SP's Aviation 7/2023

TRAINING

• NEED FOR HIRING HIGHLY SKILLED PILOTS

• e VTOL PILOTS

MILITARY IRAN GOES HYPERSONIC

SHOW REPORT PARIS AIR SHOW 2023

& MUCH MORE...

MOON BOUND

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COVER

On July 14, the world looked up as Chandrayaan-3 , India’s third lunar exploration mission, embarked on its extraordinary journey toward the moon. Propelled by the robust LVM3 rocket of the ISRO, this mission aims to make history by landing on the lunar South Pole, a feat yet to be achieved by any nation. If successful, India will become the fourth country to softly touch down on the moon’s surface, following the United States, the former Soviet Union, and China. This venture is India’s second attempt at a lunar landing, following the Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. It shall also be important economically for India’s space industry in attracting possible customers for the launch vehicle. A detailed report by Ayushee Chaudhary on this launch is featured in this edition.

India’s space industry is active, growing, and expanding especially ever since the private reforms were introduced by the government in 2020. Additionally, the recent release of space policy and increasing international collaborations are becoming significant. One such player, Godrej Aerospace has been strengthening India’s Aerospace manufacturing capabilities and Neetu Dhulia presents a glimpse into that in this issue.

A key aspect of any successful operation is efficient training and quality assurance whether it’s aerospace or the upcoming era of new-age transportation. A report on prioritising quality of training over quantity by Byron Bohlman is also a part of this issue. He talks in terms of the volume of orders for new aircraft that have been placed by Indian carriers, grabbing headlines for months, establishing the need for thousands of well-trained and qualified pilots over the next 20 years. Given the sheer number of new pilots airlines must recruit, especially since many will be off-the-street candidates with little or no flying experience, high-quality training is essential.

The forthcoming eVTOL market is poised to revolutionise the aviation industry, marking a significant milestone in 2025 with the introduction of the first commercial eVTOL flights. The intricate demands of navigating eVTOLs in bustling urban

landscapes necessitate pilots with flawless training, unparalleled decision-making abilities, and the capacity to navigate uncharted challenges effortlessly which is another area highlighted by Rohit Goel in this edition.

In the aviation industry, where precision and preparedness are paramount, FlightSafety International (FSI) has emerged as a leading provider of standardised quality training for over seven decades. A report in this edition profiles FSI and what it offers to train high-quality pilots.

In the Last Word, Rohit Goel highlights that airlines must continue to invest in quality training of their commercial pilots as it plays a vital role in charting a course of safety, excellence, and success for the carrier. Training is an essential component of any industry, ensuring efficiency, growth, and safety.

Indian carriers were much in the news recently, especially Air India and IndiGo, who also announced a major aircraft order at this year’s Paris Air Show. A detailed show report of the Paris Air show by Ayushee Chaudhary, highlighting these orders and other important deals is also included in this issue. This issue also underlines advancements in propulsion technologies especially those on showcase at the air show.

All this and more in this issue of SP’s Aviation. Welcome aboard and we wish you many happy landings!

India’s Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission is not only about the exploration of the moon for India but also the world as well as it is to prove the technological capability of India for interplanetary missions in the future

Iran’s recent unveiling of a hypersonic missile has escalated tensions between the Islamic Republic and the United States, resulting in the imposition of new sanctions by Washington

IRAN GOES HYPERSONIC!

By ROHIT GOEL

Iran’s recent unveiling of the “Fattah” hypersonic ballistic missile has sparked heightened concerns among Western nations about the country’s missile capabilities. In a significant display of technological prowess, Iran officially presented its first domestically developed hypersonic ballistic missile, the Fattah on June 6, 2023. The unveiling ceremony was attended by President Ebrahim Rahisi and Commanders of Iran’s elite Revolutionary Guards Corps, underscoring the importance Iran places on its missile programme. The event garnered attention both domestically and internationally, raising Western concerns about Tehran’s advancements in missile technology.

Iran’s Fattah hypersonic missile represents a significant leap forward in the country’s missile capabilities. The precision-guided Fattah is designed to fly at speeds at least five times faster than the speed of sound, allowing it to reach a top speed of Mach 14, approximately 15,000 kilometres per hour. Its hypersonic nature, combined with a complex trajectory, makes the missile highly challenging to intercept. With a range of 1,400 kilometres, the Fattah missile boasts the capability to penetrate even the most sophisticated defence shields, thereby bolstering Iran’s defensive capabilities.The Iranian leadership asserts that the possession of hypersonic missiles serves

(ABOVE) IRGC UNVEILS HOME-MADE HYPERSONIC MISSILE ‘FATTAH’ (RIGHT) THE DOMESTICALLY-DEVELOPED HYPERSONIC MISSILE “FATTAH”, IRAN IRGC’S MOST RECENT ACHIEVEMENT, WAS UNVEILED IN THE PRESENCE OF PRESIDENT EBRAHIM RAISI

SHARIFZADEH, IRNAENGLISH / TWITTER

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY

as a vital component of the country’s defensive strategy. Iran views these advanced ballistic weapons as a necessary deterrent against potential threats posed by the United States, Israel, and other regional adversaries. Emphasising its commitment to self-defence, Iran denies any intention of pursuing nuclear weapons. Despite opposition from the US and Europe, Iran remains steadfast in its determination to develop and enhance its defensive missile programme, citing security concerns and the need to safeguard its sovereignty.

BACKGROUND ON HYPERSONIC MISSILES

Hypersonic missiles are a type of ballistic missile that can travel at speeds of Mach 5 or more. Mach 5 is five times the speed of sound, or about 3,800 miles per hour. These Hypersonic missiles are difficult to track and intercept because they can fly at lower altitudes and manoeuvre more easily than traditional ballistic missiles. They are also capable of carrying a variety of warheads, including nuclear warheads.

The development of hypersonic missiles is a major technological advancement that has the potential to revolutionise warfare. Hypersonic missiles could be used to deliver nuclear weapons with unprecedented speed and accuracy, making them a major threat to global security.

US RESPONSE – IMPOSING SANCTIONS

Following the unveiling of the hypersonic missile, the United States swiftly responded by imposing sanctions on individuals and entities from China, Hong Kong, and Iran. These sanctions target those alleged to have facilitated Iran’s ballistic missile development by procuring parts and technology. By disrupting illicit transnational procurement networks, the US aims to curb Iran’s military programmes. These actions align with a broader pattern of US measures aimed at Iran, including those related to its nuclear programme and human rights concerns.

The US condemned the test, saying that it was a “clear violation” of UN Security Council resolutions. The sanctions prohibit US citizens and companies from doing business with the two entities. “The United States will not stand by as Iran threatens the security of the region and the world,” State Department spokesperson Ned Price said in a statement.

The US State Department said the sanctions were imposed in response to Iran’s “continued development of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile programs.” Iran has denied that it is developing weapons of mass destruction. The country’s Foreign Ministry said the sanctions were “illegal and illegitimate” and that Iran would “take all necessary measures” to protect its interests.

The test of the hypersonic missile is a major setback for the Biden administration’s efforts to revive the nuclear deal. It also raises concerns about Iran’s intentions and its ability to develop more advanced weapons. The sanctions are the latest in a series of measures that the US has taken to pressure Iran to abandon its nuclear programme. Iran has denied that its nuclear programme is for military purposes, but the US and its allies have long suspected that Iran is seeking to develop nuclear weapons.

The sanctions are a sign that the US is taking Iran’s missile programme seriously. The sanctions could also have a negative impact on Iran’s economy, which is already struggling under the weight of US sanctions.

The test of the hypersonic missile is a sign that Iran is continuing to develop its military capabilities, despite the sanctions. It is also a sign that Iran is becoming increasingly defiant in the face of US pressure. It remains to be seen how Iran will respond

to the sanctions. The country could choose to continue its missile programme, or it could choose to negotiate with the US in an effort to lift the sanctions.

The US and Iran have been engaged in indirect talks in Vienna aimed at reviving the 2015 nuclear deal. Efforts to salvage the 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and six major powers have reached an impasse, creating a challenging diplomatic landscape. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran’s Supreme Leader, expressed guarded approval for a potential agreement with the West, provided that Iran’s nuclear infrastructure remains untouched. The United States remains committed to preventing Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons through diplomatic means, though military options have not been entirely ruled out. A delicate balance must be struck, addressing concerns and finding common ground to revive the nuclear agreement, ensuring regional stability, and promoting global security.

THE IMPACT OF THE SANCTIONS

The new sanctions imposed by the US on Iran are likely to have a significant impact on the country’s economy. The sanctions target Iran’s missile programme and its ballistic missile programme, which are two of the most important pillars of Iran’s military.

The sanctions are also likely to have a negative impact on Iran’s oil and gas exports. Iran is the world’s fourth-largest oil producer, and its oil exports are a major source of revenue for the country. The sanctions could reduce Iran’s oil exports by up to 50 per cent, which would have a devastating impact on the Iranian economy.

The sanctions are also likely to lead to higher inflation and unemployment in Iran. The sanctions will make it more difficult for Iran to import goods and services, which will lead to higher prices for consumers. The sanctions will also make it more difficult for Iranians to find jobs, as businesses will be forced to lay off workers in order to cut costs.

The sanctions are likely to further isolate Iran from the international community. The sanctions will make it more difficult for Iran to do business with other countries, which will make it harder for Iran to access the resources it needs to grow its economy.

The sanctions are also likely to lead to increased tensions between Iran and the US. The US has said that it is willing to use military force to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons. The sanctions could make it more likely that the US will use military force against Iran, as the US will be less willing to rely on diplomacy to resolve its differences with Iran.

The sanctions are a significant escalation in the US-Iran standoff. The sanctions are likely to have a devastating impact on Iran’s economy and could lead to increased tensions between the two countries.

CONCLUSION

Iran’s unveiling of the Fattah hypersonic missile signifies significant advancements in the country’s ballistic technology. The Fattah’s hypersonic capabilities, combined with its precision and range, have raised Western concerns about Iran’s missile programme. Iran’s leadership justifies the possession of such advanced weaponry as integral to its defensive strategy against perceived threats. In response, the US has imposed sanctions to disrupt Iran’s missile development networks. Diplomatic efforts remain crucial to revive the nuclear agreement, address concerns surrounding Iran’s missile programme, and establish a foundation for stability in the region while safeguarding global security. SP

DRIVING INDIA’S PROGRESS IN SPACE

Strengthening India’s Aerospace manufacturing capabilities, SP’s Aviation witnesses Godrej Aerospace’s remarkable impact on India’s Space and Aviation sectors

“As an integral partner to ISRO, Godrej Aerospace is proud and honored to have played a vital role in the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The launch of Chandrayaan-3 reinforces our commitment to pushing the boundaries of technological innovation and strengthens our resolve to propel India’s space exploration endeavors towards greater achievements and scientific breakthroughs. We take great pride in supplying hardware liquid propulsion engines like the Vikas Engine, CE20 Engine, and satellite thrusters.” — Maneck

Behramkamdin, AVP & Business Head, Godrej Aerospace

Godrej Aerospace, a business arm of Godrej & Boyce, has been a significant contributor to India’s space programme and civil aviation sector for over a century. From manufacturing locks and refrigerators to cutting-edge rocket engines, the company has been at the forefront of technological advancements. Let’s delve into Godrej Aerospace’s remarkable journey, which began during India’s Swadeshi movement, embodying the essence of the ‘Make in India’ vision since 1897 and has now evolved into a driving force behind the country’s space exploration and aviation endeavors.

A PIONEER IN SPACE EXPLORATION

Godrej Aerospace’s critical contributions to India’s space programme were showcased during a visit to their space parts manufacturing plant in Vikhroli, Mumbai. The company has been instrumental in major space missions, including Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan, providing essential components that have propelled India’s achievements in space exploration. They have supplied hardware liquid propulsion engines like the Vikas Engine, CE20 Engine, and satellite thrusters for various missions.

Their involvement in India’s first unmanned mission to the moon, Chandrayaan-1, and India’s first mission to Mars in 2014 highlighted Godrej Aerospace’s engineering expertise in manufacturing launch vehicle components and lunar orbit control modules. The company’s contributions to recent missions like Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 further solidify their commitment to advancing India’s space exploration efforts using indigenous expertise.

EXPANDING INTO CIVIL AVIATION

Apart from space exploration, Godrej Aerospace has ventured into the civil aviation sector, collaborating with global majors such as Rolls-Royce, Boeing, and GE. Their expertise in hi-tech machining,

complex fabrication, assembly, and testing has positioned India as a global player in the aerospace industry. The company expects 100 per cent growth in the civil aviation segment over the next three years, bolstered by the revival of the aviation sector and increasing opportunities for partnerships with Indian manufacturers.

COMMITMENT TO INDIGENOUS MANUFACTURING

Godrej Aerospace’s commitment to indigenous manufacturing and technological advancements was emphasised by Maneck Behramkamdin, AVP & Business Head, during the visit. He expressed pride in their contribution to ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 mission, exemplifying their dedication to nation-building and self-reliance. Godrej Aerospace aims to invest `250 crores in a new advanced manufacturing facility, further strengthening India’s aerospace manufacturing capabilities.

CONTRIBUTING TO SUSTAINABILITY

Anil G. Verma, Executive Director & CEO, highlighted Godrej Aerospace’s commitment to sustainability. The company actively champions social responsibility and has implemented initiatives to reduce energy consumption, conserve water, and manage waste effectively. Their commendable work with Mangrove plantations in Vikhroli reflects their dedication to sustainability and environmental conservation.

Godrej Aerospace’s journey from manufacturing locks to becoming a key player in India’s space exploration and civil aviation sectors showcases their dedication to innovation, technological excellence, and self-reliance. With significant contributions to critical missions and future growth projections, the company is poised to shape the future of India’s space sector and strengthen the nation’s position in the global aerospace industry. SP

— By Neetu Dhulia in Mumbai

INDIA, MOON BOUND!

ISRO’s third mission to the moon, Chandrayaan-3 aims to land on the lunar South Pole, a feat yet to be achieved by any nation.

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY

The world turned its gaze toward the sky on July 14, 2023 as Chandrayaan-3, India’s third lunar exploration mission, embarked on its extraordinary journey toward the moon. Propelled by the robust Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), this mission aims to make history by landing on the lunar South Pole, a feat yet to be achieved by any nation. If successful, India will become the fourth country to softly touch down on the moon’s surface, following the United States, the former Soviet Union, and China.

This venture is India’s second attempt at a lunar landing, following the Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. The first mission, Chandrayaan-1, discovered the presence of water molecules at the lunar South Pole using its orbiter. While Chandrayaan-2 could not achieve a soft landing, its orbiter continued to observe the moon. Now, Chandrayaan-3 seeks to build upon the accomplishments of its predecessors, leveraging the knowledge gained from over a decade of lunar exploration.

WHAT DOES CHANDRAYAAN-3 CONTAIN?

Chandrayaan-3, weighing 3,900 kg and with a cost of about

6.1 billion rupees ($75 million; £58 million), shares the same objectives as its previous iteration. Its primary goal remains to achieve a soft landing on the surface of the Moon, as emphasised by ISRO. The lander, named Vikram in honor of the founder of ISRO, Vikram Sarabhai, has a weight of approximately 1,500 kg. Within its payload lies the rover, Pragyaan, weighing 26 kg, aptly named after the Sanskrit word for wisdom.

Chandrayaan-3 consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), a Propulsion module (PM), and a Rover with the objective of developing and demonstrating new technologies required for Interplanetary missions. The Lander will have the capability to soft land at a specified lunar site and deploy the Rover which will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during the course of its mobility. The Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface. The main function of the PM is to carry the LM from launch vehicle injection to the final lunar 100 km circular polar orbit and separate the LM from the PM. Apart from this, the Propulsion Module also has one scientific payload as a value addition which will be operated post-separation of the Lander

Module. The launcher identified for Chandrayaan-3 is GSLVMk3 which will place the integrated module in an Elliptic Parking Orbit (EPO) of size ~170 x 36,500 km.

The propulsion module plays a vital role in carrying the lander module from the launch vehicle injection orbit to the point of separation. It will accompany the lander and rover configuration until they reach a lunar orbit of 100 km. Notably, the propulsion module is equipped with the Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload, enabling the study of Earth’s spectral and polarimetric characteristics from the lunar orbit.

Unlike its predecessor, Chandrayaan-3 does not include an orbiter. However, the propulsion module responsible for transporting the lander to lunar orbit is equipped with a scientific instrument designed to observe Earth as if it were an exoplanet. This valuable data will contribute to future studies of exoplanets.

Lander Payloads: Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature; Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site; Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations.

A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA is accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies.

Rover payloads: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) for deriving the elemental composition in the vicinity of the landing site.

A passive experiment called the LASER Retroreflector Array (LRA), contributed by NASA, will also be running in the background on the lander, collecting data that could help scientists better understand the dynamics of the moon system.

THE CHANDRAYAAN-3 ROCKET

Chandrayaan-3 was put into an elliptical orbit around the Earth by the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO’s) heaviest rocket — the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark-III. LVM3 is the operational heavy-lift launch vehicle of ISRO and has a spectacular pedigree of completing 6 consecutive successful missions. This is the 4th operational flight of LVM3, which aims to launch the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft to Geo Transfer Orbit (GTO).

LVM3 has proved its versatility to undertake most complex missions like:

• Injecting multi-satellites.

• Mission planning to ensure safe relative distance among separated satellites through re-orientation and velocity addition maneuvers.

• Multi orbit (LEO, MEO, GEO) and execute interplanetary missions.

• India’s most prominent and heaviest launch vehicle ferrying Indian and international customer satellites. LVM3-M4 will be launched from the Second Launch Pad (SLP), SDSC, SHAR.

CHANDRAYAAN-3 WAS LAUNCHED ON JULY 14, 2023, ON THE LAUNCH VEHICLE MARK-3 (LVM3) OF ISRO WITH THE AIM TO LAND ON THE MOON.

THE INTEGRATED CHANDRAYAAN-3 INCLUDING THE LANDER, THE ROVER INSIDE IT, AND THE PROPULSION MODULE

S200Separation

NOMINAL FLIGHT SEQUENCE

L110Burning Phase PLFSeparation

The rocket will also prove its capability for India’s human spaceflight as well as for global customers.

WHAT DOES CHANDRAYAAN-3 AIM TO ACHIEVE?

The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:

• To demonstrate a Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar Surface

• To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and

• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

To achieve the mission objectives, several advanced technologies are present in Lander such as:

• Altimeters: Laser & RF based Altimeters

• Velocimeters: Laser Doppler Velocimeter & Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera

• Inertial Measurement: Laser Gyro based Inertial referencing and Accelerometer package

• Propulsion System: 800N Throttleable Liquid Engines, 58N attitude thrusters & Throttleable Engine Control Electronics

• Navigation, Guidance & Control (NGC): Powered Descent Trajectory design and associate software elements

• Hazard Detection and Avoidance: Lander Hazard Detec-

tion & Avoidance Camera and Processing Algorithm

• Landing Leg Mechanism.

To demonstrate the above said advanced technologies in earth conditions, several Lander special tests have been planned and carried out successfully viz.

• Integrated Cold Test: For the demonstration of the Integrated Sensors & Navigation performance test using a helicopter as a test platform

• Integrated Hot test: For the demonstration of closed-loop performance test with sensors, actuators, and NGC using a Tower crane as a test platform

• Lander Leg mechanism performance test on a lunar simulant test bed simulating different touch-down conditions.

WHAT MAKES CHANDRAYAAN-3 SO SIGNIFICANT FOR INDIA?

Chandrayaan-3’s objectives go beyond national significance. The mission has the potential to attract investments and bolster India’s private space sector. The global space exploration market, valued at $486 billion in 2022, is predicted to reach $1,879 billion by 2032. This surge in investments will pro-

Source: ISRO

CHANDRAYAAN-2

Chandrayaan-2 was India’s second lunar exploration mission, launched by ISRO on July 22, 2019 took it ahead of Chandrayaan-1. The mission aimed to achieve a soft landing on the moon’s surface and deploy a rover to conduct scientific experiments.

The spacecraft consisted of three main components: an orbiter, a lander called Vikram, and a rover named Pragyan. The orbiter played a crucial role in Chandrayaan-2’s mission, providing communication support and capturing high-resolution images of the lunar surface. However, during the final stages of descent, the lander, Vikram, encountered an issue and deviated from its planned trajectory, resulting in a crash landing on September 7, 2019. Despite this setback, the orbiter component of Chandrayaan-2 successfully entered the moon’s orbit and continued to function as intended.

The orbiter carried a suite of scientific instruments designed to

vide a significant boost to Indian companies and the national economy.

Furthermore, Chandrayaan-3’s successful launch has enhanced the reliability of the human-rated Launch Vehicle Mark (LVM). As India prepares for the Gaganyaan mission, which aims to demonstrate human spaceflight capability, the utilisation of multiple systems rated for humans in the Chandrayaan-3 mission marks a significant milestone. The Gaganyaan project entails launching three astronauts into a 400 km orbit for a three-day mission, followed by a safe return to Earth with a landing in the Indian seas.

India’s space ecosystem is rapidly expanding, and Chandrayaan-3 plays a vital role in its development. India’s recent signing of the Artemis Accords for peaceful moon exploration, coupled with the issuance of its national space policy, showcases the nation’s commitment to boosting its space economy.

Chandrayaan-3 also signifies India’s growing indigenous technological capabilities, enabling collaborations with countries worldwide on various missions for this mission and the ones to come in the future. In 2024, India is set to launch NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar), a joint observatory that will monitor minute changes in Earth’s surface using radars contributed by both nations. Furthermore, India has partnered with Japan’s space agency for the Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) mission, which aims to study water ice present in the moon’s permanently shadowed regions.

As multiple nations compete to reach the moon and establish a long-term presence near its south pole, the Chandrayaan-3 mission positions India as a key player in future lunar exploration. With its groundbreaking technologies, scientific objectives, and collaborative spirit, Chandrayaan-3 propels India further into the forefront of global space exploration.

WHAT IS NEXT?

The mission life of the lander and the rover is one lunar day which is equal to 14 Earth days.

The spacecraft was launched around this time as this is when the moon is closest to the earth. Now the whole process of the spacecraft reaching the moon is likely to take around 42 days, with the landing slated for August 23 at the lunar dawn.

study the lunar surface, atmosphere, and phenomena like moonquakes. It played a vital role in collecting valuable data and capturing detailed images of the moon’s surface, including the intended landing site. Equipped with advanced imaging capabilities, the orbiter has been instrumental in providing highly detailed and high-resolution images of the intended landing site. This extensive data has been meticulously analysed to gain insights into the topography, identify the presence of boulders and craters, and expand the potential landing area for future missions. Despite the challenges faced during the surface mission, the accomplishments of the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter cannot be understated. Its ability to capture precise and comprehensive imagery has significantly contributed to our understanding of the moon’s terrain and will play a crucial role in guiding future landing attempts. SP

After the lift-off on July 14, the craft will take about 15 to 20 days to enter the Moon’s orbit. Scientists will then start reducing the rocket’s speed over the next few weeks to bring it to a point that will allow a soft landing for Vikram.

If all goes to plan, the six-wheeled rover will then eject and roam around the rocks and craters on Moon’s surface, gathering crucial data and images to be sent back to Earth for analysis.

One of the unique challenges of lunar landings is the absence of a substantial atmosphere to slow down spacecraft as they descend. Unlike Earth, the moon’s atmosphere is incredibly thin. As a result, spacecraft must employ a more gradual approach and decelerate themselves to achieve a successful landing.

During a post-launch press conference, ISRO Chairman Somanath emphasised the significance of the next 42 days. The mission’s nominal programme includes five earth-bound maneuvers, scheduled to conclude on July 31. Subsequently, the trans-lunar insertion will take place on August 1, propelling Chandrayaan-3 toward the moon. After the spacecraft is captured by lunar gravity, the propulsion module and lander module will separate on August 17. If all goes according to plan, the landing is slated for August 23 at 5:47 pm IST, marking a pivotal moment in India’s lunar exploration.

WHY GO TO THE LUNAR SOUTH POLE?

A major attraction of the lunar south pole lies in its unexplored terrain. In comparison to the north pole, the surface area at the south pole remains largely unexplored, with extensive regions perpetually cloaked in shadow. This unique aspect opens up the tantalising possibility of water’s presence in these permanently shadowed areas. The revelation of water on the Moon during the Chandrayaan-1 mission in 2008, near the south pole, further solidified the region’s significance.

NASA aptly acknowledges the challenges posed by the lunar south pole, describing it as a location with extreme and contrasting conditions. Nevertheless, these unique characteristics also hold immense promise for groundbreaking scientific discoveries in deep space. The region’s mysteries and distinct attributes make it an ideal setting for humanity to venture, reside, and conduct pioneering research. SP

NEED FOR HIRING HIGHLY SKILLED PILOTS

By BYRON BOHLMAN

The volume of orders for new aircraft by Indian carriers has been grabbing headlines for months – 492 from IndiGo and 470 for Air India alone. As if that wasn’t enough, IndiGo announced yet another order for 500 more A320 family airplanes at this year’s Paris Air Show. The move secured future positions on the burgeoning Airbus assembly line.

The more than 2,000 new aircraft that will join India’s airline fleets will need a small army of pilots, yet the supply of experienced personnel is limited. The need is critical after many retired during the pandemic or sought employment in other industries. The shortage is particularly acute in the USA where airlines are forced to park and accelerate the retirement

In light of the extensive demand for new pilots, high-quality training for Pilots plays a crucial and significant role in building wings of excellence. Merely relying on number of flight hours as a measure of competence does not capture the true capabilities of a pilot.

TRAINING PILOTS

of regional jets for lack of crew. Accordingly, United Airlines has indicated its mainline airplanes will start flying to some cities previously served by its regional partners.

SOURCING EXPERIENCE PILOTS

Historically, major carriers sourced new pilots with military and regional airline flying experience yet the numbers provided by these groups isn’t sufficient to meet the exceptional demand. Unlike the USA, India does not have a well-established regional airline industry from which it can tap into qualified talent eager to advance to a mainline career. Regional airlines themselves are competing for pilots and must pay lower salaries on their smaller-capacity jets and turboprops.

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER INVESTMENTS

Airbus and Boeing estimate India needs between 31,000 and 34,000 new pilots over the next 20 years to manage crew attrition and to fly the new airplanes coming online. Both manufacturers are investing in training and facilities to help build the pilot workforce.

Airbus has its own pilot and maintenance centre near New Delhi which includes A320 full flight simulators, and computerbased classroom, aircraft procedures, and pilot transition training. It also has a training centre in Bengaluru. Boeing recently announced a $100 million investment for pilot training programmes and training infrastructure in the country. It also signed CAE as its authorised provider in India for the OEM’s Competency-Based Training and Assessment training curriculum.

MASSIVE RECRUITING DRIVE BY INDIAN CARRIERS

Recruiting some 30,000 new pilots is a continuous process for airlines but the orders for new aircraft has intensified those efforts. Without a pool of qualified candidates from which to choose, and with competition for experienced cockpit personnel worldwide, Indian carriers put out the call.

Catchy headlines on advertisements like “Fly into the Future with Air India” and “Are You Ready to Max It?” appeared in publications across India soliciting new hires for Air India and Air India Express cockpits. The messages succeeded in generating over 700 applications in just one week. Both AI and AIX conducted in-person recruiting drives in New Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru.

Air India’s requirement for new pilots is particularly acute given the speed at which it and Air India Express are adding new airplanes. AIX has hired more than 280 pilots since last October and will begin training crews on the first of 190 B737

MAX jets that start arriving later this year. Combined, Air India and AIX have added more than 500 new pilots to their rosters since January.

Air India is adding about 50 pilots each month, about five times the airline’s pre-privatisation rate, yet the number isn’t

sufficient to crew the B777s and A350s joining the fleet in the next 12 months. Accordingly, it has temporarily hired expat pilots to fly those types until it can staff them with its own employees.

The insolvency of Go First Airlines makes its flight crew attractive candidates for Air India, IndiGo, and Akasa Air because of their flying experience and rating on the Airbus A320. IndiGo is recruiting to staff the 40 to 50 new aircraft it will add this year.

DO THEY HAVE THE RIGHT STUFF?

In the absence of sufficient numbers of experienced pilots on the market, airlines have developed their own training programmes, often in partnership with accredited flight academies that follow strict airline-oriented curricula.

Applicants for cadet pilot positions at IndiGo, for example, are first evaluated on their temperament, mental aptitude, and potential to become airmen and airwomen.

They are assessed on their ability to monitor and react quickly, multi-task, control complex situations, their sense of direction, plus other criteria that measure coordination and behaviour. If they pass the company’s screeners, they must complete a customised course with the airline’s training partner, Skyborne Airline Academy in the USA.

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A PILOT’S TRUE COMPETENCE CANNOT BE JUDGED ONLY BY THE NUMBER OF HOURS FLOWN. HIGH QUALITY TRAINING PRODUCES HIGH QUALITY PILOTS.

TRAINING ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

FLYING INTO THE FUTURE

The intricate demands of navigating eVTOLs in bustling urban landscapes necessitate pilots with flawless training, unparalleled decision-making abilities and the capacity to navigate uncharted challenges effortlessly

By ROHIT GOEL

The forthcoming eVTOL (electric vertical take-off and landing) market is poised to revolutionise the aviation industry, marking a significant milestone in 2025 with the introduction of the first commercial eVTOL flights. Aircraft manufacturers have invested years of unwavering dedication, sleepless nights, and visionary dreams to capture the world’s attention

with these silent aircraft, featuring innovative configurations capable of performing inter- and intra-city operations that were previously inaccessible to the public.

The growing demand for pilots is already a pressing issue in the aviation industry, with airlines worldwide competing to attract new recruits to their ranks. By 2030, an additional quar-

FLYING EVTOLS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS WILL REQUIRE PILOTS WITH EXCEPTIONAL DECISION-MAKING SKILLS AND THE CAPACITY TO HANDLE UNFAMILIAR CHALLENGES

TRAINING ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

ter of a million fixed-wing pilots will be required for civilian operations. Consequently, the emergence of a burgeoning new aviation sector that necessitates qualified pilots might seem like unfortunate timing. However, if the vision of commercial eVTOL flights is to become a reality, operators must ensure they have access to the right pilots.

The initial group of eVTOL pilots will face intense scrutiny, as they will not only fly the first passengers but also do so under the watchful eye of the media. The source of these “top gun” pilots and the methods employed by the airline industry to ensure their suitability for the job are crucial questions. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has made it clear that the first eVTOL pilots will hold commercial pilot licenses (CPL) and will undergo a transition course. In the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) jurisdiction, eVTOL pilots will possess either an airplane CPL or a helicopter CPL, supplemented by an eVTOL-specific type rating. The regulators expect eVTOL pilots to meet the same hour requirements as current operators, ruling out the possibility of candidates with no prior aviation experience. Additionally, the operators themselves prioritise highly experienced individuals who can handle the challenges of operating singlepilot flights on high-visibility routes into densely populated city centres.

To ensure safety, airlines will tap into their pool of highly skilled and experienced pilots, often referred to as “top-gun pilots,” to spearhead these initiatives. These pilots are intimately familiar with their airline’s safety culture and will be entrusted with the responsibility of flight testing and leading the way in this new era of aviation. It is not only their temperament that makes them well-suited for flying eVTOLs but also their decision-making skills. eVTOL pilots will navigate unfamiliar urban environments, possibly requiring skillsets similar to those of helicopter pilots. The complexities such pilots will encounter include operating in urban canyons, dealing with micro weather patterns, managing communication dead zones, and making rapid decisions in dense airspace where multiple vehicles share condensed air traffic corridors.

eVTOL PILOT TRAINING

There are a number of companies that are currently providing eVTOL pilot training. These companies offer a variety of training programmes, ranging from ab initio training for those with no prior flight experience to transition training for pilots who already hold a commercial pilot’s license. The training programmes typically include both simulator and flight training, and they cover a range of topics, including Aircraft systems,

Flight controls, VTOL operations, Emergency procedures and Airspace regulations.

The details of eVTOL pilot training programmes vary from company to company, but there are some common elements. All eVTOL pilot training programmes include theoretical training on the principles of eVTOL flight. This training typically covers topics such as aerodynamics, propulsion, and flight controls.

In addition to theoretical training, all eVTOL pilot training

programmes include simulator-based training. Simulatorbased training allows pilots to practice the skills they need to fly eVTOL aircraft in a safe and controlled environment. This training is typically conducted in a full-motion simulator that replicates the flight characteristics of the eVTOL aircraft. The simulator training allows pilots to practice the different flight modes of the aircraft, including vertical take-off and landing, as well as normal and emergency procedures. The flight training is typically conducted in a light aircraft that has similar flight characteristics to the eVTOL aircraft. The flight training allows pilots to practice the different flight modes of the aircraft in a realworld environment.

The length of eVTOL pilot training programmes also varies from company to company. Some programmes can be completed in as little as six weeks, while others can take up to six months. The cost of eVTOL pilot training varies from company to company and depends on a number of factors, including the type of training programme, the aircraft used for training, and the experience of the instructor.

eVTOL pilot training is essential for navigating the complexities of this transformative industry, preparing pilots for the future of air travel

AS THE EVTOL INDUSTRY GROWS, MORE TRAINING COMPANIES WILL OFFER EVTOL PILOT TRAINING PROGRAMMES

TRAINING ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

LILIUM AND FLIGHTSAFETY INTERNATIONAL SIGN FLIGHT SIMULATOR AND TRAINING AGREEMENT

FAA REGULATIONS

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recognises that powered-lift aircraft, defined as heavier-than-air vehicles capable of vertical take-off, vertical landing, and low-speed flight, will soon enter the civilian market with complex designs and varying degrees of automation. These aircraft are expected to perform diverse operations, including transportation to offshore oil rigs, air ambulance services, and urban air taxis. To address these advancements, the FAA proposes permanent changes to pilot certification and operation regulations in parts 61, 135, and 142, along with temporary changes through a Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR). These modifications aim to train and certify powered-lift pilots and instructors, create temporary alternatives for airman certification, remove operational barriers, and mitigate safety risks. The proposed SFAR would be effective for a duration of 10 years.

Furthermore, powered-lift aircraft will play a significant role in supporting the deployment of AAM operations, which encompass revolutionary new aircraft for moving people and cargo, such as air taxis and eVTOL aircraft. Congress has directed the Department of Transportation to establish an advanced air mobility working group to coordinate efforts for integrating these aircraft into the national airspace.

Overall, this rulemaking is a vital step in facilitating the safe and equitable integration of powered-lift and AAM solutions into the national airspace. By establishing clear regulations, the FAA aims to promote competition and enable these innovative aviation technologies to enter the market, revolutionising air travel.

CONCLUSION

Lilium N.V., developer of the first all-electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) jet, has agreed to partner with premier professional aviation training company, FlightSafety International (FSI). Future pilots and mechanics will be qualified by FlightSafety International in their industryleading training devices and State-of-the-art flight simulator representing the Lilium Jet will support type-certification.

The agreement establishes FlightSafety as the exclusive developer and provider for flight training devices for the Lilium Jet. This will include industry-leading, immersive, and mixed reality simulators for training, as well as an early flight simulator representative of the Lilium Jet cockpit, to be used by Lilium engineers. Additionally, FSI will develop and deliver training programmes, including online training programme modules, for qualification of future Lilium pilots and mechanics worldwide.

Sebastien Borel, Chief Commercial Officer, Lilium said, “This partnership represents another critical milestone that will support the Lilium Jet’s progress through certification and commercial launch. Thanks to FSI’s vast experience and expertise in the field of aircraft simulators, we look forward to enabling all Lilium pilots to get familiar with our aircraft before commercial launch.”

Nathan Speiser, EVP Sales and Marketing, FlightSafety International said, “It is our mission to deliver best-in-class pilot training, globally, while working with new partners to bring new, sustainable modes of transport with cost effective training capabilities. We are excited to be working with leading eVTOL manufacturer Lilium, to advance and deliver training that empowers and prepares pilots for the world of eVTOL flight.”

FSI continues to support the emerging Advance Air Mobility (AAM) market with the latest innovative and cutting-edge technology to support distance learning training curriculums and the latest advances in training device manufacturing. SP

As of now, there are 36 traditional companies with Aircraft Operator’s Certificates (AOC) that have placed orders for eVTOL aircraft. These operators vary in terms of their maturity and readiness, with some waiting for aircraft programmes to progress before dedicated planning, while others have advanced operational planning teams collaborating with local stakeholders.

The upcoming eVTOL market represents a significant leap forward for the aviation industry. Pilots selected for these pioneering flights will face immense pressure, requiring nerves of steel and the ability to operate under intense media scrutiny. Airlines and Operators of eVTOLs will rely on their most experienced pilots, known for their expertise and adherence to safety protocols, to ensure the success of these early routes. The demanding nature of flying eVTOLs in urban environments necessitates pilots with exceptional decision-making skills and the capacity to handle unfamiliar challenges.

This will put the pilot training as the most crucial aspect of transitioning to be an eVTOL pilot. eVTOL pilot training is a complex and challenging endeavour, but it is also a rewarding one. eVTOL pilots will be responsible for the safe operation of these new aircraft, and they will play a vital role in the future of urban air mobility. The future of eVTOL pilot training is still uncertain, as the regulatory environment for eVTOL aircraft is still being developed. However, it is clear that there will be a significant demand for eVTOL pilots in the coming years. As the eVTOL industry continues to grow, we can expect to see more training companies offering eVTOL pilot training programmes.

The race to be at the forefront of this transformative industry has already begun, with numerous airlines positioning themselves as early adopters by placing orders and making preparations for the deployment of eVTOLs. Correct training of these pilots that ensures safety of passengers and cargo will determine the success and adoption of eVTOLs. SP

FSI WILL BE THE EXCLUSIVE DEVELOPER AND PROVIDER FOR FLIGHT TRAINING DEVICES FOR LILIUM

ELEVATING TRAINING TO NEW HEIGHTS

FlightSafety International’s training programmes encompass both physical and virtual settings, with courses offered in traditional classrooms, advanced simulators, and through e-learning and LiveLearning platforms

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY

FLIGHTSAFETY INTERNATIONAL HAS EMERGED AS A LEADING PROVIDER OF STANDARDISED QUALITY TRAINING IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Training is an essential component of any industry, ensuring efficiency, growth, and safety. In the aviation industry, where precision and preparedness are paramount, FlightSafety International (FSI) has emerged a leading provider of standardised quality training for over seven decades. With a commitment to excellence, FSI offers a wide range of core and advanced master-level courses tailored to the specific needs of aviation professionals.

FSI’s training programmes encompass physical and virtual settings, with courses offered in traditional classrooms, advanced simulators, and e-learning and LiveLearning platforms. The company provides training for pilots, technicians, and other aviation professionals from 167 countries and independent territories. FlightSafety operates the world’s largest fleet of advanced full-flight simulators at Learning Centres and training locations globally.

From fixed-wing to rotary and unmanned systems; from pilots to maintenance technicians, dispatchers, and more, FSI offers a large variety of training options to choose from which is further customised based on the manufacturer and model.

PILOT TRAINING

FSI boasts of empowering its pilots with unwavering calmness and composure needed for all situations, from the everyday to the unusual. Initial, recurrent, advanced, or special operations training, FSI’s goal is to advance missions by offering the specific training support needed, including access to cuttingedge simulator technology, specially designed training environments, and the expertise of professional Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)- and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)-qualified instructors. The emphasis lies on reliability, convenience and flexibility.

FSI focuses on providing comprehensive & tailored training programmes. FSI’s Master Aviator and Advanced Training programmes on select aircraft go beyond the fundamentals, offering deeper knowledge of the aircraft and professional development. FSI also offers United States veterans training on approved programmes at learning centres across the US FSI also offers training for regional airline operators through their global network of training locations.

FlightSafety’s Advanced Training helps develop solid flying skills, swift and accurate decisions, and precise crew communication. FSI designed these courses to enhance the skills with targeted, aircraft-specific training in a controlled environment. Compelling scenarios, coupled with breakthroughs in simulator technology provide aircrews situational awareness tools, decision making tools, performance targets and exceptional hand flying skills well above that required by regulatory training.

Courses are available for both Fixed Wing as well as Helicopter. Fixed wing courses include, Advanced Upset Prevention & Recovery Training (UPRT), Advanced Energy Management, Advanced Rejected Takeoff Go/No-Go, Advanced CRM, Human Factors LOFT while those for helicopter courses include Advanced Energy Management, Advanced Helicopter CRM, and Advanced Helicopter Surviving I/IMC.

One of the critical aspects of FSI’s training methodology is expert, individualised instruction. With real-time insights and proven experience, instructors tailor the training to the specific needs of each individual, ensuring personalised and effective learning. This approach allows aviation professionals to enhance their skills, gain situational awareness, develop effective decision-making tools, and acquire exceptional hand-flying skills.

Another standout feature of FSI’s training programmes is the focus on reality replication. By incorporating the most up-to-date best practices and utilising advanced simulation technology, FSI ensures that its training programmes mirror real-world situations as accurately as possible. The use of patented methods, immersive technology, and countless training scenarios empowers aviation professionals to navigate real-life challenges with confidence and precision.

FSI also has special Corporate Flight Attendant Programmes and Cabin Safety Training Programmes. Unmanned training programmes and those for the government and military are some additional highlights that FSI offers.

GOVERNMENT & MILITARY TRAINING

Apart from business and commercial training, FSI also provides mission-critical training programmes and equipment to military and government flight crews the world over – including every branch of the US armed forces. “With operations at 15 US

FSI’S COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE AND TAILORED COURSES HAS MADE THEM A TRUSTED CHOICE FOR AVIATION PROFESSIONALS WORLDWIDE

military bases, we provide instruction on military pilot training, tankers, transport and tilt-rotor aircraft, helicopters, cargo load, and refueling boom operators. More than 40 national governments entrust FSI-trained pilots with the safety of their diplomats and heads of state. We deliver state-of-the-art simulations to leading commercial, government, and military organisations worldwide,” FSI states.

They provide instruction on military pilot training, tankers, transport and tilt-rotor aircraft, helicopters, cargo load, and refueling boom operators. FSI states that its flight simulators feature CrewView All-Glass Mirror Displays that provide superior optical performance, sharper image clarity, longterm reliability, and are night vision capable.

Advances in simulations have significantly improved the effectiveness of government and military training in all phases. Some features of FSI’s simulations include:

• Enhanced computational power generates scene content providing the greatest visual fidelity.

• Superior projectors, glass displays, and sensors work with better modeling for flow fields around military aircraft.

• Training is linked across simulators and devices in different locations.

• An air refueling mission could have tanker pilots training in one location, while boom operators train simultaneously somewhere else, with crews debriefing the mission to improve performance.

• Operators use real equipment such as night vision goggles, to enhance their realism and their skills.

UAS TRAINING

FSI continues to invest into the field of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) training. Leveraging their experience in military training and corporate aviation, FlightSafety offers a variety of advanced drone training solutions. Whether it’s becoming a drone pilot, starting a commercial UAS operation, or enhancing existing UAS operations, FSI provides comprehensive training to ensure safe and efficient flight operations. From implementation to operational standardisation, advanced drone training provides comprehensive solutions to ensure that flight mission objectives are safely achieved.

Recently at the European Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition (EBACE) 2023, Dronamics, developers of unmanned aerial systems for shipping commercial and special cargo applications, signed an agreement with FlightSafety to develop and deliver initial and recurrent pilot training for Dronamics’ Black Swan aircraft. Future training development opportunities also exist for Dronamics’ by utilising FlightSafety’s long history in providing maintenance, dispatch, and specialty enrichment courses to pilots and technicians around the world.

DATA-DRIVEN TRAINING

FSI has partnered with GE Digital to offer data-based training to business aviation professionals worldwide. This collaboration leverages GE Digital’s data-driven C-FOQA insight to proactively reduce risk by focusing on preparedness for potential threats even before they manifest.

GE Digital’s C-FOQA data, encompassing over 300 operators and 1,000+ aircraft, identifies precursors to aviation

FSI HAS PARTNERED WITH GE DIGITAL TO OFFER DATA-BASED TRAINING TO BUSINESS AVIATION PROFESSIONALS WORLDWIDE

“Actual flight data will allow us to tailor training to address safety threats before crews even experience them”

— Brad Thress, President, and CEO, FlightSafety International.

accidents and incidents. These real-world insights enable FlightSafety International to tailor their training approach based on risk assessment. Threats such as runway excursions, Loss of Control in Flight (LOC-I), Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT), touchdown point control, and wingtip clearance protection are among the areas addressed. The partnership between FlightSafety and GE Digital ensures that crews gain real-world insight through their training environment, which is further customised to aircraft type, airport location, and operational nature.

“Actual flight data will allow us to tailor training to address safety threats before crews even experience them,” said Brad Thress, President, and CEO, FlightSafety International.

NEED HIGHLY SKILLED...

FSI offers training for regional airline operators too through their global network of training locations. They deliver turnkey service to establish, operate and support highly effective, costefficient training facilities for airlines and large commercial aircraft operators. FSI also offers master-level pilot training to enhance skills with targeted, aircraft-specific training in a controlled environment, as well as master-level advanced pilot training ensuring its curriculum expands aviation education beyond the fundamentals covered by initial and recurrent training.

FSI’s commitment to excellence extends beyond traditional aviation training and the company continues to expand its offerings to cater to various segments within the industry. SP

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Trainees begin studying in India then move to Florida for 12 months of intensive instruction. Successful cadets earn their FAA licenses which they can then convert to DGCA licenses when they return to India, a process that takes two months. The final stage involves travel to Abu Dhabi for three months of additional training before receiving their Multi-Crew Cooperation (MCC) and A320 type ratings.

QUALIFICATION IS MORE THAN JUST ACCUMULATED HOURS

ICAO maintains that “relying solely on number of hours does not always effectively capture a pilot’s true competence.” The quality of a pilot “… can encompass a number of factors, including, but not limited to, training received, operational context, singleengine or multi-engine flight time, multi-crew operations and weather-related flight experience.”

While a pilot may have accumulated sufficient hours to be considered for hire, airlines must scrutinise the applicant’s background. IATA reported that operators are “experiencing licensing training limitations” with some approved training organisations and that “the standard of performance achieved at the end of training is not always aligned with the standard of performance expected by the operators.”

ICAO also believes “the industry has reached a crossroads in determining how pilots need to be selected, hired, trained, and

professionally mentored for career growth.” The organisation has called for more attention to the quality of pilot training “… which depends on … the capacity and training organisations, structure of training programmes, specificities and training tools … qualification of ground and flight instructors, as well as adequacy of safety oversight by regulators.”

In other words, high quality training produces high quality pilots.

PRIORITY ON SELECTING QUALITY PILOTS

Given the sheer number of new pilots Indian carriers must recruit, especially since many will be off-the-street candidates with little or no flying experience, high-quality training is essential.

The best pilots are able to handle real-world situations, evaluate risks, have the skills and knowledge for quick decision-making, have a thorough understanding of automation and its limitations and, of course, have superlative manual flying abilities.

Moreover, they must be proficient in effective crew resource managementand know that human factors always play a role in flight safety.

It will be a tall order for India’s airline recruiting departments to fill because it takes years, not just hours, to produce a good pilot. SP

(LEFT-RIGHT) FSI’S TRAINING METHODOLOGY THROUGH ADVANCED SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY INCLUDES EXPERT, INDIVIDUALISED INSTRUCTIONS INCORPORATING THE LATEST BEST PRACTICES

SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL A SPECIAL REPORT

Both Airbus and Boeing are in the process of developing aircraft technologically compatible with 100 per cent SAF. Numerous demonstration flights have been conducted to show that burning “neat” SAF is possible without compromising safety.

By JOSEPH NORONHA

Many people perhaps feel that the danger of catastrophic and irreversible climate change caused by global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is something comfortably remote. It may happen in the distant future – perhaps around the turn of the century – and by then science would probably find viable solutions and avert any crisis. However, according to a new update issued by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in May 2023, there is a 66 per cent chance that the annual average near-surface global temperature between 2023 and 2027 will be more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for at least one year. The temperature could again drop from that peak, but that is cold comfort. Climate scientists believe that a rise of 1.5°C is a climate change red line and overshooting it even for a few years is risky. It

may trigger tipping points that cannot be uncrossed – such as the melting of permafrost that would, in turn, release vast amounts of trapped CO2 and intensify global warming.

The aviation industry is also acutely aware that although it is not a major emitter of GHG its share of global emissions will rise steeply in tandem with traffic growth. By the end of 2023 the global commercial aviation fleet could reach an all-time high of 28,000 planes and Boeing estimates that the number of aircraft would balloon to around 47,000 by 2040. For these tens of thousands of airliners to keep burning fossil fuel and spewing CO2 into the atmosphere is clearly unsustainable.

Sustainable aviation has therefore become something of a buzz phrase in recent years. Consequently, in 2021, member

THE MAIN HOPE OF MAKING AVIATION SUSTAINABLE AND ACHIEVING NET ZERO CARBON EMISSIONS BY 2050 RESTS ON SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL (SAF)

POWER-TO-LIQUID (PTL) SAF PRODUCTION PATHWAY

airlines of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) committed to achieve net zero carbon emissions from their operations by 2050. Besides new aircraft technologies, more efficient operations, direct carbon capture (DCC) and credible offsetting schemes, the main hope of making aviation sustainable rests on sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Indeed, as much as 65 per cent of the reduction of GHG emissions required to attain IATA’s challenging net zero goal is expected to come from SAF.

WHAT IS SAF?

SAF is an umbrella term for all aviation fuels produced without the use of fossil energy. The term “sustainable” highlights the fact that the production process does not have a detrimental impact on the environment, since it involves neither deforestation nor land use change, nor does it require large amounts of fresh water. It also implies that the feedstock is obtained by focusing on waste-to-fuel and power-to-liquid (PtL) solutions, not by grabbing arable land from farmers. By design, SAFs are “drop-in” fuels that can be directly blended into existing airport infrastructure and are fully compatible with modern airliners.

SAF TECHNOLOGIES

A common misconception is that SAF is one particular type of fuel. In fact, SAFs can be produced from a variety of feedstocks (42 at last count) and through several different technologies, each with its own set of challenges. As of April 2023, nine conversion processes for SAF production have been approved and eight others are under evaluation by ASTM International. Researchers are continuously developing and refining new ways to create SAF and to produce it at lower cost from an expanding set of technologies and feedstocks.

• First Generation SAFs: These are the cheapest, simplest to produce and hence most commonly available type. They come from fats, oils and greases (FOGs). They reduce CO2 emissions by 50 to 80 per cent compared to normal jet fuel over the lifecycle of the product. The obvious problem is limited availability of feedstocks which prevents significant scaling up of production.

• Second Generation SAFs: These types of SAF are obtained from biomass and municipal solid waste and can poten-

tially reduce GHG emissions by 85 to 95 per cent over their lifecycle. Biomass may include algae, crop residues, animal waste, sludge and forestry residue. However, production often requires advanced technologies and complex processes, such as thermochemical or biochemical conversion, that can be rather expensive and energy-intensive.

PtL – THE NEXT GENERATION

The most promising technology for SAF, albeit currently the most expensive, is PtL. PtL SAF involves the production of synthetic liquid hydrocarbon fuel using green hydrogen and non-fossil CO2 as the main feedstocks. This SAF process can potentially reduce GHG emissions by as much as 99 per cent especially if it uses CO2 obtained by direct air capture (DAC) and green hydrogen produced through electrolysis using renewable electricity. With a practically infinite supply of CO2 as feedstock, progress can be made towards a circular carbon economy. PtL processes vary. But all have in common the creation of a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, known as syngas. At appropriate temperatures and pressures, syngas can be processed to yield hydrocarbons and water through the FischerTropsch process.

In November 2021, in a world-first, an Ikarus C42 microlight aircraft flown by an RAF pilot completed a short flight in the UK powered entirely by synthetic fuel. Zero Petroleum’s UL91 fuel is manufactured by extracting hydrogen from water and carbon from atmospheric CO2. Using energy generated from renewable sources like wind or solar, these are combined to create the synthetic fuel.

In February 2023, SAF developer Air Company was awarded a contract by the US Air Force (USAF) to install its technology at various USAF bases. According to the USAF, Airmade SAF is the first fuel made entirely from CO2 emissions that matches the properties and performance of jet A-1 fuel, including aromatics. The fuel is net carbon neutral requiring as much captured carbon input as is emitted when it is burned. Therefore, instead of increasing emissions, it is recycling them.

FOR AND AGAINST SAF

Some of the key benefits of SAF (to use the singular term for

Source: ICAO

ENVIRONMENT SAF

all aviation fuels produced without the use of fossil-energy sources) are:

• SAF can be readily blended with normal jet fuel and potentially fully replace it.

• It generates up to 80 per cent less CO2 during its lifecycle.

• SAF also emits much less particulate matter and sulphur compounds that otherwise contribute to contrail formation and other climate change impacts.

• It has a higher energy density than normal jet fuel.

• Neither aircraft nor airports need to be redesigned.

• SAF can help farmers and the community by using waste from farms and landfills to produce fuel.

On the other hand SAF has its share of critics who cite its many disadvantages:

• SAF can be up to five times as costly as normal fuel.

• Since it releases CO2 into the atmosphere, like fossil fuel, it still contributes significantly to climate change.

• With many industries scrambling to obtain the same limited feedstocks, the aviation industry’s frenzied pursuit of SAF may deprive those more in need.

• Feedstock from food fats will be quickly exhausted, raising food prices and, threatening forests and farmland. For instance, there are growing suspicions that countries like China and Malaysia are passing off virgin palm oil – grown on plantations that contribute to tropical deforestation – as “used cooking oil” for SAF production.

PRODUCTION PAINS

In September 2021, the US government released a comprehensive strategy to accelerate the domestic production of SAF, initially to deliver 3 billion gallons per year by 2030 and 35 billion gallons by 2050. Its “Flight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel” roadmap sets out a framework for the “SAF Grand Challenge”, a collaboration between multiple government agencies and the aviation industry to expedite decarbonisation of America’s aviation industry. The roadmap estimates a 600-fold increase in SAF production by 2030 compared to 2021, with a need for more than 400 bio-refineries and 1 billion tonnes of biomass or gaseous CO2 feedstock to meet 2050’s goal.

At present several airlines are racing to secure access to SAF to meet their own needs but also as a hedge against supply mandates in Europe and many other countries expected from 2025 onwards. However, the US assessment gives an idea of the scale of the problem ahead. Annual global SAF production that was just 538 million litres in 2022 needs to be boosted to 449 billion litres by 2050 (see graphic) in order to meet IATA’s net zero goal. This could perhaps be likened to a novice mountaineer still at base camp but aspiring to scale Mount Everest. It is difficult to imagine when and where the thousands of bio-refineries, renewable power plants and green hydrogen, carbon capture and other SAF facilities will be established, or who will make the mammoth investments required.

INDIA’S INITIATIVE

In May 2023, Hardeep Singh Puri, Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, said that India plans to mandate the use of one per cent SAF for domestic airlines by 2025. The reason for this rather modest blending target is the limited availability of SAF in the country.

However, with the global demand for SAF likely to skyrocket in the next few years India too can make an impact in the market. Municipal solid waste as feedstock is plentiful and the country currently has no environmentally friendly way of

EXPECTED SAF REQUIRED FOR NET ZERO BY 2050 (BILLION LITRES)

dealing with it. Similarly agro and forestry waste is abundant provided a system can be worked out to collect and use it productively. The government needs to establish a proper roadmap and economic incentives for SAF production so as to cash in on this golden opportunity to produce and perhaps export SAF. It would also help India meet its commitment of net zero carbon emissions by 2070.

NEAT AND ATTRACTIVE

SAF cannot be seen as an instant route to aviation’s environmental sustainability. One crucial requirement for its use to spread globally is the development of suitable standards to allow any type of SAF to be used interchangeably on any commercial aircraft anywhere in the world – much like normal jet fuel at present.

Linked with this is the issue of permitting the use of 100 per cent or “neat” SAF – an essential if the industry is to meet its long-term climate goals. Both Airbus and Boeing are in the process of developing aircraft technologically compatible with 100 per cent SAF. Numerous demonstration flights have been conducted to show that burning “neat” SAF is possible without compromising safety.

However, airlines that typically operate on very low margins are unlikely to find SAF appealing unless costs drop. Government intervention is essential to make SAF more attractive. Otherwise, there is a significant risk that global SAF production will fall short of the requirement. PtL SAF especially needs to be encouraged despite its high cost, since it is perhaps the most environmentally sustainable in the long run. Some analysts believe that SAF is unlikely ever to equal the price of jet fuel, which means increased fares are inevitable. This is not a prospect that will appeal either to the airline industry or to passengers but it may have to be faced sooner rather than later if the global transition to SAF is to gain momentum. SP

A SPECTACLE OF GROWTH

With an estimated $150 billion worth of contracts signed, the Paris Air Show’s return underlined the show’s significance as a catalyst for economic growth and industry development

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY

After a four-year pause caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the highly anticipated International Paris Air Show returned with a bang. This edition was the 54th in its history, marking a significant milestone as it resumes at Le Bourget Parc des Expositions from June 19 to 25, 2023. Organised by SIAE, a subsidiary of GIFAS, the French Aerospace Industries Association, the show attracted aviation enthusiasts, industry leaders, and trade visitors from around the globe.

A record-breaking 322 official delegations from over 100 countries graced the show, including an impressive lineup of ministers, secretaries of state, and chiefs of staff.

With an exhibition space spanning 1,25,000 square meters, the show had about 2,500 companies representing 46 countries. Among them were 300 innovative start-ups, showcasing cuttingedge technologies and advancements in the aerospace industry. A total of 3,00,000 visitors attended the show, including 1,30,000

PARIS AIR SHOW 2023, ORGANISED AFTER A GAP OF FOUR YEARS DUE TO THE PANDEMIC, CONTINUED TO FLY HIGH AS ONE OF THE LEADING AIR SHOWS IN THE WORLD. THIS YEAR, THE FOCUS WAS ON AERIAL INNOVATIONS, TECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABILITY.

SHOW REPORT PARIS AIR SHOW 2023

unique professional visitors (with 43 per cent of them being from outside of France) from all corners of the world. The show also opened its doors to the general public, welcoming 1,70,000 enthusiastic aviation enthusiasts who marveled at the aircraft displays and enjoyed the thrilling aerobatic performances.

During the event, an estimated $150 billion worth of contracts were signed, underlining the show’s significance as a catalyst for economic growth and industry development.

INVOCATING INNOVATION

• The Paris Air Lab, now in its third edition, drew focus on the global transition to decarbonised travel, the lab featured a vast network of programmes, research projects, and technological breakthroughs. Attendees had the opportunity to explore innovations in technology, aerial operations, alternative energy sources, and manufacturing supporting the industry’s transformation. Key industry specialists presented talks on the challenging roadmap to achieving low emissions and carbon-neutral air transport by 2050.

• The Paris Air Mobility event brought together key players in the advanced air mobility (AAM) ecosystem. It showcased the latest innovations and emerging technologies in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL). The event combined an exhibition area for manufacturers and start-ups to display their products and services with a conference programme featuring senior-level speakers discussing the current state of the AAM market and future industry advancements.

• The Show also showcased the future of the aerospace industry through the Start-Me-Up initiative. This platform welcomed French and international start-ups, creating an environment for encounters and synergies on forward-looking themes such as the environment, new technologies, digitalisation, and passenger experience. Nearly 296 start-ups from 21 countries participated, fostering a dynamic exchange of ideas.

The electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, received a significant spotlight at the Paris Air Show (PAS). The 2023 Paris Air Show showcased the future of air transport, including the rise of eVTOL aircraft and the industry’s commitment to decarbonisation. It provided a platform for innovation, collaboration, and knowledge exchange among industry professionals, start-ups, and key stakeholders.

Volocopter’s 2X model opened the daily flying display, signaling the arrival of these revolutionary vehicles. Volocopter also successfully conducted its first flight trials in Saudi Arabia, receiving special flight authorisation in the Kingdom. Other prominent eVTOL companies, including Archer, Lilium, Eve Air Mobility, and more, showcased their innovations and future plans. Volocopter partnered with Germany’s ambulance group ADAC, potentially adding up to 150 VoloCity vehicles to its fleet.

Lilium announced plans to launch eVTOL flights in China’s Bao’an district and signed an agreement with Chinese operator Heli-Eastern for the purchase of up to 100 aircraft. Eve Air Mobility received orders for up to 150 new aircraft, including a letter of intent from Voar Aviation and a purchase agreement with Widerøe Zero.

The EcoPulse, a hybrid-electric technology demonstrator jointly developed by Daher, Safran, and Airbus, made its public debut. The project aims to evaluate the advantages of a hybridelectric distributed propulsion system, including increased efficiency and reduced carbon emissions.

SkyDrive, a Japanese electric aircraft developer, announced plans to manufacture its eVTOL air taxi in a factory owned by Suzuki Motor Corporation.

French aerospace and engineering group Turgis & Gaillard unveiled a new medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) UAV at the Paris Air Show. VoltAero debuted the first full-scale prototype of its Cassio 330 hybrid-electric aircraft at PAS. The Cassio 330, which can be configured with either four or five seats, will be the first of three hybrid-electric aircraft that VoltAero intends to produce for cargo, air taxi, and medevac applications.

Supernal, a Hyundai subsidiary dedicated to urban air mobility (UAM), announced two key manufacturing partners for its SA-1 eVTOL air taxi. GKN Aerospace has agreed to provide the electrical wiring interconnection system (EWIS) and lightweight aerostructures for Supernal’s aircraft, while Qarbon Aerospace will use its advanced induction-welding techniques to assemble thermoplastic carbon-composite components for the SA-1. Wisk Aero will use Safran’s SkyNaute inertial navigation system for the four-passenger eVTOL air taxi it intends to operate fully autonomously. The Boeing-owned advanced air mobility company displayed what calls its Generation 6 eVTOL aircraft at Le Bourget.

Brazil’s Voar Aviation has signed a letter of intent to purchase 70 Eve eVTOL aircraft for operations across Brazil. Norwegian airline Widerøe’s sustainability division, Widerøe Zero, has agreed to buy up to 50 Eve eVTOLs following their collaboration at the 2021 UN Climate Conference. Nordic Aviation Capital, a global aircraft lessor, has placed a firm order for 15 Eve eVTOLs, with an option for 15 more. Eve has expanded its partnership with Blade Air Mobility to promote eVTOL integration in Europe.

(TOP) IN A SHOW OF SUPPORT, FRENCH PRESIDENT MACRON ALSO, VISITED THE SHOW; (ABOVE) F-35 DISPLAYED INCREDIBLE MANEUVERS AND ADVANCED CAPABILITIES DURING ITS FLYING DISPLAY.

SHOW REPORT PARIS AIR SHOW 2023

Archer’s four-passenger Midnight turned heads as it made its international debut in Paris after a long trip from California. Lilium showcased a cabin mockup, demonstrating the passenger experience in its Lilium Jet capable of carrying six passengers up to 155 miles. Eve Air Mobility also presented its cabin mockup during its world tour. Other advanced air mobility companies present at the Paris Air Show included Ascendance Flight Technologies, AutoFlight, EHang, Supernal, Overair, Joby, and Wisk Aero. UrbanV and Lilium announced their collaboration to establish ground infrastructure for eVTOL operations in Italy and the south of France. Eve Air Mobility, backed by Embraer, announced new orders for up to 150 aircraft, expanding its total order backlog for the four-passenger air taxi to 2,850 aircraft.

Vertiport developer UrbanV will work with Lilium to establish ground infrastructure for eVTOL aircraft operations in Italy and the south of France.

Eve Air Mobility, an eVTOL developer backed by Brazilian aerospace group Embraer, has collected new orders for up to 150 new aircraft, bringing its total order backlog for the fourpassenger air taxi up to 2,850 aircraft, the company announced at the Paris Air Show.

DISPLAY DART

At PAS 23, the sky was filled with awe-inspiring displays as aircraft from various manufacturers took to the air, and some more stood tall at the static display. From fighter jets to helicopters and innovative commercial airliners, the displays showcased the cutting-edge technology and capabilities of the aviation industry. Let’s take a closer look at some of the remarkable aerial performances that captivated the audience at this prestigious event.

Eurofighter’s Typhoon performed an impressive flying display, demonstrating its agility and power.

Lockheed Martin’s F-35A defied gravity with its incredible maneuvers, showcasing its advanced capabilities.

NHIndustries NH90 helicopter took flight, showcasing its versatility and operational excellence as a joint venture between Airbus Helicopters and Leonardo.

The H665 Tigre armed reconnaissance helicopter impressed the crowd with its agility and combat capabilities, serving the French, German, Australian, and Spanish armies.

Boeing’s massive 777X demonstrated its maneuverability and innovative design in the flying display, while Boeing’s 737 MAX 10 soared through the sky, highlighting its performance and technological advancements.

The Airbus Helicopters H160 wowed the audience with its graceful movements and advanced features, setting a new standard in the helicopter industry.

ATR’s regional freighter variant of the 72-600, the -600F, showcased its cargocarrying capabilities and efficiency, serving the needs of FedEx Express.

Airbus unveiled the A321XLR airliner, presenting its long-range capabilities and enhanced payload capacity.

Dassault Falcon 6X made its debut in the flying display, impressing with its fly-by-wire technology and powerful PW812D engine, while Dassault’s Rafale fighter demonstrated its unmatched performance and agility, reaffirming its position as a top contender in the fighter jet market.

Embraer’s E195-E2 took flight, highlighting its fuel efficiency and passenger comfort with its powerful Pratt & Whitney PW1900G Geared Turbofans.

SUSTAINABILITY STEPS

At the Paris Air Show, a number of sustainable aviation initiatives were unveiled, demonstrating the industry’s dedication to cutting carbon emissions and embracing cutting-edge technologies. These initiatives are pushing the limits of sustainable aviation, from the construction of a new sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) manufacturing facility to the research and development of hydrogen propulsion systems. Let’s examine some of the major announcements made during this historic occasion.

A sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production facility will be constructed in Moses Lake, Washington, according to plans made public by Twelve Corporation, a clean energy start-up based in California. According to Washington State’s green power regulations, the facility will create its distinctive “E-Jet” fuel using carbon dioxide and renewable energy sources.

With an exhibition space spanning 1,25,000 square meters, the show had about 2,500 companies representing 46 countries

(TOP AND ABOVE) THE PARIS AIR MOBILITY EVENT SHOWCASED THE LATEST INNOVATIONS AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRIC VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING (EVTOL) PHOTOGRAPHS: EVE AIR MOBILITY, ASDS MEDIA

Safran Electrical & Power announced plans to set up production facilities in France for their EngineUs electric motors. Safran Electrical & Power declared its intention to set up production facilities in France and the UK for their EngineUs electric motors. From 2026 on, 1,000 motors are anticipated to be produced annually under the high-volume production model, with a concentration on serving the electric and hybrid aircraft sectors.

The auxiliary power unit (APU) in an A330 widebody aircraft could be replaced by a hydrogen fuel cell system, according to Airbus’ HyPower demonstrator programme. This cutting-edge architecture seeks to produce power while lowering traditional APUs’ CO2 emissions, nitrogen oxides, and noise levels.

The “SAF Dashboard,” developed by Boeing, is a tool for monitoring the expected supply of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) over the ensuing ten years.

This straightforward dashboard compiles information on SAF capacity announcements internationally, allowing stakeholders to track and assess

output levels necessary to meet the sector’s 2050 net-zero emissions target.

By contributing an additional $3,50,000 to the development of hydrogen propulsion systems by ZeroAvia, Washington State reiterated its dedication to this industry. The state’s expertise in environmentally friendly aircraft technologies will be further advanced thanks to this financing, which will support the expansion of research and development activities at Paine Field.

A RAIN OF DEALS, AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS

A backlog of airliners seems to be getting under action. Airliner backlogs continue to build back bigger at the Paris Air Show with more sales agreements signed. Much of the new business has come from carriers in Asia and the Pacific Rim, where the post-Covid travel bounceback is prompting fleet expansion. The pressing need to replace older aircraft with less fuel-thirsty models has proved to be another driver of deals signed here this week.

• Honeywell signed a memorandum of understanding with Aeralis to integrate the F124 turbofan into the British company’s new modular aircraft. Aeralis has been marketing an innovative modular concept for a new jet trainer and light combat aircraft.

• MHS Aviation signed a contract with France’s Dassault Aviation for a new Falcon 2000LXS, joining two 2000LX aircraft already available for charter by the German management company, which operates 15 aircraft from different OEMs and with different capabilities.

• The largest contract, for up to 290 brand-new Boeing and 250 brand-new Airbus aircraft, was inked by Air India. With letters of intent signed in February, the flag carrier announced its decision to renew and expand its fleet, not to be outdone by Indian low-cost carrier IndiGo’s 500-ship contract with Airbus. With options for an additional 50 737 MAX and 20 787s, Boeing will also be purchasing ten 777Xs and twenty 787s as part of this deal. In addition to 34 A3501000 and six A350-900 widebody aircraft, Air India’s Airbus purchase comprises 140 A320neo and 70 A321neo singleaisle aircraft.

The largest single aircraft order ever placed by any airline with Airbus was made on by the Indian low-cost carrier IndiGo, who ordered 500 members of the A320 family. Delivery will start in 2030 and last until 2035. The order includes a mix of twinjet models A320neo, A321neo, and A321XLR.

Boeing and Akasa Air announced an order for four additional 737-8 jets.

India’s regional carrier, Star Air has leased four E175s in 2022 and two of them have started operations since May 2023.

• Airbus confirmed an incremental order with Qantas for nine A220-300s, expanding the Australian carrier’s total backlog for this single-aisle type to 29 aircraft. Airbus and Leonardo have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to jointly promote integrated training systems and study the future solutions to tackle Air Dominance challenges. Airbus and LanzaJet, a leading sustainable fuels technology company, announced they have entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU)

The 2023 Paris Air Show showcased the future of air transport, including the rise of eVTOL aircraft and the industry’s commitment to decarbonisation

(TOP AND ABOVE) AT THE PARIS AIR LAB, ATTENDEES HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLORE INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY, AERIAL OPERATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

to address the needs of the aviation sector through the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Airbus Flight Academy Europe, a 100 per cent subsidiary of Airbus that supplies training services for the French Armed Forces pilots and civilian cadets, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with AURA AERO to decarbonise pilot training. Le Havre-Fécamp Pilot Station and Airbus Helicopters have signed a contract for the acquisition of an H135 for marine pilot transfers. Avolon, the international leasing company, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to order 20 A330neo aircraft. Mexican ultra-lowcost airline and all-Airbus operator Volaris has disclosed 25 A321neo from a purchase agreement signed in October 2022. Philippine Airlines (PAL) has finalised a purchase agreement with Airbus for the firm order of nine A3501000 long range aircraft. flynas, the Saudi air carrier and a leading low-cost airline in the Middle East, has firmed up an order with Airbus for 30 new A320neo Family aircraft, taking the airline’s total order with Airbus to 120 A320neo aircraft, including 10 A321XLRs.

• Boeing and Air Lease Corporation (ALC), the leading global lessor announced a purchase of two 787 Dreamliners by ALC. Luxair has selected the 737-7 as it continues its single-aisle growth strategy. Boeing and Japan Airlines (JAL) announced agreements that will improve the passenger experience including a digital predictive maintenance solution JAL helped develop and extensive interior modifications for a portion of JAL’s 787 Dreamliner fleet. Boeing and Aurora Flight Sciences are investing in further developing advanced defensive systems and countermeasures for application on next-generation refueling and mobility platforms including the KC-46A Pegasus tanker. Boeing and Avolon, the international aircraft leasing company, announced an order for 40 737 MAX airplanes at the Paris Air Show. China Airlines too finalised an order for eight 787-9 Dreamliners.

• Embraer, in collaboration with Lanzhou Aviation Industry Development Group, will establish its first passengerto-freighter conversion plant for the E-Jet in China. Avolon and Azorra increased Embraer’s backlog, with Azorra securing a sale and leaseback deal with Porter Airlines for 10 E195-E2 single-aisle aircraft, and Spain’s Binter ordering six additional E195-E2s. American Airlines also added seven E175 models for regional affiliate Envoy Air. Embraer has signed a contract extension with Rex Group member, National Jet Express (NJE), for the Pool Program, to support its six Embraer E-190 jets. Embraer Services & Support launched the next generation version of AHEAD (Aircraft Health Analysis and Diagnosis) system, the tool helps airlines and customers to implement digital predictive maintenance on their E-Jet fleets, using data to identify and predict potential issues before they become critical.

Embraer has signed a long-term Pool Program services agreement with Star Air to support the airline’s growing E175 fleet. Embraer also announced that it has signed a multi-year contract extension with Amelia for the Pool Program. With this agreement, the customer will continue to receive support for a wide range of repairable components for the airline’s fleet of 13 ERJ. Embraer published its 20-year Market Outlook for commercial aircraft deliveries through 2042, forecasting 11,000 new jets & turboprops valued at $650 billion. Avolon, a leading international aircraft leasing company, has signed a sale and leaseback agreement with Porter Airlines for 10 new Embraer E-195-E2 aircraft, with a list price of $841.2 million. Republic Airways,

one of the largest US regional airlines, has joined Embraer’s Energia Advisory Group. The Energia Advisory Group is a team of airlines, lessors, suppliers, and other aviation experts advising Embraer’s Energia project which is developing sustainable aircraft for the future. Embraer and the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) announced, that have commenced studies for a midlife upgrade (MLU) for the A-29 Super Tucano aircraft. Japan’s Nidec Corporation and Embraer announced an agreement to establish a joint venture company, called Nidec Aerospace LLC, to develop Electric Propulsion Systems for the aerospace sector.

• ATR received 22 firm orders and two options for ATR 72 and ATR 42 turboprops, with Taiwan’s Mandarin Airlines ordering six ATR 72-600s, Berjaya Air acquiring two allbusiness class ATR 72s, Azul planning to take three more ATR 72-600s, and five undisclosed customers signing contracts for eight ATR 72-600s and three ATR 42s.

• China Airlines exercised options for eight Boeing 787s, adding to the 16 widebodies signed last year, while AerCap signed a lease agreement with El Al for two 787-9s. Leasing group Avolon ordered 40 Boeing 737-8s, Air Algérie confirmed an order for eight 737-9 MAX jets, and also signed a memorandum of understanding for Boeing Converted Freighters.

• Safran Helicopter Engines and MTU Aero Engines formed a joint venture to develop propulsion concepts for the Euro-

(TOP) DASSAULT FALCON 6X MADE ITS DEBUT IN THE FLYING DISPLAY; (ABOVE) EMBRAER’S E195-E2 TOOK FLIGHT, HIGHLIGHTING ITS FUEL EFFICIENCY AND PASSENGER COMFORT.

PHOTOGRAPHS: DASSAULT AVIATION, EMBRAER / TWITTER

pean Next Generation Rotorcraft Technologies (ENGRT) project. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force acquired additional Kawasaki/Leonardo MCH-101 mine-hunters and initiated a mid-life update for its existing fleet.

• Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) selected GE Aviation to provide the health and usage monitoring system (HUMS) for the Korean Marine Attack Helicopter (KMAH). GE has previously supplied over 250 HUMS for KAI’s KUH-1 Surion utility helicopter.

• GE Aerospace and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) established an agreement for collaboration on research and development for next-generation aerospace technologies. Icare selected Exail’s EASA-approved FTD2/ FNPT II simulator for A320 pilot training.

• Daher Group partnered with Ascendance Flight Technologies to research the hybridisation of propulsion for Daher aircraft. Deutsche Aircraft and Nordam signed a contract for engine nacelle development for Deutsche Aircraft’s D328eco. Indonesia selected the Thales Ground Master 400 Alpha radar for its air defences.

• United Airlines chose Pratt & Whitney’s GTF engine for 70 Airbus A321neo and 50 A321XLR firm aircraft orders. Elit’Avia placed eight additional orders for Aura Aero’s hybrid-electric regional airliner, adding to their existing order for 20 aircraft.

Some more highlights from the Paris Air show 2023:

• At the ‘Space Pavilion’ of Paris Air Show 2023, ESA (European Space Agency) and CNES (National Centre for Space Studies) presented ambitious new projects in space exploration, astronautics, Earth observation, and security-related applications. Many live sessions were also held.

• Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) showcased its latest developments for both civil and military markets, celebrating its founding anniversary and marking 70 years of innovation and expertise. IAI presented its advanced systems, displaying a range of products. This included the Arrow defensive weapon system, the Barak air-defence system, the Heron Mk2 unmanned aerial vehicle, and the Scorpius Electronic Warfare system as well as other products such as loitering munitions and radars. Additionally, IAI presented a model of the Boeing B777-300ER aircraft that had been successfully converted from a passenger to a freight configuration.

• Bombardier has delivered the first Challenger 3500 for European operations, overseen by Aero-Dienst in Nuremberg, Germany. The super-midsize business jet will be operated by Aero-Dienst on behalf of Aviator Aircraft. After completing the acceptance inspection, the aircraft was ferried to Germany, registered with the Civil Aviation Authority, and added to Aero-Dienst’s air operator certificate. With eight aircraft in its fleet, Aero-Dienst has over 65 years of experience in business jet operations and maintenance.

• H2Fly has announced plans for the H175, a new family of fuel cell systems designed for hydrogen-electric aircraft operating at altitudes of up to 27,000 feet. The scalable technology will cater to 1-MW class aircraft seating between 20 and 80 passengers.

• Qatar Airways, the international launch customer for Gulfstream Aerospace’s G700, revealed its model during the Paris Air Show in the presence of Qatari dignitaries. Qatar Executive, the airline’s private jet charter division, will operate the 10 ultra-long-range, large-cabin aircraft ordered in 2019.

• Monte Aircraft Leasing has committed to purchasing up to 100 ZeroAvia hydrogen fuel cell powertrains to transform its regional turboprop fleet into sustainable, hydrogenpowered aircraft. The definitive purchase agreement was announced at the Paris Air Show, following a memorandum of understanding signed last summer.

• Airbus forecasts global demand for approximately 40,850 new widebody aircraft, including 8,220 freighters, over the next two decades. The European airframer has gained a significant market share in the freighter segment since launching the A350F programme in 2021, with the entry into service of the twinjet now scheduled for 2026, offering a higher payload capability.

• The United States has brought its largest-ever congressional delegation, consisting of 10 senators and 13 House representatives, to the Paris Air Show to showcase the country’s aerospace leadership. In addition to over 400 exhibiting companies, federal agencies such as the Department of Defense, NASA, and the Department of Commerce, along with statelevel economic development branches, are present.

• The UK aerospace and defence sector is strongly represented at this year’s Paris Air Show, with 61 member companies from the industry association ADS exhibiting within the national pavilion in Hall 2b. The UK pavilion is co-located with a start-up zone run by the Aerospace Technology Institute and Boeing’s Aerospace Xelerated programme for the first time.” SP

LEADING AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS LIKE BOEING AND AIRBUS (TOP AND ABOVE) HAD A FIELD DAY AT THE SHOW PICKING UP MAJOR ORDERS FROM OPERATORS ACROSS THE GLOBE

PHOTOGRAPHS: ASDS MEDIA, AIRBUS

ADVANCEMENTS IN PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES

Unveiling the Future of Flight with innovations in Commercial Aircraft Propulsion on showcase at Paris Air Show 2023

By ROHIT GOEL

PRATT & WHITNEY

Raytheon Technologies (RTX) announced significant progress by Pratt & Whitney and Collins Aerospace on advancing hybrid-electric propulsion through the Scalable Turboelectric Powertrain Technology (STEP-Tech) demonstrator, which completed its first engine run and electrical system integration test. As a modular and scalable demonstrator platform, STEP-Tech is intended for rapid prototyping of distributed propulsion concepts applicable to a wide range of next generation applications, including advanced air mobility vehicles, high-speed eVTOL and blended wing body aircraft.

Hybrid-electric propulsion is a key part of RTX’s roadmap for enabling more sustainable aviation, with the potential to enhance efficiency across many future aircraft applications, from advanced air mobility to regional aircraft and single-aisles and the company is leading the development of hybrid-electric technology through multiple demonstration programmes, including STEP-Tech.

RTX is also advancing hybrid-electric propulsion as part of its hybrid-electric flight demonstrator programme, supported by the governments of Canada and Quebec, and the Sustainable Water-Injecting Turbofan Comprising Hybrid-Electrics (SWITCH) consortium, supported by the European Union’s Clean Aviation Joint Undertaking.

These demonstrator programmes are part of a companywide strategy to develop a broad portfolio of sustainable aviation technologies. The strategy recognises the importance of continually advancing aircraft efficiency and enabling wider use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels to support the industry’s goal of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions for civil aviation by 2050.

CFM

Two years after unveiling one of the aviation industry’s most comprehensive technology demonstrator programmes for a more sustainable future of flight, CFM International has completed more than 100 tests as part of its Revolutionary Innovation for Sustainable Engines (RISE) technology programme.

Through the RISE program, CFM is advancing a suite of pioneering technologies, including advanced engine architectures like the open fan, compact core, advanced combustion technology, thermal management, and hybrid electric systems to be compatible with 100 per cent Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). In addition, new technologies are also being matured to test direct hydrogen combustion. The CFM RISE program targets more than 20 per cent better fuel efficiency with 20 per cent lower CO2 emissions compared to the most efficient engines

in service today. Technologies are also being validated to meet the most stringent non-CO2 and noise emission requirements.

The innovation at the heart of the RISE program is the openfan architecture, also known as an “unducted fan,” which was first developed by GE and Safran in the 1980s. Open-fan technology derives its name from the absence of a case surrounding the fan. The architecture enables the engine to maintain the

(TOP) ADVANCING HYBRID-ELECTRIC PROPULSION THROUGH THE SCALABLE TURBOELECTRIC POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGY (STEP-TECH) DEMONSTRATOR BY PRATT & WHITNEY AND COLLINS AEROSPACE; (ABOVE) CFM’S REVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENGINES (RISE) TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME.

ENGINES PARIS AIR SHOW 2023

speed and performance of traditional turbofans while further increasing fuel efficiency and lowering carbon output. While the single set of variable-pitch fan blades rotate in front, a second set of outlet guide vanes help guide airflow. The result is an open-fan engine with higher fuel efficiency, lower emissions, less noise, and turbofan flight speeds.

In addition to the open-fan design and carbon-fiber composite fan blades, the CFM RISE team is improving the core of the engine, the section that holds the compressor, combustor, turbine, and other components that convert the fuel’s energy into efficient rotary motion. To do this, they’re using a groundbreaking material that has been tested inside both the CFM LEAP and GE9X engines: ceramic matrix composites. These parts, which are lighter, stronger, and more heat-resistant and

hot environments. CFM said measures to improve durability in hot and dusty climates would also extend the time on wing in normal ones.

ROLLS-ROYCE

Rolls-Royce has successfully completed the first tests of its UltraFan technology demonstrator. The first tests were conducted using 100 per cent Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). Confirming the capability of the suite of technologies incorporated in the demonstrator is a big step towards improving the efficiency of current and future aero-engines. UltraFan delivers a 10 per cent efficiency improvement over the Trent XWB, which is already the world’s most efficient large aero engine in service. In the nearer term, there are options to transfer technologies from the UltraFan development programme to current Trent engines, providing our customers with even greater availability, reliability and efficiency. In the longer term, UltraFan’s scalable technology from ~25,000110,000lb thrust offers the potential to power new narrowbody and widebody aircraft anticipated in the 2030s.

Rolls-Royce also announced its new small gas turbine that has been specifically developed to power hybrid-electric flight is set to begin testing. The engine is part of a turbogenerator system that is being developed for the Advanced Air Mobility market. This includes electrical vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) Aircraft for Urban Air Mobility and Commuter Aircraft applications up to 19 seats. The turbogenerator system will complement the Rolls-Royce Electrical propulsion portfolio by delivering an on-board power source with scalable power offerings between 500kW and 1200kW enabling extended range on sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and later, as it becomes available, through hydrogen combustion.

This will open up new, longer routes than electric battery powered aircraft can support as of today. The development of the turbogenerator system is combining Rolls-Royce’s electrical and gas turbine development competencies. The new combustion engine uses recent technology developments to achieve a step change in efficiency of small gas turbines. The turbogenerator can be used in serial or parallel hybrid applications. It is well suited to recharge batteries as well as provide energy to electrical propulsion units directly and therefore enables aircraft to switch between power sources in flight.

BOOM SYMPHONY

Boom Announced Significant Overture Program Advances at Paris Air Show including milestones for its Symphony engine. Symphony, Overture’s propulsion system, is optimised for 100 per cent sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).

Boom shared the engine architecture for Symphony and additional key specifications, and also unveiled a 3D-printed 1/3 scale design model. The engine’s bespoke design is optimised for sustainable supersonic flight and is designed to deliver 25 per cent more time on wing and provide 10 per cent operating cost savings to airline customers. This marks an important step in Symphony’s development since its announcement in December 2022.

damage-tolerant than traditionally manufactured metal parts, helped make the LEAP engine 15 per cent more fuel-efficient than its predecessors.

CFM International is also redesigning some parts of its LEAP engine to improve durability in harsh climates, to be available for retrofit on Airbus and Boeing jets next year. The move is CFM’s response to the analysis of high-pressure turbine blades and turbine nozzles when operating in harsh and

Symphony Technical Specifications

• Two-spool, medium-bypass turbofan engine, no afterburner

• 35,000 lb thrust

• Optimised for 100 per cent sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)

• Single-stage 72” fan

• Air-cooled cooled, multi-stage turbine

• Additive manufacturing enables lightweight, low part count, and reduced assembly costs. SP

(TOP) FIRST TESTS OF ROLLS-ROYCE ULTRA-FAN TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR USING 100 PER CENT SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL. (ABOVE) SYMPHONY IS A NEW PROPULSION SYSTEM DESIGNED AND OPTIMISED FOR THE OVERTURE SUPERSONIC AIRLINER.

PHOTOGRAPHS: ROLLS-ROYCE, BOOM SUPERSONIC

JOHN HEDLEY (1887-1977)

Lieutenant Makepeace suddenly put the Bristol fighter into an abrupt nosedive. Taken by surprise, Captain Hedley was thrown out of the aircraft due to the negative G effect and began a free fall.

The history of aviation has a wealth of remarkable experiences and strange stories, some barely believable. And military aviation has seen some of the most incredible of these incidents. The lives and achievements of each flying ace, especially, contribute to the rich tapestry of the history of aerial warfare. However, there is often a lack of witnesses, as well as the “fog of war”, that makes it challenging to sift fact from fiction. The story of John Hedley, a First World War British ace, is one that clearly crosses the limits of credulity, yet cannot be discounted.

John Herbert Hedley, was born on July 19, 1887, in Northumberland, England. Hedley joined the British Army in August 1914 and was initially with the Northumberland Fusiliers. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) in 1917. Captain Hedley was credited with eleven aerial victories, all while he was with No. 20 Squadron flying the Bristol F.2b, a two-seat British biplane fighter and reconnaissance aircraft.

A bit of background to the extraordinary incident that gained Hedley the tag of “the luckiest man alive” is necessary. The F.2b was a highly manoeuvrable aircraft with a robust design that was able to hold its own in combat against single-seat fighters. Its crew usually included an observer apart from the lone pilot. While the pilot had a synchronised, fixed, forward-firing .303 inch Vickers machine gun, the observer in the rear cockpit had a .303 inch Lewis Gun. The observer basically functioned as a gunner and kept track of the number of kills scored by the pilot. He could also keep an eye on the very vulnerable rear quarters from where an attacker usually struck. The RFC did not provide its crew with parachutes in those days, thinking it would make them less aggressive if they could bail out easily. Besides, to fire his weapon effectively, the observer had to stand up in the cockpit.

Captain Hedley was flying as observer in a sortie over France on January 4, 1918, when near-disaster occurred. The pilot was Lieutenant Reginald “Jimmy” Makepeace, himself an RFC ace credited with 17 victories. The pair encountered German fighters and entered combat. In the harsh manoeuvring that followed, Makepeace suddenly put the Bristol fighter into an abrupt nosedive to escape being hit by machine-gun fire. Taken by surprise, Hedley was thrown out of the aircraft due to the negative G effect and began a free fall. Makepeace

continued his rapid descent for several hundred feet. However, when he pulled up, Hedley purportedly saw the aircraft nearby, grabbed its tail, and crawled back into his seat. The pair then landed safely at base.

Hedley had another lucky escape on March 27, 1918, when he as pilot along with an observer in a Bristol F.2b were shot down by a German fighter. Both survived the crash without injuries and were captured. They spent the rest of the war in a German prisoner of war camp, and were repatriated in December 1918. After the war Hedley emigrated to America. Now billed as “the luckiest man alive”, he embarked on a career as an after-dinner speaker, mainly relating his hair-raising experience of January 1918. But could Hedley’s story be true?

There were several recorded instances during World War I of crew exiting their cockpits, both in fixed wing aeroplanes and airships, and surviving to tell the tale. In such cases they usually fell out of the cockpit but were still holding on – or attached to – some part of the plane, and hence could climb back to safety. About Hedley, Legion, Canada’s military history magazine, recently quoted a newspaper story of the period: “Captain Hedley described an experience which he had as an observer. Observers were not strapped in the airplanes and when the pilot caused the machine to dive suddenly, Hedley was thrown forward in the air. He had, however, retained his grasp on the machine gun and when the plane straightened out he was flung back upon the fuselage. He then managed to crawl back into the cockpit.” This is certainly more plausible than Hedley’s more colourful version. Even if Hedley did fall clear of the plane for a brief instant, the speed of descent of both machine and man may have been similar, enabling him to grab a portion of the plane and re-enter the cockpit. In the shock of his experience, he could hardly be expected to accurately assess how far he fell towards the ground before returning to safety.

John Hedley died in Los Angeles on April 1, 1977, at the ripe old age of 90. Jimmy Makepeace, the pilot on that fateful day in 1918 was not so lucky. In May 1918 both Makepeace and his crewman were killed when the wings of their Bristol F.2b fighter suffered structural failure in flight. SP

— JOSEPH NORONHA

MILITARY

DCAS VISIT TO NATIONAL FLIGHT TEST CENTRE, ADA AND HAL

APPOINTMENT

PRATT & WHITNEY: HEAD OF INDIA CUSTOMER TRAINING CENTRE

Pratt & Whitney, an RTX business, announced the appointment of Ajay Surti as the head of its India Customer Training Centre (ICTC) in Hyderabad. In his new role, Ajay Surti will lead Pratt & Whitney’s ICTC in Hyderabad, focusing on delivery of highquality training to customers and developing new opportunities to provide field support. Ajay brings more than 27 years of experience in the aviation industry, having worked with various airlines and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) over the course of his extensive career. He is also a licensed aircraft engineer for both Airbus and Boeing planes. SP

Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit, Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DCAS) visited National Flight Test Centre, Aeronautical Development Agency and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) Tejas Division to assess the progress of the indigenous combat aircraft projects. During his visit, the Air Marshal flew the Series Production Trainer-01 of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, which is undergoing final developmental test sorties, to get a firsthand feel of its capabilities.

During the visit to the Tejas Division, the HAL team briefed the DCAS on the production status of trainer aircraft and the plan for deliveries of the LCA Mk 1A. The DCAS will also visit the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) Prachand Production

Line to assess the production status of the homegrown combat helicopter. The delivery of 10 LCH Limited Series Production aircraft for the IAF is nearing completion and the production of the Series Production aircraft is likely to commence shortly to meet the order of 145 Series Production LCH for the IAF and Indian Army.

INFRASTRUCTURE

4TH RUNWAY AND ELEVATED TAXIWAY AT DELHI AIRPORT INAUGURATED

IGI Airport, New Delhi has become the first airport in the country to have four runways and becomes the first airport in the country to have an elevated taxiway. Total paved length of the runway is 4.4 km, and can handle wide-body aircraft including A380 & B777. The Dual-way elevated taxiway connects the Northern & Southern airfields and will help reduce taxi distance for aircraft by 7 km and annual CO2 emissions by 55,000 tonnes. Furthermore, four runway operations and the ECT will significantly increase capacity at IGIA – making it capable of handling 1700+ movements. Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, Union Minister for Civil Aviation and Steel inaugurated the new runway and dual-way elevated taxiway. SP

DAC APPROVES PROCUREMENT OF 26 RAFALE MARINE AIRCRAFT

A meeting of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), held under the chairmanship of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, approved proposal on July 13, 2023 and granted Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for procurement of 26 Rafale Marine aircraft along with associated ancillary equipment, weapons, simulator, spares, documentation, crew training and logistic support for the Indian Navy from the French Government based on Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA). The price and other terms of purchase will be negotiated with the French Government after taking into account all relevant aspects, including comparative procurement price of similar

aircraft by other countries. Further, integration of Indian designed equipment and establishment of Maintenance, Repair & Operations (MRO) Hub for various systems will be incorporated into the contract documents after due negotiations. SP

AIR INDIA FINALISES 800 LEAP ENGINE ORDER AND SIGNS SERVICES AGREEMENT

Air India and CFM International have finalised the order for LEAP engines that will power the airline’s new fleet of 210 Airbus A320neo/A321neos and 190 Boeing 737 MAX family aircraft, which was first announced in February 2023. The companies also signed a multi-year services agreement that will cover the airline’s entire fleet of LEAP engines.

Air India has been a CFM customer since 2002, when the airline began operating Airbus A320ceo aircraft powered by CFM56-5B engines. In 2017, Air India began operating A320neos, becoming the first LEAP-1A powered operator in India. The airline currently has 27 LEAP-1A-powered A320neo family aircraft in its fleet.

“We are delighted to celebrate with CFM a major deal that will play a key role in our future development,” said Campbell Wilson, CEO and Managing Director of Air India.

“This order strengthens our presence in India and commits us to further support Air India’s development with the best CFM standards in terms of reliability, efficiency and customer support,” said Gaël Méheust, President and CEO of CFM International. SP

(L-R): GAËL MÉHEUST, CFM INTERNATIONAL; RUSSELL STOKES, GE AEROSPACE; CAMPBELL WILSON, AIR INDIA; AND JEAN-PAUL ALARY, SAFRAN AIRCRAFT ENGINES

QUALITY TRAINING IS PARAMOUNT

Airlines must invest in quality training of their commercial pilots as it plays a vital role in charting a course of safety, excellence and success for the carrier

The aviation industry is one of the most complex and safety-critical sectors, where the expertise of pilots plays a paramount role in ensuring the safety and success of each flight. Every time a commercial flight takes-off, it is the Pilots and the crew onboard that are responsible for the safety and comfort of hundreds of passengers.

Commercial pilots face a myriad of challenges, including adverse weather conditions, technical malfunctions, air traffic congestion, and emergent situations. In this context, continuous and high-quality training is not only necessary but also indispensable for commercial pilots. Airlines must recognise the significance of investing in their training and operations, as it directly impacts the safety, efficiency, and reputation of their services.

SAFETY FIRST

The primary and non-negotiable objective of any airline is the safety of its passengers, crew, and aircraft. Commercial pilots are entrusted with the responsibility of the lives of hundreds of people on each flight. Regular and rigorous training equips them to handle a wide range of scenarios, including emergency situations and equipment failures, with composure and skill. By simulating real-life scenarios during training, pilots can develop muscle memory and quick decision-making abilities, both of which are crucial when split-second judgments are necessary in high-pressure situations.

STAY CURRENT WITH EVOLVING TECHNOLOGY

The aviation industry is continually evolving, with advancements in technology shaping the way aircraft are operated. Continuous training ensures that pilots remain up-to-date with the latest developments, including new avionics systems, navigational aids, communication protocols, and safety features. Familiarity with these technologies enhances a pilot’s ability to operate aircraft efficiently and effectively, minimising the likelihood of errors caused by unfamiliarity with modern equipment.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING

Commercial Pilots are often faced with challenging situations that demand quick and informed decision-making. Continual training sharpens their ability to analyse complex situations and respond appropriately. Simulated exercises allow pilots to practice handling emergencies, abnormal situations, and rare events, which significantly improves their confidence and competence in making critical decisions.

By ROHIT GOEL

ENHANCING CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)

Continuous training in Crew Resource Management (CRM) fosters better collaboration among pilots, co-pilots, and flight attendants. It emphasises assertiveness, situational awareness, and leadership skills, enabling the crew to work cohesively and efficiently in challenging circumstances.

IMPROVING OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY

Airlines invest substantial resources in training their pilots because it pays off in terms of operational efficiency. Well-trained pilots are more adept at optimising flight profiles, adhering to fuel-efficient procedures, and reducing maintenance costs by minimising wear and tear on aircraft components. Furthermore, proficient pilots are less likely to encounter incidents or accidents, leading to fewer disruptions to flight schedules and a better overall passenger experience.

ENHANCING CUSTOMER CONFIDENCE

For airlines, customer satisfaction and loyalty are crucial for sustained success. Passengers are more likely to choose an airline with a reputation for safety, reliability, and excellent service. Continuously trained pilots inspire confidence in passengers and provide reassurance that their well-being is a top priority for the airline.

REGULATORY COMPLIANCE

Civil aviation authorities around the world impose stringent training requirements on commercial pilots to maintain their licenses and certifications. Airlines must adhere to these regulations, and investing in continuous training helps pilots meet the necessary standards. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements can lead to severe penalties for airlines, including grounding of aircraft and reputational damage.

Continuous and high-quality training for commercial pilots is an indispensable investment for airlines. Safety, compliance with regulations, crisis management, efficient operations, and customer confidence are just some of the critical reasons why airlines should prioritise pilot training. The aviation industry’s dynamic nature underscores the necessity of ongoing training as an essential pillar of successful and responsible airline operations.

By ensuring that their pilots are well-prepared and equipped to handle any situation, airlines not only safeguard their reputation but also uphold their commitment to passenger safety and satisfaction. SP