecting them with major metropolitan areas. Regional jets and turboprops are the two most common types of aircraft used by regional airlines operating on shorter routes. Both types of aircraft have their advantages and disadvantages, and airlines choose them based on their needs, the routes they serve, and other factors.
REGIONAL JETS. Regional jets, also known as RJ’s, are small passenger jets designed to serve regional routes. These jets are typically designed to carry between 50 to 100 passengers and have a range of up to 2,000 nautical miles. They are equipped with
A closer look at the Operating Economics of Regional Jets and Turboprops as Airlines focus on efficiency and profitability
jet engines that use high-pressure air to produce thrust and fly at higher altitudes than turboprop aircraft.
There are various types of regional jets used by airlines across the world. Some of the most popular regional jets include the Embraer E-Jet family, Bombardier CRJ series, Sukhoi Superjet 100, and the Airbus A220 (formerly known as Bombardier CSeries).
The Embraer E-Jet family consists of four aircraft models, the E170, E175, E190, and E195, with seating capacities ranging from 70 to 130 passengers. These aircraft are known for their efficiency, comfort, and advanced technology.
The Bombardier CRJ series is a family of regional jets consisting of the CRJ100/200, CRJ700/900, and CRJ1000 models. These aircraft were designed to carry between 50 and 104 passengers and have a range of up to 2,200 nautical miles. The aircraft that
started the regional jet revolution, CRJ Series aircraft transformed the industry with their pioneering cost efficiency and exceptional operating economics. The planes were known for its advanced technology, fuel efficiency, and low noise emissions. With a lightweight design and optimised engines, CRJ Series aircraft delivered the lowest trip cost and seat cost of any regional jet, making the CRJ Series aircraft the best choice for any airline companies looking for regional fleet optimisation.
With a new cabin, CRJ Series aircraft continued to be the benchmark for regional aviation all around the world till in June 2020, Bombardier confirmed the closing of the previously announced sale of the CRJ Series aircraft programme to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. However, in April 2023, Japan’s Ministry of Transport, and Tourism announced that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries cancelled the registration of its aircraft formerly called Mitsubishi Regional Jet or MRJ). MRJ was to become the first Japanese-produced passenger jet airliner but the firm withdrew from the aircraft business in March, 2023. With nearly 2,000 orders to date, the CRJ Series is in service with over 60 airlines and multiple corporate customers around the world.
The Sukhoi Superjet 100 is a regional jet produced by Russian manufacturer Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company. The aircraft has a seating capacity of up to 108 passengers and a range of up to 2,470 nautical miles.
Lastly, the Airbus A220, formerly known as the Bombardier CSeries, is a family of narrow-body, twin-engine, medium-range jet airliners. The A220-100 and A220-300 models can carry between 100 and 160 passengers and have a range of up to 3,200 nautical miles.
TURBOPROPS. Turboprop aircraft are smaller aircraft that use turboprop engines, which use a combination of jet and propeller technology. These aircraft have a seating capacity of up
to 80 passengers and a range of up to 1,000 nautical miles. They fly at lower altitudes and at slower speeds compared to regional jets, making them more suitable for shorter routes.
There are various types of regional turboprops used by airlines across the world. Some of the most popular regional turboprops include the ATR 42/72, Bombardier Q400, Saab 2000, and the De Havilland Canada Dash 8 series.
The ATR 42/72 is a family of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by European manufacturer ATR. The aircraft can carry between 50 to 78 passengers and have a range of up to 1,600 nautical miles. ATR turboprops are known for their fuel efficiency, reliability, and low operating costs.
The Saab 2000 is a regional turboprop produced by Swedish manufacturer Saab AB. The aircraft can carry up to 58 passengers and has a range of up to 1,480 nautical miles. The Saab 2000 is known for its speed, comfort, and versatility.
The De Havilland Canada Dash 8 series, also known as the Bombardier Dash 8, is a family of turboprop aircraft produced by Canadian manufacturer De Havilland Canada. The aircraft can carry up to 90 passengers and have a range of up to 1,360 nautical miles. The Dash 8 is known for its reliability, efficiency, and versatility.
OPERATING
Speed: Regional jets are faster than turboprops, which makes them more suitable for longer routes. This means that airlines can cover more ground in less time, which can be a significant advantage in regions where there is high demand for air travel.
Passenger Comfort: Regional jets tend to have larger cabins and offer greater passenger comfort than turboprops. They are equipped with amenities such as onboard entertainment, inflight Wi-Fi, and larger seats.
Range: Regional jets have a longer range than turboprops, which makes them ideal for routes that require longer distances to be covered. This makes them a popular choice for airlines that operate regional routes between major cities.
Fuel Consumption: Regional jets have higher fuel consumption than turboprops, which makes them more expensive to operate. This can have a significant impact on the overall operating costs of the airline.
Maintenance Costs: Regional jets require more frequent maintenance than turboprops due to their more complex systems and higher speeds. This can result in higher maintenance costs for airlines, which can add to their operating expenses.
Landing Fees: Regional jets are heavier than turboprops, which means they are subject to higher landing fees at airports. This can increase the overall cost of operating regional jet flights.
Fuel Efficiency: Turboprops are more fuel-efficient than regional jets, which makes them cheaper to operate. This can be a significant advantage for airlines that operate on shorter routes.
Maintenance Costs: Turboprops require less maintenance
disadvantage for airlines that operate regional routes between major cities. Regional jets tend to be more expensive to operate due to their higher fuel consumption and more complex engines and avionics systems. However, they are faster and more suitable for longer routes. Regional turboprops, on the other hand, tend to be more fuel-efficient and require less maintenance, making them more cost-effective for shorter routes.
COMPARING OPERATING COSTS. With both regional jets and turboprops are two types of aircraft designed for shorthaul flights, there are distinct differences between them in terms of operating advantages and disadvantages. In terms of operating costs, there are several factors that airlines must consider when choosing between regional jets and regional turboprops. Some of these factors include fuel consumption, maintenance costs, crew training, and landing fees.
In terms of crew training, regional jets require more training and certification due to their more complex systems, which can add to their operating costs. Landing fees can also be higher for regional jets, as they require longer runways and more infrastructure compared to regional turboprops.
CONCLUSION. In today’s aviation industry, both regional jets and regional turboprops play a crucial role in connecting
than regional jets, which can result in lower maintenance costs for airlines. This is because they have simpler systems and are slower, which means there is less wear and tear on the aircraft.
Noise Levels: Turboprops are generally quieter than regional jets, which makes them more suitable for operating in areas with noise restrictions. This can be an advantage for airlines that operate in urban areas.
Speed: Turboprops are slower than regional jets, which can limit their range and make them less suitable for longer routes.
Passenger Comfort: Turboprops generally have smaller cabins than regional jets, which can make them less comfortable for passengers. They also lack some of the amenities that are available on regional jets, such as in-flight entertainment and Wi-Fi.
Range: Turboprops have a shorter range than regional jets, which can limit their suitability for longer routes. This can be a
smaller cities and towns to larger hubs. Both regional jets and turboprops are used by airlines across the world to serve regional routes. Both types of aircraft have their pros and cons when it comes to operating costs. Regional jets are faster and more suitable for longer routes, but they tend to be more expensive to operate due to their higher fuel consumption and maintenance costs. Regional turboprops, on the other hand, are more fuel-efficient and require less maintenance, making them more cost-effective for shorter routes. But, whether you’re flying on a regional jet or a regional turboprop, rest assured that both are safe and reliable options for your regional travel needs.
When choosing between a regional jet and a regional turboprop, airlines must consider various factors such as fuel consumption, maintenance costs, crew training, and landing fees. Ultimately, the choice depends on the airline’s specific needs and the routes they plan to operate. However, as airlines continue to expand their regional networks, it is likely that we will see more of both types of aircraft in operation. SP
BY ROHIT GOEL
While both types of aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines, they differ significantly in their technical and technological characteristics. We explore the technological differences between turboprop and jet engine aircraft and how these differences impact their performance, efficiency, and safety.
TURBOPROP AND JET ENGINE aircraft are two of the most common types of aircraft used in the aviation industry. While they may look similar on the outside, there are several significant differences between these two types of aircraft in terms of their technical and technological characteristics. From speed to efficiency, discover the contrasting features of turboprop and jet engine aircraft, and the emergence of hybrid propulsion systems.
TURBOPROP AIRCRAFT. Turboprop aircraft are a type of aircraft that uses a gas turbine engine to drive a propeller. The gas turbine engine consists of a compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine, which work together to generate power. The compressor compresses air and delivers it to the combustion chamber, where fuel is added and ignited. The resulting high-temperature and high-pressure gases are then directed to the turbine, which drives the propeller.
One of the main advantages of turboprop aircraft is their fuel efficiency. Because the propeller is driven by a gas turbine engine, the aircraft can fly at lower speeds and altitudes than jet engine aircraft, which means they consume less fuel. Turboprop aircraft are therefore ideal for short to medium-haul flights, as they are more fuel-efficient than jet engine aircraft over these distances.
Another advantage of turboprop aircraft is their ability to operate from short runways. Because they have a lower take-off and landing speed than jet engine aircraft, they can take-off and land on shorter runways, making them ideal for use in remote areas where runway length is limited.
However, one disadvantage of turboprop aircraft is their lower maximum speed compared to jet engine aircraft. Turboprop aircraft typically have a maximum speed of around 350 to 400 knots, while jet engine aircraft can fly at speeds of up to 500 knots or more. This makes turboprop aircraft less suitable for long-haul flights or flights that require high speeds.
Another disadvantage of turboprop aircraft is their noise level. Because they use a propeller to generate thrust, they can be noisier than jet engine aircraft, which can be a problem in built-up areas or near airports.
JET ENGINE AIRCRAFT. Jet engine aircraft are a type of aircraft that use a gas turbine engine to generate thrust. The gas turbine engine consists of a compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine, which work together to generate power. The compressor compresses air and delivers it to the combustion chamber, where fuel is added and ignited. The resulting high-temperature and high-pressure gases are then directed through a nozzle, which generates thrust.
One of the main advantages of jet engine aircraft is their speed. Because they generate thrust using a nozzle, they can fly at much higher speeds than turboprop aircraft, making them ideal for long-haul flights or flights that require high speeds. Jet engine aircraft can typically fly at speeds of up to 500 knots or more.
Another advantage of jet engine aircraft is their ability to fly at high altitudes. Because they generate thrust using a nozzle, they can fly at higher altitudes than turboprop aircraft, which means they can avoid bad weather and turbulence and enjoy smoother
flights. Jet engine aircraft can typically fly at altitudes of up to 40,000 feet or more.
However, one disadvantage of jet engine aircraft is their fuel consumption. Because they fly at higher speeds and altitudes, they consume more fuel than turboprop aircraft, which can make them less fuel-efficient over short to medium-haul flights.
Another disadvantage of jet engine aircraft is their runway requirements. Because they require a higher take-off and landing speed than turboprop aircraft, they need longer runways to take off and land, which can be a problem in remote areas where runway length is limited.
OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES. Another technological difference between turboprop and jet engine aircraft is the type of instrumentation used in the cockpit. Jet engine aircraft typically have more advanced instrumentation than turboprop aircraft, including sophisticated avionics systems and digital displays. These advanced systems can provide pilots with real-time information about the aircraft’s performance, including airspeed, altitude, and fuel consumption.
Jet engine aircraft excel in speed, allowing them to fly at much higher speeds than turboprop aircraft, making them suitable for long-haul flights or flights that require high speeds
In contrast, turboprop aircraft often use analog instrumentation, which can provide pilots with less detailed information about the aircraft’s performance. However, some modern turboprop aircraft are now equipped with digital displays and advanced avionics systems, which can improve their performance and efficiency. These systems can also make it easier for pilots to operate turboprop aircraft, particularly in complex flight conditions such as bad weather or low visibility.
Another technological difference between turboprop and jet engine aircraft is the type of materials used in their construction. Jet engine aircraft are typically constructed using lightweight
puterised systems that can automatically detect and correct potential problems, such as engine failures or mechanical malfunctions. These systems can improve the safety and reliability of the aircraft, particularly in high-stress situations such as take-off and landing.
Another technological difference between turboprop and jet engine aircraft is the type of maintenance required for each type of aircraft. Jet engine aircraft typically require more frequent and more intensive maintenance than turboprop aircraft, due to the complexity of their engines and the advanced systems used in their construction. This can make jet engine aircraft more expensive to operate and maintain than turboprop aircraft. However, proper maintenance is critical to ensuring the safety and reliability of both types of aircraft.
Maintenance requirements for turboprop aircraft typically involve more routine checks and inspections of the engine, propeller, and other systems. In contrast, jet engine aircraft require more extensive checks of their complex avionics systems, engines, and other components. These maintenance requirements can impact the aircraft’s overall reliability and availability, particularly in busy commercial aviation environments where aircraft downtime can be costly.
ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY. In recent years, advancements in technology have led to the development of hybrid propulsion systems that combine the best features of both turboprop and jet engine aircraft. One example of a hybrid propulsion system is the Safran Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System (HEPS), which was recently tested on a regional turboprop aircraft. This system uses a gas turbine engine to generate electricity, which is then used to power an electric motor that drives the propeller. This hybrid system can improve the aircraft’s fuel efficiency by up to 30 per cent, while also reducing noise and emissions.
composite materials, which can reduce their weight and improve their fuel efficiency. In contrast, turboprop aircraft are often constructed using traditional materials such as aluminium, which can be heavier and less fuel-efficient.
The use of lightweight composite materials in jet engine aircraft also makes them more durable and resistant to damage from external factors such as weather or turbulence. Additionally, jet engine aircraft often have more advanced safety systems than turboprop aircraft. For example, some jet engine aircraft are equipped with com-
Another example of a hybrid propulsion system is the Zunum Aero Electric Aircraft, which is designed to replace traditional turboprop aircraft on regional routes. This aircraft uses electric motors to drive the propellers, while a small gas turbine engine generates electricity to power the motors. This hybrid system can reduce fuel consumption by up to 80 per cent, while also reducing noise and emissions.
These hybrid systems use a combination of gas turbine engines and electric motors to drive the aircraft, allowing them to achieve greater efficiency and performance than either turboprop or jet engine aircraft alone. As the aviation industry continues to evolve, it is likely that we will see more technological advancements in turboprop and jet engine aircraft in the future.
CONCLUSION. Turboprop and jet engine aircraft differ significantly in their technical and technological characteristics. Turboprop aircraft are optimised for low-speed, short-distance flights, while jet engine aircraft are optimised for high-speed, long-distance flights. Each type of aircraft has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific requirements. It is important for operators to carefully evaluate their needs and consider the technical and technological characteristics of each type of aircraft before making a decision on which one to use. SP
Jet engine aircraft can fly at higher altitudes, avoiding bad weather and turbulence, resulting in smoother flights compared to turboprop aircraft
BY ROHIT GOEL
The aircraft is a sign of China’s growing technological prowess, and it is expected to play a major role in the country’s economic development
CHINA’S FIRST DOMESTICALLY-MANUFACTURED LARGE passenger jet, the C919, successfully completed its maiden commercial flight on Sunday, May 28, 2023 marking a major milestone in the country’s aviation industry. The flight, which took off from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and landed at Beijing Capital International Airport lasted for two hours and 25 minutes, and was conducted by China Eastern Airlines.
The C919 is a narrow-body airliner that is designed to compete with the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320. It has a maximum range of 5,555 kilometres and can carry up to 168 passengers. The aircraft is manufactured by the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC), which is a state-owned enterprise. The C919’s maiden flight is a major victory for China’s aviation industry.
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE C919. The C919 is a narrowbody airliner that is designed to seat up to 168 passengers. It has a maximum range of 5,555 kilometres. The aircraft is powered by two C919A engines, which are developed by the Commercial Aircraft Engine Corporation of China (AVIC). The engines are based on the CFM International LEAP-1C engine, which is used on the Boeing 737 MAX. The C919 has a number of features that are designed to improve its efficiency and performance. These features include:
l A new wing design that is more aerodynamically efficient
l A new airfoil that is designed to reduce drag
l A new engine that is more fuel-efficient.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE C919. The development of the C919 has been a long and challenging process. The project was launched in 2008, and the first prototype was rolled out in 2015. It made its first flight in 2017 and has since undergone extensive testing. The aircraft has received a type certificate from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), which allows it to be operated commercially. Here is a timeline of the major milestones in the development of the C919:
l 2008: COMAC begins development of the C919
l 2010: The first C919 mockup is unveiled.
l 2015: First prototype of the C919 is rolled out
l 2017: The first C919 flight test is conducted.
l 2020: The C919 enters the flight test certification phase.
l 2022: The C919 receives its type certificate from the CAAC
l 2023: The C919 makes its maiden commercial flight.
PENDING ORDERS. COMAC claims to have received over huge orders for the C919 from airlines around the world. The first customer for the aircraft is China Eastern Airlines, which has ordered 50 planes. Other major customers include Air China, China Southern Airlines, and Delta Air Lines. Some of the major pending orders are:
l China Eastern Airlines: 50 planes
l Air China: 30 planes
l China Southern Airlines: 20 planes
l Delta Air Lines: 10 planes
The majority of the orders are for the basic C919 model. However, COMAC has also received orders for a number of variants, including:
l The C919LR, which has a longer range of 7,000 kilometres
l The C919F, which is a freighter version of the aircraft
FUTURE OF CHINA’S AVIATION INDUSTRY. The C919’s maiden commercial flight is a major milestone for China’s aviation industry. It is the first time that China has developed and manufactured a large passenger jet that is capable of competing with the world’s leading aircraft manufacturers. The aircraft is a sign of China’s growing technological prowess, and it is expected to play a major role in the country’s economic development. The
l Length: 39.5 meters
l Wingspan: 35 meters
l Height: 12 meters
l Maximum take-off weight: 79.3 tonnes
l Maximum range: 5,555 kilometres
l Maximum passengers: 168
l Engine: C919A, a domestically-developed turbofan engine
l Ceiling: 12,100 m (39,800 ft)
Other Information
l The C919 is expected to cost around $70 million per unit.
l COMAC plans to produce 150 C919s per year by 2025.
C919’s entry into service will help to reduce China’s reliance on foreign aircraft manufacturers. It will also create jobs and boost the Chinese economy. The C919’s success could help China to become a major player in the global aviation market.
The success of China’s aircraft manufacturing programme will depend on a number of factors, including the support it can generate from non-Chinese carriers, its safety record, and the efficiency and operating costs of its aircraft. Industry will also be watching closely for subjective parameters like passenger comfort and safety. SP
THERE ARE MORE THAN 13,000 large commercial engines installed by Pratt & Whitney on hundreds of airlines and operators. Starting with the wide-body aircraft fitted with the JT9D and the narrow-body aircraft fitted with the JT8D, the lower fuel consumption with the PW2000 and V2500, Pratt & Whitney introduced the aviation world to ultra-efficient aviation with the geared fan. These aero engines have logged more than a billion of flight hours.
The Pratt & Whitney GTF engine is the only modern geared propulsion system in commercial service today with more than 18 million recorded flight hours leading the way for more sustainable technologies. The P&W GTF engine success story is the introduc-
Pratt & Whitney’s large commercial engines are revolutionising commercial aviation with ultraefficient Geared Fan Technology and sustainable solutions
tion of a gearbox between the forward fan and the rear turbine blades enabling them to operate at different RPMs. The fans at the front operate at low speeds but magnifies the torque by three times for the turbine to spin on. The differential RPM between the fan and the turbine enables a higher air bypass ratio of the cool air entering the engine to enhance its efficiency considerably. The technologies incorporated are from advanced materials to hybridelectric systems to sustainable aviation fuels which will be the foundation for more sustainable propulsion in the decades ahead.
The geared fan are a generation ahead and a boon for A320neo family attesting their performance to 20 per cent fuel and CO2 savings possible per trip, 75 per cent smaller noise footprint,100 per
cent certified for operation on 50 per cent SAF. These are now successfully flying on 1,400 aircraft with 60 plus operators. As reported more than 10,000 engines have been ordered by over 90 customers. The GTF engines power the single-aisle aircraft, Airbus A320neo family with 3x3 seating typically up to 220 passengers. It is claimed that the A320neo family saves 16 per cent per trip vs. prior-generation aircraft. On the Airbus A220 with 3x2 seating typically up to 150 passengers, the A220 family saves up to 25 per cent per seat vs. prior-generation aircraft. Similarly, Embraer E-jets E2 with 2x2 seating typically up to 120 passengers, the E2 family saves up to 25 per cent per seat vs. prior-generation aircraft.
FAMILY OF GEARED TURBOFAN ENGINES. The Pratt & Whitney PW1000G, generally referred as GTF (geared turbofan), is a high-bypass geared turbofan engine family. Ranging from 14,000 to 34,000 pounds of thrust, the GTF powers several new aircraft platforms.
PW1100G-JM is powering the Airbus A320neo since 2016 and the A321neo since 2017. It has 81-inch fan diameter with 12:1 bypass ratio and 24K-34K pounds of thrust. PW1500G Engine powered the Airbus A220 since 2016. It has 73-inch fan diameter with 12:1 bypass ratio and 19K-25K pounds of thrust. PW1700G & PW1900G Engine power the Embraer E-Jets E2 while PW1900G powers the Embraer E190-E2 since 2018 and the E195-E2 since 2019. It has 73-inch fan diameter with 12:1 bypass ratio and 19K23K pounds of thrust.
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE. Engines are long-term financial and operational commitments, and a large global team of professionals are required to support them. The Pratt & Whitney EngineWise solutions, supports the GTF fleet through a comprehensive suite of tailorable maintenance programmes and data services, as well as overhaul and repair facilities, technical training and support teams around the world. On the EngineWise Connect portal customers can see the latest in their aero engines’ health.
The GTF MRO network includes ten active shops around the world, likely to be expanded. GTF operators are supported by more than 120 field representatives around the globe including a 24-hour Global Operations Centre. The Customer Training Centres are located strategically in the United States, India and China, also offering remote training options. Pratt & Whitney has other significant investments in India, including its state-of-theart India Customer Training Centre in Hyderabad and its R&D collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. It plans to fully integrate the India Engineering Centre (IEC), Bengaluru with the company’s existing global engineering footprint across Canada, Puerto Rico and Poland.
Pratt & Whitney’s Geared Turbofan (GTF) engines represent a generation ahead in aviation technology, offering unmatched efficiency and sustainability in commercial service
The EngineWise solutions collaboratively shares technical expertise, fleet data and business intelligence with the customers in keeping the engines operational. This is possible through data analytics, engine OEM expertise and operators’ fleet experience to build open database which results in improved performance, reliability and health of customers’ engines. State-of-the-art data analytics and real-time intelligence helps to predict and prevent operational disruptions. These portfolios provides flexible and customizable packages to meet the evolving needs of customers, which change over the course of an engine lifecycle. These are grouped as EngineWise Maintenance, EngineWise Materials and EngineWise Intelligence.
SUPPLY CHAIN. “We expect industry-wide supply chain pressures to ease later this year, which will support increased
output of new and overhauled engines,” a company spokesperson has said. “In the interim, we are providing direct logistical support to our suppliers as well as developing solutions to improve engine durability in hot and harsh operating environments.” Pratt & Whitney has indicated that its needs to consider adding another maintenance facility in addition to the existing three in Asia in Singapore, China and Japan. It would help in cutting down the time and cost for transportation of engines to the company’s MRO facilities.Ultimately, the GTF engine is the most fuel efficient, sustainable engine for narrow-body aircraft and continues to see strong demand.
THE PATH FORWARD. Pratt & Whitney has been selected by NASA to develop advanced engine technologies. The Hybrid Thermally Efficient Core (HyTEC) project is part of NASA’s Sustainable Flight National Partnership, which will enable breakthrough innovations in support of the aviation industry’s goal to significantly reduce CO2 emissions by 2050. The project includes developing and testing the fuel and air mixers for optimal efficiency and then measuring the emissions and noise emitted using Jet A fuel and high blends of SAF. In the second phase of the HyTEC project, Pratt & Whitney plans to demonstrate a technology-infused core comprised of a high-pressure compressor, highpressure turbine, and combustor leveraging successes from the first generation GTF core. This phase is planned for 2024 through 2027 and will provide critical learning and increased maturation of the core prior to the next programme launch. Pratt & Whitney and NASA collaboration has already led to several key advances in sustainable propulsion technologies in recent decades, including low-pressure-ratio fans, low-emissions combustors and highperformance hot section. SP
With over 13,000 large commercial engines installed on various airlines and operators worldwide, Pratt & Whitney’s GTF engines have logged more than a billion flight hours, proving their reliability and performance
AFTER A FOUR-YEAR PAUSE caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the highly anticipated International Paris Air Show returned with a bang. This edition was the 54th in its history, marking a significant milestone as it resumes at Le Bourget Parc des Expositions from June 19 to 25, 2023. Organised by SIAE, a subsidiary of GIFAS, the French Aerospace Industries Association, the show attracted aviation enthusiasts, industry leaders, and trade visitors from around the globe.
With an estimated $150 billion worth of contracts signed, the Paris Air Show’s return underlined the show’s significance as a catalyst for economic growth and industry development
A record-breaking 322 official delegations from over 100 countries graced the show, including an impressive lineup of ministers, secretaries of state, and chiefs of staff.
With an exhibition space spanning 1,25,000 square meters, the show had about 2,500 companies representing 46 countries. Among them were 300 innovative start-ups, showcasing cuttingedge technologies and advancements in the aerospace industry. A total of 3,00,000 visitors attended the show, including 1,30,000 unique professional visitors (with 43 per cent of them being from
outside of France) from all corners of the world. The show also opened its doors to the general public, welcoming 1,70,000 enthusiastic aviation enthusiasts who marveled at the aircraft displays and enjoyed the thrilling aerobatic performances.
During the event, an estimated $150 billion worth of contracts were signed, underlining the show’s significance as a catalyst for economic growth and industry development.
l The Paris Air Lab, now in its third edition, drew focus on the global transition to decarbonised travel, the lab featured a vast network of programmes, research projects, and technological breakthroughs. Attendees had the opportunity to explore innovations in technology, aerial operations, alternative energy sources, and manufacturing supporting the industry’s transformation. Key industry specialists presented talks on the challenging roadmap to achieving low emissions and carbon-neutral air transport by 2050.
l The Paris Air Mobility event brought together key players in the advanced air mobility (AAM) ecosystem. It showcased the latest innovations and emerging technologies in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL). The event combined an exhibition area for manufacturers and start-ups to display their products and services with a conference programme featuring senior-level speakers discussing the current state of the AAM market and future industry advancements.
l The Show also showcased the future of the aerospace industry through the Start-Me-Up initiative. This platform welcomed French and international start-ups, creating an environment for encounters and synergies on forwardlooking themes such as the environment, new technologies, digitalisation, and passenger experience. Nearly 296 startups from 21 countries participated, fostering a dynamic exchange of ideas.
The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, received a significant spotlight at the Paris Airshow (PAS). The 2023 Paris Airshow showcased the future of air transport, including the rise of eVTOL aircraft and the industry’s commitment to decarbonisation. It provided a platform for innovation, collaboration, and knowledge exchange among industry professionals, start-ups, and key stakeholders.
Volocopter’s 2X model opened the daily flying display, signaling the arrival of these revolutionary vehicles. Volocopter also successfully conducted its first flight trials in Saudi Arabia, receiving special flight authorisation in the Kingdom. Other prominent eVTOL companies, including Archer, Lilium, Eve Air Mobility, and more, showcased their innovations and future plans. Volocopter
partnered with Germany’s ambulance group ADAC, potentially adding up to 150 VoloCity vehicles to its fleet.
Lilium announced plans to launch eVTOL flights in China’s Bao’an district and signed an agreement with Chinese operator Heli-Eastern for the purchase of up to 100 aircraft. Eve Air Mobility received orders for up to 150 new aircraft, including a letter of intent from Voar Aviation and a purchase agreement with Widerøe Zero.
The EcoPulse, a hybrid-electric technology demonstrator jointly developed by Daher, Safran, and Airbus, made its public debut. The project aims to evaluate the advantages of a hybridelectric distributed propulsion system, including increased efficiency and reduced carbon emissions.
SkyDrive, a Japanese electric aircraft developer, announced plans to manufacture its eVTOL air taxi in a factory owned by Suzuki Motor Corporation.
French aerospace and engineering group Turgis & Gaillard unveiled a new medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) UAV at the Paris Airshow. VoltAero debuted the first full-scale prototype of its Cassio 330 hybrid-electric aircraft at PAS. The Cassio 330, which can be configured with either four or five seats, will be the first of three hybrid-electric aircraft that VoltAero intends to produce for cargo, air taxi, and medevac applications.
Supernal, a Hyundai subsidiary dedicated to urban air mobility (UAM), announced two key manufacturing partners for its
With an exhibition space spanning 1,25,000 square meters, the show had about 2,500 companies representing 46 countries and a recordbreaking 322 official delegations from over 100 countries
SA-1 eVTOL air taxi. GKN Aerospace has agreed to provide the electrical wiring interconnection system (EWIS) and lightweight aerostructures for Supernal’s aircraft, while Qarbon Aerospace will use its advanced induction-welding techniques to assemble thermoplastic carbon-composite components for the SA-1. Wisk Aero will use Safran’s SkyNaute inertial navigation system for the four-passenger eVTOL air taxi it intends to operate fully autonomously. The Boeing-owned advanced air mobility company displayed what calls its Generation 6 eVTOL aircraft at Le Bourget.
Brazil’s Voar Aviation has signed a letter of intent to purchase 70 Eve eVTOL aircraft for operations across Brazil. Norwegian airline Widerøe’s sustainability division, Widerøe Zero, has agreed to buy up to 50 Eve eVTOLs following their collaboration at the 2021 UN Climate Conference. Nordic Aviation Capital, a global aircraft lessor, has placed a firm order for 15 Eve eVTOLs, with an option for 15 more. Eve has expanded its partnership with Blade Air Mobility to promote eVTOL integration in Europe.
Archer’s four-passenger Midnight turned heads as it made its international debut in Paris after a long trip from California. Lilium showcased a cabin mockup, demonstrating the passenger experience in its Lilium Jet capable of carrying six passengers up to 155 miles. Eve Air Mobility also presented its cabin mockup during its world tour. Other advanced air mobility companies present at the Paris Airshow included Ascendance Flight Technologies, AutoFlight, EHang, Supernal, Overair, Joby, and Wisk Aero. UrbanV and Lilium announced their collaboration to establish ground infrastructure for eVTOL operations in Italy and the south of France. Eve Air Mobility, backed by Embraer, announced new orders for up to 150 aircraft, expanding its total order backlog for the four-passenger air taxi to 2,850 aircraft.
Vertiport developer UrbanV will work with Lilium to establish ground infrastructure for eVTOL aircraft operations in Italy and the south of France.
Eve Air Mobility, an eVTOL developer backed by Brazilian aerospace group Embraer, has collected new orders for up to 150 new aircraft, bringing its total order backlog for the four-passenger air taxi up to 2,850 aircraft, the company announced at the Paris Airshow.
DISPLAY DART. At PAS 23, the sky was filled with aweinspiring displays as aircraft from various manufacturers took to the air, and some more stood tall at the static display. From fighter jets to helicopters and innovative commercial airliners, the displays showcased the cutting-edge technology and capabilities of the aviation industry. Let’s take a closer look at some of the remarkable aerial performances that captivated the audience at this prestigious event.
Boeing’s massive 777X demonstrated its maneuverability and innovative design in the flying display, while Boeing’s 737 MAX 10 soared through the sky, highlighting its performance and technological advancements.
The Airbus Helicopters H160 wowed the audience with its graceful movements and advanced features, setting a new standard in the helicopter industry.
ATR’s regional freighter variant of the 72-600, the -600F, showcased its cargo-carrying capabilities and efficiency, serving the needs of FedEx Express.
Airbus unveiled the A321XLR airliner, presenting its longrange capabilities and enhanced payload capacity.
Dassault Falcon 6X made its debut in the flying display, impressing with its fly-by-wire technology and powerful PW812D engine, while Dassault’s Rafale fighter demonstrated its unmatched performance and agility, reaffirming its position as a top contender in the fighter jet market.
Embraer’s E195-E2 took flight, highlighting its fuel efficiency and passenger comfort with its powerful Pratt & Whitney PW1900G Geared Turbofans.
SUSTAINABILITY STEPS. At the Paris Airshow, a number of sustainable aviation initiatives were unveiled, demonstrating the industry’s dedication to cutting carbon emissions and embracing cutting-edge technologies. These initiatives are pushing the limits of sustainable aviation, from the construction of a new sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) manufacturing facility to the research and
The 2023 Paris Airshow showcased the future of air transport, including the rise of eVTOL aircraft and the industry’s commitment to decarbonisation
development of hydrogen propulsion systems. Let’s examine some of the major announcements made during this historic occasion.
A sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production facility will be constructed in Moses Lake, Washington, according to plans made public by Twelve Corporation, a clean energy start-up based in California. According to Washington State’s green power regulations, the facility will create its distinctive “E-Jet” fuel using carbon dioxide and renewable energy sources.
Safran Electrical & Power announced plans to set up production facilities in France for their EngineUs electric motors. Safran Electrical & Power declared its intention to set up production facilities in France and the UK for their EngineUs electric motors. From 2026 on, 1,000 motors are anticipated to be produced annually under the high-volume production model, with a concentra-
tion on serving the electric and hybrid aircraft sectors.
The auxiliary power unit (APU) in an A330 widebody aircraft could be replaced by a hydrogen fuel cell system, according to Airbus’ HyPower demonstrator programme. This cutting-edge architecture seeks to produce power while lowering traditional APUs’ CO2 emissions, nitrogen oxides, and noise levels.
The “SAF Dashboard,” developed by Boeing, is a tool for monitoring the expected supply of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) over the ensuing ten years.
This straightforward dashboard compiles information on SAF capacity announcements internationally, allowing stakeholders to track and assess output levels necessary to meet the sector’s 2050 net-zero emissions target.
By contributing an additional $3,50,000 to the development of hydrogen propulsion systems by ZeroAvia, Washington State reiterated its dedication to this industry. The state’s expertise in environmentally friendly aircraft technologies will be further advanced thanks to this financing, which will support the expansion of research and development activities at Paine Field.
A RAIN OF DEALS, AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS. A backlog of airliners seems to be getting under action. Airliner backlogs continue to build back bigger at the Paris Airshow with more sales agreements signed. Much of the new business has come from carriers in Asia and the Pacific Rim, where the postCovid travel bounceback is prompting fleet expansion. The pressing need to replace older aircraft with less fuel-thirsty models has proved to be another driver of deals signed here this week.
l Honeywell signed a memorandum of understanding with Aeralis to integrate the F124 turbofan into the British company’s new modular aircraft. Aeralis has been marketing an innovative modular concept for a new jet trainer and light combat aircraft.
l MHS Aviation signed a contract with France’s Dassault Aviation for a new Falcon 2000LXS, joining two 2000LX aircraft already available for charter by the German management company, which operates 15 aircraft from different OEMs and with different capabilities.
l The largest contract, for up to 290 brand-new Boeing and 250 brand-new Airbus aircraft, was inked by Air India. With letters of intent signed in February, the flag carrier announced its decision to renew and expand its fleet, not to be outdone by Indian low-cost carrier IndiGo’s 500-ship contract with Airbus. With options for an additional 50 737 MAX and 20 787s, Boeing will also be purchasing ten 777Xs and twenty 787s as part of this deal. In addition to 34 A350-1000 and six A350-900 widebody aircraft, Air India’s Airbus purchase comprises 140 A320neo and 70 A321neo single-aisle aircraft.
The largest single aircraft order ever placed by any airline with Airbus was made by the Indian low-cost carrier IndiGo, who ordered 500 members of the A320 family. Delivery will start in 2030 and last until 2035. The order includes a mix of twinjet models A320neo, A321neo, and A321XLR.
Boeing and Akasa Air announced an order for four additional 737-8 jets.
India’s regional carrier, Star Air has leased four E175s in 2022 and two of them have started operations since May 2023.
l Airbus confirmed an incremental order with Qantas for nine A220-300s, expanding the Australian carrier’s total backlog for this single-aisle type to 29 aircraft. Airbus and Leonardo have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to jointly pro-
The largest single aircraft order ever placed by any airline with Airbus was made by the Indian low-cost carrier IndiGo
mote integrated training systems and study the future solutions to tackle Air Dominance challenges. Airbus and LanzaJet, a leading sustainable fuels technology company, announced they have entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to address the needs of the aviation sector through the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Avolon, the international leasing company, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to order 20 A330neo aircraft. Mexican ultra-low-cost airline and all-Airbus operator Volaris has disclosed 25 A321neo from a purchase agreement signed in October 2022. Philippine Airlines (PAL) has finalised a purchase agreement with Airbus for the firm order of nine A350-1000 long range aircraft. Interim, the Saudi air carrier and a leading low-cost airline in the Middle East, has firmed up an order with Airbus for 30 new A320neo Family aircraft, taking the airline’s total order with Airbus to 120 A320neo aircraft, including 10 A321XLRs.
l Boeing and Air Lease Corporation (ALC), the leading global lessor announced a purchase of two 787 Dreamliners by ALC. Luxair has selected the 737-7 as it continues its single-aisle growth strategy. Boeing and Japan Airlines (JAL) announced agreements that will improve the passenger experience including a digital predictive maintenance solution JAL helped develop and extensive interior modifications for a portion of JAL’s 787 Dreamliner fleet. Boeing and Avolon, the international aircraft leasing company, today announced an order for 40 737 MAX airplanes at the Paris Air Show. China Airlines too finalised an order for eight 787-9 Dreamliners.
l Embraer, in collaboration with Lanzhou Aviation Industry Development Group, will establish its first passenger-tofreighter conversion plant for the E-Jet in China. Avolon and Azorra increased Embraer’s backlog, with Azorra securing a sale and leaseback deal with Porter Airlines for 10 E195-E2 singleaisle aircraft, and Spain’s Binter ordering six additional E195-E2s. American Airlines also added seven E175 models for regional affiliate Envoy Air. Embraer has signed a contract extension with Rex Group member, National Jet Express (NJE), for the Pool Program, to support its six Embraer E-190 jets. Embraer Services & Support launched the next generation version of AHEAD (Aircraft Health Analysis and Diagnosis) system, the tool helps airlines and customers to implement digital predictive maintenance on their E-Jet fleets, using data to identify and predict potential issues before they become critical.
Embraer has signed a long-term Pool Program services agreement with Star Air to support the airline’s growing E175 fleet. Embraer also announced that it has signed a multi-year contract extension with Amelia for the Pool Program. With this agreement, the customer will continue to receive support for a wide range of repairable components for the airline’s fleet of 13 ERJ.
Embraer published its 20-year Market Outlook for commercial aircraft deliveries through 2042, forecasting 11,000 new jets & turboprops valued at $650 billion. Avolon, a leading international aircraft leasing company, has signed a sale and leaseback agreement
with Porter Airlines for 10 new Embraer E-195-E2 aircraft, with a list price of $841.2 million. Republic Airways, one of the largest US regional airlines, has joined Embraer’s Energia Advisory Group. The Energia Advisory Group is a team of airlines, lessors, suppliers, and other aviation experts advising Embraer’s Energia project which is developing sustainable aircraft for the future. Japan’s Nidec Corporation and Embraer announced an agreement to establish a joint venture company, called Nidec Aerospace LLC, to develop Electric Propulsion Systems for the aerospace sector.
l ATR received 22 firm orders and two options for ATR 72 and ATR 42 turboprops, with Taiwan’s Mandarin Airlines ordering six ATR 72-600s, Berjaya Air acquiring two all-business class ATR 72s, Azul planning to take three more ATR 72-600s, and five undisclosed customers signing contracts for eight ATR 72-600s and three ATR 42s.
l China Airlines exercised options for eight Boeing 787s, adding to the 16 widebodies signed last year, while AerCap signed a lease agreement with El Al for two 787-9s. Leasing group Avolon ordered 40 Boeing 737-8s, Air Algérie confirmed an order for eight 737-9 MAX jets, and also signed a memorandum of understanding for Boeing Converted Freighters.
l GE Aerospace and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) established an agreement for collaboration on research
The largest contract, for up to 290 brand-new Boeing and 250 brand-new Airbus aircraft, was inked by Air India
and development for next-generation aerospace technologies. Icare selected Exail’s EASA-approved FTD2/FNPT II simulator for A320 pilot training.
l Daher Group partnered with Ascendance Flight Technologies to research the hybridisation of propulsion for Daher aircraft. Deutsche Aircraft and Nordam signed a contract for engine nacelle development for Deutsche Aircraft’s D328eco.
l United Airlines chose Pratt & Whitney’s GTF engine for 70 Airbus A321neo and 50 A321XLR firm aircraft orders. Elit’Avia
placed eight additional orders for Aura Aero’s hybrid-electric regional airliner, adding to their existing order for 20 aircraft.
Some more highlights from the International Paris Airshow 2023:
l At the ‘Space Pavilion’ of Paris Air Show 2023, ESA (European Space Agency) and CNES (National Centre for Space Studies) presented ambitious new projects in space exploration, astronautics, Earth observation, and security-related applications. Many live sessions were also held.
l Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) showcased its latest developments for both civil and military markets, celebrating its founding anniversary and marking 70 years of innovation and expertise. IAI presented its advanced systems, displaying a range of products. IAI presented a model of the Boeing B777300ER aircraft that had been successfully converted from a passenger to a freight configuration.
l Bombardier has delivered the first Challenger 3500 for European operations, overseen by Aero-Dienst in Nuremberg, Germany. The super-midsize business jet will be operated by Aero-Dienst on behalf of Aviator Aircraft. After completing the acceptance inspection, the aircraft was ferried to Germany, registered with the Civil Aviation Authority, and added to Aero-Dienst’s air operator certificate. With eight aircraft in its fleet, Aero-Dienst has over 65 years of experience in business jet operations and maintenance.
l H2Fly has announced plans for the H175, a new family of fuel cell systems designed for hydrogen-electric aircraft operating at altitudes of up to 27,000 feet. The scalable technology will cater to 1-MW class aircraft seating between 20 and 80 passengers.
l Qatar Airways, the international launch customer for Gulfstream Aerospace’s G700, revealed its model during the Paris Airshow in the presence of Qatari dignitaries. Qatar Executive, the airline’s private jet charter division, will operate the 10 ultra-long-range, large-cabin aircraft ordered in 2019.
l Monte Aircraft Leasing has committed to purchasing up to 100 ZeroAvia hydrogen fuel cell powertrains to transform its regional turboprop fleet into sustainable, hydrogen-powered aircraft. The definitive purchase agreement was announced at the Paris Airshow, following a memorandum of understanding signed last summer.
l Airbus forecasts global demand for approximately 40,850 new widebody aircraft, including 8,220 freighters, over the next two decades. The European airframer has gained a significant market share in the freighter segment since launching the A350F programme in 2021, with the entry into service of the twinjet now scheduled for 2026, offering a higher payload capability.
l The United States has brought its largest-ever congressional delegation, consisting of 10 senators and 13 House representatives, to the Paris Airshow to showcase the country’s aerospace leadership. In addition to over 400 exhibiting companies, federal agencies such as the Department of Defense, NASA, and the Department of Commerce, along with statelevel economic development branches, are present.
l The UK aerospace and defence sector is strongly represented at this year’s Paris Airshow, with 61 member companies from the industry association ADS exhibiting within the national pavilion in Hall 2b. The UK pavilion is co-located with a startup zone run by the Aerospace Technology Institute and Boeing’s Aerospace Xelerated programme for the first time. SP
Japan’s Nidec Corporation and Embraer announced an agreement to establish a joint venture company, called Nidec Aerospace LLC, to develop Electric Propulsion Systems for the aerospace sector
WITH EACH PASSING DAY, the threat of irreversible climate change triggered by anthropogenic global warming draws nearer. And becomes scarier. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to humanity’s unbridled combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are chiefly to blame. Climate change mitigation strategies now top the agenda of practically every sector of the economy, every decision making body and every forum.
The aviation industry realises that SAF is the most viable option to attain the very challenging target of net zero CO2 emissions by 2050 that has been set for it
Aviation can hardly be called a major emitter, accounting for just 2.4 per cent of global CO2 emissions. However, while other carbon-spewing industries like energy, road transport, and steel and cement manufacturing are progressively going green, air travel is incredibly difficult to decarbonise. Hence aviation’s relative share of emissions threatens to at least triple by 2050 as air traffic growth surges and other industries successfully decarbonise. At the 77th International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Annual General Meeting in Boston in October 2021, a resolution was passed by member airlines committing them to achieving net zero carbon emissions from their operations by 2050. Just a year later, in October 2022, member states of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) also agreed to a long-term aspirational goal (LTAG) of net zero emissions from aviation by 2050. Net zero means the amount of GHG removed from the atmosphere is equal to that emitted by the human activity, in this case aviation.
The aviation industry has begun to put its shoulder to the wheel to achieve this very challenging target. For instance, the CFM International RISE (Revolutionary Innovation for Sustainable Engines) Technology Demonstration Program, launched in June 2021, aims to slash fuel consumption and carbon emissions by more than 20 per cent compared to today’s most efficient commercial jet engines, as well as ensure compatibility with alternative energy sources like Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF), electricity and hydrogen. However, just 13 per cent of the required CO2 abatement is expected from new aircraft technologies such as RISE, and 22 per cent from more efficient operations and infrastructure as well as credible offsetting schemes and direct carbon capture. The lion’s share of 65 per cent of the contribution to net zero is projected to come from SAF. While the actual shares of these options and the path to achieve them will vary depending on what measures are the most cost-effective at any particular time, IATA claims that SAF can potentially cut emissions by up to 80 per cent during its full lifecycle compared to conventional fossil fuel.
SAF SUPPORT SYSTEM. SAF, also known as biojet fuel, is specifically designed for use in aviation and aims to reduce GHG emissions and promote environmental sustainability. It is produced only from renewable sources such as biomass, agricultural waste, or non-fossil carbon feedstocks. Although SAF releases the
same amount of CO2 as normal fuel, the benefit comes from the fuel manufacturing process which can absorb CO2 up to 100 per cent of that created when burned. SAF is normally “drop-in ready” and compatible with existing aircraft fleets. It requires no change or investment from airports, as existing equipment can be used, so no additional spending is required.
Industry support for SAF production and use is therefore growing:
l Investment and Research: Airlines, aircraft manufacturers and fuel producers are investing in R&D to improve SAF production technologies and explore alternative fuel sources.
l SAF Supply Chain: The aviation industry is helping to develop a robust and sustainable supply chain. This involves establishing partnerships with feedstock suppliers, fuel producers and distributors to ensure a reliable and consistent supply of SAF. Last year over 300 million litres of SAF were produced. However, this was less than one per cent of all jet fuel used worldwide. The reason for the poor utilisation of SAF despite its many advantages is cost. While the cheapest SAF derived from waste oils costs almost twice as much as regular fuel, the power-to-liquid variety can cost four or five times as much. As utilisation increases, the economies of scale factor would lower prices.
l Demonstrations and Trials: Airlines and aircraft manufacturers regularly conduct demonstrations and trials to showcase the viability and performance of SAF. These help build confidence in the use of SAF and encourage further adoption. The number of commercial flights operated using SAF has crossed 4,92,000 and will easily cross half a million this year.
l Commitments: Airlines and aviation organisations are making specific commitments to reduce their carbon emissions and increase the use of SAF. For instance, the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Clean Skies for Tomorrow Coalition event
MILESTONES. Fifteen years have elapsed since the first cautious test flight of SAF involving a four-engine airliner. Here are a few major milestones on the SAF journey.
l In February 2008, Virgin Atlantic flight tested a Boeing 747 equipped with General Electric engines using a 20 per cent biofuel blend in one engine. No modifications were made to either aircraft or engines.
l In June 2011, KLM operated a Boeing 737-800 with 171 passengers from Amsterdam to Paris using a blend of waste vegetable oil. It was the world’s first commercial biofuel flight.
l In November 2021, Airbus conducted its first 100 per cent SAF test flight on the A350.
l In December 2021, United Airlines flew an aircraft full of passengers using 100 per cent SAF in one engine of a new Boeing 737 MAX 8 between Chicago and Washington. The other engine used conventional jet fuel to further prove that there are no operational differences between the two types of fuel. The use of SAF is key to United’s aim of achieving net zero by 2050. It claims to be the first airline to commit to net zero 2050 without relying on offsets.
l In June 2022, regional aircraft manufacturer ATR, Swedish airline Braathens Regional Airlines and SAF producer Neste collaborated to enable the first ever 100 per cent SAF-powered test flight on a commercial turboprop aircraft.
l On January 30, 2023, an Emirates Boeing 777-300ER performed a demonstration flight using 100 per cent SAF to power one of its two GE90 engines.
l On March 9, 2023 an Airbus A321neo became the first narrow-
l Later this year, Ryanair plans to conduct the world’s first net zero transatlantic flight using 100 per cent SAF. Ryanair has set a goal of 12.5 per cent SAF use across all its flights by 2030. It has already started using a 40 per cent blend of SAF in all operations from Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport through a new agreement with Neste.
l Currently airlines are only permitted to use SAF mixed with traditional fuel (limited to a maximum of 50 per cent). However, an industry campaign is now underway to secure regulatory approval for flights 100 per cent powered by SAF by 2030. It would therefore be fair to say that SAF is taking flight (see graphic).
INDIAN INITIATIVES. India’s first biofuel-powered flight occurred in August 2018 when a SpiceJet Bombardier Q400 aircraft flew from Dehradun to Delhi. One engine of the turboprop used a blend of 75 per cent conventional fuel and 25 per cent biojet fuel made from jatropha plants. Since then there have been several flights using SAF.
An industry campaign is now underway to secure regulatory approval for flights 100 per cent powered by SAF by 2030
l 4,92,000 commercial flights operated using SAF since 2011
l 6 airports regularly supplied with SAF
l 2% of fuel demand can be met by SAF by 2025
l 6 bn litres of SAF in Current forward purchase agreements by airlines
l 9 airlines have significant off-take agreements to purchase SAF
l 7 approved pathways for producing SAF.
In December 2021, low-cost carrier IndiGo partnered with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) to produce and deploy SAF. In February 2022, IndiGo took delivery of its first aircraft from Airbus that operated on a blend of SAF and normal fuel. The flight from Toulouse to Delhi was the first international flight to be operated by an Indian carrier using SAF. IndiGo has also joined the WEF’s Clean Skies for Tomorrow Coalition.
In May 2023, full-service carrier Vistara operated a Boeing 787 aircraft on the Delhi-Mumbai route, using a blend of 17 per cent SAF with 83 per cent conventional fuel. This was the first domestic commercial flight on a wide-body aircraft with SAF.
Union Civil Aviation minister Jyotiraditya Scindia recently stated, “We have put together an advisory saying we will look at one per cent blending of SAF by 2025, 2 per cent by 2026, and five per cent by 2030,” To this end, an SAF produced using home-grown technology from cooking oil and seeds of oil-bearing plants is likely to be certified internationally this year. With demand for air travel
surging, reduction of GHG emissions due to aviation is crucial to meet India’s commitments to reduce its overall emissions in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. India has pledged to reduce the country’s emissions by 35 per cent before 2030, in comparison to the emissions levels in 2005.
In May 2023, Boeing’s president and CEO David Calhoun warned that SAF will “never achieve the price of jet fuel”. So where does the aviation industry go from here?
Passing on some of SAF’s high cost to passengers may help to regulate demand growth. The revenues thus generated could be used to foster low-carbon innovation and address the potential economic hardship of the industry. Frequent flyers who account for around half of all aviation emissions could also be taxed. Higher taxes on business and first class tickets may help curb discretionary flying. Unwelcome and unpopular as these measures are bound to be, they may ultimately be required for aviation to be sustainable.
A decade or so ago, sustainability was an “also ran” item on the aviation industry’s agenda. Today it tops the list of priorities. A decarbonised air transport industry is the ultimate aim. Complicating the industry’s task is that it must reduce emissions even as it accommodates the growing demand of a world keen to fly. In fact, IATA estimates that there will be around four billion passengers worldwide in 2024, equalling the number in 2019, before COVID-19 caused a drastic plunge. By mid-century the number could hit an eye-popping 10 billion passengers.
The aviation industry realises that SAF is the most viable option to attain the very challenging target of net zero CO2 emissions by 2050 that has been set for it. It is therefore going all out to support a massive increase in the production and use of SAF. SP
THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT HAS been actively promoting the development of aerospace parks of late. These parks are designed to provide a conducive environment for research, development, manufacturing, and maintenance of aerospace and defence products. The government’s support for aerospace parks is part of its larger strategy to boost the country’s aerospace industry. India is currently the world’s largest buyer of aircraft, and the government believes that by developing a strong domestic manufacturing base, it can reduce its reliance on imports and become a global player in the aerospace sector.
Recently, the Tamil Nadu government’s initiative to establish an aerospace park in Sulur is a good example of promoting the aerospace ecosystem in India. The park will provide a common platform for aerospace companies to collaborate, share resources, and reduce costs. It will also help to attract new investments in the sector and create jobs.
The park is located in a strategic location, close to the Air Force Station in Sulur. This will give companies access to the runway and other facilities at the station, which will be useful for testing and maintenance of aircraft. The park is also located close to the Coimbatore International Airport, which will make it easy for companies to export their products.
The park will be developed by the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO). TIDCO has a proven track record of developing industrial parks. It has already developed several successful industrial parks in Tamil Nadu, including the Oragadam Special Economic Zone and the Chennai Export Processing Zone. The aerospace park in Sulur is expected to attract investments of around `1,000 crore. It is expected to create around 10,000 jobs. The park is expected to be operational by 2025.
The Tamil Nadu government’s initiative to establish an aerospace park in Sulur is a good example of how state governments can promote the aerospace ecosystem in India. Other state governments should follow this example and develop their own aerospace parks. This will help to create a strong aerospace industry in India and make the country a global leader in aerospace manufacturing. Following are some of the benefits of establishing aerospace parks in India:
l Attract investment from major aerospace companies
l Create jobs in the sector
The Tamil Nadu government’s initiative to develop an aerospace park in Sulur is a positive step for the aerospace industry in India. It will help to create a vibrant ecosystem that will attract new investment and create jobs.
l Promote innovation and research in the aerospace sector
l Improve India’s self-reliance in aerospace manufacturing
l Boost India’s exports of aerospace products.
However, the development of aerospace parks in India faces a number of challenges. One challenge is the lack of skilled workers. The aerospace industry is a highly technical industry, and it requires a skilled workforce. The government is working to address this challenge by establishing training programmes and by providing incentives for companies to train their employees.
Another challenge is the high cost of land and infrastructure. The cost of land in India is rising, and this is making it difficult for companies to acquire land for aerospace parks. The government is working to address this challenge by providing land at subsidised rates.
Despite these challenges, the development of aerospace parks in India offers a number of opportunities. The aerospace industry is a high-growth sector, and it is expected to create millions of jobs in the coming years. The government’s support for aerospace parks is a key factor in India’s efforts to become a global leader in the aerospace sector.
Also, the government has provided a number of incentives to attract investment in aerospace parks. These include tax breaks, land subsidies, and access to government procurement contracts. The government has also established a number of training programmes to help develop a skilled workforce for the aerospace industry.
The government’s efforts have been successful in attracting a number of major aerospace companies to India. These companies include Boeing, Airbus, and Lockheed Martin. These companies have invested in aerospace parks across the country, and they are expected to create thousands of jobs in the sector.
The development of aerospace parks is a major boost for the Indian economy and therefore the future of aerospace parks in India is bright. The aerospace industry is a high-growth sector, and it is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years, create millions of jobs in the coming years. Finally, we have the government’s support for the development of aerospace parks which can become a key factor in India’s efforts to become a global leader in the aerospace sector. SP
— ROHIT GOEL
