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Monday, February 28, 2022 3. Demonstrative pronouns - ten, ta, to, tento, tenhle.
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ROČNÍK 110 ZÁŘÍ 4
28.únor.2022
Podpora ★ Lidskost ★ Bratrstvi´ BENEVOLENCE HUMANITY BROTHERHOOD
Lekce dvacetdva Lesson 22 Parts of Speech Zájméno - Pronoun You remember that in the study of English, a pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. In Czech, there are seven types of pronouns: 1. Personal - já, ty, on, ona, oni, ony, my, and vy. 2. Possessive - můj, tvůj, jeho, její, náš, váš, etc. 3. Demonstrative - ten, ta, to, tento, tato, toto, onen, ona, ono. 4. Interrogative - kdo? co? který? jaký? čí? 5. Relative - který, jenž (who, which, that), kdo, co 6. Indefinite - někdo, některý, nějaký, kdo-si, co-si. Quantitative pronouns: každý, všechen; sám, sama, samo, týž, táž, též - latter all expressing identity. 7. Negative - nikdo, nic, žádný S
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1. Personal pronouns The longer forms - mne, mně, tebe, tobě - are used in emphasis and after prepositions. The shorter forms - mi, mě, tě, ti - are used when no stress is needed, and are used after the stressed word. Psal mi. Znáš mě? On mi psal. Ty mě znáš?
There is a special reflexive pronoun - se - for all three persons, singular, and plural. Example: Já se mýji. On se mýje. My se mýjeme. S
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Example: Ženy donesly Chlapi donesli všichni (both sexes) donesli. After prepositions, of course, the j becomes ň - do něho, k němu, s ní, s nimi, etc. S
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2. Possessive pronouns correspond to the personal pronouns. For the 1st person singular, the possessive pronoun is můj (má, mé); and plural - náš. For the 2nd person singular, it is tvůj (tvá, tvé); and plural váš (vaše). For the 3rd person singular, masculine and neuter, the possessive pronoun is jeho, which remains invariable; for the 3rd person singular feminine, it is její; and for the 2nd person plural, it is jejich for all three genders. It also remains invariable. S
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který, jaký - the distinction between these two is not always strictly observed. S
Let us note here an important spelling rule: When the masculine sex only is involved, the pronoun is oni. When both sexes are involved, the pronoun is still oni. When only the female sex is involved, the pronoun is ony. Modifying adjectives and verbs must agree with these endings.
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4. Interrogative pronouns - kdo, koho, komu, o kom, kým; co, čeho, čemu, o čem, čím? pro co, proč, nač, zač.
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Colloquially, tamten or tamhle is used for onen (yonder, that one). The gender, of course, determines which you use.
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5. Relative pronouns kdo - he who Kdo nepracuje, ať nejí. co - that which . . . Dojdeme k tomu, o čem jsem chtěl mluvit. Co is also used colloquially, as is Od té doby, co . . . ; Lidí, co tam byli . . . Jenž is used mostly in literary style. In speech, it is replaced by který. Instead of muž, jehož znám, we say muž, kterého znám. S
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6. Indefinite pronouns někdo, některý, nějaký, někde, někdy; the suffix si: kdo-si, co-si, kde-si, kdy-si, čí-si; also the suffix koli: kdokoli, cokoli, jaký-koli, kterýkoli; and the prefix lec-: lec-kdo. Každý may be used only with countable objects; všechen for uncountable objects. In the plural, všichni does duty for both countables and uncountables. Example: každý člověk každá žena každé děvče všichni lidé všechny ženy všechny chleby všechna děvčata. Sám means ‘alone’ - byl jsem tam sám. Samý, samá, samé - are used to express an idea of fullness or richness:
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stromy byly samý květ byli tam sami cizinci na samém konci u samého okna S
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7. Negative pronouns If the prefix ni- is added to the personal pronouns, they are turned into negative pronouns: ni-kdo nic From který, jaký, the negative pronoun žádný is used before nouns: žádný clověk žádná žena —SPJST—
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