วารสารธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม ปีที่2 ฉบับที่1

Page 1

º¡ºĂƒĂƒÂłĂ’¸Ă”ÂĄĂ’Ăƒ ! " # !$ %! & ' ) " * % !+ , $ + , - , ./ & 0 % % 12 % ) $ 3 4 , 5 , " % !+ + , 650- 76 % & - 7 $ " , , 8 $% 0 9 - 80-" " 7# , , 8 :;<=> :?@AB $ " , 8 ' 8 C C % , ' $ % 7 ./ 0 9 -" 9 !, 2C- 80 ' 4 AB ./ , 8 7#

# , + - D , 50#E 9 $ ,' FC$ 7# 4 # 1 , $ " % 1 , , 7 -" ,+ , 4 " ' ) G+ , % " $ % $ % ! &' , - H - ) I 8 J K + $ %L % ) 4 % -M7M N O $ " ," PQ ! , -" 4 9 " & !$ , 9 8 2 50 - # ,% 7 D

% $% $ / /4 " ! ' ,$ ' & 0 % %

Editorial No

te

@g?cp]]`ab Y?oegj] YXp aj kpeg ?x ieY^gp eaj =au`g?adpaY q?^gae_ exYpg l?^gae_ aedp oe] cXeabpj _e]Y kpegM y^g l?^gae_ ]Y`__ c?aYe`a] e ueg`pYk ?x ]Y?g`p] c?acpga`ab aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] eaj pau`g?adpaY ejd`a`]YgeY`?a oX`cX egp ^]px^_ x?g ?^g gpejpg]M ;a YX`] l?^gae_R pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj o?^_j _`hp Y? Zgp]paY ]pupge_ `aYpgp]Y`ab egY`c_p]M >YegY`ab o`YX YXp ]Zpc`e_ `aYpgu`po vgMvea?ZeY z^ed^eabhepoR m`gpcY?g {papge_ ?x YXp ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY :?a]pgueY`?a mpZegYdpaY Imi@K ?a |<Xe`_eaj eaj :;<=> :?@AB}R ea `aYpgaeY`?ae_ c?axpgpacp YXeY <Xe`_eaj oe] e X?]Y c?^aYgkM ip~Y ]Y?gk `] | ?gp]Y `gp eaj ze€p}M ;Y `] ea `dZ?gYeaY `]]^p YXeY <Xe`_eaj ?xYpa dppY] `a jgk ]pe]?aM <Xp ?cc^ggpacp ?x x?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€p c?^_j exxpcY ap`bX\?g c?^aYg`p]M ;a ejj`Y`?aR pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj o?^_j _`hp Y? `__^]YgeYp YXp ]^ccp]]x^_ gpXe\`_`YeY`?a ?x jpbgejpj x?gp]Y egpe ^ajpg |@eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY I@eab ‚abKR vepX?ab]?a Zg?u`acp} YXeY Y??h ?upg PQ kpeg]M weYpgR @eab ‚ab egpe `] op__ ha?oa x?g Y?^g`]Y Z_ecpM t_]? d?gp ]Y?g`p] Y? gpej `a ?^g l?^gae_M

8C ' R - !+R M 5 2 R - 70 85 0 R S - !+ M ,8 -- 70 S - - 0 + R - 7 , 0R M 7 , T -% + CR M 8 5 5 R M - ' R M 0 R M C+ 50 H R M5 UV 7 26 ,8 R M , $ R M, 0 H 0 , S )4 - 0 7 603 R 8 # R CC W TR - $ % ) , R 8+ C ,8 R D, W,60 ) + - -0 6 - +) , XYYZ[SS\Y]Z^\_`]X`abM\_?b]Z?YMc?dS !"# >eaY` f??aZgeh^\R i?ZZej?_ <X`kele`R mgM neoppoea fX^g`jplR @?ab\??a @?abY?abR S !"#$ % &"# i?ZZej?_ <X`kele` S % &"#'()'*+ ,- >`g`h^_ f^aZeZ?abR % &"# ./ 0".# @?gaY`Z qe`]`aR @eYcXege]?ga regeYeaeR mgM s?ge]eh @X^eabcXeg?paR mgM tgpp >^oeadeappR mgM@eYXgeY`Ze >ea]ekeu`cXe`R mgM@eYYeg`a <?ab]`deR mgM fpacXedeZ?ga seYYeaeY?abcXe`R mgM ieYYXea`cX t]ueZ??]`Yh^_R mgM i`h?ga veXeoeaR mgM r?__eoeY >ehXehege S *""# ).&"#! iedY`Z >g`o?abcXekR i`a^\?a se`ZgppcXppR >egeake <Xeae]edg`YR tdZ?ga w?gjedg?abh`pYR n^l`ge rXeoea]eh^_R tYYXeh?ga npghu`gpp S 123/ !+,# fM<M> Zgp]] :?MRwYjM XYYZ[SS\Y]Z^\_`]X`abM\_?b]Z?YMc?dS 45 6478 -M7M Nƒ„ 1 $% 7# " " -M7M NNN $ ;>>i A…QN†Q…„ƒ 9,:.#; <Xe`_eaj‡] ieY^gp eaj =au`g?adpaY q?^gae_ Xe] \ppa Z^\_`]Xpj ]`acp QQƒM <Xp l?^gae_ aedp oe] cXeabpj Y? ieY^gp eaj =au`g?adpaY q?^gae_ `a QA M <Xp Zgpu`?^] ;>>i oe] A…QN†Q…„ƒM

1

!!"

&RQWHQWV 5

ĂŠĂ’ĂƒÂşĂ‘Ăž

$ % $ & '()*+, *+/4

3

$ % 5 6789:; 4<8;=

5

Ć” <= > ?@ 45 A

Ć” C"#,!& C #, .) D.E,

B

17

F GHIK $LG 6 4O:BPQ? RS<:;9P:T Ć” 6 F< A G85 *(H%I *"1JK

Ć” H+. /.) .) &+, *(H%I *"1JK

17

JL

25

& > 6/8;?@ A8BCD Ć” M@A 6MN 7

Ć” H+, %),#P$ -"# &+, C2&2#,

OB

K G 6 +S9P;8SU:S< QS@ ,8??C<P8S 33 Ć” MAQ 6 4R @ ? S@ 56MN G 5

6F U V 6W

Ć” H+, X, ,/"Y:,)& "- %) #"):,)&./

(:Y.Z&

!!,!!:,)& -"# &+, I% [ %Z")": Z *"::2) &$

Ć” \ MAQ 7 5? M GS 7 O ] 8^ _

`J Ć” 1.)P H")P O 9"$./ X, ,/"Y:,)& 1#"a,Z& ]1.)P b)P_

Ć” O 85c MA R A MNd G8e5 d \@ f A d

S ?@MNd G8e5 d g

BJ

25

W X X Y 6ZQ?QSB: QS@ [P9:;D:

41 52

TT

52

Ć” ?M e V 65@hS\S A7 R 5WA W A e AFV R

BO

i 54@ 4@ G c Mj > 6i7

Ć” ) :./ !,, !Y,#!./ H+, .:.E )P Z":Y/,k &$

"- 3 " ,#! &$ ) &#"Y Z./ -"#,!&!

Ć” V \ e<l6S AS @ G85 *0X *m1 JJ

& 5 \ $ & 6+OP?8]C:

Bn

65

Ć” 8 Aoo <W67

KB

Nature N Nat Natu ree and a Environment Enviroonmentt No. Vol. 2 N o.. 1 Jan JJanuary an anuar uaary uuary arrryy - March Marc M rcch ch 2013 201

2

PQ , ' NNB[ 7 , - T 8, V % , ,

- , ˆ , 8 4 + ,5‰0 4 " " ! &' , . "

" It>=ti =au`g?adpaYe__k >^]Ye`ae\_p :`Y`p] toegj]K -" ' 2 ' !+ , , , , ) 2 ' . , + , " " 4 ,5‰0 4 -" ' - !$ ,% 7 ! 7# ! , " . " " , 8 , % 1 2 + , 7 $ % , ! ' , % 5 „Q ' 7 , T 8C 12 ) , ) , 8 -"4 3- , % 4 + ,5‰0 4 " " 5 & 0 + $ 8 / , + 8 4 # ) , ! ' $ " I+ $ !$ %K ' , 3 $ " I+ $ ,% K '! I+ $ K ', ' , I+ $ ' V K Conference on criteria and indicators of environmentally sustainable cities

ya PQ qea^egk QAPR vgM >ehje i?Z]`YR >pcgpYegk Y? v`a`]YpgR v`a`]Ygk ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaY Ivin=K Zgp]`jpj ?upg YXp ?Zpa`ab cpgpd?ak ?x YXp c?axpgpacp ?a cg`Ypg`e eaj `aj`ceY?g] ?x pau`g?adpaYe__k ]^]Ye`ae\_p c`Y`p] oX`cX egp ]pY x?g YXp t>=ti =au`g?adpaYe__k >^]Ye`ae\_p :`Y`p] I=>:K toegj] eY :X?a ;aYpg z?Yp_R :X?a\^g` @g?u`acpM <Xp c?axpgpacp Z^gZ?]p] opgp Y? cgpeYp YXp ha?o_pjbp eaj ^ajpg]Yeaj`ab gpbegj`ab YXp t>=ti ?ZpgeY`?ae_ b^`jp_`ap] ?a pau`g?adpaYe__k ]^]Ye`ae\_p deaebpdpaY ?x YXp c`Y`p] eaj Y? ZgpZegp x?g a?d`aeY`?a ?x t>=ti =>: toegj]M yupg „Q gpZgp]paYeY`up] xg?d d^a`c`Ze_`Y`p] `a YXp pe]Ypga gpb`?a ?x <Xe`_eaj eaj ?YXpg ?gbea`€eY`?a] eYYpajpj YXp

c?axpgpacpM ;a YX`] gpbegjR vgM >?d]eh f^aje?R m`gpcY?g ?x ‚g\ea =au`g?adpaY eaj tgpe @_eaa`ab m`u`]`?aR yi=@R Zgp]paYpj YXp `aYpgp]Y`ab Y?Z`c ?a cg`Ypg`e eaj `aj`ceY?g] ?x =>:M tjj`Y`?ae__kR ]`d`_eg c?axpgpacp] Xp_j `a :X`eabde`R rX?ahepaR >?abhXe eaj ieh?gaZeYX?d @g?u`acpM

! ! " ! # !$ !! % " &$ # ' (! # () *++, ƒ ,8 - 0 NNB[ ) , & 1 - , # , + ,, - , ) 4 ./ ) ' C! , 2 $ , + , ) 4 7# % + -+ , +, " ! -"4 8% )4 & , +) NNB , , +, ! % 2 ' & ) , - , ) 4 ' A Š AQ 7 + , +, 7, , 5 '0 " ! -" 4 %8 ) 4 & , ! % , + 8 U , " ! -" 4 %8 ) 4 & , +) NNB ! $ | , ) 4 2 -" 4 %8 ) 4 } " ƒ ,8 - 0 NNB 5 & , 0 0 & # , , % ˆ , 8 + , + 0 3 , - , - 76 " , 1 , 8 ' 8 CC % -"4 8% ) 4 AA 8 - F , - , ! V '5 8, , , + , -"4 8% )4 - 76 " , ) 8 :y@ AA & 8C ' , ) , & 1 - , , % ! ' 4 4

3

!!"

!(! -

! " . !$ % ! &! / 0!! - ( !!

Environmental Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage (ECNCH) Unit announced intention to cooperate in environmental Aƒ ,8 - 0 NNB[ 8C ' , ) , conservation of natural and cultural heritage

& 1 - , ˆ , 8 +) ' 8 ,60 7 , , 8% + $ -M7M NNB & % ,%$ % 8 ,60 7 , D OB + $ ! , 8 , %

8 # , 7 + 50 ' % " ! , 8 , 60 7 , 5 & - . + $ & V 7 0 -G 12 % , + $ 5 2 , ) , & 1 - , % , 7 + 50! ' 4 4

ya Aƒ p\g^egk QAPR vgM >eaY` f??aZgeh^\R >pcgpYegk† {papge_ ?x YXp yi=@R ?Zpapj YXp taa^e_ vppY`ab ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? YXp =:i:z ?x @g?u`ac`e_ ‚a`Y QAP eaj Zgp]paYpj YXp Yg?ZX`p] Y? YXp =:i:z ‚a`Y ?x OB Zg?u`acp] eY w?p` @e_ecp z?Yp_R w?p` Zg?u`acpM ;a YXp dppY`abR ZegY`c`ZeaY] eaa?^acpj `aYpaY`?a Y? c??ZpgeYp `a pau`g?adpaYe_ c?a]pgueY`?a ?x aeY^ge_ eaj c^_Y^ge_ Xpg`YebpM vgM <Xea`Y i?`ZpabR ‹`cp {?upga?g ?x w?p` eaj vg]M neoppoea fX^g`jplR mpZ^Yk >pcgpYegkŠ{papge_ ?x YXp yi=@ e_]? l?`apj eaj jpc_egpj YXp `aYpaY`?a ?a c??ZpgeY`?aM

World Wetlands Day 2013 events by ONEP and Department of Water Resources

ya ƒ p\g^egk QAPR yi=@ Xej YXp X?a?^g ?x c?†X?]Y`ab YXp s?g_j spY_eaj] mek QAP pupaY] o`YX YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x seYpg np]?^gcp]M <X`] kpegR YXp `aYpgaeY`?ae_ YXpdp x?g s?g_j spY_eaj] mek QAP `] |spY_eaj] Yehp cegp ?x oeYpg}M <Xp s?g_j spY_eaj] mek QAP pupaY] c?a]`]Ypj ?x s?g_j spY_eaj] mek p~X`\`Y`?a] eaj cedZe`ba] \k YXp yx cp ?x seYpg np]?^gcp] npb`?ae_ A Y? AQ X?_j`ab `a Ypa gpb`?a] eaj o?gh]X?Z ?a |w?up seYpg[ <ehp :egp ?x spY_eaj]} ?a ƒ p\g^egk QAP eY nede {egjpa] z?Yp_R feabh?hM tY YXp o?gh]X?ZR vgM s`lega >`decXekeR mpZ^Yk @pgdeapaY >pcgpYegk ?x YXp vin=R ?Zpapj YXp c?axpgpacp eaj Zgp]paYpj YXp gpZ?gY ?x YX YXp AA :?axpgpacp ?x YXp :?aYgecY`ab @egY`p] Y? YXp :?aupaY`?a ?a spY_eaj]M ;a ejj`Y`?aR e] YXp :Xe`gdea ?x <Xe`_eaj‡] ieY`?ae_ :?dd`YYpp ?a spY_eaj] veaebpdpaYR vgM >^geZ?_ @eYYea`R mpZ^Yk @pgdeapaY >pcgpYegk ?x YXp vin=R Zgp]paYpj YXp Y?Z`c gpbegj`ab ?ZpgeY`?ae_ b^`jp_`ap] x?g YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x YXp gp]?_^Y`?a eY YXp :y@ AA dppY`ab `ac_^j`ab vgM >eaY` f??aZgeh^\R >pcgpYegkŠ{papge_ ?x YXp yi=@R `aYg?j^cpj YXp c?axpgpacp Y? ZegY`c`ZeaY]M

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

4

ä¿»†ÒáÅЭ£¯ ©³

#E 9 $ ,' G ) ' C 1 , % ' %2 8 - 0 9 -"4 9 # $ % % , ' $ % - 0 2% 7 7 , ' ' C+ + + ) !$ , 8 $ 8# % # ,G #E 9 & 0 %2 % % ' '8 , 0 D8 ,) + # & ' ' + ,#E % !$ 1 # & G $ 8 , # % % , , G -"

" ,$ % $ ,' ./ 1 + ,#E 9 " , / 4 D - %, + , ' ' 8 -" 4 & ' 4 C F $ $ ,' + , 7 -" ./ % %2 % % $ % " D 8 $ ' I-M7M NNNK '! 7# + $ 2 D/ -" 4 ! D2, ,' 8 # $ ,' + ,#E 9

, /4 ! 7 & . ) !$ E " " + ,$ ,' 0 % 1 % 7 ! , 4 , " & 3- , '" % , 4 8 9 ! $ ,' ) !$ , FC$ , , $ !+ , $ " , $ 8, 50#E 9 $ ,' ! 7# % !$C% , /4 ! ' $ " 7 " + , - 2 7 -"4 2 . . ) !$ - 6$ ,' , + # ' 4 C F $ $ ,' + , 7 -" % , # '" $ - 0 & $ 8+ ,#E 9 8, !, % 1% # % $ $ " ' 8 , % '! 7 + , D , 50 , % , 5 , +/ ) ' 2 % !+ ) $ % 12 % , , D , 50#E 9 $ ,' ! -"4 ' $ " , " #E 9 $ ,' , 2 " 1 , + ,#E 9 $ ,' ! , + ) ' 4 , 5 , '85 8 c Q A R 8 A R

12 ) , ) , ' A 8 8S5 , , 9 # ) C, , 6 , 12 ) , - , + $ % L %

! $ ' 2 ' $G & 0! " , % 4 + $ $ % 4 $%

8 2 , '

, , # E 9 $ , ' ! 7# , D /4 ! % W 2 $ % " , ' 6 & 3- ! -"4

' $ " ! -M7M NNN - % $ + $ +) 5 8 9 G , , '% V 2 & 3- + $ + $ D , 50$ ,' 8 , 8 , % '" +) 5 89 G, , '% V 2 +) NN & 5 8 9 G, ' % 2 # D / OA # &' , % 2, 7,0 ./ 2 , ,5 0 V ,, % P % * % 2 % ! % 8 - % ,

* '% V 89 # % , AQ # ' $ " @vAQ ) $ '% 3 ' ! & # % , A Q # &' , % 2, 7,0 5

!!"

Forest Fire and Haze '85') / ') 8 A G > <5 G o ] A q Vq ?5ele _

p#q s2:),2)P s2:'2 ":t

C"#,!&#$ H,Z+) Z./ m-uZ,#t 1#"-,!! ")./ v, ,/t

Z& )P X #,Z&"# "- 1#" )Z ./ m-uZ,! -"# [.&2#./ 9,!"2#Z,!

.) %) #"):,)& p., D")P I")

?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€p egp ?ap ?x YXp `dZ?gYeaY `]]^p] exxpcY X^dea op__†\p`ab eaj X^dea Xpe_YXM <Xpk e_]? exxpcY o`_j ea`de_]R aeY`?ae_ Zegh eaj x?gp]Y egpe]M ;a ejj`Y`?aR YXpk ce^]p ?x Zg?ZpgY`p] jedebp eaj ecc`jpaY \k ?\]Yg^cY`ab u`]`\`_`YkM z?opupgR YXpgp egp ]?dp \pap Y] xg?d YXp x?gp]Y  gpR x?g `a]YeacpR c?aYg?__`ab YXp ecc^d^_eY`?a ?x ?gbea`c deYYpg]Â? p_`d`aeY`ab j`]pe]pj Ygpp] eaj `a]pcY]M v?gp?upgR XpeY xg?d  gp cea cgech ?Zpa ]?dp xg^`Y] eaj gp_pe]p] YXp`g ]ppj]M ;Y e_]? ]Y`d^_eYp] YXp ]ppj bpgd`aeY`?a ?x YX`ch†]h`aapj xg^`Y]M ipupgYXp_p]]R Xe€p xg?d YXp o`_j gp cea \p j`]Zpg]pj `a o`jp egpeM g?d Y`dp Y? Y`dpR YXpgp oe] apo] ?x x?gp]Y  gp Xe€p xg?d YXp ap`bX\?^g c?^aYg`p]M ?g p~edZ_pR j^g`ab q^ap Š t^b^]Y QA R ]?dp Zg?u`acp] `a YXp ]?^YXpga ZegY ?x <Xe`_eaj oX`cX egp >eY^aR >?abhX_eR Â?e_e eaj iegeYX`oeY `ac_^j`ab ]?dp egpe] `a YXp ]peR opgp c?upgpj \k YXp x?gp]Y  gp Xe€p xg?d ;aj?ap]`eM f`__?o] ?x Xe€p c_?^jpj YXp ]hk eaj gpj^cpj YXp u`]`\`_`Yk ?x _eaj eaj ]pe Ygea]Z?gYeY`?a p]Zpc`e__k eY a`bXY eaj `a YXp d?ga`abM tjj`Y`?ae__kR ]de__ ZegY`c_p] `a YXp x?gp]Y  gp Xe€p egp YXp ce^]p ?x gp]Z`geY?gk Zg?\_pdR Zap^d?a`e eaj ]?gp pkp]M v?]Y ?x YXp o`_j gp eaj Xe€p `a <Xe`_eaj ?cc^g] `a YXp a?gYXpga gpb`?aM m^p Y? `Y] d?^aYe`a?^] _eaj]ceZpR Xe€p Z?__^Y`?a `] ]_?o_k j`xx^]pjM =upa YX?^bXR ]?dpY`dp]R Xe€p xg?d YXp x?gp]Y  gp `a ap`bX\?^g] c?^aYgk ]^cX e] YXp npZ^\_`c ?x YXp ‚a`?a ?x vkeadeg ]Zgpej] ecg?]] YXp \?gjpgR YXpgp `] a? ]pupgp jedebp ?g u`?_pacp e] ?cc^ggpj `a YXp ]?^YX ?x <Xe`_eajM <Xpgpx?gpR YXp pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj ?x YXp ieY^ge_ eaj =au`g?adpaY q?^gae_ o?^_j _`hp Y? Zg?u`jp ?^g gpejpg] YXp `aYpgp]Y`ab ha?o_pjbp gpbegj`ab YXp x?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€p ]`Y^eY`?a `a YXp a?gYXpga <Xe`_eajR x?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€p gp]Z?a]p Zg?cpj^gp] eaj b^`jp_`ap] ?a jpe_`ab o`YX `dZecY ?x x?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€pM ;a YX`] gpbegj]R YXp pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj o?^_j _`hp Y? p~Ypaj ?^g ]`acpgp YXeah Y?

by Editorial Board

p#q Y r.& s2).#2;t YXp m`gpcY?g ?x npb`?ae_ =au`g?adpaYe_ yx cp A eaj p#q s2:),2)P s2:'2 ":t ?gp]Ygk <pcXa`ce_ yx cpgR @g?xp]]`?ae_ wpup_R tcY`ab m`gpcY?g ?x @g?u`ac`e_ yx cp] x?g ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaY vep z?ab >?a x?g YXp`g ue_^e\_p ha?o_pjbp eaj ^]px^_ ?Z`a`?a]M sp e_]? o?^_j _`hp Y? YXeah] ]Yexx] xg?d \?YX ?x cp] x?g ]^ZZ?gY`ab `ax?gdeY`?a ?x YX`] egY`c_pM ;a <Xe`_eajR ZegY`c^_eg_k `a YXp a?gYXpga egpeR x?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€p a?gde__k ?cc^g] j^g`ab ]^ddpgR \pYoppa qea^egk eaj tZg`_M ;a QA R YXpgp opgp ]pupge_ jek] YXeY ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg `a deak Zg?u`acp] p~cppjpj YXp ]Yeajegj _pup_M :X`eab ne` Xej YXp d?]Y ]pupgp Xe€p ]`Y^eY`?a ed?ab]Y ?YXpg Zg?u`acp] e] YXpgp opgp Y?Ye_ ?x NN jek] YXeY ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg _pup_ oe] ]`ba` ceaY_k e\?up YXp ]YeajegjM ;Y oe] gpc?gjpj YXeYR `a ]?dp jekR ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg g?]p Y? ƒOA d`cg?bgeddp Zpg c^\`c dpYgp oX`cX `] P Y`dp] X`bXpg YXea YXp ]Yeajegj _pup_‘M <X`] _pup_ `] c?a]`jpgpj Y? \p p~Ygpdp_k Xegdx^_ Y? X^dea Xpe_YXM

*<Xp ]Yeajegj _pup_ ?x ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg ]de__pg YXea AQ d`cg?a] ?g @vAQ ?a ƒ†X?^g eupgebp `] a?Y p~cppj A Q ’bSdP Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

6

% , # F++ , , ,65 2 7 ' $ " $8 ' % , ) !$ , $ ,' , % 5

& % $ " MMM} + , +F + , % + / ) !$ - "4 ' $ " % #E 9 FC$ $ ,' %2 ! % W 2 ) $ $ 8

) !$ #E 9 , /4 ' D $ " ' 8 - /4 4 8 c AQ Rw - % |MMM $ 8, 50#E 9 ' , /4 2% " * " , + $ " + , ' , - , D $ " -5 U " , 8 P $ 8$ ,# '" $ 8 A + , -5 ' " , ) " % , D & 3- 12 7 2% -"4 2 ,+ 1 9 -" $ 9 % 0 1 -" -" 4

) , ,6 $ % 4 -" , ) - # - , $ 8 ! 8 , +

,, % ,6 - CC ]*")&#.Z& C.#: )P_ $ 8$ / ) !$ , 1 - ,6 , + - 2, , -"4 - 2, ,+ , 4, 2,-" % &- , 1 D/ P ' 4 % , - 2, '" 1 -"4 1 . &- $ ,G , 1 &- $ $ 8 P , , '% ! + % $ " 8 1 1 ,6 , % !$C% $G % , ! D#D,

8 c AQ R 8 A R

A ? S@ 5c J p#q Y r.& s2).#2;t &+, X #,Z&"#

"- 9,P ")./ %) #"):,)&./ m-uZ, J

1 ! 23(4 5 . F++ $ 8

) !$ #E 9 $ ,' ' 8 4 8 c Q A Rw % |MMM #E 9 % !$C% , + ,, , ) 86 0 % # F++ P $ 8

) !$ , #E 9 + , F++ A , 1 9 -" $ 9 % 0 $ " 1 -" -" 4

- 2, 1 -" D/ , 1 2 ! 8 ) $ F++ + ,, 1 9 7 -" #E 9 7# ./ + D/ $ ,' F++ P '" - 2 , 7 % W 2$ W 2 + , 7 G + , 7+ ,' 8 5 ' $ " 7# +/ ' , , 7 2 , 7# % D /4 2 # +/ $G $ ,' 4 ) ,' 8 -"4 D ' , , 7 2 2% + % 1 !$ ' % 3 8 9 ! $ ,' #E , '% V $

7

!!"

# '8 '% !! +% $ , -" -"4 - 2, 8 2 ,# % , # , ./ % '% ! +% ,G'" , 1 + , F++ P $ 8 , % +/ ) !$ ' $ " -"4

$ 8#E 9 $ ,' ./ D , 50 & , D /4 $ " & , 8 /4 MMM}

Forest Fire and Haze Situation p#q Y r.& ,kY/. ), &+,

-.Z&"#! eaj ce^]p] ?x ]pupgp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p YXeY |v?]Y ?x YXp x?gp]Y gp] egp ce^]pj \k X^dea ecY`u`Y`p] oX`cX cea \p j`u`jpj `aY? xecY?g] eaj P ce^]p]M `g]Y xecY?g `] \^ga`ab x?g X^aY`ab eaj beYXpg`ab o`_j Z_eaY] ?g xegd_eaj ZgpZegeY`?a ?g gpd?u`ab oppj] ?g d^a`c`Ze_ oe]Yp j`]Z?]e_M >pc?aj xecY?g `] YXp o`_j gp oX`cX `ac_^j`ab Xe p] `a YXp ap`bX\?^g c?^aYg`p] YXeY \g?hp ?^Y ecg?]] \?gjpg Y? <Xe`_eajM <X`gj xecY?g `] YXp opeYXpgM ;a YXp _eYp o`aYpg eaj \pb`aa`ab ?x ]^ddpgR YXpgp egp c?_j e`g de]]p] xg?d :X`ae jpup_?Zpj ?upg YXp a?gYX ?x <Xe`_eaj eaj bpapgeYp X`bX Zgp]]^gp egpeM ;a YX`] ]`Y^eY`?aR \pce^]p ?x e`g ceaa?Y g`]p ^ZR Xe p `] a?Y`cpe\_p eaj c?upg] YXp egpeM <X^]R YXp eupgebp _pup_ ?x ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg o`__ \p

X`bXpg YXea YXp ]YeajegjM ?^gYX xecY?g `] bp?bgeZXkM m^p Y? YXp d?^aYe`a?^] Ypgge`a ?x YXp gpb`?aR Xe p `] Xegj_k \_?oa eoek c?dZegpj Y? ?Zpa egpe ?g ]pe ]`jp e] `Y bgej^e__k g`]p] xg?d ue__pkM} <Xp dpaY`?apj jpYpgd`aeaY] egp YXp g??Y] ?x YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p `]]^p `a YXp ]^ddpgM ;a ejj`Y`?aR p#q Y r.& x^gYXpg c_eg` pj YXp xgp ^pack eaj jpbgpp ?x ]pupg`Yk ?x YXp x?gp]Y gp | ?gp]Y gp `] c?aY`a^e__k ?cc^ggpjM ;Y `] j`x c^_Y Y? ZgpupaY \pce^]p `Y `] gp_eYpj Y? Zp?Z_p ] _`xp]Yk_p eaj Ygej`Y`?aM <X`] cea \p ]^ddeg`]pj `aY? P de`a ce^]p]M `g]Y ce^]pR `Y ?cc^g] xg?d YXp Ygej`Y`?a eaj \p_`px]M ;Y `] e X`__ Yg`\p ] \pXeu`?^g YXeY a?gde__k \^ga] YXp x?gp]Y Y? beYXpg o`_j Z_eaY]R X^aY ea`de_]R ZgpZegp ebg`c^_Y^ge_ egpe oX`cX YXpk j? x?g e _`u`abM >pc?aj ce^]p `] `a YXp \^]`ap]]

c?aYp~Y oX`cX `] ce__pj :?aYgecY egd`abM <Xp gp `] ]pY `a ?gjpg Y? p~Zeaj YXp c^_Y`ueY`?a egpeM ^gYXpgd?gpR j^g`ab YXp c^_Y`ueY`?a ckc_pR ]?dp cg?Z] ]^cX e] c?ga appj] Y? \p \^gaY P Y`dp] Zpg cg?ZR oX`cX egp \^ga`ab x?g _eaj ZgpZegeY`?aR \^ga`ab c?gac?\ ]`_h exYpg Xegup]Ypj eaj \^ga`ab jg`pj c?ga ]Y^\\_pM <X`gj ce^]p `] gp_eYpj Y? p~Zpa]p] ?g Zg?j^cY`?a c?]Y]M v?]Y xegdpg] \p_`pup YXeY ^]`ab YgecY?g x?g ZgpZeg`ab YXp ebg`c^_Y^ge_ egpe `] d?gp p~Zpa]`up c?dZegpj Y? e deYcXR oX`cX `] cXpeZp] eaj pe]`p] t] dpaY`?a e\?upR xecY?g] eaj P ce^]p] gp]^_Y `a YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p ]`Y^eY`?a `a YXp a?gYX ?x <Xe`_eaj oX`cX Ypaj] Y? XeZZpa d?gp ?xYpa ?g d?gp ]pupgpM

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

8

! 7 5 . $ 8 *9 ' : & ; <& 4 ; =

! . > / *+++ A P N B O

!10 "# " $ % & # ' ( & ) OA %L% PB ) O % AB - O - % PP ) -2 ON !$ % AB , N

*+,&

- "# "

. *+, & /

A M'M NN A M'M NN B ,M-M NN M'M NN O ,M-M NN N ,M-M NN B ,M-M NN A M'M NN A M'M NN

NN PP PP B N N A A

] 5 A ? S@ 5c J_

! 7 23(4 5 . " , #E 9 ' #E + ) 2,# , # G, % # !$C%, + C & $ 8 , "4 # " , "4 & ' + ) " 4 # - 9 8 2 50+ 8 % $C -" $ % , " - 80 ,+ , 4 #E 9 ) 0 9 G, % +8 0 !%2 4 $ % $ 0 " , #E 9 $ ,' - , , , 8 9 % - , 7 # ) !$ ' D! , $G " + , 89 ! , 7 4

G $ D 2 . $ , $ # ) !$ 7 ! , $G " % # ,G /4 2%, ' $ % '0 , ' 8 9 4 % + $ %L % FC$ $ ,' ,' 8 , , % , / 4 ' " , , -" ' & 3- ! % W 2 ,+ , 4 ) ' C'" 1 , % 8 - 89 !$C%,% !$ , $ 8 " ) ' C % 89

9

j k k !!" Y Y !! ! !! !!! !!" !! !!! "!! !!!!! !!!

G,, % AQ # ' D 2% $ !+ 86 #0 + , $ " , # ! % % * $ !+ ) !$ , , ' '" ) "4 " % "4 " $ ,# ! 5 ,$ " ! % + ! "4 " , - 1" $ " 1 / 4 # ) !$ , ) " ) !$ $ , , $ $" D8 & 9 - & , , & ' $ !+ " + ,, "4 1 , % , % " + , , % ' % #$ ! " ' 8 +/ # % ! -"4 " ) !$ , % 7 6V, +, % + $ ! ' $ "

Table demonstrates ranking of provinces that have the highest *9 ?@AB CDEBCGE IEDEI @J KCBLMNAICLE OCLLEB MP QCPACBR > UKBMI *VW* Order

2345678

A P ƒ N B O „ …

:X`eab ne` vep z?ab >?a wedZeab iea @Xeke? @Xgep wedZX^a :X`eab ve` <eh

9:8 :5;:8<= >848> 3? @A2=57B>A=8 CA==82 <CA>>82 =:A6 C57236< 9:8 :5;:8<= >848> FBCD82 3? EAG< =:A= 8H788E =:8 32 ! $C5723;2ACC8 @82 EA=8 <=A6EA2E 7BD57 C8=28) ƒOA PB„ O… AB O… PP ON AB …N

A veg QA A… veg QA B p\ QA „ veg QA O p\ QA N p\ QA B p\ QA A… veg QA A veg QA

NN jek] PP jek] PP jek] B jek] N jek] N jek] ƒ jek] A„ jek] A jek]

]I"2#Z, 9,P ")./ %) #"):,)&./ m-uZ, J_

Impact from Forest Fire and Haze m^g`ab YXp o`_j gp ?cc^g]R XpeY eaj ”edp jp]Yg?k ]ppj] eaj k?^ab Z_eaY]Â? Ze^]p YXp bg?oYX ?x Ygpp]Â? jpYpg`?geYp ?x o??j j^p Y? j`]pe]p] eaj `a]pcY] jg`__M ta e\^ajeaY ?x xpgY`_p x?gp]Y o`__ \pc?dp Y? \p bge]]_eajM >pupge_ YkZp] ?x Z_eaY o`__ _ech ?x aeY^ge_ gpZg?j^cY`?aM ?gp]Y  gp e_]? h`__] o`_j_`xp eaj ]de__ cgpeY^gp] ]^cX e] \ecYpg`e `a ]?`_ eaj jedebp] x??j ]?^gcp] ?x ea`de_]M t] e c?a]p“^pacp ?x x?gp]Y  gpR Xe€p eaj ZegY`c^_eYp] `a YXp ]^gg?^aj`ab eYd?]ZXpgp o`__ gpj^cp YXp u`]`\`_`YkM <Xp gpe]?a x?g YX`] `] YXeY YXp ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg \?YX ]?_`j eaj _`“^`j `] e\_p Y? e\]?g\ eaj gpxgecY YXp _`bXY eaj _p]]pa YXp c_eg`Yk ?x u`]`?aM ipupgYXp_p]]R YXp ]pupg`Yk _pup_ jpZpaj] ?a jpa]`Yk eaj cXpd`ce_ c?dZ?]`Y`?a ?x YXp ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg e] op__M ?g p~edZ_pR vep z?ab >?a e`gZ?gY xecp] YXp Xe€p Zg?\_pd oX`cX exxpcY] Z_eap Yeh`ab ?xx eaj _eaj`abM ?g ]pc^g`Yk gpe]?aR ”`bXY] egp ceacp__pj ZegY`c^_eg_k `a YXp jge^bXY ]pe]?aM

ta?YXpg pxxpcY xg?d x?gp]Y  gp eaj Xe€p `] Xpe_YX eaj ]ea`Yegk c?aj`Y`?aM sX`_pR _egbp ZegY`c_p] ce^]p Z^\_`c a^`]eacpR  ap ZegY`c_p] YXeY ]de__pg YXea AQ d`cg?a] e\_p Y? gpecX YXp _?opg gpb`?a ?x gp]Z`geY?gk YgecY eaj pxxpcY ?a \gpeYX`ab eaj jedebp Y? _^ab Y`]]^pM ;x Zp?Z_p `aXe_p] X`bX ed?^aY ?x  ap ZegY`c^_eYp] ?g `a YXp _?ab Zpg`?jR `Y cea ce^]p YXp jpc_`ap ?x _^ab x^acY`?aR gpj^cp YXp pxxpcY`upap]]R \g?acX`Y`]R e]YXdeR pdZXk]pde eaj gp]Z`geY?gk j`]pe]p j^p Y? `axpcY`?aM <Xp]p e_]? exxpcY YXp Y?^g`]d `aj^]Ygk e] ]expYk Xpe_YX eaj ]ea`YeY`?a egp YXp ]pa]`Y`up `]]^p] x?g Y?^g`]Y]M <Xp cXeabp `a YXp Y?^g`]Y]‡ jp]Y`aeY`?a] `] c?a]`jpge\_k `dZecYpj ?a YXp Y?^g`]d pc?a?dk ?x YXp i?gYXpga Zg?u`acp]M

Nature N Na Natu Natur *Q<C;: QS@ +S9P;8SU:S< *Q<C;: QS@ +S9P;8SU:S< *Q<C;: Q *Q<C atu atuu<Crree;: Q ;: and annd Sd@@ + S@ + S@ S@ Environment Ennvir nv S9P S9P; v9P; vir 9iirrPoonme ;8SU: nme SSU: me:nt m nS< t< Vol. p8?( *8( qQSCQ;= xQ;Bz w j p8?( *8( j qC?= 4:O<:Us:; w No. January V ooll.l. 2 N ol. o.. 1 Jan Ja annua uary =aryy -OMarch Maar arch rch rchh 2013 20 3 201

10 10

!! 7 23(4 $ 9 !$ ' !+ - % " , ' '8 FC$ #E 9 $ ,' % 8 '5 V # " , ' NNB " , , , # FC$ - 6+ ,$ ,' ' $ " + $ NNB '" + $ !$ % - - % % ) ) -2 %L% , ./ , , 4 ▶ , A # % , 1 % |AQQ } I A , ' PQ 6 NNBK ▶ , , , # FC$ #E 9 % ▶ , P 8 | 8 V $ 2% , 1 } ▶ , % ' , ' ' " % % ! , , , # FC$ - 6+ ,$ ,' ▶ , N " - 0 8, 2%, 8% $ ▶ , B + " D , 50$ ,' ▶ , O ' % " , 7 -" -" FC$ $ ,' ▶ , + 4 72 0 ) , , , # FC$ - 6 + ,$ ,' ' $ " + $ I7 MK -" !$ , " D , 50#E 9 $ ,' # % - A Rw 8 w , % D/ , ! |? O1O9g , % 8 c Q # ) 8, 0! , 4 4 , +, ! @ n $ % ! % -"4 + ,) $ -" !$ ' D , 50#E 9 $ ,' -"4 4 * +8 '0 @ n 4 x A

]1#, ,)& ")_ , ) -" , , , FC$ - 6$ ,' + ,#E 9 , 1 ! & % -" 1 , % 8 - ' 7 6V, + 67 5M 5 ]1#,Y.#.& ")_ , 2 5 , 2 % * -" ' $0 , & 1 + , 2 '85 - , 7 2 8 8 +) +8 ' -" ' - ! , $ 8 , + ,#E 9 , 1 ! & % , 4 , , , + " D , 50 $ ,' -" , 1 - % 2 2 % % D/ A 5N ]9,!Y")!,_ , 2 5 , & ! >`ab_p :?ddeaj ! , ' '8 C , $ 8, 50! , 5 , D , 50$ ,' ' 8 5 8 9 =y z =

]9,Z" ,#$_ , ) , & , % % + , 8, ' % ! , E E2

- , 8 - -" ' " , + , D , 50$ ,'

11

!!"

' 8 5 89 4 % A D/ ▶ A $ ,' I 89 , Q ',MS M MK ▶ $ ,' 8 I 89 , A Q ',MS M MK ▶ P $ ,' I 89 , QQ ',MS M MK ▶ ,W $ ,' I 89 , PNQ ',MS M MK

Forest Fire Response Procedure veak jpZegYdpaY] c?acpga eaj c??ZpgeYp `a ?gjpg Y? c?aYg?_ YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe pM npcpaY_kR ?a YX qea^egk QAPR YXp :e\`apY Xe] eZZg?upj YXp dpe]^gp] Y? ZgpupaY eaj c?aYg?_ YXp Xe p Z?__^Y`?a `a QAP x?g Zg?u`acp] `a YXp a?gYXpga <Xe`_eaj oX`cX `ac_^jp :X`eab ne`R :X`eab ve`R @Xeke?R @XgepR ieaR wedZeabR wedZX^aR vep z?ab >?a eaj <ehM <Xpgp egp dpe]^gp] e] x?__?o][ ▶ A]Y dpe]^gp[ i? \^ga`ab j^g`ab AQQ jek] jeabpg Zpg`?j I A]Y qea^egk PQYX tZg`_ QAPKM ▶ aj dpe]^gp[ ;aYpa]`up ZgpupaY`?a eaj c?aYg?_ ?x Xe p Z?__^Y`?aM ▶ Pgj dpe]^gp[ >^ZZ?gY`ab |>Yeajegj :?dd^a`YkR f^ga`ab xgpp `__ebp}M ▶ YX dpe]^gp[ =ac?^geb`ab Zg`ueYp ]pcY?g eaj c?dd`YYpp apYo?gh Y? ZegY`c`ZeYp `a Xe p Z?__^Y`?a ZgpupaY`?aM ▶ NYX dpe]^gp[ @g?ecY`up Z^\_`c gp_eY`?a] Y?oegj] YegbpY bg?^ZM ▶ BYX dpe]^gp[ ze p ]`Y^eY`?a e_pgYM ▶ OYX dpe]^gp[ =~Zeaj`ab c??ZpgeY`?a Y? YXp ap`bX\?^g`ab c?^aYg`p] `a ?gjpg Y? gpj^cp Ygea]\?^ajegk Xe pM ▶ YX dpe]^gp[ =]Ye\_`]X`ab ze p @?__^Y`?a @gpupaY`?a eaj :?aYg?_ :paYgp `a YXp i?gYXpga @g?u`acp]M ?g YXp pxxpcY`upap]] ?x YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p gp]Z?a]pR p#q Y r.& eaj p#q s2:),2)P dpaY`?apj &+, fO1O9g b^`jp_`ap oX`cX ]X?^_j \p ej?ZYpj `a YXp Zg?cpj^gpM mpYe`_] ?x ecY`u`Y`p] `a @ n b^`jp_`ap egp jp apj \k pecX gpb`?ae_ ?x cp `a ?gjpg Y? \p ]^`Y x?g YXp o`_j gp eaj Xe p ]`Y^eY`?a `a pecX egpeM <Xp g]Y ?\lpcY`up ?x YXp | @ n} b^`jp_`ap `] 1#, ,)& ")q ;Y gpxpg] Y? YXp ?ZpgeY`?a] YXeY `aYpaj Y? ]Y?Z YXp Xe p Z?__^Y`?a xg?d x?gp]Y gp eaj ?Zpa \^ga`ab `a ?gjpg Y? d`a`d`]p `dZecY ?a Xpe_YXR ]?c`pYk eaj pc?a?dkM >pc?aj_kR 1#,Y.#.& ")t `Y `au?_up] `aYpbgeYp `ax?gdeY`?a x?g eae_k]`ab eaj c?ddeaj`abM t`g ^e_`Yk jeYeR dpYp?g?_?b`ce_ jeYe eaj a^d\pg ?x X?Y ]Z?Y] egp beYXpgpj Y? ]YgpabYXpa YXp ZgpupaY`?a Zg?cp]] ?x x?gp]Y gp eaj ?Zpa \^ga`abM ;a ejj`Y`?aR @gpZegeY`?a e_]? gpxpg] Y? e_pgY eaj j`]]pd`aeY`?a ?x Xe p Z?__^Y`?a ^ZjeYp] Y? YXp Z^\_`cM ip~Y ?\lpcY`up `] 9,!Y")!, oX`cX `] YXp `aYpbgeY`?a ?x ha?o_pjbp eaj `ax?gdeY`?a \k x?__?o`ab YXp >`ab_p :?ddeaj >k]Ypd Y? c?aYg?_ eaj `a]Yg^cY YXp j`gpcY`?a] `a ce]p ?x Xe p Z?__^Y`?a Zg?\_pd ecc?gj`ab Y? YXp ]pupg`Yk ?x YXp ]`Y^eY`?aM <Xp ae_ ?ap `] 9,Z" ,#$q ;Y gpxpg] Y? YXp c??ZpgeY`?a ed?ab e__ gp_eYpj ZegY`p] `a gpc?upg`ab aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] eaj pau`g?adpaY X^dea Xpe_YX eaj ]ea`Yegk `a ?gjpg Y? e__pu`eYp Zp?Z_p ] ]^xxpg`ab xg?d Xe p Z?__^Y`?aM YXp ]pupg`Yk _pup_ ?x ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg xg?d _pup_ A Y? _pup_ ▶ wpup_ A d?a`Y?g`ab Xe p IZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg p~cppj] Q d`cg?bged Zpg c^\`c dpYgpK ▶ wpup_ ]pupgp Xe p IZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg p~cppj] A Q d`cg?bged Zpg c^\`c dpYgpK ▶ wpup_ P Xe egj Xe p IZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg p~cppj] QQ d`cg?bged Zpg c^\`c dpYgpK ▶ wpup_ Xe p cg`]`] IZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg p~cppj] PNQ d`cg?bged Zpg c^\`c dpYgpK Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

12

! , ) , , , # FC$ $ ,' ) , ' A ) , - , + $ %L% # + , +, & 0 % !+ ▶ 8 ' ' $G % % | , , , # FC$ - 6+ , $ ,' ' $ " NNB ▶ ' " ,$ 2% + 7 , -!$ $ 2% , 1 +) Q $ 2% ! + $ # ,% !$ % ) -2 %L% I+ $ AQ $ 2% K ▶ + -" ) + % , , , # FC$ $ ,' ▶ + ) " - 0 1 - % 8 8 - 01 % ' " % ' - ,60 - , $ 2% I MK ./ ! % + $ %L % # 5 '0 - 0 , % , , , , # FC$ $ ,' #E 9 % % " + , % + 2W% 2 & , , 7 4 6 # 6 D 4 + ) , , 7+ $ %L% 6 , 8% - 80 7 2% -"4 2 8, 6 ▶ + 4 72 0 ) , 3- , + , , # FC$ #E 9 $ ,' + $ %L% ) , - , + $ %L% ) , , 5 + $ %L% ▶ + , +, " 4 - 5 8 , ) ! - $ ./ " 4 - % ! , 1 #$ #E 9 ) $ ' " 2% 7 2 FCC D ./ # !$ # , $ /

: . ! 7; $ 2! 2 ! 7 ! 7 $ , 5

% 7 ' % 2%# 1 , + ,#E 9 $ " $ ,' !$ % ') " + ,$ % ./ ' 4 + $ 8$ ,' % 8 - ) $ , 2 , "4 4 ▶ ! $ , , , 89 ,+ ,' # ▶ 2$ % # %!$ ' ! ' # %' ,+ , " % 9 - ! !$ ' ,+ , " 2% , ▶ # % 1 ! , - $ ,' , /4 ▶ 2 12 !%2 & 3- % G, 12 2 8 12 & '$ $" & '$ !+ 12- , S$ " 12 # % D % # & - ,+ ,

$ ,' , $ , , 1 , !$ ) % - 0 ▶ , ) 0-% )4 ./ )4 + + , 89 ! ' , $ " , % )4 -" ' "4 ! 5 ▶ # %' ,,) ! & % ./ + 2 ' # , , % % , + # % 12 2 8 G, G, ' 2%!

13

!!"

;a YXp Zg?cp]] ?x ZgpupaY`ab Xe p Z?__^Y`?aR YXp npb`?ae_ =au`g?adpaYe_ yx cp A eaj vep z?ab >?a @g?u`ac`e_ yx cp ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaY Xp_j YXp `aYpgp]Y`ab eaj ^]px^_ ecY`u`Y`p] e][ ▶ tggeab`ab \ge`a]Y?gd`ab dppY`ab ?a ZgpupaY`?a eaj c?aYg?_ Zg?cpj^gp] ?x Xe p Z?__^Y`?a `a YXp a?gYXpga gpb`?a `a QAPM ▶ i?d`aeY`ab Q u`__ebp] oX`cX Xeup Z?YpaY`e_ Y? \p \^ga`ab xgpp u`__ebp] `a Zg?u`acp] :X`eab ve`R :X`eab ne`R wedZX^a eaj vep z?ab >?a IAQ u`__ebp] x?g pecX Zg?u`acpKM ▶ ygbea`]`ab c?dd^a`Yk dppY`ab x?g c?__pcY`ab ]?dp ]^bbp]Y`?a] eaj b^`jp_`ap] ?a ZgpupaY`ab Xe p Zg?\_pdM ▶ @g?d?Y`ab dpj`e gp_pe]p ]^cX e] c?dd^a`Yk gej`?R Z^\_`c`]`ab apo] YXg?^bX YXp ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaYe_ @g?YpcY`?a ?_^aYppg apYo?gh eaj _?ce_ gej`? Zg?bgeddp]M ;a vep z?ab >?aR apo] gpbegj`ab YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p ZgpupaY`?a Xe] \ppa gp_pe]pj `a \?YX <Xe` eaj _?ce_ _eab^ebp]M aY`_ ge`ak ]pe]?aR YXp ?x c`e_ eaa?^acpdpaY] opgp e_]? `]]^pj `a pupgk X`__ Yg`\p] _eab^ebpM ▶ =]Ye\_`]X`ab vep z?ab >?a @g?u`ac`e_ :?ddeaj :paYgp ?x @gpupaY`ab eaj :?aYg?__`ab ?gp]Y `gp eaj ze p eY vep z?ab >?a @g?u`ac`e_ ?x cp ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaY eaj vep z?ab >?a @g?u`ac`e_ yx cp ?x m`]e]Ypg @gpupaY`?a eaj v`Y`beY`?aM ▶ tggeab`ab cedZe`ba Y? gpj^cp ]?^gcp ?x x^p_ ZegY`c^_eg_k jg`pj _peup] oX`cX egp ]?^gcp] ?x x^p_ Y? YXeYcX g??x] eaj oe__]M <X`] ecY`u`Yk cea bpapgeYp p~Yge `ac?dp] x?g u`__ebpg] e] op__M

How to Take Care of Yourself and Others When Affected From the Forest Fire and Haze ;x k?^ gp _`u`ab `a YXp egpe YXeY `] _`hp_k Y? gpcp`up `dZecY xg?d x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe pR `Y `] X`bX_k gpc?ddpajpj Y? _`]Ypa c_?]p_k Y? YXp apo] eaj oega`ab] xg?d YXp gp_eYpj ?x cp]M <Xp x?__?o`ab dpYX?j] cea \p ej?ZYpj Y? gpj^cp YXp pxxpcY ?x Xe p Z?__^Y`?aM ▶ speg de]h YXeY cea _Ypg ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg]M ▶ :_?]p j??g] eaj o`aj?o] eaj bpY g`j ?x Xe p xg?d ecc?dd?jeY`?a ]^cX e] ^]`ab xea `a ?ap j`gpcY`?a Y? \_?o Xe p ?^Y Y? ea ?Zpa egpeM ▶ m? a?Y \^ga eakYX`abM ▶ <eh`ab Zp?Z_p p]Zpc`e__k cX`_jgpaR p_jpg]R ZeY`paY] o`YX e]YXde eaj XpegY j`]pe]p]R eaj j`]e\_pj Zp?Z_p ?^Y ?x YXp Xe p Z?__^Y`?a egpeM ;x YXpgp egp eak ^a^]^e_ c?aj`Y`?a] ?g ]kdZY?d]R ]paj YXpd Y? e j?cY?g `ddpj`eYp_kM ▶ ]p ]Zg`ah_p Y? ]Zgek oeYpg `aY? Xe p Y? ceZY^gp ZegY`c^_eYp deYYpg ?g \^`_j Z?aj Y? `acgpe]p d?`]Y^gp `a YXp ]^gg?^aj`ab eYd?]ZXpgpM ▶ tu?`j p~pgc`]`ab `a YXp ?Zpa egpe eaj `aXe_p X`bX ed?^aY ?x Xe pM =_jpg] eaj cX`_jgpa ]X?^_j ]Yek `a]`jp ?x YXp X?^]pM

*Q<C;: QS@ +S9P;8SU:S< p8?( *8( qQSCQ;= xQ;Bz w j

14

! . ; % !$ (X 7 . 7.& 23(4 5 . , ' '8 #E 9 $ ,' " 8,' 8, 9 , % " % !+ , % + + +/ + D ) , # % - 8 c AQ Rw !$ ' ) ' C , + , #E 9 ! 7 ' % " , 7 -" |MMM , + , #E 9 $ ,' 7 ' % " 4 ' V % , + $ D + , & D/ U , 8 5 ' " " ' 2 , 1 - % - 0 ' % " $ % 7 -" % , 2 FC$ #E 9 $ ,' - - F++8 G FC$ ) ' C % 7 1 C 3 4 - , 9 # + D2, ) 7 $ % 1 , 2,&.% , 1 4 $ # , " + , , - , D % # ,G ' '8 !$ 1 % +) # % 1 ! %

, 1 + 8, # MMM} 8 w # 8 + % 2 FC$ #E 9 $ ,' |MMM, % !$ 8 ! -" 4 , , ' '8 #E 9 ) ' C !$ # 2 + , ' '8 #E 9 , & $ % , ' '8 #E 9 !$ ' 2 ! , ' '8 #E 9 % D2, $ , --" 4 5 , % $ 2 % D 4 , -" ' '8 $ " #E 9 + , ,) $ & 6 % + ,8 ) ' , $ , 4 8 U , #E 9 $ 2 % -" ' '8 2 $ , , #E 9 , 4 , ) +$ +8 ) IcXpch jedK ) $ ) ' -" , #$ )4 ,G , , )4 # ! W 2, - ' 8% "4 !$ , 9 )4 , , ,G D ) ! ! , #E 9 # MMM} #E 9 , /4 8, & 7+ ,, ' '8 4

1 , , 4 8, ' % % " , -" ' '8 , , #E 9 $ ,' + ,, - 0 1 - % ' 2 1 , #E 9 !$ ,% C !$ % , 2 ,6

- , 9 # $ , , 1 & # %+ ) , 1 , ' '8 - H ,

) ,6 8 ) $ , , 1 " , -"4 - 2 , % *

, % + 2 # 4 % $ / + ,+ ) /, ' $ , 8,' ') / D/ & 0 % % , , 6

- , 9 # ./ % $ / % & , -" !$ 7# ' 9 #

8 2 50 , - , " # ' 8% % #

?4@e i 5 @ ) , - , + $ %L% R NNBM 2 D , 50#E 9 $ ,' + $ %L% M ) , ' AR NNBR D , 50$ ,' ! -"4 + $ !$ % I , , , KM ) , , ,6 9 ' '8 #E 9 , 9 # R NNBR #E 9 $ ) I , 1 - %K +&&Y {{rrrq-"#,!&qP"q&+{r / u#,{ ) ,kqY+Y

15

!!"

Establishing Under standing, Cooperation and Procedure to Control Forest Fire and Haze ;aYpa]`up c??ZpgeY`?a ed?ab gp_eYpj ZegY`p] `] appjpjR Y? c?aYg?_ YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe pM p#q Y r.&

,:Y+.! !, ?a YXp `dZ?gYeacp ?x YXp x?gp]Y gp deaebpdpaY `a <Xe`_eaj eaj YXp c??ZpgeY`?a \pYoppa ap`bX\?^g] YXeY | ?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p deaebpdpaY appj] YXp c??ZpgeY`?a ed?ab YXp aeY`?ae_R Zg?u`ac`e_ eaj _?ce_ _pup_] ?x Z^\_`c ]pcY?g eaj xg?d Z?_`ck _pup_ Y? ?ZpgeY`?ae_ _pup_M <Xpgp ]X?^_j \p YXp ]^ZZ?gY `a Ypgd ?x aeac`e_R p ^`ZdpaYR ha?oX?o eaj Z^\_`c gp_eY`?a]M ;aYpg aeY`?ae_ c??ZpgeY`?a ]X?^_j \p cgpeYpj `a ?gjpg Y? d?a`Y?g Ygea] \?^ajegk x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p e] `Y `] ?ap ?x YXp de`a j`x c^_Y`p] YXeY c?^aYg`p] egp xec`ab a?oejek]M ;x op j? a?Y c?aYg?_ x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe pR x?gp]Y gp]?^gcp] eaj pc?_?b`ce_ ]k]Ypd] o`__ \p jp]Yg?kpj eaj cXe`a ?x `dZecY o`__ \p bpapgeYpjM t_YX?^bXR `Y `] j`x c^_Y Y? Zg?X`\`Y YXp \^ga`ab e] `Y `] gp_eYpj Y? Zp?Z_p ] _`xp]Yk_pR YXp \^ga`ab cea \p c?aYg?__pj Y? \^ga e] apcp]]egk eaj a?Y `a YXp cg`Y`ce_ Zpg`?jM} ^gYXpgd?gpR p#q s2:),2)P

`aj`ceYpj YXp g?_p ?x c?dd^a`Yk `a d?a`Y?g`ab x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe p YXeY |pac?^geb`ab c?dd^a`Yk Y? ZegY`c`ZeYp `a YXp x?gp]Y gp c?aYg?__`ab `] cg^c`e_M <Xp x?gp]Y gp c?aYg?_ j`u`]`?a ]X?^_j Yge`a Zp?Z_p x?g c?aYg?__`ab x?gp]Y gp `a pecX egpeM <X^] Zp?Z_p cea Yehp ZegY `a d?a`Y?g`ab eaj ZgpupaY`ab x?gp]Y gpM tY YXp ]edp Y`dpR g^_p] eaj Z^a`]XdpaY]

]^cX e] ap ?g eggp]Y Y? Zg?]pc^Y`?a d`bXY \p ]pY `a pecX u`__ebp `a ?gjpg Y? c?aYg?_ YXp x?gp]Y gpM <Xpk ]X?^_j eZZ?`aY YXp x?gp]Y gp ?ZpgeY`?ae_ c?aYg?_ Yped Y? d?a`Y?g eaj c?aYg?_ YXp ]`Y^eY`?aM ;a ejj`Y`?aR p_j ]^gupk ]X?^_j \p c?aj^cYpj Y? aj eZZg?Zg`eYp _?ceY`?a] e_?ab YXp cgpph] ?g ceae_] Y? \^`_Y cXpch jed] `a ?gjpg Y? jp_ek YXp oeYpg ?o eaj pa]^gp ]^x c`paY oeYpg x?g ^Y`_`]eY`?a x?g e__ ]pe]?a] YX`] o`__ e_]? Xp_Z `acgpe]p YXp d?`]Y^gp eaj YXp ]Y?gpj oeYpg eaj ^]p `a p~Y`ab^`]X`ab YXp x?gp]Y gpM} ac?aYg?__e\_p x?gp]Y gp `] jeabpg?^] eaj cea ce^]p ]pupge_ `dZecY]M <Xpgpx?gpR pupgk ZegYk ]X?^_j

c??ZpgeYp Y? c?aYg?_ YXp x?gp]Y gp eaj Xe pM ;Y cea \p ]YegYpj xg?d j`]]pd`aeYp ha?o_pjbp eaj `ax?gdeY`?a ?a YXp `dZecY ?x x?gp]Y gpR pac?^gebp Zp?Z_p Y? Zg?YpcY YXp x?gp]Y gp]?^gcp] eu?`j ^aapcp]]egk \^ga`ab eaj ^ac?aYg?__e\_p gp jpup_?Z c?]Y ]eu`ab `a ebg`c^_Y^gp Zg?cp]] eaj ZgpupaY \^ga`ab x?g ebg`c^_Y^ge_ ZgpZegeY`?aM @p?Z_p ] c?a]c`?^]ap]] eaj eoegpap]] `a YXp c?dd?a `aYpgp]Y] egp YXp hpk p_pdpaY] Y? dehp YXp ?ZpgeY`?a ]^ccp]]M zpacpR Zgp]pgup YXp x?gp]Y gp]?^gcp] a?Y ?a_k gpj^cp pxxpcY xg?d YXp b_?\e_ oegd`ab \^Y e_]? c?a]pgup aeY^ge_ e]]pY x?g YXp ap~Y bpapgeY`?aM

I"2#Z,! vep z?ab >?a @g?u`ac`e_ yx cp ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaYR QAPR YXp ?gp]Y `gp eaj ze p >`Y^eY`?a `a vep z?ab >?aM npb`?ae_ =au`g?adpaYe_ yx cp AR QAPR YXp ze p >`Y^eY`?a `a :X`eab ve` tgpe IXeaj?^YKM ?gp]Y @g?YpcY`?a eaj ?gp]Y `gp :?aYg?_ m`u`]`?aR YXp n?ke_ ?gp]Y mpZegYdpaYR QAPR ?gp]Y `gp[ m`]e]Ypg mp]Yg?k] w`up] IZ^\_`ceY`?aKM +&&Y {{rrrq-"#,!&qP"q&+{r / / -,{ ) ,kqY+Y Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

16

“(! -2 7 !(! & CITES CoP16” " " ' 1% 7# & , 8 $% 0 9 - 80-" , - , # , + -+ , 8 ) ' C '" , 8 ' 8 CC % , ' $ % 7./ 0 9 -" 9

! , C 2 - 8 0 I:?axpgpacp ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? YXp :;<=> :?aupaY`?aK ' 4 AB I:;<=> :?@ABK + /4 $ % P A ' NNB 5 72 0, 8 $% , T , 8 - $ ' , + -+ , 8 :;<=> :?@AB ' 4 4 ' 4

7# & ' 4 , 7# # + -+ , 8 :;<=> :?@AP " -M7M N O ) $ , 8 :;<=> :?@AB G % !+ 7# , !$ # - 2 - 8!0 C 8 # $G %, 5 + )4 +" + )4 'G ' !$ 2% C A % G " * % ! & , 4 , 5 , # , + , e 5\ MAF 4A 65N ?

, 8 $% 0 9 - 80-" !$ 650- 76 " | 7# , , 8 :;<=> :?@AB} ./ 4 ' 2 % !+ , 5 , +/ # ) % 12 %

- 80 0 9 -" 9 & 3- - , 0 9 -" 9

! , + 2C- 8 0 $ " , '8,' $ " 5 % $ + + $ 8 !$ 2C- 80# ./ 1% , ) 8 CC #. D" # % ' ) G+! , % 8 ,60 0 9 -" 9 !, 2C- 80 # % ! 5 , 8, 7,G !$ ' ! %!+, '8,' % , %2 0 9 -" 9 ! - " * % , $ % 2% 7 0 9 -" 9

% D %2 7 % , MMM} " $ 7 % " , U 8 C C #. ,G D % 4 , 2C- 80 0 9 -" 9 # 4 4 e 5\ MAFw # C #. 4 + D % - % |MMM! , ) , 8 C 4 D , 50 0 9 # %!$ 2C- 80 " + ,, ' # F++8 , 8 ,60, ) & , ' " % & , -" ' '8 , ' $ % 7 & 3- 0 9 -" 9 ./ 4 0 9 -" 9

D/ . , 1 5 0MMM}

. # . Y ; & Y Y 2 Z $ (! -2 '

7# # !$ ' 8 C C #. " -M7M N B %, $ ! 5 4 # %' ' 8 8 C C #. ,) $ + , -M7M NPN 7# # - CC '8 ' 0 9 -M7M NPN ./ CC , , , ) % , ) 1% ./ - 80 0 9 8 CC #. ' '8 , # - CC - 8-0 " -M7M NA !$ ' ' 8 , ' ! 8 C C #. & - CC - 8-0 " -M7M NA , # - & - CC - 80-" -M7M NPN I3 K ./ D" , $ $ , 3 ' ! -" 8 CC #. ,+ , 4 , $ " * % - CC 7 8 , , -M7M B - CC , % ,# , , ) ! 5 + , ./ ' -M7M N -" -! , ' ! 8 CC #. ,

8 C C % , ' $ % 7./ 0 9 -" 9

! , C 2 - 8 0 I:?aupaY`?a ?a ;aYpgaeY`?ae_ <gejp `a =ajeabpgpj >Zpc`p] ?x s`_j e^ae eaj _?ge :;<=>K $ " 8 CC #. ' ) ' C , , , ' - 80 0 9 -" 9 ./ 7#

, ) & , , 8 CC #. % % " & ! % 4 % & - 7 $ " , , 8 $% 0 9 - 8-0 " , % % |MMM 8 C C #. , % # % 8 C C ! , U + , , , ' - 80 0 9 -" 9 $ % 7 & ') / D/ ' 2% 17

!!"

(! -2 7. 5 ; ! # & YY 2Z

[\?CMICP] CP] L?E ^_\`j ^@qW,w ;a vegcX QAPR <Xe`_eaj \k YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY :?a]pgueY`?aR v`a`]Ygk ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaY Xej YXp X?a?^g ?x X?]Y`ab YXp >`~YppaYX vppY`ab ?x YXp :?axpgpacp ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? YXp :?aupaY`?a ?a ;aYpgaeY`?ae_ <gejp `a =ajeabpgpj >Zpc`p] ?x s`_j e^ae eaj _?ge I:;<=> :?@ABK \pYoppa P A vegcX QAP eY ^ppa >`g`h`Y ieY`?ae_ :?aupaY`?a :paYpgR feabh?hM fp`ab YXp X?]Y ?x YXp :;<=> :?@AB oe] YXp <Xe`_eaj ] ]pc?aj Y`dp] ?x X?]Y`ab :;<=> c?axpgpacpM <Xp g]Y :;<=> dppY`ab YXeY oe] Xp_j `a <Xe`_eaj oe] :;<=> :?@AP `a QQ M ;a :;<=> :?@ABR <Xe`_eaj Zgp]paYpj ]pupge_ `aYpgp]Y`ab deYYpg]M ?g p~edZ_pR <Xe`_eaj Zg?Z?]pj Y? Ygea]xpg >`edp]p g?]po??j Y? \p `ac_^]`up `a tZZpaj`~ ;; oX`cX YXp c?dd`YYpp eccpZYpj YXp Zg?Z?]e_M z?opupgR `a YXp ce]p ?x >`edp]p cg?c?j`_p eaj >e_YoeYpg cg?c?j`_pR YXp c?dd`YYpp gplpcYpj YXp Zg?Z?]e_M <Xpgpx?gpR YXpk Xeup gpYe`apj `a tZZpaj`~ ;M ^gYXpgd?gpR YXpgp egp ]Y`__ ]pupge_ paYgeac`ab deYYpg]M <Xp pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj Xej YXp X?a?^g ?x]Zpc`e_ `aYpgu`po`ab o`YX p#q p.)"Y+.&

D2.:2.)P;.,rt m`gpcY?g {papge_ ?x YXp

?ZpgeY`?a cea \p ]ppa e] ]^ccp]]x^_ c??ZpgeY`?a `a c?a]pgueY`?a ?x pajeabpgpj o`_j_`xpM ;a YXp dpeaY`dpR e__ c?^aYg`p] Xeup Y? c?acpga e\?^Y YXgpeY] ebe`a]Y YXp ]^gu`u?g ?x o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] `a ?YXpg aeY^ge_ pau`g?adpaY]R ]^cX e] _?]] ?x aeY^ge_ Xe\`YeY] eaj Z?__^Y`?a oX`cX exxpcY] aeY^ge_ Xe\`YeY] ?x o`_j_`xp e] op__MMM} sXpa deak c?^aYg`p] Xeup c??ZpgeY`up_k `dZ_pdpaYpj YXp :;<=>R `Y ]?dpX?o Xp_Z] `a ZgpupaY`ab YXp p~Y`acY`?a ?x o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY]M p#q p.)"Y+.& YXpa ejjpj YXeY |MMM<Xp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x :;<=> gp]Yge`a] YXp o`_j_`xp p~Ypgd`aeY`?a xg?d Ygej`abM i?oejek]R YXp c?a]pgueY`?a cea e_]? \p j?ap u`e e apYo?gh ?x ?gbea`]eY`?a] e__ ?upg YXp o?g_j YXeY c?aYg?_ YXp `aYpgae Y`?ae_ YgejpR ZegY`c^_eg_k ?a o`_j_`xpR x?g `a]YeacpR _`upo`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY]R YXp`g cegce]p] eaj Zg?j^cY] jpg`upj xg?d YXpdMMM}

mpZegYdpaY ?x ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY :?a]pgueY`?a gpbegj`ab |<Xe`_eaj eaj YXp :;<=> :?@AB} oX`cX c?aYe`apj `aYpgp]Y`ab `ax?gdeY`?a eaj ha?o_pjbpM ;a YX`] gpbegjR YXp \?egj ?x pj`Y?g] o?^_j _`hp Y? Zgp]paY `Y Y? ?^g gpejpg] e] x?__?o][ Thailand and the Progress

The importance of CITES in CITES Implementation to Thailand and the World <Xe`_eaj geY` pj :;<=> `a A P YXpa <Xp :?aupaY`?a ?a ;aYpgaeY`?ae_ <gejp `a =ajeabpgpj >Zpc`p] ?x s`_j e^ae eaj _?ge ?g :;<=> `] u`Ye_ Y? YXp Ygej`ab ecY`u`Y`p] ?a ]Zpc`p] ?x o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY]R `a oX`cX <Xe`_eaj Xe] \ppa c?aY`a^?^]_k `dZ_pdpaY`ab Z?_`c`p] `a ecc?gjeacp o`YX YXp :;<=>M vgM vea?ZXeY z^ed^eabhepoR m`gpcY?g {papge_ ?x YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY :?a]pgueY`?a eju`]pj YXeY | :;<=> `] ea pau`g?adpaYe_ gp_eYpj c?aupaY`?a YXeY Xe] c_peg ?ZpgeY`?ae_ b^`jp_`ap]M ;Y jpe_] o`YX `aYpgaeY`?ae_ Ygejp ?x o`_j_`xp oX`cX c?acpga `a YXp ]^gu`ue_ ?x o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY]R p]Zpc`e__k pajeabpgpj ]Zpc`p] ?g YXgpeYpapj ]Zpc`p] ?g YX?]p egp jpcgpe]`ab `a Z?Z^_eY`?a oX`cX dek _pej Y? p~Y`acY`?aM g?d YXp Ze]YR YXp :;<=>

YXpgp opgp a?Y ]^x c`paY p~`]Y`ab _eo] Y? `dZ_pdpaY YXp :?aupaY`?a ] Zg?u`]`?a]M aY`_ A R YXp s`_j_`xp @gp]pgueY`?a eaj @g?YpcY`?a tcY fM=M NPN oe] paecYpj o`YX Zg?u`]`?a] gp_eYpj Y? `dZ?gYR p~Z?gYR eaj Ygea]`Y ?x o`_j_`xp] gpb^_eYpj ^ajpg :;<=>M @_eaY ueg`pY`p] tcY fM=M NA IA ONK oe] e_]? edpajpj \k tdpajdpaY i?M IA K Y? ]^ZZ?gY :;<=> `dZ_pdpaYeY`?aM <Xp]p Yo? tcY] egp YXp de`a ecY] x?g YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x :;<=>M tjj`Y`?ae__kR YXpgp opgp ?YXpg ecY] YXeY o?^_j ]^ZZ?gY pxxpcY`up `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x :;<=>R ]^cX e]R YXp :^]Y?d] tcY fM=M B IA BK eaj YXp ;dZ?gY eaj =~Z?gY ?x {??j] tcY fM=M N IA O KM

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

18

F++8 $ % $ , 1 ! , ) 8 C C #. '" , 8 $% 0 9 - 80-" ./ ' 2 0 , , 2 0 )4 % " + , 0 )4 +) , , , - , F +/ % % & 3- " , 8 , 60 0 , , ,6 1 2 - 8-0 " & '5 , , 8 C C % , ' $ % 7./ 0 9 -" 9

! , C 2 - 8 0 +) 7# 12, ) $ & ) ' C ! , ) , 8 CC #. ,+ , 4 7# ' # , + -+ , 8 C ' 8 CC #. ' 4 $ / " -M7M N O '" , 8 C ' 8 CC #. ' 4 AP I:;<=> :?@APK 5 , 8 - $ ' ' 4 4 ' 4 7# # , + - , '" , 8 ' 8 CC #. ' 4 AB I:;<=> :?@ABK & + $ % P A ' NNB 1% 5 72 0, 8 $% , T , 8 - $ ' ! , 4 e 5\ MAF w # , % D/ ' ) G+ , 8 + , :;<=> :?@AP 4 |MMM 7# # , !$ + -+ , 8 D/ ' 4 '" :;<=> :?@AP " -M7M N O ' 4 % 8 :;<=> :?@AB " P A ' NNB 1% & 1 ) G++ ,, 8 :;<=> :?@AP '" 7# , # C 8 C C #. & !$ & +8 !%2 C A , !$ $G D/ ' 4 !+! , 8 ,60 - 80 0 9

!, 2C- 80 ,+ , 4 , " C , # E 8% + , C A C D , # ,2 1 ,8 # ,% I eajeK E . I@Xe_epa?Z]`]K & Impajg?\`^dK . I:kd\`j`^dK ,+ , C #. , D -"

# + ,, - 8 0 # ,% $ , & . ,+ , C #. , , 4 ! , % , ) !$ , ' , G / 4 +2 !+! , ." 4 -" $ % +4 , % 7 , / 4 ./ + ) !$ , - 7 , - , ' 7# % # MMM} 1 " " + ,, 8 :;<=> :?@AP ) !$ ' % % * ' , D , 7/,6 ' !+, , , ) 8 C C #. , / 4 % % ! , 8 , 60 - 80 0 9 -" 9 , 4 8 , U t>=ti s=i $ " ' " % ' % " . -" , , , ' 0 9 1 , $ '0, ' , $ $%

) 0 9 -" 9 & " $ % !$ , 8 % 5 '0 , , , ' 0 9 -" 9 1 , $ ./ , +, 8 , ) - , + ! 8 CC #. | I% ['}%[ ] I% [ } / / -, %)-"#Z,:,)& [,&r"#;_ ' 6 N ie 5 e 55N i 6W 6MN x A ?@ 5 A7 R > i 5G 7 S ~45 6 57A i J 6 F j c 5 c 6W 6 5VAS7Ad e 6 V ? @ e 5 A j G85 AU5 7 6W 65N A J A 5 OB`n 5 A7 8 R6MN ? <i o4 A7 R > ?@ MNG > S ~45 j c 5 c 6W 6 N V c 5 c 6W 6 ?4@e 5 54@ 4@ G c Mi \@ 6 7 i A7 R > MNG > < A c 5 c N Ad 6MN 8 5 ?@ 8 A R AM A7 R > ?@ MNG >

6MN \ G R?4e 5 @5 8 G 7 ?@ <5ej4 oMA 8RV 4 e 6 F 4 A 6 F< A F R 6 N ie A A jG ~45 6 A A7 R >

?@ MNG > ?4e c 5 c 6 6W ] I% ['}%[ 1*b_ 6 4 e @ 7Ad e 5 8 ?4e G 7 A7 R > ?@ MA 8RMNG

19

!!"

:^ggpaY_kR YXp de`a ebpac`p] gp]Z?a]`\_p x?g YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x :;<=> egp YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY] :?a]pgueY`?a oX`cX `] `a cXegbp ?x Ypggp]Yg`e_ ea`de_] eaj YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x `]Xpg`p] oX`cX `] ecc?^aYe\_p x?g e ^eY`c ea`de_]M z?opupg j^p Y? X`bX ed?^aY ?x deg`ap ea`de_]R YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x veg`ap eaj :?e]Ye_ np]?^gcp] `] e_]? `au?_upj p]Zpc`e__k `a deg`ap ea`de_ c?a]pgueY`?aM ta?YXpg gp]Z?a]`\_p ?gbea`]eY`?a `] YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x tbg`c^_Y^gp oX`cX `] `a c?aYg?_ ?x Z_eaY ueg`pY`p]M <Xp Z?_`c`p] eaj b^`jp_`ap] x?g YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x :;<=> egp jpYpgd`apj \k <Xe`_eaj ] :;<=> c?dd`YYppM <Xe`_eaj ?acp Xej YXp X?a?^g Y? X?_j YXp taa^e_ npb^_egvppY`ab ?x YXp :?axpgpacp ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? YXp :;<=> `a QQ R oX`cX oe] YXp <X`gYppaYX taa^e_ npb^_eg vppY`ab ?x YXp :?axpgpacp ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? :;<=> I:;<=> :?@APK `a feabh?hM <X`] oe] YXp ]pc?aj Y`dp YXeY <Xe`_eaj Xej YXp X?a?^g Y? \p e X?]Y x?g YXp >`~YppaYX vppY`ab ?x YXp :?axpgpacp ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? :;<=> I:;<=> :?@ABK oX`cX oe] Xp_j \pYoppa P A vegcX QAP eY YXp ^ppa >`g`h`Y ieY`?ae_ :?aupaY`?a :paYpgR feabh?hM ;a YX`] e]ZpcYR vgM vea?ZXeY dpaY`?apj YXp ]^ccp]]x^_ ?x YXp :;<=> :?@AP dppY`ab YXeY | <Xe`_eaj Xe] YXp X?a?^g Y? X?]Y YXp dppY`ab Yo`cp oX`cX opgp YXp :;<=> :?@AP `a QQ eaj YXp :;<=> :?@AB ?a P A vegcX QAPM <Xp ]^ccp]] xg?d YXp :;<=> :?@AP oe] YXeY YXp Zg?Z?]e_ x?g edpaj`ab :;<=> tZZpaj`cp] \k Ygea]xpgg`ab ;ggeoejjk m?_ZX`a Y? tZZpaj`~ ; `a ?gjpg Y? jpd?a]YgeYp YXp `aYpaY`?a ?x c?a]pgu`ab YXp pajeabpgpj o`_j_`xp ]Zpc`p]M <Xe`_eaj e_]? Zg?Z?]pj Y? Ygea]xpg eaje :?pg^_pe xg?d tZZpaj`~ ; Y? tZZpaj`~ ;; eaj Zg?Z?]pj Y? p~c_^jp bpapge ?x ?gcX`j Xk\g`j] oX`cX opgp eajeR @Xe_epa?Z]`]R mpajg?\`^d eaj :kd\`j`^d xg?d :;<=> tZZpaj`cp]M ^gYXpgd?gpR <Xe`_eaj Zg?Z?]pj YXpegY` c`e__k Zg?ZebeYpj Z_eaY]R oX`cX opgp :gp]Ypj =^ZX?g\`e eaj :g?oa ?x <X?ga]R Y? \p p~c_^jpj x?gd :;<=> tZZpaj`cp] `a ?gjpg Y? gpj^cp p~Z?gY Zg?cpj^gp] oX`cX Xp_Zpj Y? p]ce_eYp YXp Zg?cp]] eaj ]Y`d^_eYp YXp ?upg]pe] Z^gcXe]p ?x YXp Z_eaY]M <X`] c?^_j gp]^_Y `a ea `acgpe]p ?x <Xe`_eaj ] Ygej`ab px c`pack `a YXp x^Y^gpMMM}

<Xp gp]^_Y ?x :;<=> :?@AP dejp `au?_upj ]pcY?g]R ]^cX e] Zg`ueYp ]pcY?gR ecejpd`c `a]Y`Y^Y`?a] eaj c`u`_ ]?c`pYk x^gYXpg ^ajpg]Yeaj YXp Zg?cp]] eaj `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x YXp :;<=>R ZegY`c`ZeYp `a o`_j_`xp c?a]pgueY`?aR eaj ]^ZZ?gY YXp ?ZpgeY`?a] ?x t>=ti s=i ?g t>=ti s`_j_`xp =ax?gcpdpaY ipYo?ghM ^gYXpg d?gpR Zg`ueYp ?gbea`]eY`?a] YXeY j`gpcY_k o?gh ?a o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] eaj YXp dpj`e Zg?u`jpj ]^ZZ?gY eaj c??ZpgeYp `a cedZe`ba`ab ebe`a]Y `__pbe_ o`_j_`xp YgejpM <Xp]p ex?gpdpaY`?apj ecY`u`Y`p] c?aYg`\^Ypj Y? YXp d`]]`?a] ^ajpg YXp :;<=>M

| I% ['}%[ ] I% [ } / / -, %)-"#Z,:,)& [,&r"#;_ ! .) .PP#,P.& ") "- J Z"2)&# ,! ) I% [ &+.& r.! "-uZ .//$ ) & .&, -#": &+, a" )& !&.&,:,)& "- I% [

p ) !&,# ./ p,,& )P ") J X,Z,:3,# O Bq H+, "3a,Z& , "- &+, ),&r"#; ! &" #,!"/ , //,P./ r / / -, &#. , ) I% [t &+, #,P ") &+.& Z"2/ 3, !,,) .! &+, }"#/ !

!"2#Z, "- 3 " ,#! &$t .) "# P ) "- r / / -, &#. , &" "&+,# #,P ")!q )"&+,# . : "- &+, ),&r"#; ! &" Y#"&,Z& .) Z")!,# , r / .) :./! .) Y/.)&! &" 3,),u&

:.); ) .) !. , &+,: -#": &+, ,k& )Z& ") Z.2!, 3$ )&,#).& ")./ &#. ,q () H+. /.) t I% [ } / / -, %)-"#Z,:,)& [,&r"#; 1#"P#.: *""# ).& ") b) &

] I% ['}%[ 1*b_ .Z&! .! . Z,)&#./ Z""# ).& ") 2) &q (& ! /"Z.&, .& &+, X,Y.#&:,)& "- [.& ")./ 1.#;!t } / / -, .) 1/.)& *")!,# .& ")q Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

20

' , , / 4 $ !$ , ' $ + !$C% , /4 % # ,G , % # %1% 8 ) !$ + 4 ! 7# C A % ▶ , , # ,W65 # ' $G ! , ') ! " , - 8 0 +) - ) $ # , W65 ./ ') ,) $ !$ % 4 ) !$ 12 2,,W65

^_\`j ^@qWx :$ ^_\`j ^@qW, + ,1 ) G+! , + 8 :;<=> :?@AP 7# # ) - , + ! ! 7# D % ,# ,W65 + , 8 CC #. % % " , , 8 ' 4 % 8 $ " :;<=> :?@AB 7# 9 # 7 % * # , , + -+ , 8 ,' 4 ./ e 5\ MAFw # % D/ ' % " + ,$ % G /4 MMM}

, $ % , + 8 :;<=> :?@AB % |MMM+ ,' % " ' % % * 4 % , 8 :;<=> :?@AP ) !$ , " 12 , , , ' % " ! , ) , 8 C C #. % % " 4 , 8 , 12 % # % , ) ' !+D/ , 8C ) % , " 7# # & , + + , 8 :;<=> :?@AB # , 2 1 % + 8 EF ' ' $G

12 , , ' 0 9 -" 9 ! , - 80 0 9 -" 9 -" +8 !%2 C 8 C C :;<=> , " C $ G , % 4 # $ , ! , 8 :;<=> :?@AB + /4 MMM} ) $ G ) ' C 7# ) ! , 8 :;<=> :?@AB e 5\ MAFw

, % & 8 % |MMM! , 8 :;<=> :?@AB 4 7# # ) G ) ' C!

8 # ,% ▶ !$ P ' 8, 8 ,60 0 9 & , $ " s?g_j s`_j_`xp mek " + , ' , ,% 4 8 C C #. ' Q -" !$ ,8 7!$ ' ) ' C % , ,6 - , 0 9 -" 9 % , ./ # , ' $G ,3 0+ , 8 ▶ !$ +8 # - 2 - 80 C 4 4 " + , D , 50, , # - 2 ! 7# ,) ,W 8 ) !$ 7# $ , ! -" % !$ , ' ! , $ , 8 ,60# - 2 - , /4 & , !$ # - 2 - 8!0 C ! 8 C C #. & ! " #4 ' $G ,3 0+ , 8 ▶ !$ C + )4 'G + )4 +" + , C A C 4 4 " + , , - 4 + 4 ! 7# ' ) G+ % , ! 5 , , ! +) , , , % + 12 % -" 8 , + ) !$ 12 , , E 0 + , ,!$ C + -" !$ , ) % , -" , ' 21

!!"

,+ , 4 G , + + %

) ' C! , 8 # ,% ▶ , 1 , + , '0, ' , 7 ' % & !$ 7#

7+ ! V 712 & ' E , D/ 7 1% ! , 8% . + $

) ' C! , ' '8 , ' ! 7 % ./ 7# + , 8% 7 ! . # % , 4 + !$ 8 - + 5 D/ , #,! , - H ' % " $ % 7D ,) E , 7 1% 712 & '

+ 8% &+ 7 ▶ , ! , 8 , ' '8 , ' # ,W65 1 5 0 & , , # !$ , , ' '8 G % + ,, - 4 " 4 " 1 ! 1 ,W65 , )4 1 5 0 ) G+ 2 - +) $ % ,

From CITES CoP13 to c?a]pgueY`?a `a e__ c?^aYg`p]M <Xp dppY`ab CITES CoP16 Xej eZZg?upj ^aea`d?^]_kM g?d YXp ]^ccp]] ?x :;<=> :?@APR <Xe`_eaj Xe] \ppa c?aY`a^?^]_k `dZ_pdpaY`ab d`]]`?a] ^ajpg YXp :;<=>M ;a YXp _eYp]Y dppY`ab ?g :;<=> :?@ABR <Xe`_eaj Xej YXp X?a?^g Y? gp X?]Y YXp dppY`abM p#q p.)"Y+.& p~Z_e`apj YXp c??ZpgeY`?a ed?ab]Y YXp gp_eYpj ZegY`p] `a :;<=> :?@AB ZgpZegeY`?a YXeY | <Xp c??ZpgeY`?a xg?d ]pupge_ ]pcY?g] ]`acp YXp :;<=> :?@AP cgpeYpj eoegpap]] ed?ab]Y YXp gp_eYpj ?ZpgeY?g]M ;a YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x YXp :;<=>R YXpk Zg?u`jpj ?ab?`ab c??ZpgeY`?a `ac_^j`ab dppY`abR ]YehpX?_jpg] ]pd`aeg eaj ^ajpg]Yeaj`ab ?x `dZ?gY eaj p~Z?gY Zpgd`Y]M yacp <Xe`_eaj Xej ?ZZ?gY^a`Yk Y? X?]Y YXp :;<=> :?@ABR \echbg?^aj `ax?gdeY`?a

p#q p.)"Y+.& e_]? c?ac_^jpj YXp hpk deYYpg] YXeY <Xe`_eaj Zgp]paYpj `a :;<=> :?@AB e] x?__?o][ | ;a YXp :;<=> :?@ABR <Xe`_eaj Zg?Z?]pj YXp x?__?o`ab cg^c`e_ deYYpg]M ▶ m^p Y? YXp QYX taa`upg]egk ?x YXp ej?ZY`?a ?x YXp :;<=>R <Xe`_eaj Zg?Z?]pj YXp Pgj ?x vegcX `a pecX kpeg Y? \p YXp s?g_j s`_j_`xp mek `a ?gjpg Y? Zg?d?Yp YXp ]`ba` ceaY o`_j_`xp

▶ <Xe`_eaj Zg?Z?]pj |>`edp]p g?]po??j} Y? \p `ac_^]`up `a tZZpaj`~ ;; \pce^]p YXp `__pbe_ _?bb`ab ]`Y^eY`?a `a <Xe`_eaj `] cg`Y`ce_ eaj ]pupgpM <Xe`_eaj Xe] \ppa ]pph`ab x?g ea `aYpgaeY`?ae_ dpe]^gp Y? ]^ZZ?gY ea pax?gcpdpaY ?x YXp _eo eaj Y? pxxpcY`up_k c?a]pgup >`edp]p g?]po??jM :?a]p ^paY_kR >`edp]p g?]po??j oe] Zg?Z?]pj Y? \p `a tZZpaj`~ ;; oX`cX oe] eZZg?upj ^aea`d?^]_kM ▶ <Xe`_eaj Zg?Z?]pj Y? Ygea]xpg >e_YoeYpg cg?c?j`_p eaj >`edp]p cg?c?j`_p xg?d tZZpaj`~ ; Y? tZZpaj`~ ;;M <Xp gpe]?a x?g YX`] `] j^p Y? YXp ]^ccp]] ?x xegd`ab ?x \?YX cg?c?j`_p] `a <Xe`_eaj e] op__ e] cg?c?j`_p ] Z?Z^_eY`?a `a YXp o`_j oX`cX oe] Y?? ]de__ x?g \^]`ap]] X^aY`abM <X^]R cg?c?j`_p xegd ?ZpgeY?g] gp ^p]Ypj Y? Ygea]xpg YXp]p ]Zpc`p] Y? tZZpaj`~ ;; `a ?gjpg Y? xec`_`YeYp `dZ?gY eaj p~Z?gY eaj p~Zeaj deghpY ?x cg?c?j`_p ]h`aM i?apYXp_p]]R YX`] Zg?Z?]e_ oe] a?Y eZZg?upj oX`cX dejp \?YX ]Zpc`p] gpde`a `a tZZpaj`~ ;M ▶ <Xp Zg?Z?]e_ ?x ebego??j oe] eZZg?upj Y? edpaj jp a`Y`?a gpbegj`ab ]Zpc` c egY` c`e_ Zg?ZebeY`?a ?x ebego??jM

<Xp apo jpYpgd`apj jp a`Y`?a o?^_j Xp_Z ebg`c^_Y^g`]Y] Y? \p e\_p Y? p~Z?gY ebego??j xg?d Z_eaYeY`?a] Y? ?YXpg c?^aYg`p] pe]`pg eaj xe]YpgMMM} ;a ejj`Y`?aR YXpgp opgp del?g apb?Y`eY`?a deYYpg] oX`cX opgp _`]Ypj `a YXp ebpaje e] x?__?o][ ▶ <Xe`_eaj eaj :X`ae e] txg`cea `u?gk c?a]^dpg]R `ac_^j`ab Ygea]`Y c?^aYg`p] `a t>=ti opgp jg`upa \k Zg`ueYp ?gbea`]eY`?a] eaj ]?dp ?x YXp @egY`p] Y? gpcp`up `dZ?gYeaY ?\_`beY`?a Y? g`b`j_k c?aYg?_ `u?gk Ygejp `a YXp c?^aYgkM <Xe`_eajR :X`ae eaj t>=ti c?^aYg`p] `]]^pj e l?`aY ]YeYpdpaY Y? a?Y`xk YXp @egY`p] eaj c?a]`jpg dpcXea`]d x?g `aYpgaeY`?ae_ c??ZpgeY`?a jpup_?ZdpaY \pYoppa txg`cea p_pZXeaY ?g`b`a]R Ygea]`Y c?^aYg`p] eaj c?a]^dpg aeY`?a] `a]Ypej ?x eYYech`ab jp]Y`aeY`?a c?^aYg`p]M ▶ <Xp ej?ZY`?a ?x YXp edpajdpaY c?acpga`ab Ygejp c?aYg?_ ?x ebego??j eaj `Y] Zg?j^cY]M <Xp apo edpajpj eaa?YeY`?a p~c_^jpj YXp c?aYg?_ ?x ]ppjR k?^ab Z_eaY] xg?d Y`]]^p c^_Y^gp]R xg^`Y]R _peup]R ebego??j Z?ojpg _pxY exYpg ?`_ j`]Y`__eY`?a eaj a`]Xpj Zg?j^cY] x?g gpYe`_M Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

22

y ! # ! $ ; (! -2

!(! & ^_\`j ^@qW, + ,, 8 :;<=> :?@AB G ) ' C , , 7# 4 + , # ) + , 7 " * ) $ G % , ' , ' # ,W65 , / 4 C # - 2 e 5\ MAFw % D/ , ) # + ) % # % |MMM$ + ,, 8 :;<=> :?@AB 4 8 G ) ' C

7# ) , % # 4 + , G ) !

8 + , 7 " ) , , 7#

4 " , , ' , ' # ,W65 , +) , # - 2 , 8 , 60 " &' % 0 ,2 !$C% ./ + , ) , ! " % * $ % 4 -" + !$ , 8 C C -" !$ $G D/ ' , + 8 ,60 0 9 -" 9

! , 2 C - 8 0 7# MMM} , ) ) ' C

7# ) , % 4 # ,% ▶ + ) 1 U , $% % , ' '8 , ' % ) , , 8 CC ! AN -W6 ' NNB D/ + ) 2 , ) + 5 ' VD" ' %2 !$ ) , , 8 C C ! ,8 - 0 8, D/ !$ , 5 '0 - 0 , , , $ ' ! , ' '8 , ' 5 8 '0 8 ! , ' ,G % + / # % ' 4 5 ,, % NQQ , & , -" ) , ' $0$ $ % , % ! Q ▶ + ) , 7, ,) $ 0 9 -" 9 8 CC #. ./ # , 8 , # + ,, 8 :;<=> :?@AB ! - CC '8 ' 0 9 -M7M NPN , - , ! - CC - 80-" -M7M NPN , ,6 $, 50 ▶ + ) " , 8 ,60 " &' % 0 ,2 !$C%!$ , ) , , 8 C C ! " ,8 - 0 NNO ▶ + % '2% " , +) , # - 2 !$ ) , , 8 C C -" 1 - %!$ 7 , " * ) # ! '2 % " ! , ' '8 , ) % ,# - 2 % #

▶ 7# ! V 12 % ,,W65 * & , , % ,,W65 $ 2 ) , + ) '2 % " ,W65 1 5 0 - 4 ') +) , ' ,W65 1 5 0 , %

. !$ ! 5 $ (! -% &$ y: y . Z " 0 y % & YY 2Z ,+ ,, ) ! 7# ' % " $ % 7,G ) ' C& 3- 7! , 8% . ./ % & - 7 # , % !$ EF % |MMM " -2 D/ ' % " $ % 7# , , 8% 7 . , , - , + 8 CC #. 4 , 8 % 7 . , $ " % % , ,% % * ! , ! 8 , , 8 C C #. ./ , - ) + % $ % , 8% 7 . , , 8% 7 $ ) + " * ) $ ! G , 8 , 60 , , , , , ) ' 1 , , ' 0 9 -" 9 $ % 7 7# ' % " , , 8% 7 E , $ - 8& I= K $ V , MMM} ! , 650-2 '8 % & - 7 # ,# % |MMM % , 8 :;<=> :?@AB # G+ 4 % 7 ' ' - , + 8 C C U % % " , 8 , 60 '8 ' 0 9 -" 9 !, C 2 - 8 0 8 C C #. 4 , $2 % , , ) 1 , $ ' 0 9 -" 9 +/ " 8,' !$ ' ) ' C % " , , # %!$ 0 9 -" 9 2C- 80 " + ,, ' $ % 7 -" & 0 $% 86 MMM} , 5 , ' , ' ) G+! , + -+ , 8 :;<=> :?@AB ' 4 4 ,) !+!$ + $

8, % $ % , ) - , + 8 CC #. -" % , ,6 0 9 -" 9 !, 2C- 80 C 8, % % " % !+ % , 8 ,60 '8 ' 0 9 -" 9 # %!$ 2C- 80# + ,& , + 2 , , ) % , 0 9 - -" 9 1 ,U$ % , 8 $% 0 9 - 0-" $ APB

23

!!"

Thailand’s ongoing mission from CITES ▶ <Xe`_eaj e] ?ap ?x YXp o?g_j ] de`a p~Z?gYpg] ?x CoP16 ebego??j eaj `Y] ueg`?^] Zg?j^cY] Xe] Y? jpup_?Z dea^e_ g?d YXp :;<=> :?@ABR YXpgp opgp u`Ye_ deYYpg] gp_eYpj Y? <Xe`_eaj oX`cX opgp \?YX ]p_x Zgp]paYpj eaj \g?^bXY ^Z \k ?YXpg @egY`p]R x?g `a]YeacpR `u?gk Ygej`abR ebego??j Ygej`abR pa_`]Y`ab >`edp]p g?]po??jM p#q p.)"Y+.& jp]cg`\pj ecY`?a] <Xe` o`__ Yehp `a gp]Z?a]p Y? YXp dppY`ab YXeY | txYpg YXp c_?]`ab ?x YXp :;<=> :?@ABR <Xe`_eaj Xe] cg^c`e_ deYYpg] oX`cX egp apcp]]egk Y? \p x^gYXpg `dZ_pdpaYpjM <Xp]p deYYpg] YXeY opgp xg?d Zg?Z?]e_] ?x <Xe`_eaj eaj ?YXpg c?^aYg`p] egp `__pbe_ `u?gk Ygej`abR ebego??j Ygej`abR >`edp]p g?]po??j c_e]]` ceY`?aR eaj c?a]pgueY`?a ?x Y`bpg eaj ea`de_] `a \`b ceY xed`_kM <Xe`_eaj Xe] Y? `dZ_pdpaY YXp]p `]]^p] `a ?gjpg Y? `ax?gd :;<=> ] ]pcgpYeg`eY eaj ]X?o YXp `aYpaY`?a Y? c?a]pgup pajeabpgpj o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] ?x <Xe`_eaj } <Xp dpaY`?apj `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a `] _`]Ypj e] x?__?o][ ▶ mpup_?Z YXp ieY`?ae_ tcY`?a@_ea x?g YXp :?aYg?_ ?x <gejp `a =_pZXeaY ;u?gk eaj Zg?Z?]p Y? :;<=> ] ]pcgpYeg`eY o`YX`a AN vek QAPM <X`] `] `ac_^jpj YXp ZgpZegeY`?a ?x ]^gupk gpZ?gY ?a YXp a^d\pg ?x p_pZXeaY `u?gk `a Z^\_`c ]pcY?g Z?]]p]]`?a Y? \p ]^\d`YYpj Y? :;<=> ] ]pcgpYeg`eY o`YX`a p\g^egk ?x pecX kpegM <Xpgp ]X?^_j \p YXp Z^\_`c`Yk cedZe`ba gpbegj`ab _eo] eaj gpb^_eY`?a] ?a p_pZXeaY `u?gk c?aYg?_ gpj^cY`?a ?x jpdeaj eaj ]^ZZ_k ?x `u?gk `a YXp deghpY eaj ]edZ_`ab ?x p_pZXeaY `u?gk ]p` ^gp `a eak ed?^aY ?upg NQQ h`_?bgeddp] `a ?gjpg Y? eae_k]p x?g ?g`b`a ?x YXp `u?gk o`YX`a Q jek]M ▶ @gpZegp v`a`]Ypg`e_ i?Y` ceY`?a Y? jpYpgd`ap o`_j ea`de_ eaj Z_eaY ]Zpc`p] edpajpj `a ecc?gjeacp o`YX :;<=> :?@AB ^ajpg YXp s`_j_`xp @gp]pgueY`?a eaj @g?YpcY`?a tcY fM=M NPN IA K ?x YXp v`a`]Ygk ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaY eaj ^ajpg YXp @_eaY ueg`pY`p] tcY fM=M NPN IA K ?x YXp v`a`]Ygk ?x tbg`c^_Y^gp eaj :??ZpgeY`up]M ▶ @gpZegp gpZ?gY ?a c?a]pgueY`?a ?x Y`bpg eaj ea`de_] `a \`b ceY xed`_k Y? :;<=> ] ]pcgpYeg`eY o`YX`a p\g^egk QA M ▶ >^\d`Y dea^e_ ?a >`edp]p g?]po??j c_e]]` ceY`?a Y? :;<=> ] ]pcgpYeg`eY `a ?gjpg Y? j`]]pd`aeYp Y? ?YXpg dpd\pg] e] e dea^e_ x?g c?aYg?__`ab `dZ?gY eaj p~Z?gY ?x >`edp]p g?]po??jM

x?g ebego??j eaj `Y] Zg?j^cY] `ac_^j`ab YXp`g jp a`Y`?a]M

Cooperation amongst ASEAN countries regarding obligations under CITES tZegY xg?d YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x :;<=> `a <Xe`_eajR c??ZpgeY`?a ed?ab]Y c?^aYg`p] `] u`Ye_ p]Zpc`e__k `a t>=ti dpd\pg c?^aYg`p]R oX`cX vgM vea?ZXeY eju`]pj YXeY | >Zpeh`ab ?x YXp c??ZpgeY`?a \pYoppa <Xe`_eaj eaj t>=ti dpd\pg c?^aYg`p] o`YX gpbegj Y? YXp ?\_`beY`?a] ?x :;<=>R t>=ti c?^aYg`p] ]X?^_j Y?bpYXpg j`]c^]] `jpe] \px?gp Zg?Z?]p eak deYYpg] `a YXp dppY`ab gp_eY`ab Y? YXp :;<=>M <X`] o`__ `acgpe]p apb?Y`eY`ab Z?opg \pYoppa t>=ti dpd\pg c?^aYg`p] eaj ?YXpg ]^Zpg Z?opg c?^aYg`p] ?a YXp ]^\lpcY ?x c?a]pgueY`?aR ZgpupaY`?a eaj ]^ZZgp]]`?a ?x `__pbe_ `aYpgaeY`?ae_ Ygejp `a o`_j_`xpM <Xe`_eaj e_]? Xe] e b^`jp_`ap Y? p~Zeaj c??ZpgeY`?a o`YX txg`cea aeY`?a]R =^g?Zp a`?a eaj a`Ypj >YeYp] ?x tdpg`ce } tY YXp paj ?x YXp `aYpgu`poR vgM vea?ZXeY ejjpj YXeY | pupa YX?^bX YXp :;<=> :?@AB oe] a`]XpjR @egY`p] ]Y`__ Xeup ?\_`beY`?a] ^ajpg YXp :?aupaY`?a oX`cX egp appjpj Y? \p `dZ_pdpaYpj c?aY`a^?^]_kM :?a]pgueY`?a eaj ZgpupaY`?a ?x pajeabpgpj o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] `a ecc?gjeacp o`YX YXp :;<=> `] deYYpg YXeY op Xeup Y? pdZXe]`]pR c??ZpgeYpR ZgpupaY eaj ]^ZZgp]]M <X`] `] Y? eu?`j o`_j_`xp p~Y`acY`?a j^p Y? YXp `aYpgaeY`?ae_ YgejpM taj YXp \pap Y ?x deah`aj } <Xp pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj ?x ieY^gp eaj =au`g?adpaY q?^gae_ o?^_j _`hp Y? c?abgeY^_eYp ?a YXp ]^ccp]] ?x X?]Y`ab :;<=> :?@AB eaj pac?^gebp e__ ?x cpg] eaj gp_eYpj ?gbea`]eY`?a] YXeY `dZ_pdpaY eaj ?\_`beYp YXp :;<=> Y? c?a]pgup pajeabpgpj o`_j_`xpM we]Y_kR op o?^_j _`hp Y? `au`Yp pupgk?ap Y? ZegY`c`ZeYp `a c?a]pgueY`?a eaj Zg?YpcY`?a ?x o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] Y? \p ]eupj xg?d p~Y`acY`?aM npZ?gY `__pbe_ `dZ?gY eaj p~Z?gY o`_j ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] mpZegYdpaY ?x ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY :?a]pgueY`?a z?Y_`ap eY APB Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

24

K Ă‚ šĂŠÂŻÂŻÂ›´Â†Â—

& D + C , ' $0 & 1 ) C, , $ + , ) , & 1 - ,

+ , , 50 # # % , 8 U , " =apgbk @?_`ck x?g YXp ^Y^gp † @_eaa`ab eaj ;dZ_pdpa† YeY`?a $ % ƒ † B , NNN 5 , 8 0 $- 0 5 V 12 $G % $ , 8 U , œ ' % !+ & 0 % , U , & - , - 2 , 7 +/ % F ' 2 , 50 $ % + & 0, % 12 % - ' $- 0 5 V D" 7 8 $, !$C% ./ ' ) ' C * & , ' ' ' 7 6V, + 1 1 & ,& 3- + , 8 $, 0 ' 5 ‰0 , ,' $- V ,

25

!!"

AB V & % V V D , , ,' $ 2 8 2 V 8, V +) , „ ' & 5 ) !$ ' , ! - 2 , % 7# D/ P % ./ + , D , ! - #EEŒ % 7#

! 5 APNRQQQ , , 0 ! 5 ! N„PRQQQ , , 0 & , , ' 0 P ,� . AP ,# 0 ƒ D% $ A„ - AB I 0 ) 4 AMA PMP NM BMN ) K - " * B ,+ , 4 $ % D% $ !$C% 8 ! & , 4 7, - 2 , , % & #EEŒ ' 0 AO $% ./ , ƒ & , , % ,# & . , 8 ! &8 % " + , ' , ! - ! 7 - , / 4 +/ -/ ) 4 ,� . + , , 7 %2 % , I , ) OQ 1 ! 7 5 PQK

%5 $; " ! &! / " $- 0 5 V %2 $ % , 1% & - 2 !$ % , % =apgb`popajp ./ $ D/ , ) ' " 7 6V, + ! 7& , ! -

, ! - % - , ! , - H % " & + , ,, ! - ' 0 I ! 'M7M Q PK - D% $ - # %! %-

4 4 V # , 7! & =apgb`popajp " " , -M7M NNP I'M7M QAQK & ˆ & #EEŒ ' 0 7 & !$ $ 81 ƒ G , % '"

Z= v`]] @geYYXeae vpp]`aleg?pa @_ea eaj @?_`ck tae_k]YR @g?xp]]`?ae_ wpup_ weaj tjd`a`]YgeY`?a m`u`]`?aR yx cp ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaYe_ @?_`ck eaj @_eaa`ab

x?^gY] bgpeYp]Y a?d\pg ?x a^c_peg Z_eaY] `a YXp o?g_jM ;a ejj`Y`?aR {pgdeak p~Z?gY] YXp bgpeYp]Y ed?^aY ?x \`?j`p]p_ `a =^g?ZpM z?opupgR j^p Y? ea `acgpe]p ?x papgbk jpdeaj `a YXp c?^aYgkR {pgdeak Xe] Y? jpZpaj ?a ?`_ eaj aeY^ge_ be] xg?d x?gp`ba c?^aYg`p] e] op__ IYXp Zg?Z?gY`?a ?x `dZ?gYeY`?a ?x papgbk ]?^gcp] Y? ]p_x bpapgeY`?a Z?opg `] OQ Y? PQ KM

{z: +S:;]=

for the Future

tcc?gj`ab Y? dk p~Zpg`pacp `a =apgbk @?_`ck x?g YXp ^Y^gp s?gh]X?Z[ @_eaa`ab eaj ;dZ_pdpaYeY`?a \pYoppa YX BYX >pZYpd\pg QA `a fpg_`aR YXp pjpge_ npZ^\_`c ?x {pgdeakR ; x?^aj YXeY YXp Y?Z`c ?x YXp o?gh]X?Z `] `aYpgp]Y`ab eaj \pap c`e_ Y? YXp ?ZpgeY`?ae_ e]ZpcY ?x Z_eaa`ab papgbkR pau`g?adpaYe_ eaj c_`deYp cXeabp Z?_`ckM ;a YX`] ?ZZ?gY^a`YkR ; o?^_j _`hp Y? ]Xegp YXp ha?o_pjbp eaj p~Zpg`pacp xg?d YXp o?gh]X?Z oX`cXR X?Zpx^__kR `Y o`__ \p ^]px^_ Y? YXp gpejpg]M <Xp pjpge_ npZ^\_`c ?x {pgdeak `] e _egbp `aj^]Yg`e_`]pj c?^aYgk eaj ?ap ?x YXp hpk Z?opgx^_ c?^aYg`p] `a YXp o?g_jM {pgdeak cea \p c?a]`jpgpj e] ea pc?a?d`c ]Ye\`_`Yk eaj Zg?]Zpg`Yk aeY`?aM ;Y `] YXp o?g_j ] YX`gj _egbp]Y pc?a?d`p] \k aeY`?ae_ ?^YZ^Y oX`cX `] de`a_k c?aYg`\^Ypj \k e^Y?d?Y`up eaj cXpd`ce_ `aj^]Yg`p]M {pgdeak `] e xpjpge_ gpZ^\_`c YXeY c?a]`]Y] ?x AB ]YeYp]M =ecX ]YeYp Xe] `Y] ?oa ]YeYp b?upgadpaY oX`cX `] ?upg]ppa \k YXp xpjpge_ d`a`]YgkM s`YX YXp Z?Z^_eY`?a eZZg?~`deYp_k d`__`?a Zp?Z_pR {pgdeak ] papgbk jpdeaj `] YXgpp Y`dp] X`bXpg YXea <Xe`_eaj ]M >YeY`ce__kR <Xe`_eaj ] papgbk ^]ebp `] eg?^aj APNRQQQ b`beoeYY Zpg eaa^dM vpeaoX`_pR `a {pgdeakR N PRQQQ b`beoeYY ?x p_pcYg`c`Yk `] ^]pj kpeg_kM =apgbk `] ]?^gcpj xg?d a^c_peg Z?opg P R aeY^ge_ be] AP R w`ba`Yp R c?e_ A R e_YpgaeY`up papgbk AB Ij`u`jpj ed?ab]Y ]?_egR oeYpgR \`?de]] eaj o`aj \k AMA R PMP R NM eaj BMN gp]ZpcY`up_kK eaj ?YXpg] B M {pgdeak cea \p ]ppa e] e X`bX Z?YpaY`e_ c?^aYgk `a Ypgd ?x bpapgeY`ab papgbkM tZegY xg?d YXp o?g_j _egbp]Y c?e_ ]?^gcp]R `Y e_]? ?ZpgeYp] AO a^c_peg Z?opg Z_eaY] YXp

New Dimension of Alternative Energy and Power Conservation <Xp pjpge_ npZ^\_`c ?x {pgdeak `] `a YXp d`jj_p ?x `dZ_pdpaY`ab e apo papgbk Z?_`ckR ce__pj |=apgb`popajp} oX`cX dpea] c?^aYgk ] pc?a?d`c ]^]Ye`ae\`_`Yk \k ^]`ab gpapoe\_p papgbkR papgbk px c`pack eaj ]^]Ye`ae\_p jpup_?ZdpaYM t] e gp]^_Y ?x YX`] Z?_`ckR o`YX`a Q PR a^c_peg Z?opgR c?e_ eaj a?a gpapoe\_p papgbk o`__ \p j`]c?aY`a^pj Y? ^]p e] papgbk ]?^gcp]M <Xp {pgdea b?upgadpaY Xe] \ppa `aYg?j^c`ab YXp =apgb`popajp ]`acp >pZYpd\pg QAQ eaj Z_eaa`ab ?a Ypgd`aeY`ab YXp a^c_peg Z?opg Z_eaY] aeY`?ao`jpM <Xp de`a gpe]?a] ?x c_?]`ab YXp a^c_peg Z_eaY egp[ Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

26

AM ' ' 0! , 5 , $ 8, 50 # % +' '8 # %

, ! C 89 I ^h^]X`de me``cX` a^c_peg j`]e]YpgK M , ,) + , , ' 0 ! Inej`?ecY`up se]YpK PM '% ! + % ! , 2 ,6 2 8 % ' 0 - ƒM , - + 5 " ,+ ,- " ,+ , 4 V , 7 1 -" ! , ) # 2%, 8 , ! - ' 0& G 8 , , $ 1 #EEŒ ! $ " , ' $ " , % #EEŒ 2 -" " & # '! , 8 ' $ - , % >degY {g`j I % +3 K D " & ! 7 8&

! " ! ( ( $ F++8 % 1 C, FC$ , - 2 , 7 , ' " 4 - E . FC$ + ,& #EEŒ ' 0 4 -" ' ' % 2 , 7 4 - ) - V +/ # , 7! & , % % , & , ,—$ npapoe\_p =apgbk >?^gcp] tcY[ =={ '0 , ) ' C '" AM 1 " + ,' 1 1 , - H - M ' - ! , ! - % - PM , , % #EEŒ ]degY bg`j D/ , +

- /4 ƒM , 8 ) $ '& & !$ % -" $ % ,G , ,- I\eYYpg`p]S]Y?gebpK -" !$ D! , - # & D/ F++8 V 7 '1 , A‘ ! 8 CC $ % , - 2 , 7 - , & I‚a`Ypj ieY`?a] gedpo?gh :?aupaY`?a ?a :_`deYp :Xeabp [ ‚i ::: eaj rk?Y? @g?Y?c?_K - , 5 ! , , % ,� . " , +, ƒQ ! 'M7M Q Q V 'M7M A……Q 4 & =apgb`popajp +/ D" & ) ' C! , ) - 7# 2%' " ! ' ,+ , 4 V # 4 Œ $ -" !$ 8 D8 '0 &

27

!!"

=apgb`popajp '" , % ,� . " , +, „Q Š …N ! 'M7M QNQ & , % , ! - + , - Io`aj Y^g\`apK - 0 IZX?Y?u?_Ye`cK - - I\`?be]S\`?de]]K - ' ! - - Ibp?YXpgde_K - + ,#L& + ,+ ,, 8 !$ ! - % + + , ! - - & ) ' C , ,

V 8 , ) , ./ V !$ , 8 % + + 4 , , + - H , ! '& & , $ " + ,, # & 0! , $ - ! 7 1 & 0 " * '" , $ 8 ! 7 6V, + ! 7 - , + , ! - , ! 7 % '8 '% - ./ , , 7 & , % D" ' C3 D ) - 71% - ,W - ! ' # % % ‘AM 7! '1 , A Itaap~ ; :?^aYg`p]K $ D/ , 8 % 7 - H Impup_?Zpj :?^aYgkK ! , 8% ygbea`€eY`?a x?g =c?a?d`c :?†?ZpgeY`?a eaj mpup_?ZdpaY Iy=:mK 7! , 8 % &8 , &8 , 7 . , % Â&#x;, 8% 7,) &' 7 6V, + } $ " =;< I=c?a?d`p] `a <gea]`Y`?aK ./ - , 5 ! , +) , , 5,Â? . " , +,!$ %2 ! , -M7M NPP M 7! '1 , Itaap~ ;; :?^a† Yg`p]K $ D/ , 8% 7 y=:m , '1 , A ./ - - 76! , , +

8 -" % 7 ,) - H ! , " , , - 2 , 7 , D% '& & , U PM 7 , '1 , A Ii?a†taap~ ;K $ D/ 7 , ) - H Impup_?Z`ab :?^aYgkK

4 $ # % - , 5 ! , ,Â? . " , +, 4 4 ANQ 7

AM <Xp ]expYk ?x a^c_peg papgbk `a ce]p ?x ^ap~ZpcYpj c`gc^d]YeacpR x?g `a]YeacpR ^h^]X`de me``cX` a^c_peg j`]e]YpgM M nej`?ecY`up oe]Yp deaebpdpaYM PM z`bX de`aYpaeacp p~Zpa]p eaj \pc?d`ab ea ?_j xe]X`?apj papgbk ]?^gcp `a {pgdea] ZpgcpZY`?aM M :?a]`jpgeY`?a ?x e_YpgaeY`up xg?d gpapoe\_p papgbkM ^gYXpgd?gpR YXp {pgdea b?upga dpaY Xej eaa?^acpj b^`jp_`ap Z?_`ck `a ?gjpg Y? `ddpj`eYp_k Ypgd`aeYp a^c_peg Z?opg Z_eaY]M =~edZ_p] ?x YXp b^`jp_`ap] egp c?a]Yg^cY`ab o`aj bpapgeY?g] `a YXp i?gYX >peR YXp fe_Y`c >pe eaj YXp i?gYXpga {pgdeak ]^ZZ_k`ab Z?opg Y? YXp ]?^YX ?x {pgdeak \k ^]`ab X`bX u?_Yebp ce\_p ]^ZZ?gY`ab bgppa \^`_j`ab] eaj p]Ye\_`]X`ab p_pcYg`c`Yk bg`j I]degY bg`jK oX`cX o`__ c?aapcY e__ ?upg YXp c?^aYgk eaj =^g?ZpM

Drive for the Better Change i?oejek]R {pgdeak eaj ?YXpg aeY`?a] egp xec`ab c_`deYp cXeabpR x?]]`_ x^p_ ]X?gYebp eaj a^c_peg Z?opg Z_eaY j`x c^_Y`p]M <Xpgpx?gpR Y? `acgpe]p aeY`?a ] ]Ye\`_`YkR ]pc^g`YkR c_`deYp xg`paj_k ]YeY^] `ac_^j`ab pxxpcY`up \ech ^Z Z?opgR YXp b?upgadpaY ?x {pgdeak Xe] ej?ZYpj YXp ex?gpdpaY`?apj Z?_`ck \k Ze]]`ab |npapoe\_p =apgbk >?^gcp] tcY[ =={}M <Xp Zg`degk c?dZ?]`Y`?a] ?x YXp tcY egp[ AM t gp]^_Y ?x ^acpgYe`aYk e\?^Y papgbk `dZg?updpaYM M ta pxx?gY `a papgbk px c`packM PM t d?j` ceY`?a eaj ea paXea cpdpaY ?x p_pcYg`ce_ bg`j I]degY bg`jK `ac_^j`ab e g`]p `a pdZ_?kdpaY _pup_M

M ta `aup]YdpaY `a apo YpcXa?_?b`p] x?g \eYYpg`p] ?g Z?opg ]Y?gebp YXeY cea \p o`jp_k ^]pj o`YX gpapoe\_p papgbkM :^ggpaY_kR {pgdeak `] YXp dpd\pg ?x taap~ ; :?^aYg`p] ^ajpg YXp a`Ypj ieY`?a] gedpo?gh :?aupaY`?a ?a :_`deYp :Xeabp[ i ::: eaj rk?Y? @g?Y?c?_ oX`cX Xe] ?\_`beY`?a Y? gpj^cp bgppaX?^]p be] \k Q c?dZeg`ab Y? A Q ] _pup_ `a YXp kpeg Q QM <X^]R YXp =apgb`popajp Z?_`ck `] c?a]`jpgpj e] YXp cg^c`e_ Z?_`ck YXeY o`__ \g`ab YXp c?^aYgk Y? YXp ]^]Ye`ae\_p x^Y^gpM ^gYXpgd?gpR Y? ecX`pup YXp _?ab Ypgd ?\lpcY`up] ?x YXp Z?_`ckR YXp {pgdea b?upgadpaY Xe] e`dpj eY c^YY`ab j?oa Q N ?x bgppaX?^]p be] pd`]]`?a o`YX`a kpeg QNQ \k pac?^geb`ab YXp e_YpgaeY`up papgbk ]^cX e] o`aj Y^g\`apR ZX?Y?u?_Ye`cR \`?be] eaj \`?de]]R bp?YXpgde_ eaj zkjg?bpa Z?opgM tZegY xg?d Zg?d?Y`ab YXp gpapoe\_p papgbkR AM taap~ ; c?^aYg`p] gpxpg Y? jpup_?Zpj c?^aYg`p] `a ygbea`]eY`?a x?g =c?a?d`c YXp papgbk px c`pack `] e_]? ?ap ?x YXp :? ?ZpgeY`?a eaj mpup_?ZdpaY Iy=:mK eaj Z?_`c`p] oX`cX egp ]Yg?ab_k ]^ZZ?gYpj YXp v`jj_p =^g?Zpea c?^aYg`p]R =e]Y =^g?Zpea \k YXp b?upgadpaY `a Ypgd ?x aeac`e_R c?^aYg`p] eaj n^]]`e oX`cX egp ce__pj =;< gp]pegcX eaj jpup_?ZdpaYR eaj I=c?a?d`p] `a <gea]`Y`?aKM <Xp]p c?^aYg`p] Xeup YpcXa?_?bkM <Xpgp egp ]pupge_ ejueaYebp] ?\_`beY`?a Y? gpj^cp YXp bgppaX?^]p be] Y? \p ?x YX`] Z?_`ckM t] op__ e] ]eu`ab papgbkR YXp ]edp _pup_ e] `a A QM ?YXpg de`a \pap Y] ?x YXp Z?_`ck egp M taap~ ;; c?^aYg`p] gpxpg Y? y=:m taap~ ; c?^aYg`p] oX`cX Xeup ?\_`beY`?a Y? YXp ?o ?x x^aj `a c?^aYgk ] pc?a?dk e__?ceYp ceZ`Ye_ `a e]]`]Y`ab jpup_?Z`ab aeY`?a] `acgpe]p pdZ_?kdpaY _pup_ eaj Y? c?aYg?_ YXp c_`deYp cXeabp \k ^]`ab ]eYp__`Yp pxxpcY`up eaj px c`paY papgbk ^]ebpM ;Y YpcXa?_?bk eaj ZgecY`cp]M `] ]ppa YXeY `aYg?j^c`ab YX`] Z?_`ck `] PM i?a taap~ ; c?^aYg`p] gpxpg Y? e__ ANQ ]pa]`\_p o`YX op__ ZgpZegeY`?a Y? \g`ab jpup_?Z`ab c?^aYg`p] oX`cX Xeup a? ?\_`beY`?a YXp c?^aYgk ?^Y ?x YXp papgbk cg`]`] `a Y? gpj^cp YXp bgppaX?^]p be]M YXp x^Y^gpM

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

28

โ 8, ' % V # 8 , ) ! 8, + D/ G, 8 '" + 4 $ 2 % IAQQย gpapoe\_p papgbkK " $ 2 % s`_Z?_j]g`pj ! '

โ

! 7 & ! # !y % (! - $ ({ !:(0!! V # 8 , ) ! 8, ' % 8, + D/ G, 8 '" + 4 $ 2% IAQQย gpapoe\_p papgbkK " $ 2% s`_Z?_j]g`pj ! ' ' " * ,+ , 4 ) , + !$ , " 5 IZ^\_`c Xpeg`abS?Z`a`?aK ! 8, ' % 8, % D/ 4 + 4 '5 , , 8C & 8 , - - $ % , $ , , - - ! , ) & =apgb`popajp 4 4 -" , ย , FC$ $ 8 & , ! - % -! ' & V , 7 ,ย $ !$ ' /4 !$ %$ ,ย $ , 7! + ) , ,ย $ , ! - % - % ' % ' 4 4 , 8 , % 12 , , ! $ 2 -" , 8 ,% ' $ - % " + , ' D ,2 / 4 ,% , , 7! ,ย $ ./ V & ! , ' !$ , 8 ' $ % 4 -" , ! - % - % , โ ถ e 6 5 7@ S R I=d`]]`?a <gej`abK , #,, !$ % "4 - - , , + 72 0 ,G - ImpcpaYge_`ย pj ]Y?gebpK , D% '& & - , ! - % - )4 , ! c_pea c?e_ -" , , % ,ย .' 0 # ,#. 0 -" & =apgb`popajp # D/ , , & !$ & % % iz z?Yp_ fpg_`a pย v?\`_`Yk w?^abp Ins= =apgbkK & & , % , ! - $ $ - ! , , -" , % ) $ 2,'

29

!!"

โ ถ e 6 56 G j @ 7M@A

& 6 1 - =apgYgebp t{ ./ 6

) 8 , + - " * 7 , - H ! - zk\g`j ! 7& , 1 ,ย .#L& + -" ! "4 - ) $ D& ! $ , ! , 8 0 4 6 ย & ' , 1 , #EEย + ,- -" , % ,# 7 ' ! ' !, 4 ,+ , 4 , + - H -" , % #EEย +3 !$ ' ' 8 # 8 , -"4 4 , + - H % !$ D " & , 7 -" -" , % ,- ! ' % 8 !$ ' % " $ % 7& ) & =apgb`popajp ! % - , ) ! 7 % 4 % ' % " $ % 7 V !$ ' % $ " ,% 7 % * % + & . Eย ย 0 # & 7# # , % $ " 8 + , V & , , ย 2 , 7 - 1% '0, ' % " $ % 7 I{;ยก 7# [ mp^Y]cXp {p]p__]cXexY xยขg ;aYpgaeY`?ae_p ยก^]eddpaeg\p`YK ! &' , -" - H , ,) $ & ) , 2 , 7 # -" 8 , 1 % , 2 , 7 -M7M NNN ย Nย P # 2%, U 5 4 2% $ % ) &' , ย

Strong support of operations within the country <Xp {pgdeak ] b?upgadpaY Xe] gd_k ]^ZZ?gYpj YXp ?ZpgeY`?a] `a pupgk j`u`]`?a eaj _pup_ `ac_^j`ab YXp ]de__p]Y ?ap oX`cX `] p]Ye\_`]X`ab d?jp_ c?dd^a`YkM <Xp u`__ebp |s`_Z?_j]g`pj} YXeY `] _?ceYpj `a YXp ]?^YXpga feueg`e >YeYp eaj ?YXpg u`__ebp] egp ]p_pcYpj e] d?jp_ c?dd^a`Yk x?g AQQ gpapoe\_p papgbkM ;a ejj`Y`?aR YXp b?upgadpaY Xe] c?aj^cYpj Z^\_`c Xpeg`ab `a ?gjpg Y? o`jp_k c?dd^a`ceYp o`YX Zp?Z_p eY e__ _pup_]M ;Y e_]? cgpeYp] YXp e_YpgaeY`up j`]Z^Yp gp]?_^Y`?a eg\`YgeY`?a Y? ZgpupaY eak j`x c^_Y`p] `a ce]p YXeY j`]Z^Yp c?acpga`ab YXp =apgb`popajp Z?_`ck ] ?ZpgeY`?a]M ta?YXpg eZZg?ecX oX`cX Xe] j?ap \k YXp {pgdea b?upgadpaY `] papgbk px c`pack `a \^`_j`ab]M <Xp b?upgadpaY Xe] Ze]]pj YXp _eo Y? pax?gcp apo \^`_j`ab] Y? ]pg`?^]_k ej?ZY YXp npapoe\_p =apgbk >?^gcp] tcY[ =={M <Xp b?upgadpaY Xe] Zg?u`jpj ueg`?^] ]^\]`j`p] Y? YXp ?ZpgeY?g] `a ?gjpg Y? YXp bgppa \^`_j`ab]M z?opupgR e] deak c?a]Yg^cY`?a] Xeup a?Y ?\_`bpj Y? YX`] _eoR YXp b?upgadpaY Xe] gp ^`gpj YXp]p \^`_j`ab] Y? `dZg?up YXp`g papgbk px c`pack e] op__M ▶ 1#":"& )P %: !! ") H#. )P YXp p~edZ_p] ?x YXp b?upgadpaY ] cedZe`ba egp apo Ygej`ab dpcXea`]d \`? x^p_ jpcpaYge_`]pj papgbk ]Y?gebp ]Xeg`ab e_YpgaeY`up papgbk YpcXa?_?b`p] eaj gpj^c`ab ceg\?a j`?~`jp \k ^]`ab c_pea c?e_ `ac_^j`ab X?Yp_ `dZg?updpaY] Y? \p pau`g?adpaYe_ xg`paj_k X?Yp_] ]^cX e] iz z?Yp_ fpg_`a p v?\`_`Yk w?^abp Ins= =apgbkKM <X`] X?Yp_ Xe] ?xxpgpj papgbk px c`pack upX`c_p ]pgu`cp Y? c^]Y?dpg]M ▶ 1#":"& )P ,),#P$ P,),#.& )P ) Y# .&, !,Z&"# papgbk bpapgeY`ab c?dZeakR =apgYgebp t{R oX`cX `] YXp X`bX_k gpc?ba`]pj papgbk c?dZeak `a {pgdeak Xe] jpup_?Zpj eaj pdZ_?kpj zk\g`j \k Zg?j^c`ab zkjg?bpa be] Y? ^]p e] x^p_ ]?^gcp x?g \^] ]pgu`cp `a fpg_`aM <Xp c?dZeak e_]? Xe] ]pupge_ papgbk Zg?lpcY]M ?g `a]YeacpR p~Z?gY p_pcYg`c`Yk xg?d gpapoe\_p papgbk Y? ap`bX\?^g`ab c?^aYg`p] `a YXp x^Y^gp gp]pegcX eaj jpup_?ZdpaY `a paXeac`ab p_pcYg`ce_ bg`j I]degY bg`jK c?upgebp `ac_^j`ab `aYpgc?aapcY`?a o`YX ap`bX\?^g] x?g p~Z?gYeY`?a eaj pac?^geb`ab eaj ]^ZZ?gY`ab c??ZpgeY`?a \pYoppa c?^aYg`p]M ;a ecc?gjeacp o`YX YXp =apgb`popjap Z?_`ckR a?Y ?a_k YXp j?dp]Y`c cedZe`ba] YXeY Xeup \ppa Z^g]^pjR YXp {pgdea b?upgadpaY Xe] ?xxpgpj `aYpgaeY`?ae_ c??ZpgeY`?a Y? ueg`?^] c?^aYg`p] ]^cX e] :X`aeR ;aj?ap]`eR @X`_`ZZ`ap] eaj <Xe`_eajM ;a <Xe`_eajR op Xeup gpcp`upj e`j] eaj ]^ZZ?gY] xg?d YXp pjpge_ v`a`]Ygk x?g YXp =au`g?adpaYR ieY^gp :?a]pgueY`?a eaj i^c_peg >expYk ?x {pgdeak u`e ea `aYpgaeY`?ae_ ?gbea`]eY`?a I{;¡ <Xe`_eaj[ mp^Y]cXp {p]p__]cXexY x^g ;aYpgaeY`?a_p ¡^]eddpaep\p`YK `a <Xe`_eaj ] ?ab?`ab jpup_?ZdpaY Zg?lpcY ?a Z?_`ck x?gdeY`?a eaj c_`deYp cXeabp c?aupaY`?a ?ZpgeY`?aM <Xp de`a ?\lpcY`up ?x YX`] Zg?lpcY `] Y? c?aupgY YXp QA QNQ de]Ypg Z_ea ?x c_`deYp cXeabp `aY? ea ecY`?a Z_eaM

“

The Germany’s government has firmly supported the operations in every division and level including the smallest one which is establishing model community. The village “Wilpoldsried” that is located in the southern Bavaria State.

”

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

30

▶ A 8 G85G 7 ? {45 e M@A S? % $ 2% p_jXp`d ./ 8 G , % D1 - + ,- - 0 - - !$ ,%12 7 ! 8 +) A ' $ 2% , % , $ + , ' + & 8 4 ' $ - " fpg_`a @?]Yjedpg @_eY ./ ' ) ,

D ,2 / 4 !$ % ! & , ! - % - G 2 4 , !$ % , , 7 , ! . '! , ) 1 -" ' G ! W 2 - ' 8% ! W 2$ , ) $ ' , ! )4 $ 8 & ) % )4 +) -" )4 4 D - ' 8% "4 ! , 7 5 , %

7 !&( , ) & ! ! , & 1 - , 2 , 7 7# + !$ , ' # ! % * % D2, $ 4 ! % - , ! - % - " + , 7# ' $ ! $ * % - 0 - - 76# 76 $ " 4 + ,-" ,6 f`?de]] 7, - D+ - H # % -! ' & 3- - 0 % " + ,, 8 - 0 - ! 8 +) , ! '& & 31

!!"

2 -"4

$ -" ) , 4 , " 5 ) ' !+, 8, ' % % D/ & % ! ' V!$ , 8 % + + 4 ) ' , , ' $01 , &' , - !$ ' , G /4 , $ " " ! & , + ' 2 50 - ! ,G ,G + # % 1 ! U # $ ,# % , A A jG Iweo =ax?gcp dpaYK % 2 # % ' $ ,D/ FC$ - , - 2 , 7 2% ! F++8

▶ I2YY"#& )P :" ,/ Z"::2) &${ ,Z" //.P, ea?YXpg p~edZ_p ?x YXp pc? u`__ebp `] e ]de__ c?dd^a`YkR p_jXp`d u`__ebp YXeY Xe] ]p_x bpapgeYpj papgbk xg?d o`aj Y^g\`apR ]?_eg Z?opgR \`? x^p_ eaj \`?de]] Y? ]^ZZ_k A u`__ebpg]M fp]`jp] ea `aYpbgeYpj papgbk deaebpdpaY ]k]YpdR `a YXp c?dd^a`YkR YXpgp `] e bgppa ?x cp \^`_j`ab aedpj |fpg_`a @?]Yjedpg @_eY } oX`cX oe] x^__k c?a]Yg^cYpj `a ecc?gjeacp o`YX YXp npapoe\_p =apgbk >?^gcp] tcY[ =={M <Xp \^`_j`ab Xe] \ppa `a]Ye__pj bgppa g??x eaj aeY^ge_ _`bXY`ab eaj upaY`_eY`?a ]k]Ypd]M v?gp?upgR ]`jp oe__ ?x YXp \^`_j`ab oe] \^`_Y \k cpged`c `a ?gjpg Y? de`aYe`a YXp YpdZpgeY^gp j^g`ab YXp ]^ddpg eaj o`aYpgM ;a ejj`Y`?aR e aeY^ge_ Z??_ oe] c?a]Yg^cYpj Y? c?__pcY ge`a eaj ^]p `a YXp \^`_j`ab ] oeYpg gpckc_`ab ]k]YpdM <Xp Z??_ Xe] Xp_Zpj `acgpe]`ab YXp d?`]Y^gp ?x YXp ]^gg?^aj`ab eYd?]ZXpgp e] op__M Conclusion

<Xp {pgdeak ] b^`jp_`ap] eaj Z?_`c`p] cea \p ej?ZYpj eaj ^]pj e] j`gpcY`?a x?g YXp papgbk eaj c_`deYp cXeabp Z?_`ck `a <Xe`_eajM ipupgYXp_p]]R YXpk Xeup Y? \p ejl^]Ypj `a ?gjpg Y? eZZ_k `a YXp c?aYp~Y ?x <Xe` ]?c`pYk `a \?YX gpapoe\_p papgbk eaj papgbk px c`pack c?acpga]M ya YXp ?ap XeajR <Xe`_eaj Xe] e X`bX c?dZpYpack Y? x^gYXpg jpup_?Z YXp e_YpgaeY`up papgbkR x?g `a]YeacpR o`aj bpapgeY?gR \`?de]]R o??jcX`Z] eaj ebg`c^_Y^ge_ oe]Yp p]Zpc`e__k ZX?Y?u?_Ye`c Z?opgM ya YXp ?YXpg XeajR YXp ]?_eg Z?opg Z_eaY eaj o`aj Y^g\`ap c?]Y c?a]`jpge\_p ed?^aY

?x d?apk eaj X`bX YpcXa?_?b`p] Y? `dZ_pdpaY eaj ?ZpgeYpM ^gYXpgd?gpR YXp ]^`Ye\_p ?ZpgeY`ab egpeR Z^\_`c gp_eY`?a eaj YX?g?^bX ^ajpg]Yeaj`ab ?x e__ gp_eYpj ZegY`p] `ac_^j`ab YXp ]Yg?ab b?upgadpaY ] ]^ZZ?gY ?a xec`_`YeY`ab YXp gp]pegcX `a pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY ?x gpapoe\_p papgbk Zg?lpcY] egp appjpj e] op__M t__ `a e__R `a <Xe`_eajR YXp ?ZpgeY`?a] ^ajpg YXp Z?_`ck o`__ a?Y \p ecc?dZ_`]Xpj ^a_p]] /.r r //

3, # P"#"2!/$ :Y/,:,)&, eaj pax?gcpjM @p?Z_p ] eoegpap]] ?x papgbk eaj c_`deYp cXeabp cg`]`] `] kpY ?YXpg cg^c`e_ ZegY Y? dehp YXp Z?_`ck u`e\_pM Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

32

K | $ XI

ผลกระทบสิง่ แวดล้อมเพื่อประชาคมเศรษฐกิจอาเซียน S q 8 5

A 6 4R @ ? S@ 5

A \ ?@ ? AM 5G 7 ?@ ? S@ 5

! -M7M NN 7 , . + 2%, ' 7 6V, + . ./ 7 , . + , V , ) $ , 1 , , ' , , , 8 -" ' , 12 & '! 2 ' . ./ ' % ! NN + - /4 D/ BQQ ' # D/ ' , , . ,+) , ' % !$C% " % , , ' ! , 8 % 7 . 4 + ) !$ , -! , 8 -" ' , 1 ' , , /4 + , D%

'0' 2 '& & $ % , ! , 8 % 7 . % , /4 % 7+/ , ' - ! , 2% ' 7 6V, + . 4 , !$ D ) D ' 7 6V, + # & 0 # % 7 , " *

! .! 5 ! 7 ; $ (! Z > # ({ ! ! !: ! . "! 7&. ! , ' $01 , ' " " ! $ , , ! , ) $ " ' , 501 , 4 ! , , ) &' , - H + % ! 8,* 4

- , 7 6V, + ' -" + # $ , 1 , ! + , /4 !$ , /4 8 ! 5 , ,G , ! - , ./ % !$C% # % DE '" , # % & 0 - 2 8 '8 '% 8 ,+ , 4 , ' $01 , ! ! , !+ , $ % ' ) &' , $ " # %

7 , . AQ 7 # ,% # & . . E 0 '& 0 2# % 0 , -2 33

!!"

mgM tgpp >^oeadeapp =au`g?adpaYe_ ;dZecY =ue_^eY`?a f^gpe^R yx cp ?x ieY^ge_ np]?^gcp] eaj =au`g?adpaYe_ @?_`ck eaj @_eaa`ab

The Development of Environmental Impact Assessment for the ASEAN Economic Community ; a QANR Ypa t>=ti c?^aYg`p]‘ o`__ \pc?dp YXp dpd\pg] ?x t>=ti =c?a?d`c :?dd^a`Yk It=:KM <Xp]p c?^aYg`p] o`__ \p ]ppa e] e ]`ab_p \e]p ?x Zg?j^cY`?aR YgejpR b??j]R ]pgu`cp] eaj `aup]YdpaY `a ?gjpg Y? ]pgup e] YXp c?a]^dpg jpdeaj `a >?^YXpe]Y t]`e YXeY `acgpe]`ab_k Ygpaj] Y? BQQ d`__`?a Zp?Z_p `a QANR eaj `a ]pupge_ x?gp`ba deghpY] ?^Y]`jp >?^YXpe]Y t]`eaM t_d?]Y Zp?Z_p \p_`pup YXeY exYpg t>=ti xgpp Ygejp ?Zpa`abR YXp xgppj?d `a YgejpR `aup]YdpaYR eaj b??j] Zg?j^cY`?a eaj ]pgu`cp] o`__ \p `acgpe]`abR eaj e_]? ha?o_pjbpR YpcXa?_?b`p] eaj o?ghx?gcp o`__ \p d?gp xgpp_k Ygea]xpgg`ab ed?ab t>=ti dpd\pg]M <Xpgpx?gpR pecX c?^aYgk ZgpZegp] `Y] gpej`ap]] x?g l?`a`ab YXp t=:R Zg?YpcY`ab ]?c`e_ ]YeY^]R eaj be`a`ab pc?a?d`c \pap cp] o`YX?^Y j`]ejueaYebp xg?d ?YXpg c?^aYg`p]M

Environmental Impact Assessment in Each ASEAN Country: Personnel training and preparation are needed to improve

=au`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY `] e Y??_ e] ea ecejpd`c Zg`ac`Z_p YXeY ^]p] Y? x?gpce]Y eaj pue_^eYp \?YX Z?]`Y`up eaj apbeY`up `dZecY] xg?d YXp jpup_?ZdpaY Zg?lpcY] ?a aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp eaj ]?c`?pc?a?d`c e]ZpcY] ]`d^_Yeap?^]_k `a ?gjpg Y? d`a`d`€p eaj ZgpupaY YXp apbeY`up `dZecY] ?a YXp pau`g?adpaYR e] op__ e] pxxpcY`up_k ^Y`_`€p a?a†gpapoe\_p gp]?^gcp]M ^gYXpgd?gpR YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY gpZ?gY cea e_]? \p ^]pj e] e b^`jp_`ap x?g p~pc^Y`up] Y? jpc`jp ?a YXp xpe]`\`_`Yk ?x YXp Zg?lpcYM

‘ AQ t>=ti dpd\pg] egp <Xe`_eajR ;aj?ap]`eR ve_ek]`eR @X`_`ZZ`ap]R >`abeZ?gpR fg^ap`R ‹`pYaedR vkeadegR we?] eaj :ed\?j`eM Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

34

8, 4 8, 7 , . # ) , ' $01 , ! ' " " ! , ' '8 , 1 , + ,, - H &' , % * D/ % 7 ! $ ,, ' , ' $01 , $ " , % % ! U ' , % , " + , % 7# ,) $ &' , ) , ' $01 , 4 # ,, U $ , ,5 0 4 ! , + ) , ' $01 , , , - + 5 , ' $01 , # % $ " , ! " , , + ) - + 5 , ' $01 , 7 , . ' , % , , 8

+ V , 1 ' , ! 7! * +) 7/,6 !+ 2 U , , + ) - + 5 , ' $01 , ! " # 7 4 * -" # %!$ 8 ' % , 8 ' +) U , , + ) - + 5 , ' $01 , ! " # 7 4 * % 6 , 8 -" 1 ' , $ 8' , ' D! , !+, , + ) - + 5 , ' $01 ,

$ 7! , 8 % , . # %! % , 8'' !+ ' 2 " , ' $01 , 7! 7$ / % 4 4 ' , , , ' 2 , ' $01 , 7 + # 8 + , /4 & , 5 12 ' 2 , , , ' $01 , 3- 7 % * D ) ! 6 '0, $ " D , , , , /4 ! ) , 1 - + ,, + ) !$ , % 8' , , ' $01 , , / 4 - + , !$ 5 12 ' 2, ' $0 1 , ! 7 " * D ) ! 7, 8% . /4 $ " ! ' $ $ / '" 5 + D , 7/,6 ! # ,+ ,+ % , ' " * + ,! 7 + , 7 " * -" # ) ! 7 + % -" )

! 7 " * ,

35

!!"

:^ggpaY_kR e__ t>=ti dpd\pg] ^]p YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY e] e Y??_ Y? c?aYg?_ eaj Zg?YpcY pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY] ?cc^ggpj xg?d cpgYe`a jpup_?ZdpaY Zg?lpcY]M t_YX?^bX `a bpapge_R YXp]p c?^aYg`p] Xeup eZZ_`pj e ]edp =;t Zg`ac`Z_p eaj c?acpZY Y? `dZ_pdpaY YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaYR `a YXp jpYe`_ YXpk X?_j `Y] j`xxpgpaY Zg?cpj^gp] eaj ZgecY`cp]M <X`] `] \pce^]p pecX c?^aYgk Xe] `Y] ?oa gp ^`gpdpaY] YXp ]` p] eaj YkZp] ?x Zg?lpcY YXeY Xeup Y? eZZg?up YXp =;t gpZ?gY]R eaj j`xxpgpaY g^_p]R gpb^_eY`?a] eaj Ygej`Y`?ae_ ZgecY`cp] `a c?aj^cY`ab YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaYM :?a]p ^paY_kR `aup]Y?g] oX? oeaY Y? `aup]Y YXp`g Zg?lpcY] ?x b??j] Zg?j^cY`?a] eaj ]pgu`cp] `a eak t>=ti c?^aYgk o`YX?^Y ?\]Yg^cY`?aR YXpk appj Y? ^ajpg]YeajR _pega eaj ZgecY`cp ^ajpg YXp =;t ]k]Ypd `a j`xxpgpaY c?^aYg`p]M <Xp apcp]]egk Y? x?__?o ^ajpg YXp ?ZY`?ae_ =;t Zg?cp]] ?x pecX c?^aYgk x?gcp] `aup]Y?g] eaj Zg?lpcY ?oapg] o`__ ]pph p~ZpgY] `a YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY Zg?cp]]p] ?x e__ t>=ti dpd\pg]R a?Y ?a_k ?ap c?^aYgkM <X^]R YX`] =;t

p~ZpgY`]p o`__ \p `acgpe]`ab_k jpdeajpjM <X`] `] ea p~cp__paY ?ZZ?gY^a`Yk x?g bgej^eYp] `a YX`] p_j Y? o?gh `a YXp d^_Y`aeY`?ae_ c?dZea`p] ?g ?gbea`]eY`?a]M i?apYXp_p]]R e] o?ghx?gcp cea d?up xgpp_kR YXp c?dZpY`Y`?a ed?ab]Y YXp pau`g?adpaYe_`]Y o`__ \p `aYpa]pM tZegY xg?d c?dZpY`Y`?a \pYoppa <Xe` pau`g?adpaYe_ bgej^eYp]R YXpk Xeup Y? pac?^aYpg g`ue_] xg?d ?YXpg c?^aYg`p] `a ?gjpg Y? be`a e b??j l?\ `a YXp t=:M

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

36

2(; 5 !" | ! ! 8' , , ' $01 , 7 , . 4 , $ ! ! .! 5 ! 7 % % # ,G , % ! F++8 U , , $ , 2 , ' $01 , , ' $01 , % , ' $01 , D2, ) ! ! 7# 4 % -M7M N # , - H '0' 2! , ' $0 1 , % % " F++8 $ D , 7/ , 6 £ , ! 7# # , ' $01 , # 1 , -" ) , ' $0 1 , % - - D ' , 4 ! ' , % 6

/,6 12 + ) 6 , + &' , '0, , ! ' V % $ % 12- + 5 $G , ' $0 1 , $ % , $ % D 12 8 C &' ,

) , ' $01 , 4 D , 7/ , 6 12 1 - H 37

!!"

! D , 7/,6 4 ' " 4 $

3- , ' $01 , ) $ 7# % 4 , 7/,6 , ' $01 , 7 " * ! . ) !$ 5

+ ' 2 ' !+'% % , , + ) - + 5 , ' $0 1 , 7 % * ! 2 ' . D , 7/ , 6 ! 7# +) , , , ' $01 , -" , - H , 8 ' 7 6V, + . "4 $ $ , 2 , ' $01 , + !$ ' ' 8 , , + ) - + 5 , ' $01 , %

7!$ ' D ,+ , 4 D , 7/,6 + 12 ) , , , ' $01 , ! " , 7/,6 D , 7/,6 # 7 % * ! , 8% 7 . 4 D , 7/,6 # ' + ! & , 4 $ % $ , ) $ 12 ) ! , 1 , , , , ' $01 , 72 0, '0' 2 , ' $0 1 , -" ) $ , ' 2 , 50 8 , ) , ' $01 , !$ ,% D , 7/ , 6 % * ! , 8% 7 .

Looking Forward – Development in Teaching and Learning the Environmental Impact Assessment Programme

;a <Xe`_eajR YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY Xe] \ppa ]YegYpj ]`acp A A eaj Xe] \ppa c?aY`a^e__k `dZg?u`abM @gp]paY_kR ]pupge_ pj^ceY`?ae_ eaj Yge`a`ab `a]Y`Y^Yp] Xeup ?Zpapj e c?^g]p ?x pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaYM <X`] cea Zg?j^cp =;t p~ZpgY] Y? ]pgup e] YXp jpdeaj ?x Zg`ueYp ]pcY?g]R ]^cX e] c?a]^_YeaY c?dZea`p]R Zg?lpcY ?oapg] eaj a?a b?upgadpaY ?gbea` eY`?a] oX? appj Y? ]^\d`Y YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY gpZ?gYR ?x ?x c`e_ ]pcY?g]R ]^cX e] _?ce_ eaj cpaYge_ e^YX?g`Y`p] oX? egp gp]Z?a]`\_p Y? eZZg?up pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaYR eaj ?x pj^ceY`?ae_ `a]Y`Y^Yp] oX? pj^ceYp pau`g?adpaYe_ bgej^eYp] eaj p~ZpgY]M z?opupgR `Y `] a?Ye\_p YXeY YXp ]Y^jk ?x pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY `a <Xe` pj^ceY`?ae_ `a]Y`Y^Yp] ]Y`__ x?c^]p] ?a YXp c?aYp~Y ?x <Xe` pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaYM yYXpgo`]pR YXp =;t c^gg`c^_^d `a <Xe`_eaj gegp_k `ac?gZ?geYp] YXp =;t c?aYp~Y] Xp_j \k ?YXpg t>=ti c?^aYg`p]M :?a]p ^paY`e__kR YXp bgej^eYp] _ech ha?o_pjbp

eaj ^ajpg]Yeaj`ab ?x pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY Zg?cp]]p] ?x ?YXpg c?^aYg`p]M zpacpR YXp <Xe` pj^ceY`?ae_ `a]Y`Y^Yp] appj Y? gpu`po YXp`g =;t YpecX`ab eaj `Y] c^gg`c^_^d `a ?gjpg Y? ]pgup pxxpcY`up_k e] YXp jpup_?ZdpaY eaj `aup]YdpaY `a YXp t=:M <Xp c?aYp~Y ?x =;t c^gg`c^_^d ]X?^_j \p `ac_^jpj o`YX YXp =;t Zg?cp]] ?x e__ t>=ti c?^aYg`p]R e] op__ e] YXp`g gp_eYpj _eo]R gpb^_eY`?a] eaj b^`jp_`ap]M v?gp?upgR e] <Xe` pj^ceY`?ae_ `a]Y`Y^Yp] egp o`jp_k eccpZYe\_p ed?ab t>=ti dpd\pg]R YXp `a]Y`Y^Yp] ]X?^_j Yehp YX`] ?ZZ?gY^a`Yk Y? ecY e] e _pejpg]X`Z `a YXp ]Y^jk ?x pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaYR eaj e_]? Z_ek e g?_p e] e c?gapg]Y?ap ebpack `a x?]Ypg`ab YXp =;t jpup_?ZdpaY eZZg?Zg`eYp_k x?g t>=tiM zpacpR YXp ha?o_pjbp cpaYgp ?x YXp t>=ti pau`g?adpaY `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY ]X?^_j \p p]Ye\_`]Xpj `a <Xe`_eajM <X`] cpaYgp gp]Z?aj] Y? c??gj`aeYpR ]^ZZ?gY eaj ]Xegp p~Zpg`pacp eaj ha?o_pjbp o`YX gp_eYpj ?YXpg t>=ti `a]Y`Y^Y`?a]M Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

38

" | ! ! ! ! .! 5 ! 7 % (! -2 . !! ! % (! = 5 $ â–¶ ' 7/,6 ' + ' ' $G + , ,, 7/,6 12 C+ , D , 7/,6 $ % , ! 7 -" ,) $ 7 ! , - H $ , 2 , , , ' $01 , 2'% . 4 + 4 '5 ) '0, / 4 -" 1 , !$ 7# ! , 12 ) ! . ! '0' 2 , ' $01 , % + â–¶ + . -" , - H $ , 2 , , , ' $01 , â–¶ , '0, , , , ' $01 , -" , 8 , '& & 5! , ) , 7/,6 + - H 8' , , ' 2 4 , ! .

, - H , , , ' $001 , , %% + )) !$ ! D , 7//,6 D1 5‰ D ' , ! ' . , 4 , , , ' $01 , ! 7#

# -H , 2'% , 7# D 72 ,0 , 2 D% '& & , ' $01 , !$ , D % * 8 4 ' $G % , 2 % ' 7 6V, + . ./ 8,' + ! , 2 8 +8 - -+8 % !$ /4 # , 4 , 7/,6 - H '0' 2 , ' $01 , ! 7# !$ 7 , - ' " % $ % , 8% 7! . + ) # 2%, - H , , ' $01 , !$ V $ ) $ ' 7 6V, + . % # 39

!!"

Light to develop in the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the AEC

<Xp x?__?o`ab `]]^p] ]X?^_j \p c?a]`jpgpj[ ▶ <Xp t]]?c`eY`?a x?g =au`g?adpaYe_ =j^ceY`?a `a <Xe`_eaj ]X?^_j X?_j YXp \ge`a]Y?gd`ab xg?d pau`g?adpaYe_ pj^ceY?g] eaj ]Zpc`e_`]Y] ?x gp_eYpj `a]Y`Y^Yp] eaj j`u`]`?a] `a ?gjpg Y? jpYpgd`ap e g?ejdeZ x?g jpup_?Z`ab t>=ti pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY ]Y^jkM taj YXp c?ggp_eYpj c?dd`YYpp eaj ?gbea`]eY`?a ]X?^_j \p p]Ye\_`]Xpj Y? jg`up <Xe`_eaj e] e _pejpg `a ea e]ZpcY ?x YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY ha?o_pjbp ?x YXp t>=tiM ▶ z?_j`ab t>=ti ]pd`aeg ?a jpup_?ZdpaY =;t c^gg`c^_^dM ▶ :??gj`aeY`ab o`YX eaj gp ^p]Y`ab `aYpgaeY`?ae_ pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY ?gbea`]eY`?a] x?g pj^ceY`?ae_R YpcXa?_?b`ce_ eaj aeac`e_ ]^ZZ?gY x?g gp]pegcX ?ZpgeY`?a]R Zpg]?aap_ jpup_?ZdpaY eaj ha?o_pjbp ]Xeg`ab `a t>=tiM <? ]^d ^ZR YXp jpup_?ZdpaY `a YXp =;t ]Y^jk Zg?bgeddp cea e]]`]Y <Xe` pj^ceY`?ae_ `a]Y`Y^Yp] `a ]eY`]xk`ab ^e_` pj bgej^eYp e\_p Y? eccpZY `a YXp t>=ti c?^aYg`p]R <Xe` pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY _pega`ab o`__ \p jpup_?Z`ab Y? `aYpgaeY`?ae_ =;t ]Y^jkR eaj <Xe`_eaj o`__ \p Xpej`ab Y? YXp =;t ha?o_pjbp cpaYgp x?g ha?o_pjbp eaj YpcXa?_?b`ce_ _pega`ab eaj Ygea]xpgg`ab ?x t>=ti dpd\pg]M we]Y_kR l?`a`ab YXp t=: cea \p c?a]`jpgpj e] YXp Z?]`Y`up cXeabpM @p?Z_p Xeup Y? ejeZY YXp`g _pega`ab dpYX?j]R `dZg?up YXp`g opehap]]p] eaj `acgpe]p YXp pxxpcY`upap]] ?x YXp`g ]YgpabYX]M ;Y `] p~ZpcYpj YXeY p~Ypa]`up pj^ceY`?a eaj ha?o_pjbp gpbegj`ab YXp pau`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY `a <Xe`_eaj o`__ Xeup Z?YpaY`e_ Y? cgpeYp YXp t>=ti apYo?gh x?g x^gYXpg jpup_?ZdpaY `a YXp =;t `aYpgaeY`?ae_ ]Yeajegj eY t>=ti _pup_M Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

40

F + :+ พัฒนาตามแนวพระราชดําริ ปางตอง 2 (ปางอุง) โดย กองบรรณาธิการ

|&' , - ) } $ ' ' + # %' 8 ' , " 4 %D $ , , % $% , , | 8J } ' % !$C%,G' +

% D

% 4 !%2 + $ %L % ./ , % # " , ! % $ $ %$ ' ,G # %'% ' $ | 8 J } ./ ') % | } $ D/ - , ' ) ! 9 % ') % | 8J } 6 $ " $ D/ 8% ) ' , ! !$C% )4 3 3 ./ % + $ D/ - , ' 2% % ,G ) 4 ! F++8 8 J $ % % # ' * + $ %L% + # , % f 76W R?@ SR65N < g " + , 9 ! %2 % ,G ) 4 !$C% & 8 8 % , 4 # $ , ' $ G +/ , % %+ , , ' # 2 % + , , , 8 J 4 + , ) 4 - $W

$% ! 1" 9 - G+- + 2%$

41

!!"

, 5 , ) 12 % 8 , % # " % !+ | 8 J } ./ D

% $ % 2 + $ %L%

# '.! !"! ! # ! ( * }( &~ |&' , - ) } $ " | 8J } 4 # ,) / 4 " ," PQ 4 % -M7M N O " ' 4 - G+ - + 2%$ G+ + $ %L% $G % - 9 5 $ " % ,G ) 4 $ 8 J , 8, 8, -"4 # ) 9 + # % DE # $ , % # + , 1 $ 4 7 6V, + ' 7 +/ - , , - , 7 $ $ '5 ) % - '0! 5 4 " O ,8 - 0 N O !$ , E E2 - 9 5 $ " % ,G )4 !$ '" , 2% -

Pang Tong 2

Royal Development Project (Pang Ung) 3$ % &"# ./ 0".#

veak Zp?Z_p d`bXY a?Y \p xed`_`eg o`YX YXp aedp |@eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY}M z?opupgR `x YXpk egp Y?_j YXeY `Y `] YXp ]edp _?ceY`?a e] |@eab ab}R YXpk o?^_j gpc?ba`]p YXeY `Y `] ?ap ?x YXp Y?^g`]Y eYYgecY`?a] x?g o`aYpg `a vep z?ab >?aM ya_k xpo Zp?Z_p ha?o YXp dpea`ab ?x |@eab ab}M |@eab} dpea] o?ghpg cedZ `a YXp x?gp]Y oX`_p | ab} oX`cX `] e o?gj `a YXp a?gYXpga j`e_pcY gpxpg] Y? _?o_eaj ]oedZM >?R |@eab ab} dek dpea YXp o?gh cedZ apeg gp]pgu?`gM i?oejek]R @eab ab `] ?ap ?x YXp de`a Y?^g`]Y jp]Y`aeY`?a] `a vep z?ab >?aM ;Y `] ce__pj e] >o`Y pg_eaj ?x <Xe`_eaj j^p Y? YXp e\^ajeaY rp]`ke Z`ap Ygpp] ]^gg?^ajpj YXp _egbp gp]pgu?`g YXeY ]^gg?^ajpj \k upgjeaY d?^aYe`a]R d`]Y eaj c?_j e`gM i?apYXp_p]]R @eab ab oe] `a`Y`eYpj \k c?acpga`ab ?x aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] eaj Zp?Z_p ] op__ \p`ab ?x z`] velp]Yk r`ab fX^d`\?_ tj^_kejplM

=j`Y?g`e_ \?egj o?^_j _`hp Y? Zgp]paY YXp `aYpgp]Y`ab ]Y?gk ?x @eab ab YXeY `] YXp d?]Y Z?Z^_eg eYYgecY`?a eaj _pega`ab cpaYgp `a vep z?ab >?aM The Background of Pang Tong 2 Royal Development Project (Pang Ung)

<Xp @eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY I@eab abK Xe] \ppa p]Ye\_`]Xpj x?g apeg_k PQ kpeg] `a A oXpa z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab u`]`Ypj vep z?ab >?aM <Xpgp oe] ea `aue]`?a ?x aeY^ge_ x?gp]Y eaj jpx?gp]YeY`?a e\?up z^e` @eab <?ab gp]pgu?`g eaj @eab ab op`g oX`cX c?^_j a?Y \p gpc?upgpj aeY^ge__kM ;Y o?^_j \p gp]^_Y `a pc?a?d`cR ]?c`e_ eaj pc?_?b`ce_ jedebpM z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab YXpa bgeaY YXp `a`Y`eY`up Y? {papge_ @`a <Xed]g`R :X`px ?x YXp n?ke_ @g?lpcY eY YXeY Y`dpR ?a OYX p\g^egk A Y? gpx?gp]Y YXp egpe e\?up YXp gp]pgu?`gM Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

42

8 ~

? 87

$ $ &' , - H - ) p#q s# &!. . s.,r32&t :X`px ?x YXp @eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY

, 5 , & , # -2 '8 , 8 ~

? 87

$ $ &' , - H - ) D/ ' &' , - ) & $ $ ,W6 # % !$ E F % |MMM&' , - ) 4 &' , ! &' , - H - ) + $ %L% ./ # " -M7M N - G+- + $%2 % G+ % $G % -" 4 5 4 -"4 2% 7- % 6 % !$C% # 2 1% % * '" # !$C% , $ 2 . . -5 H , % , , - ) # % " 2, + - 8 F++ % * !$ , 8 % # D/ , 8, 8,-"4 # ) 9 % $% 6 ' ' 7+/ - ) !$ ) , - H - !$ ' 2 £,,) !$ , 1% # ! , 4 - ) !$ , - , & , $ A ,6 - '0 % , $ % , ! -"4 + 4 &' , - H - ) + $ %L % / 4 ! -M7M N 4 ! , ) , + 4 &' , - ) /4 , &' , # ,% &' , - ) A ./ % &' , + D8 '0 , % , # '" ▶ \ M GS 7 J ]4 5 6iN 5_ 4 2% 5 9 , ) $ ,+) 9 ) " + $ %L % - "4

5 PQ # % -" , - ) 7 6V, +- - , $ % 1 $ $ , -" 8 #- !$ - - , ' , ' " + 4 &' , | ' $ 8 I ??j feahK} # + ,, 2 -" - 2 '% 1 1

, ,6 % , 2 ,%2 1 & 8 % % ! , ,6 7& 43

!!"

▶ \ M GS 7 O ] 8 ^ _ 4 2 % 5 # $ 2 % N ) $ ,+) 9 ) " + $ %L % - "4 5 NARON # % -" E E2 - 9 ) 4 8 7 , 2, 9 P % & 0 % , 2, 9 , , + ) , #E , + ) )4 ' 8% "4 ▶ \ M GS 7 T ]45 V ? >'?5e _

'" 9 $ ,+) 9 % ) 2, 9 - & 3- 572 0 , - H ,6 2 I K ./ , 8, 8, ) 9 % , 2,$ #1% -" % !$ , 1 ,$ 72 07 -+ $ %L% ▶ \ M GS 7 ` ]M 7 4 A 7 _ $ " 72 0 , - H ,6 2 I K -"4

4 $ NRPNP # %

=j`Y?g`e_ \?egj Xej ea ?ZZ?gY^a`Yk Y? j`]c^]] o`YX

p#q s# &!. . s.,r32&t :X`px ?x YXp @eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY e\?^Y YXp Zg?lpcY `a`Y`eY`?aM :X`px rg`Y]eje p~Z_e`apj YXeY |YXp @eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY `] ^ajpg YXp n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY ?x vep z?ab >?a Zg?u`acp oX`cX oe] ]YegYpj xg?d A O M ;a YXeY kpegR z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab u`]`Ypj YX`] egpe oX`cX c?a]`jpgpj e] e gpj ?ap egpe eaj ap~Y Y? vkeadeg \?gjpgM v?]Y Zp?Z_p opgp X`__ Yg`\p] ]^cX e] YXp <e`R YXp regpaR YXp weX^R YXp zd?abR YXp w`]Xeo eaj YXp w^e YXp]p Yg`\p] Xeup j`xxpgpaY c^_Y^gp] eaj Ygej`Y`?a]M <Xp`g Zg`degk ?cc^ZeY`?a egp ]X`xY`ab c^_Y`ueY`?aR ?Z`^d c^_Y`ueY`?aR jg^bR ]^ZZ_`pg] eaj c?aYge\eaj Ygea]Z?gY Y? d`a?g`Yk bg?^Z] x?g _`u`abR `ac_^j`ab x?gp]Y `aue]`?a eaj jpx?gp]YeY`?aM m^p Y? YXp Zp?Z_p eaj aeY`?ae_ ]pc^g`Yk c?acpgaR z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab `a`Y`eYpj YXp g?ke_ Zg?lpcY `a Zg?xp]]`?ae_ jpup_?ZdpaYR pj^ceY`?a eaj aeY`?ae_ Zg?YpcY`?a Yge`a`abM z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab e^YX?g`]pj YXp A]Y ;axeaYgk npb`dpaY ^ppa ] {^egj eaj b?upgadpaY ebpac`p] `a YXp egpe Y? p]Ye\_`]X YXp n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY `a vep z?ab >?a `a A O M ;a YXp ?ZpgeY`?aR YXpgp egp ejj`Y`?ae_ g?ke_ Zg?lpcY] oX`cX opgp YXp @eab <?ab A n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcYM <Xp ?\lpcY`up] ?x pecX Zg?lpcY egp j`xxpgpaY e] x?__?o][ ▶ 1.)P H")P J 9"$./ X, ,/"Y:,)& 1#"a,Z&

]D2. p. s+2,. I":_ `] _?ceYpj eY fea ie @Xe @ehR <ed\?a v?h :Xed @epR tdZX^g v^eabR vep z?ab >?a o`YX`a

p]Y`deYpj egpe ?x PQ ne`M <Xp ?\lpcY`up] ?x YX`] Zg?lpcY egp Y? c?dZ_k o`YX z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab ] ]^x c`pack pc?a?dk ZX`_?]?ZXk eaj cgpeYp YXp de`a aeY^ge_ x??j eaj Xpg\ ]?^gcp] Y? ]^x c`paY_k ]eY`]xk jpdeaj eaj \p ]^]Ye`ae\_pM ??j \eah oe] ]pY ^Z Y? bpapgeYp ejj`Y`?ae_ `ac?dp] xg?d ejj`ab ue_^p Y? ebg`c^_Y^gp Zg?j^cY]M <X`] Zg?lpcY Xe] e_]? Zg?d?Ypj ha?o_pjbp p~Zea]`?a eaj pac?^gebpj c?dd^a`Yk Y? ZegY`c`ZeYp `a de`aYe`a`ab YXp pc?_?b`ce_ ]k]YpdM ▶ 1.)P H")P O 9"$./ X, ,/"Y:,)& 1#"a,Z&

]1.)P b)P_ `] _?ceYpj eY fea n^ed <Xe`R v?? NR <ed\?a v?h :Xed @epR tdZX^g v^eabR vep z?ab >?a o`YX `Y] eZZg?~`deYp egpe eg?^aj NARON ne`M <Xp de`a Z^gZ?]p] ?x YX`] Zg?lpcY egp x?gp]Y gpXe\`_`YeY`?aR pc?_?b`ce_ gp]Y?geY`?aR P ?gp]Y] fpap Y]R cgpeY`ab opY x?gp]YR opY gp \gpeh eaj cXpch jedM ▶ 1.)P H")P T 9"$./ X, ,/"Y:,)& 1#"a,Z&

]p"; *+.: 1., ' p., I. [P._ oX`cX `] x?gdpg_k ce__pj v?h :Xed @ep vep >e ibe @_eaYeY`?a ?gp]YgkM <Xp hpk ?ZpgeY`?a] egp gpx?gp]YeY`?a ZegY`c^_eg_k YXp ]^gg?^aj`ab egpe ?x z`bX_eaj] tbg`c^_Y^ge_ >pgu`cp eaj mpup_?ZdpaY :paYgp I@eab <?abK eaj Zg?d?Y`ab geYYea eaj \ed\?? Z_eaYeY`?a x?g Zg?u`j`ab neYYea m`u`]`?a ?x n?ke_ ?_h tgY] eaj :gexY] <ge`a`ab :paYgp vep z?ab >?aM ▶ 1.)P H")P ` 9"$./ X, ,/"Y:,)& 1#"a,Z&

]1.)P H")P 1. // ")_ ?g z`bX_eaj] tbg`c^_Y^ge_ >pgu`cp eaj mpup_?ZdpaY :paYgp I@eab <?abK oX`cX c?upg] egpe ?x NRPNP ne` Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

44

+/ , 2, 9 ! % $ -" , ,6 ' 8 & , 2, 9 $ * % % 2, 9 # 9 # ! 2, 9 -" 8 7 )4 2,$ 2,# P % & 0 % % !$ ' 2 ' !+ ! " 9 # . / $ % ) 4 ) !$ 2 + , ) , # & # % 8 , 8 , ) 9 1% &' , % * &' , - ) " * ' '2 % , # ,+ , 4 &' , , ) , - H '85 ! -" 4 , % , 2,, E , ) ) 4 $ , - +,+% , 4 , % + ) &' , ' $ 8 - 0 , + ) ' 8% "4 ) !$ 9 8 2 50 , / 4 ./ , ) , % % " ," PQ MMM}

! D ) $ , ' ' + !$ ,% # 2 ! -"4 2 # ,% I# !$C% , $ K 9 , I # !$C%K $ " , - 2,-" , 4 0 " $ -" % !$ ,% 6 I # #$C%K # I# !$C%K 4 ! -"4 -"4 !, ' ./ , ) &' , - H - ) + $ %L % 4 ,G -" - )

, - H ' %2 ' '2#% , , 8 , 60 9 - , ' 8 D/ !$ , ' , $ $ 2+ , '85'% 9 # MMM}

!" | '.! ! $ $ 1 (

&7 $ + ,- G+- + $%2 G+ + $ %L % " -M7M N O - ) P " '" !$ $ I, $ A ,6 - '0K 6

2%! -"4 4 $ 2% ./ ,G'" $ 2% # !$ $ + 8 - ,% 5 4 ) # % " # % !$ , % ,G ) 4 '" % ,G ) 4 $ & " -M7M N O ) , E E2 9 # - 5 * % ,G )4 " -M7M N & ) , ! D8 '0 , # ,% ▶ - -"4 9 !$ 2%! % $ -" + ,6 ' 8 ▶ + -"4

) , !$ , # 2 -" E E2 - , )4 9 # 0 9 ▶ - # !$ 8 ! D ▶ + ) /,!$ , , ' ,$ $ 2 D/ '85 & 0 9 # ./ $ $ ,W6 , % D/ , ) , 4 % + D/ F++8 8J !$ , 5 , EF % |MMM, ) , $ ,* 8 J '" , E E2 - 9 " & % ,G ) 4 !$ /4 % " + , 6 ! -" 4 ' ' -" 4

) , 4 ! % 45

!!"

`] ^]pj e] e Z_ecp x?g gp]pegcX eaj jpd?a]YgeY`?a Y? X`__ Yg`\p] oX`cX egp fea @eab <?ab IYXp regpa eaj YXp <e`KR fea ie @Xe @eh IYXp zd?ab eaj YXp <e`K eaj fea z^e` ve rX^pe >?dM <Xpgp `] e_]? e gp]pegcX `a o`aYpg cg?Z] eaj xegd`ab x?g YXp zd?ab eaj YXp <e` eaj fea n^ed <Xe` IYXp <e`K `a YXp egpe eaj apeg\kM <Xp]p g?ke_ jpup_?ZdpaY Zg?lpcY] `a vep z?ab >?a egp ?ZpgeYpj ecc?gj`ab Y? z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab ] Z_ea] eaj eju`cp `a ?gjpg Y? ge`]`ab Zp?Z_p ] _`u`ab ]YeajegjR c?a]pgu`ab aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] de`aYe`a`ab e \e_eacp ?x pc?]k]Ypd e] op__ e] Zg?d?Y`ab eoegpap]] e\?^Y YXp ue_^p ?x x?gp]Y]M}

The development of Royal project from past to present

txYpg u`]`Y`ab vep z?ab >?a `a A R z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab `a`Y`eYpj P Zg?lpcY] `a ?gjpg Y? jpup_?Z`ab YX`] egpeM `g]Y_kR z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab e^YX?g` pj ]?_j`pg] IYXp A]Y ;axeaYgk npb`dpaY ^ppa ] {^egjK Y? beYXpg Zp?Z_p Y?bpYXpg Y? \p e u`__ebp ]pYY_pdpaY eaj aedp e] |feab n^ed <Xe`}M <XpaR YXp c?dd^a`Yk oe] ?gbea`]pj \k ]?_j`pg] `a ?gjpg Y? c?aYg?_ ?Z`^d eaj c^_Y`ueY`?aM ;a A R YXp n?ke_ ;gg`beY`?a mpZegYdpaY \^`_Y z^e` @eab <?ab gp]pgu?`g eaj `a A NR jpx?gp]YeY`?a eaj pc?_?b`ce_ gp]Y?geY`?a `a YXp ]^gg?^aj`ab egpe ?x gp]pgu?`g oe] ]YegYpjM <Xp e`d] ?x YXp]p ecY`u`Y`p] opgp e] x?__?o][ ▶ ;acgpe]p geY`? ?x x?gp]Y Y? ?ZY`d^d _pup_ `a ?gjpg Y? de`aYe`a e \e_eacp ?x pc?]k]YpdM ▶ t__?ceYp _eaj x?g X`__ Yg`\p] eaj gp]Y?gp aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp]R ]?`_R oeYpgR x?gp]Y eaj o`_j_`xpM ▶ ne`]p YXp c?dd^a`Yk `ac?dpM ▶ =aXeacp Zp?Z_p ] eoegpap]] ?x YXp `dZ?gYeacp ?x x?gp]YM :X`px rg`Y]eje c_eg` pj YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a ?x @eab ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY ]`acp YXp Ze]Y Y? \?egj ?x pj`Y?g] YXeY

|YXp de`a ecY`u`Yk ?x @eab ab Zg?lpcY Xe] j?ap `] gp]Y?geY`?a ?x x?gp]Y ]^gg?^aj`ab YXp gp]pgu?`gM m^p Y? YXp _ech ?x c^_Y`ueY`?a _eaj j^g`ab YXeY Zpg`?j ?x Y`dp ]? op x?c^]pj ?a c?a]pgu`ab YXp pc?_?b`ce_ \e_eacp \k Z_eaY`ab YXp ?ZY`d^d Ygpp geY`?M <Xpgp egp ]pupge_ oek] ?x x?gp]Y gp]Y?geY`?a ]^cX e] bpapge_ Ygpp Z_eaY`abR pc?a?d`c Ygpp Z_eaY`abR ^Z ]Ygped pc?]k]Ypd gp]Y?geY`?aR geYYea Z_eaYeY`?a eaj YXgpp x?gp]Y]R x?^g \pap Y]M ^gYXpgd?gpR Y? gpj^cp YXp jpx?gp]YeY`?aR YX`] Zg?lpcY Xe] e`dpj Y? pj^ceYp Zp?Z_p Y? ^ajpg]Yeaj \pap Y] ?x x?gp]Y eaj eggeabp Zg?xp]]`?ae_ Yge`a`ab YXg?^bX jpd?a]YgeY`?a Zg?lpcY] ?x YXp ?YXpg @eab ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY]M <Xpgp egp ]pupge_ Zg?lpcY] x?c^]`ab ?a `dZg?u`ab ^e_`Yk ?x _`xp ?x Zp?Z_p `a YXp egpeR x?g `a]YeacpR Zg?d?Y`ab c?xxpp c^_Y`ueY`?a eaj ]^ZZ?gY`ab pxxpcY`up d`cg??gbea`]d Y? `dZg?up ]?`_ ]Yg^cY^gpM ;a ejj`Y`?aR zpg velp]Yk ^ppa >`g`h`Y Xe] `a`Y`eYpj e ??j feah Zg?lpcY eaj :Xpch med c?a]Yg^cY`?aM <Xp]p Zg?lpcY] Xeup \ppa c?aY`a^e__k `dZ_pdpaY`ab x?g apeg_k PQ kpeg]M} Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

46

, 5 , # D $ $ ,W6 D/ " , % ! 8 J ./ $ % % # ' * + $ % L % ! F++8 $ $ ,W6 +/ # % !$ E F % % |MMM+ * +8 '0$ , 8J '" , E E2 - 9 )4 %$ + ,E E2 + 9 , - 8 2 50 , , 7 , - -"4

D- H $ % % # '" - 2 7 &' , 4 %2 -" 4 2 7 - 9 ! % ,G )4 !$C% - , 7 $ G 4 , 4 ! % " W 2$ + # $ , $ " -"4 )4 $ 0 $ 0 ) ./ G+- + - D % # % $ , , % ,G ) 4 - % !+

) !$ , % 8 J +) , ,+ , 4 &' , # + ) 7/ , 6 - 8 0 , # D 7/,6 D

- 4 - 0 ./ 0 3- D ! , 2C- 80 -" !$ , % # # 7/,6 - 80# 0 9 , ! , - H &' , $ %

% 4 ) !$ , % , /4 , # !$ , ' ! 8 & 3- 8 # ./ # $ ,+ ,, % % , ) &L 0 , /, $ ' " " , !$ , G 0 % , !$ , % - ./ 4 $ 4,G 1 - # + ,, E E2 - 9 , 8 ,60 9 47

!!"

)4 - ) - G+ 2 $ % D/ P $ % # ,% &' , - + 2%$ MMM} - ) I 8 J K , 8 $ ( Y5 &( !!. " ! $% 0 9 - 8-0 " , $ &! / ( 4 !" | .& y " A ,6 - '0 ) !$ CF $ ! , , ) ," P 7 6 ! , ) , +, MMM}

1% FC$ 8 '!$ , # ! -"4 &' , $ % 1 2% , G, !$C% % , D/ P $ % +/ ++ FC$ % -" - ) ! , 8 ,60 9 # ! , , 4 +/ ' , )4 - H '85 - ' 2% , % 2 5 , ++ + 4 ' ! -"4 &' , # 1% FC$ $ % , -" , 8 ' % * # ./ $ $ ,W6 $ % % $ % -" !$ , # % !$ , 5 , EF % |MMM! % , ) % * , ' G /4 , ) + F C $ - ,+ , 4 CF $ #E 9 % ' , -"4 ! , ) $ , 8 # % , " + ,, , , +/ , 1 , 2, 9 !$ $ ' % ' # ' % " % , 2, 9 1 1 4 9 # 9 # ! + , 8 $ $ ,W6 # % - 4 !$ ' 2 + ) /,!$ , ' |MMM " + ,&' , , 2, 9 , ) ! -"4 ' '2 % , # + ! 8 ' ! -"4 , #E 9 ! 5-"4 , ,G !+ !$ ' % " D/ % , 2 ' - & + !$ #E + ,6 9 # %! F++8 " - H , ' " # ' " " #E 9 ! , 5 $ % % , % , FC$ / 4 + +/ ) !$ CF $ #E 9 ! -" 4

, /4 ,G FC$ - /4 # % 8 MM} &' , ! , 8 $ 8 1 ! , + , 2 MMM} " + ,! F + +8 5 # % , +/ # % % 1 , , , %' $ % 1 !$ ' 2 " , + , % D2, 8 ,65 -" 5 + , /4 ! ' % # ,+ , 4 $ $ ,W6 # % - % |MMM ,G FC$ ' &L 0 ./ , + , , % D/ ' - , ,+ , 4 5-" 4 8 J !%2 '

=j`Y?g`e_ \?egj pa ^`gpj :X`px rg`Y]eje gpbegj`ab YXp Y?^g`]d `a @eab ab oX`cX `] c^ggpaY_k ?ap ?x YXp d?]Y op__ ha?oa Y?^g`]Y jp]Y`aeY`?a] `a vep z?ab >?aM :X`px rg`Y]eje p~Z_e`apj YXeY |ecY^e__kR YXp de`a ?\lpcY`up ?x @eab ab `] Y? gp]Y?gp YXp x?gp]YM z?opupgR exYpg YXp gp]Y?geY`?aR YX`] egpe Xe] Z?YpaY`e_ Y? jpup_?Z Y? \p Y?^g`]Y eYYgecY`?aM <Xp gpe]?a] x?g YXp]p egp YXp _eaj]ceZp eaj ]cpapgk ?x YXp _?ceY`?aM <Xp n?ke_ @g?lpcY `] _?ceYpj ?a X`bX_eaj o`YX YXp u`po ?x rp]`ke Z`ap Ygpp] eaj YXp gp]pgu?`g e_Y?bpYXpg o`YX YXp c?_j opeYXpg YXg?^bX?^Y YXp kpegM ;a o`aYpgR Y?^g`]Y] egp e\_p Y? ]pp d`]Y ?eY`ab l^]Y ?upg YXp ]^gxecp ?x oeYpg `a YXp peg_k d?ga`abM <Xpgp `] e_]? e \pe^Y`x^_ ]cpap ?x zpg velp]Yk ] oX`Yp eaj \_ech ]oea] ]o`d `a YXp gp]pgu?`gM t__ ?x YXp]p cea eYYgecY X^bp a^d\pg ?x Y?^g`]Y] Y? @eab abM tjj`Y`?ae__kR YXpgp egp ]pupge_ Zg?lpcY] ^ajpg zpg velp]Yk YXp ^ppa x?g Z_eaY] eaj o`_j_`xp ]Y^jk Y?^g] ]^cX e] _?ce_ ?gcX`j] Yge`_R m?` wega ieY^gp <ge`_R eaj s`_j v?^aYe`a g?b] oX`cX egp pajeabpg ]Zpc`p]M <Xp jpup_?ZdpaY ?x YXp n?ke_ @g?lpcY Y? \p Y?^g`]Y _?ceY`?a jgeo] e _?Y ?x Y?^g`]Y] Y? u`]`Y YXp Z_ecpM <X`] bpapgeYp] `ac?dp] x?g Zp?Z_p `a YXp egpe p]Zpc`e__k fea n^ed <Xe` u`__ebpg]M <Xp Y?^g`]d \^]`ap]] `] e de`a ]?^gcp ?x u`__ebp ] `ac?dp]M <Xp u`__ebpg] Zg?u`jp ]pupge_ ]pgu`cp] x?g Y?^g`]Y]R x?g p~edZ_pR X?dp]YekR ]?^upa`gR x??j eaj jg`ahR YpaY gpaYe_ eaj gexY gpaYe_M <Xp]p egp \pap Y] xg?d x?gp]Y gp]Y?geY`?a eaj oeYpg ]?^gcp x?gp]Y Zgp]pgueY`?a `a ecc?gjeacp Y? z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab ] `a`Y`eY`upM} Overcome Problems and Obstacles to Preserve Forest and Improve Quality of Life

yupg YXp P jpcejp] ?x YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?aR YXpgp Xeup e_oek] \ppa Zg?\_pd] eaj ?\]Yec_p] Y? ?upgc?dp o`YXM ipupgYXp_p]]R Y? x^_ _ `a`Y`eY`up ?x z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab `a x?gp]Y c?a]pgueY`?a eaj ^e_`Yk ?x _`xp `dZg?updpaYR YXp n?ke_ @g?lpcY Xe] ?upgc?dp e__ j`x c^_Y`p]M :X`px rg`Y]eje Y?_j \?egj ?x pj`Y?g] YXeY |;a YXp `a`Y`e_ ]YebpR op xecpj j`x c^_Y`p] `a YXp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a e] Zp?Z_p appjpj _eaj x?g c^_Y`ueY`?aM zpacpR ea eZZg?Zg`eYp gpx?gp]YeY`?a oe] Z_eaapjM sp ej?ZYpj \?YX d`~pj x?gp]Y eaj pc?a?d`c x?gp]YM ;a YXp dpeaY`dpR op e_]? pj^ceYp u`__ebpg] eaj ge`]p YXp`g eoegpap]] ^aY`_ YXpk ^ajpg]Y??jR c??ZpgeYpj eaj ZegY`c`ZeYpj `a x?gp]Y c?a]pgueY`?aM :^ggpaY_kR YX`] egpe Xe] eYYgecYpj _egbp a^d\pg] ?x Y?^g`]Y] oX`cX gp]^_Y] `a `acgpe]`ab ]?_`j oe]Yp bpapgeY`?aM <Xp n?ke_ @g?lpcY `] a?o xec`ab ]?_`j oe]Yp deaebpdpaY Zg?\_pd]M} =upaYX?^bX YXp `dZecY ?x oe]Yp `] ]Y`__ ^ajpg c?aYg?_M i?apYXp_p]]R YXp gp]Z?a]`\_p ZegYk ]X?^_j Zg?u`jp YXp gpc?ddpajeY`?a x?g ]?_`j oe]Yp deaebpdpaY `a ?gjpg Y? \peg YXp \^gjpa `a YXp x^Y^gpM :X`px rg`Y]eje ejjpj YXeY |<Xpgp egp ]Y`__ Zg?\_pd] e\?^Y Xkb`pap eaj ]ea`YeY`?a ?x X?dp]Yek] oX`cX egp c?dZ_e`apj \k Y?^g`]Y]M ;a ejj`Y`?aR @eab ab egpe `] ^ajpg YXp j`gpcY`?a ?x P ebpac`p] oX`cX egp YXp @eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcYR YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x ieY`?ae_ @egh]R s`_j_`xp eaj @_eaY :?a]pgueY`?a eaj YXp A]Y ;axeaYgk npb`dpaY ^ppa ] {^egjM <Xpgpx?gpR op pac?^aYpg ]?dp `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a j`x c^_Y`p] `a c??ZpgeY`?a ed?ab YXp gp_eYpj ebpac`p]M} <Xpgp ]X?^_j \p e cpaYge_ ebpack Y? c??gj`aeYp eaj `aYpbgeYp ed?ab YXp P ebpac`p]M fp]`jp YXp Zg?\_pd] dpaY`?apj e\?upR YXpgp `] e_]? x?gp]Y gp Zg?\_pd \^Y YXp ]pupg`Yk geY`ab `] _?o \pce^]p ?x YXp ]Yg`abpaY dpe]^gp] eaj bgpeY c?dd^a`Yk c?__e\?geY`?aM :X`px rg`Y]eje x^gYXpg eju`]pj YXeY |YXp x?gp]Y gp Zg?\_pd `a YXp egpe `] a?Y ]pupgp \pce^]p op cgpeYp opY x?gp]Y eaj opY gp \gpeh `a g`]h egpe]M sp e_]? Xeup e op__ ZgpZegeY`?a `a ce]p ?x eak x?gp]Y gp \k eggeab`ab gp b^egj]R gp p~Y`ab^`]Xpg eaj p ^`ZdpaYM} Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

48

xV () 5$ !" | $ 8 J ,) , % 2 % PQ %, - H -" 8 , 60 9 '85 - !$ , ,G # %$ 8 + ' , % # ./ $ $ ,W6 # ,, , 5 , % |MMM&' , 4 $ + ) , +, " '" , 9 # -" 7/,6 ' 0 ' !$ $ % 2 . ' 0 # ,#. 0 , % ' 0 . '0 I:eg\?a >`ahK , ! ' ! , ) , ,6 - F++8 ,6 , ' 2 , ! ' % D2, $ 4 , ! ¤% 7 2-" , ! ¥8 ' -" , D , 50! F++8 1 2 & '!$ ' !+ ' ! ' ,6 , / 4 ./ 4 , +, 4 "

' $ % + # & 0 % 8 ! -" 4 ,+ , 4 1 + 4 1 &. 0 . 0 -" ! 1 #EE - + ,& #EE - )4 ./ 1 #EE # - , 0 ) $ ! ! &' , 8 !, ' % 2%! $ % , 8 + ,, - H -

8 ,60- MMM} ! $ $ ,W6 # , % , , 5 , % |MMM$ , 8 , 60 9 ,G+ )4 " )4 ,G D ) , ,6 1 $

49

!!"

4 , D ) ) 4 1 #EE # + ,,

% # , -" , - H % " !$ % % &' , +/ , # - H '85 - ' ! -" 4

!$ /4 - D ' , ,G# % ,8 8, 9 9 ,G+ 8 2 50 " 9 2 50 ' ,G+ # 1 & 0+ , 9 # ,, % ' # , ./ 4 $ 4 , + , ) 4 - $W

$% ! 1" 9 6 -

G+- + $%2 , # MMM} &' , - ) I 8J K $ / ! &' , - ) ! " 8 ,60 - , + ,' ) G+! , E E2 - 9 ./ ,% !$ , 1 - # # % - H '85 - ' 2% ' ! -"4 !$ /4 # ) !$ $G '85'% , ' $ ,! , 8 ,60 9 # - , ! $ ' 2 % -" % " -" , " # 2% 2,$ % # ! & , 4, 5 , '85 8 ~

? 87 4A 4 \ M GS 7 O

] 8^ _ D% " % !+! , % 8 $ / | 8J } ,) !+!$ + $ &' , 8, % ! , ,6 ' 8 2 50 9 # - , !$ ' 2% % #

30 Years of Sustainable Development

@eab ab jpup_?ZdpaY Zg?lpcY Xe] \ppa `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a e_d?]Y PQ kpeg]R X?opupg c?a]pgu`ab x?gp]Y eaj `dZg?u`ab ^e_`Yk ?x _`xp egp ]Y`__ c?aY`a^`abM :X`px rg`Y]eje `ax?gdpj YXeY |<Xp Zg?lpcY Xe] ]pY YXp apo ecY`u`Y`p] x?g x^Y^gp o?ghM <Xp g]Y ecY`u`Yk `] Y? ]Y^jk ceg\?a cgpj`Y \k ZgpZeg`ab x?gp]Y egpe Y? e\]?g\ ceg\?a j`?~`jp oX`cX `] ce__pj :eg\?a >`ahM <Xp ?YXpg ecY`u`Yk `] gpj^c`ab cXpd`ce_ ^]p `a ebg`c^_Y^gpM ;a Zgp]paYR xegdpg] ]Y`__ _ech ha?o_pjbp ?x YXp ]exp ^]p ?x cXpd`ce_ Zg?j^cY]R Zp]Y`c`jp]R eaj xpgY`_` pg]M <X`] ecY`u`Yk `] gp]Z?aj`ab Y? c?a]^dpg c?acpgaM ;Y `] p~ZpcYpj YXeY c?dd^a`Y`p] `a YXp egpe cea \pap Y xg?d \?YX ecY`u`Y`p]M tZegY xg?d YXp]p ecY`u`Y`p]R YXpgp `] e Z_ea Y? `a]Ye__ ]?_eg cp__] `a ?gjpg Y? bpapgeYp p_pcYg`c`Yk ]^ZZ_pdpaY Y? YXp Xkjg? Z?opg Z_eaY oX`cX Zg?u`jp] p_pcYg`c`Yk ?a_k dpbeoeYY] Zpg jekM <Xp p_pcYg`c`Yk xg?d ]?_eg cp__] o`__ \p ^]pj `a YXp n?ke_ @g?lpcY eaj apeg\k c?dd^a`Y`p]M z?opupgR YX`] ecY`u`Yk `] Zpaj`ab x?g ]^ZZ?gY xg?d YXp mpZegYdpaY ?x t_YpgaeY`up =apgbk mpup_?ZdpaY eaj =x c`packM} `ae__kR :X`px rg`Y]eje eju`]pj YXp pj`Y?g`e_ \?egj YXeY |;x op Zgp]pgup YXp x?gp]YR op o`__ Xeup oeYpgM sXpa op Xeup oeYpgR op egp e\_p Y? Zg?j^cp x??j xg?d ebg`c^_Y^gpM seYpg cea bpapgeYp p_pcYg`c`Yk eaj op e_]? pega `ac?dp xg?d Y?^g`]dM <? pac?^gebp ]^]Ye`ae\_p jpup_?ZdpaY eaj Zp?Z_p ] ZegY`c`ZeY`?aR YXp Zg?lpcY appj Y? `acgpe]p Zp?Z_p ] gpupa^p eaj `dZg?up YXp op__ \p`ab ?x _?ce_ c?dd^a`YkM ;Y `] \p_`pupj YXeY `x Zp?Z_p Xeup pa?^bX x??jR YXpk o`__ a?Y `auejp YXp x?gp]Y YXpaR YXp x?gp]Y o`__ ?^g`]XM t] ]^cXR Zp?Z_p o`__ \p \pap c`e_ xg?d YXp x?gp]Y YXea YXpk p~ZpcYpjM t__ `a e__R `Y `] jpg`upj xg?d z`] velp]Yk YXp r`ab ] `a`Y`eY`upM} @eab <?ab n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY I@eab abK `] ?ap ?x YXp n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY] YXeY x?c^] ?a aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] eaj pau`g?adpaYe_ c?a]pgueY`?aM <Xp ]^ccp]] `a gpx?gp]YeY`?a bpapgeYp] `ac?dp] eaj `dZg?up] ^e_`Yk ?x _`xp ?x Zp?Z_p `a YXp egpeM ;Y e_]? dehp] Zp?Z_p eoegp ?x ue_^p eaj `dZ?gYeacp ?x x?gp]Y eaj aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] c?a]pgueY`?a ]?R YXpk cea \p `aXpg`Ypj Y? YXp ap~Y bpapgeY`?aM ;a YX`] gpbegjR YXp \?egj ?x pj`Y?g] o?^_j _`hp Y? p~Ypaj ?^g ]`acpgp YXeah p#q s# &!. . s.,r32&t *+ ,- "- &+, 1.)P H")P O n?ke_ mpup_?ZdpaY @g?lpcY I@eab abK oX? Zg?u`jpj YXp `aYpgp]Y`ab ]Y?gk ?x @eab ab `a ea?YXpg Zpg]ZpcY`upM sp o?^_j e_]? _`hp Y? \p ]^ZZ?gY`up Y? e__ Zpg]?aap_ `a YXp Zg?lpcY x?g YXp`g o?gh ?a x?gp]Y eaj aeY^ge_ gp]?^gcp] c?a]pgueY`?aM Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

50

º£¢´ ³ q ©³ ¹Ë ·Ê ºm£ Ï˴ħ “ÃÑ¡¹íéÒ ´Ùáž×é¹·ÕèªØ‹Á¹íéÒ” 7# % ' ! 8 CC . 0 Ined]eg :?aupaY`?aK $ " 8 CC % -"4 8% )4 ' ) ' C! I<Xp :?aupaY`?a ?a spY_eaj] ?x ;aYpgaeY`?ae_ ;dZ?gYeacpR p]Zpc`e__k e] seYpgx?o_ ze\`YeYK ) AAQ 1 ' ! AP , -M7M N A ) , , 8 CC % -"4 8% )4 ,) $ !$ ,8 - 0 8, -"4 8% )4 & , ) $ -M7M NNB ) , , 8 CC ,) $ $ , + '" f},&/.) ! &.;,

Z.#, "- r.&,#g ./ , , $ ! $ f()&,#).& ")./ ,.# "- }.&,# *""Y,#.& ")g +/ & , 7# ! , 5 '0 , , , 8 ,60-"4 8% )4 % , , $ + , )4 ) , & 1 - , I 1MK , - , )4 ! V $ % 1 , , , 2 ,6 , ! & 0-"4 8% )4 $ + , - , )4 % 2 5 , % , + , 8 U , " ! -"4 8% )4 & , +) -M7M NNB ! ,8 - 0 -M7M NNB ! $ f A d

S ?@MNd G8e5 d g 5 & , 0 0 , 8 - $ ' -" 1 - %'85'% ' ) ' C -"4 8% )4 , ) , +, , ! & 0-"4 8% )4 % , , 8 ,60 )4 -" + ) /, , 8 , 60 , ! & 0- "4 %8 ) 4 % " D/ - & , !$ 1 2 , 8, ' % # ,% $ % ' V ' 8 , + D 7/,6 8 # ' ' $G % 7 S 1 , ) , -"4 8% )4 - , )4 7# ! ' ! -"4 8% )4 & , +) -M7M NNB , +, % !+ 4 ▶ , 1 , 8 ' 8 CC % -"4 8% )4 AA , " , + , )4 % " } , D - , '8,' -"4 8% )4 ▶ , $ " , )4 2 -"4 8% )4 } " -" 4 %8 ) 4 , % ! -" 4 %8 ) 4 ' 0 ) } ▶ 7, , 5 '0 " ! -"4 8% )4 & ,

WETLANDS TAKE CARE OF WATER

2 February World Wetlands Day 51

!!"

K & 5 Y$ } > Y I ; . 5 5 y "% (4 ; !

S q R VA c G 6 \ \@ ?@ VAS ? S@ 5

? S@ 5 54 @A 6 7 F 7 R 6i 8 6 Mw

Animal seed dispersal \?E COCย MPG N@OKIEย MLR @J ย M@]MDEBย MLR MP LB@KMNCI J@BEย Lย mgM s`g?ab :XeaYX?gaR mpZegYdpaY ?x =au`g?adpaYe_ YpcXa?_?bk eaj deaebpdpaYR ec^_Yk ?x pau`g?adpaYR re]pY]egY ย a`upg]`YkR feabh?h

') % | 9 } ') % % , + , ) $ ' # 7 2%! 2 ' # %') % | , 7 } - + + ' 8,' D' # # % , % 9 - % !$C% ! 7# '" 9 ++ , 2 $%

, 7$ G % # ,G ,5ย 0 ! % , ,65 9 4! , '" 5 8 + , 72 0 2 #

$ " ! AQ 7 , , + '4 ' 8 1" 9 4 $ - ! 7# , 9 2 2 , 7$ G % 0 9 ' 8 -"4 ! & ,# %D/ O 0 .G 0 %, $ % ' $ ,$ - ,, % NQ 0 .G 0 & , I{Xeย ?^_ ยง >Xp`_R QAQK ,+ , ' $ ,$ - 80 % - 0 ' - 0 I`aYpgecY`?aK " & , , ' . . % $ " " , ' - , ,

<Xp o?gj ยฆYg?Z`ce_ x?gp]Yย ?g ยฆ@e rXpY n?a Ix?gp]Y `a e X?Y c_`deYp gpb`?aKย `a <Xe` `] pe]k Y? `deb`ap x?g <Xe`R oX? _`up `a YXp bp?bgeZX`ce_ gpb`?a oXpgp ยฆX?Y opeYXpgย `] e xed`_`eg o?gjM t__ <Xe`] cea b^p]] YXeY e__ x?gp]Y] `a YXp`g c?^aYgk egp Yg?Z`ce_ x?gp]Y p~cpZY `a ]?dp X`bX d?^aYe`a?^] egpe]M <Xp ecejpd`c cg`Ypg`?a `] e x?gp]Y _?ceYpj `a \pYoppa YXp _eY`Y^jp ?x QQ eaj AQQ geab`ab i?gYX eaj >?^YX j`gpcY`?a] xg?d YXp pย ^eY?gR oX`cX c?upg] e__ x?gp]Y] `a <Xe`_eajR \^Y YXp Zpeh] ?x ]?dp X`bX c?_j d?^aYe`a] ]^cX e] ;aYXea?a v?^aYe`aM t_YX?^bX Yg?Z`ce_ x?gp]Y] c?upg _p]] YXea Oย ?x YXp o?g_j egpeR YXpk ecc?^aY x?g NQย ?x YXp o?g_j \`?j`upg]`Yk I{Xeย ?^_ ยง >Xp`_R QAQKM fp]`jp] YXp j`]c?upgk ?x deak _`u`ab ]Zpc`p]R pecX ?x YXp]p ]Zpc`p] `aYpgecY] Y? ?YXpg]R eaj \pc?dp] ea ^a\p_`pue\_p c?dZ_p~`YkM Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

52

$ / ! 2 ' - 0 , % '" , - %, + - 80 G & 0 , + ,, 0 , 1 -" ./ % Â?9 % # & 0./ , , + , $G % 1 # , 2%

8, 4 % "4 1 !$ 4 $ ,V !$ $G D/ , "4 & 0!$ , 0 " + , "4 1 % -" ! - /4 -" / 2 !$ 0 , % , + ,, '0 , $ , ) 4 ./ , , ! - 2 ! , !$ $G % -" +) # & 0+ ,, 4 % , 4+/ " % 7+ 0 % % # ) !$ , H , ' - 0 % 4 , , ' " ,& IaeY^ge_ ]p_pcY`?aK -" $ % -4 - H '85 ,65 1 # I ' " , ,65 , % K -" $ & / 2 !$ 0 , ) !$ G & , , !$C%# , % 7+ 0 , % 4 '" ' - 0 4 ' ) G+ % ! 9 - - 5# ! 9 ,, % „Q 0 .G 0 7 0 % , + - 80 , % * ) $ & 0 - " + # , , $ / '" G 1 % , - $ $ " $ 0 D% , , 2 & , ! , , 2 , % & G # %D,2 ) $ 8$ / % 4 ++ ' , , ! , $ " ) 4 8% ! , - # ,6 , -" ) - , G I]ppj j?gdeackK ) !$ G D ,# 5 ! , ! , - $ $ " 85$ 2 0 ) - , , % ,+ , 4 % " 4 1 Idp]?cegZK $ " ! $ 8 G Ipaj?cegZR ]ppj c?eYK + D2, % ,# $ , & , , , "4 % , % ! G # $ ! 70 % % , , % " G # 1% $ 0

, I# % % + , D% $ " ) ,K 1 G + , 65 # % ! $8 2%

53

!!"

yap ?x YXp]p ede€`ab `aYpgecY`?a] `] ea`de_ ]ppj j`]Zpg]e_M <X`] YkZp ?x `aYpgecY`?a \pYoppa ea`de_] eaj Z_eaY] k`p_j d^Y^e_ \pap Y] ]YegY`ab oXpa ea ea`de_ peY] xg^`Y ?x e Z_eaYM <Xp xg^`Y‡] Ye]Yk ”p]X eYYgecY] ea`de_]R ?g `a ]?dp ce]p]R @p?Z_p Y? c?a]^dp `YM <X`] jpd?a]YgeYp] e \pap Y Y? ea`de_]M ;a ?gjpg Y? Zg?u`jp YX`] b??j Ye]Yp†c?dZg`]`ab de`a_k ]^beg ?g `Y] jpg`ueY`up]†`Y gp“^`gp] e Z_eaY e X`bX papgbk ?x Zg?j^cY`?aM <X^]R Z_eaY] cpgYe`a_k appj e \pap Y xg?d YX`] `aup]YdpaY e] op__M ;Y `] ede€`ab Y? ha?o oXeY ea pu?_^Y`?aegk ce^]p `] x?g YX`] `aYpgecY`?a \k aeY^ge_ ]p_pcY`?aR eaj X?o Z_eaY eYYpdZY] Y? cgpeYp xg^`Y] IaeY^gp ]p_pcY] YX?]p Yge`Y]K e] d^cX jp_`c`?^] e] Z?]]`\_p x?g ea`de_ `a ?gjpg Y? `acgpe]p `Y] ]^gu`ue_ cXeacpM ta?YXpg ede€`ab YX`ab `] YXeY YX`] YkZp ?x `aYpgecY`?a `] upgk ]^ccp]]x^_ `a Yg?Z`ce_ x?gp]Y ]`acp d?gp YXea „Qž ?x Ygpp] appj ea`de_] Y? j`]Zpg]p YXp`g ]ppj]M ta ?\u`?^] \pap Y x?g Z_eaY `] YXeY jpxpceYpj ]ppj] egp a?Y jp]Yg?kpj pupa YX?^bX Ze]]`ab YXg?^bX ea`de_ ]Y?decX ?g j`bp]Y`up ]k]YpdM ;a ?ZZ?]`YpR YXpk dek Xeup e bgpeYpg cXeacp `a bpgd`aeY`?aM <Xp gpe]?a `] ]`d`_eg Y? eZZ_k`ab ec`j ?g oegd oeYpg Y? \gpeh ]ppj j?gdeack eaj Y? `acgpe]p e cXeacp ?x bpgd`aeY`?aM v?gp?upgR dp]?cegZ ?g paj?cegZ I?^Ypg ]ppj c?eYK `] c?dZ_pYp_k j`bp]Ypj \k ea`de_R Xp_Z`ab Y? jpcgpe]p x^abe_ `axpcY`?aM ?g p~edZ_pR ]?dp Ygpp] `a taegcej`ecpep xed`_k ]^cX e] deab? eaj <Xe` ?_`up Xeup ]d??YXpg ]ppj] exYpg YXpk Ze]] YXg?^bX YXp j`bp]Y`up ]k]Ypd I`ac_^j`ab gpb^gb`YeY`?aK ?x ea`de_]M

ta?YXpg `dZ?gYeaY gpe]?a oXk pu?_^Y`?a _pej] Y? YX`] `aYpgecY`?a `] YXeY ea`de_ cea Ygeup_ x?g e _?ab j`]YeacpM ?g `a]YeacpR b`\\?a] cea Ygeup_ eZZg?~`deYp_k h`_?dpYpg] `a ?ap jekM ;x ]ppj] cea b? x^gYXpg eoek xg?d ZegpaYe_ Ygpp]R YXp`g ]^gu`ue_ cXeacp `] X`bXpgM sXpa bg?o`ab apeg YXp ZegpaYe_ Ygpp]R ]ppj_`ab] Xeup Y? c?dZpYp o`YX YXp ?_jpg ?ap] x?g YXp ]edp ]^gu`ue_ xecY?g] ]^cX e] _`bXYR a^Yg`paY] eaj oeYpgR `a oX`cX YXp _egbpg ?g ?_jpg Ygpp] Xeup bgpeYpg ejueaYebp]M <X`] ZXpa?dpa?a ]?^aj] c?aYgej`cY`ab Y? YXp <Xe` `j`?d ยฆYXp Ib??jK ]ppj] jg?Z a?Y xeg xg?d YXp ZegpaYe_ Ygpp]ย I`Y dpea] b??j ?g ]degY _`hp YXp`g ZegpaY]KM <X`] `j`?d Xe] Z?]`Y`up dpea`abM ;ajppjR ]ppj] jg?ZZ`ab apeg\k YXp Ygpp Xeup e _?opg ]^gu`ue_ cXeacp `a o`_jM <Xp `aup]Y`beY`?a ?x YXp `dZ?gYeacp ?x ]ppj j`]Zpg]e_ Xe] \??dpj ]`acp Yo? pc?_?b`]Y]R qeaย paR mzM eaj :?aap__ qMR Zg?Z?]pj YXp XkZ?YXp]`] YXeY cea p~Z_e`a X?o j`upg]`Yk `a Yg?Z`ce_ x?gp]Y] de`aYe`a x?g x?gYk kpeg eb? Iqeaย pa Aย OQR :?aap__ Aย OAKM <Xpk p~Z_e`apj YXeY ]ppj ZgpjeY?g]R ]^cX e] `a]pcY] eaj ZeYX?bpa]R Ypaj Y? peY ?g `axpcY `a YXp egpe ?x X`bX ]ppj] ?g ]ppj_`ab jpa]`YkR a?gde__k apeg YXp ZegpaYe_ Ygpp]M ya YXp ?ap XeajR YXp j`upg]`Yk de`aYpaeacp cea ?cc^g \pce^]p YXp ]edp Ygpp ]Zpc`p] ceaa?Y ?cc^Zk e__ apeg\k $ 8 ) ' C , , $ / , H , # ) 2 % 4 egpeR e__?o`ab ?YXpg ]Zpc`p] Y? gpcg^`YM >ppj j`]Zpg]e_ Xp_Z '" , 0 D ' " # # #, % % ! $ / * D ' " #, # ,, % , & D G , + # # #, + , % , % # $ D/ & , + 2% , /4 - , 2%!, %$ D/ , % F++ ! , 2% 8, % % % 8 )4 ./ % % & , % % # " EF 2 ++ 2 ,/ , ) # % | 2,# $ % # %#, } ' $ , %! 2,# $ % !, $ D/ & , + , % , 7/,6 ' ) ' C , - %, + G , ' " % , $ + , , 7 ' ' " + . ' # V -" , #,, ' 2% ' $ ,$

- Ij`upg]`Yk de`aYpaeacpK , /4 ! 9 " 5 , % Iqeaย pa ยง :?aap__R Aย OAK - , # , #, 1 + ,, - %, + - 8 0 , % G % , 2% , G & , 2 /4 1 $% + , % - % 01 2 % G I]ppj ZgpjeY?gK & 3- "4 & ' % * ' +) - & + " , ) G ! 5 G ' $ % 2 , % ./ 5 + ' $ % 2 8 - 5 1 # I G K % $ % +) , 4 G +/ D2, ) , 8 , ' 2% ' $ ,$ Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

54

-" ! 9 , /4 + ,, -" , # % D + ' ' -"4 5!, ' # 4 $ +/ $ +/ ˆ & , !$ -" " & / 4 # $ 81 % ) # ! , ,6 9 $ " - 8-0 " % * - ) - & # %') / D/ , 2% , 0 # % - -

) !$ , -" 2% # ! $ , , $ / 0 $ % 4 " 12 % 2, 9 D % , + G - 80# $ & # % + % % , " , , % , + - 80-" # # % ) , % NQ NQ D D ' '% ! + % ! , 2, 9 ' % * * - '%, ,6 0 $ % !4 $ ' %2 + % '% ! + % ! , + - % - 2, 9 ././ + 2 D/ $ - % # % 2 , / 4 D D , 2,-" $ ,$ # , % , # 0 $ % 4 % $ " C # |E |E } & & # % ' , +% 2, 9 7 - 0 7 0 , % |, |, , 7 7 I=c?]k]Ypd I=c?]k]Ypd ]pgu`cp]K} ]pgu`cp]K} $ ' % 86 0 - , Œ # %!$ 0 $ % 4 C 2 - 8 0 ,+ ,+ + 86 0 - / , ) # & 0! , , Œ 86 , , ) $ ! 7# , 7/,6 , , , # ' - 0 $ % -" , 0! -" 4 8 $% !$C% , 4 7/,6 - 9 & -" 7/,6 , & -" , # U - 0 , /4 $ % -" 0 IZ_eaY† ea`de_ `aYpgecY`?aK & 3- ' - 0 -" , , 4 ea`de_ `aYpgecY`?aK & , 7/,6 F++ - " * * 4 1 + ,, 1 , + % & - , 7 % % " ! vcr?ahpk fg?chp_dea I QAAK !$ vcr?ahpk fg?chp_dea I QAAK !$ $G D/ ' . . 55

!!"

p]ceZp xg?d X`bX jpa]`Yk egpe ?x YXp ]edp ]Zpc`p] eaj `auejp p]ceZp xg?d X`bX jpa]`Yk egpe ?x YXp ]edp ]Zpc`p] eaj `auejp Y? e _?o jpa]`Yk egpe ?x ?YXpg ]Zpc`p]M <X`] `] e del?g gpe]?a Y? e _?o jpa]`Yk egpe ?x ?YXpg ]Zpc`p]M <X`] `] e del?g gpe]?a oXk Zg?YpcY`?a ?a_k x?gp]Y ?g YgppR \^Y a?Y `ac_^j`ab ea`de_] oXk Zg?YpcY`?a ?a_k x?gp]Y ?g YgppR \^Y a?Y `ac_^j`ab ea`de_] ceaa?Y \p ]^]Ye`ae\_p `a _?ab YpgdM ceaa?Y \p ]^]Ye`ae\_p `a _?ab YpgdM YXp ?YXpg XeajR YXp]p ea`de_] Z_ek e u`Ye_ g?_p `a ya ya YXp ?YXpg XeajR YXp]p ea`de_] Z_ek e u`Ye_ g?_p `a Z_eaY`ab YXp x?gp]Y x?gp]Y o`YX?^Y o`YX?^Y \pbb`ab \pbb`ab eak eak ]e_egkM ]e_egkM z?opupgR z?opupgR Z_eaY`ab YXp YXp]p e]]`]YeaY] cea Z_eaY ]ppj] ?x ]pupge_ Ygpp ]Zpc`p] `a e YXp]p e]]`]YeaY] cea Z_eaY ]ppj] ?x ]pupge_ Ygpp ]Zpc`p] `a e _egbp egpeM ?g p~edZ_pR X?ga\`__] eaj b`\\?a] egp e\_p Y? _egbp egpeM ?g p~edZ_pR X?ga\`__] eaj b`\\?a] egp e\_p Y? j`]Zpg]p d?gp YXea  xYk ]Zpc`p]M @`cY^gp YX`]R ?a_k c?a]pgu`ab j`]Zpg]p d?gp YXea  xYk ]Zpc`p]M @`cY^gp YX`]R ?a_k c?a]pgu`ab YXp]p ea`de_] o`__ Xp_Z ^] ]eup _?Y] ?x \^jbpY x?g Z_eaY`ab YXp]p ea`de_] o`__ Xp_Z ^] ]eup _?Y] ?x \^jbpY x?g Z_eaY`ab x?gp]YR oX`cX dek \p d?gp YXea e YX?^]eaj \eXY Zpg ge` x?gp]YR oX`cX dek \p d?gp YXea e YX?^]eaj \eXY Zpg ge` IA ge` ¨ ABQQ >˜MvMKM <Xp c?]Y o`__ \p pupa d?gp `x op Z_eaY IA ge` ¨ ABQQ >˜MvMKM <Xp c?]Y o`__ \p pupa d?gp `x op Z_eaY deak Ygpp] ]Zpc`p] e_Y?bpYXpg `a YXp ]edp Z_ecpM sp ?\Ye`apj deak Ygpp] ]Zpc`p] e_Y?bpYXpg `a YXp ]edp Z_ecpM sp ?\Ye`apj YXp]p \pap Y] xg?d ea`de_] x?g xgppR pc?_?b`ce__k aedpj YXp]p \pap Y] xg?d ea`de_] x?g xgppR pc?_?b`ce__k aedpj ÂŚpc?]k]Ypd dpea] YXeY YXeY ?^g ?^g eYYpdZY] eYYpdZY] Y? Y? ÂŚpc?]k]Ypd ]pgu`cp]‡M ]pgu`cp]‡M <X`] <X`] dpea] Zg?YpcY YX?]p ea`de_] ea`de_] xg?d xg?d p~Y`acY`?a p~Y`acY`?a a?Y a?Y ?a_k ?a_k \pce^]p \pce^]p Zg?YpcY YX?]p ?x pYX`c] ?g ]Ypoegj]X`Z] ?x deah`ajR \^Y e_]? \pce^]p ?x ?x pYX`c] ?g ]Ypoegj]X`Z] ?x deah`ajR \^Y e_]? \pce^]p ?x gpY^gapj \pap Y] Y? ^] x?g Zg?YpcY`ab ?^g ]Zpc`p] e] op__M gpY^gapj \pap Y] Y? ^] x?g Zg?YpcY`ab ?^g ]Zpc`p] e] op__M ;a ;a <Xe`_eajR <Xe`_eajR YXp YXp v? v? >`abY? >`abY? x?gp]Y x?gp]Y jkaed`c] jkaed`c] Z_?Y Z_?Y Xe] Xe] \ppa p]Ye\_`]Xpj e`d`ab Y? ]Y^jk ]Y^jk YXp YXp jkaed`c] jkaed`c] ?x ?x Ygpp Ygpp \ppa p]Ye\_`]Xpj e`d`ab Y? Z?Z^_eY`?a eaj Z_eaY†ea`de_ `aYpgecY`?aR p]Zpc`e__k b`\\?a†Z_eaY Z?Z^_eY`?a eaj Z_eaY†ea`de_ `aYpgecY`?aR p]Zpc`e__k b`\\?a†Z_eaY `aYpgecY`?aM <Xp ]Y^jk e_]? `au?_upj pau`g?adpaYe_ xecY?g] `aYpgecY`?aM <Xp ]Y^jk e_]? `au?_upj pau`g?adpaYe_ xecY?g] YXeY YXeY Xeup Xeup \ppa \ppa d?a`Y?gpj d?a`Y?gpj c?aY`a^e__k c?aY`a^e__k `a `a YXp YXp pxxpcY] pxxpcY] ?x ?x c_`deYp cXeabp `a _?ab†YpgdM yap ?x YXp gp]^_Y] gpZ?gYpj \k c_`deYp cXeabp `a _?ab†YpgdM yap ?x YXp gp]^_Y] gpZ?gYpj \k vch?ahpk eaj fg?chp_dea I QAAK ]X?opj e c?dZ_p~`Yk ?x vch?ahpk eaj fg?chp_dea I QAAK ]X?opj e c?dZ_p~`Yk ?x

, / 4 ' - 0 - 8 9 I@g^a^] leuea`ceK ./ # 4 0 ) ' C$ % , + - 8 0 % , " , , I@`b†Ye`_pj vece“^pK ./ 0 D ,2 + !%2 , 8 % , ) & '8,' !, 2C- 80 C ;‚:i I;aYpgaeY`?ae_ ‚a`?a x?g :?a]pgueY`?a ?x ieY^gp‡] gpj_`]YK % % , 2C$ # 0 $ % 4 % + ) !$ # 4 FC$ ! , - %- 8 0 % ' ++ ' % , - 8 9 4 0$ % , + - 8 0 + ) !$ - + ' ' , " , 2C- 80 0# - D , 2C- 8#0 - % I , # C 2 - 80 # + , 9 $ $% 7# K - ' $ , 0 "

$ " 2% % , + - 80# % ++ , & ,! % , # - , 7/,6 , 4 !$ $G % 0 %

, % , # '% + ! , , + G , , 1 +) , % , , + - 8 0# # %# , + , , ! 5 , + G # # $% + , % % , " ,D/ + , 5 % D, + G ,# # #, + , % # ,, % ! & , $ ' % D C 2 - 8#0 + , 2% %,G +# % - - % , 2% - !, % ,G & , 2 + & 01 2 % G $ " , ,% % , , $ " ++ % # % , " , & , 4+ - 80# ! 9 " ,G

Z_eaY†ea`de_ `aYpgecY`?a `MpM YXp x?gp]Y Zg^ap Ygpp I@g^a^] leuea`ceKM <Xpgp egp _egbp ea`de_] Xp_Z`ab Y? j`]Zpg]p YXp ]ppj] ]^cX e] b`\\?aR X?ga\`__] eaj Z`b†Ye`_pj dece“^pR oX`cX e__ egp YXgpeYpapj ecc?gj`ab Y? YXp ;‚:i gpj _`]Y I;aYpgaeY`?ae_ ‚a`?a x?g :?a]pgueY`?a ?x ieY^gpKM mp a`Yp_kR YXp p~Y`acY`?a ?x ?ap ?x YX?]p ea`de_ ]Zpc`p] o`__ ce^]p YXp]p ]Zpc`p] Y? xecp e Zg?\_pd `a j`]Zpg]e_M >?dp Zp?Z_p dek YX`ah YXeY _?]] ?x ?ap ?g e xpo ea`de_ ]Zpc`p] dek a?Y \p e ]pg`?^] Zg?\_pd eaj YXpa YXpk jpc_`ap YXp`g ea~`pYkM ?g `a]YeacpR ea p~Y`acY`?a ?x ?ap ]Zpc`p] ]^cX e] b`\\?a IYXeY YXp Z?Z^_eY`?a Xe] \ppa j`]eZZpegpj xg?d deak x?gp]Y] `a <Xe`_eajKR op dek X?Zp x?g YXp ?YXpg] Y? j? YXp l?\]M ipupgYXp_p]]R YX`] d`bXY \p Y?? ?ZY`d`]Y`cM <Xp ]edp ]Y^jk ]X?opj YXeY pecX ea`de_ a?Y ?a_k Xe] YXp ]edp g?_pR \^Y e_]? c?aYg`\^Yp] j`xxpgpaY_k `a “^eaY`Yk eaj “^e_`YkM ?g YX`] Zg^ap YgppR b`\\?a eaj Z`bYe`_ dece“^p c?^_j p“^e__k peY e _egbp ed?^aY ?x xg^`YM sX`_p YXp dece“^p j`]Zpg]p] ]ppj] `a e ]X?gY j`]YeacpR YXp b`\\?a] j`]Zpg]p ]ppj] `a gp_eY`up xeg j`]Yeacp] xg?d ZegpaYe_ Ygpp]M z?ga\`__] ?cce]`?ae__k j`]Zpg]p ]ppj] `a e _?ab j`]YeacpR cg?]]`ab x?gp]Y ZeYcXp]M <X`] dpea] YXeY `x YXp b`\\?a] egp p~Y`acYR ?a_k YXp Zgp]pacp ?x dece“^p d`bXY a?Y \p pa?^bX Y? c?dZpa]eYp ]ppj_`ab ]^gu`ue_ j^p Y? e X`bXpg ]ppj ZgpjeY`?a ?g c?dZpY`Y`?a geYp apeg\k YXp Ygpp] ?x ]edp ]Zpc`p]M ;a ]?dp ce]p]R e_YX?^bX YXp p~Y`acY`?a ?x X?ga\`__] d`bXY \p c?dZpa]eYpj \k YXp Zgp]pacp ?x b`\\?a]R `Y c?^_j jpcgpe]p YXp cXeacp ?x Ygpp ]Zpc`p] Y? j`]Zpg]p x^gYXpg `a e _eaj]ceZp geabpR xg?d ?ap x?gp]Y ZeYcX Y? ea?YXpg apo ZeYcXM

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

56

% # ,G % % ! F++8 ' . . $ % 4,) D2,'8,' , , ) 86 0 4 # ,% , % 0 , ) 9 ./ , ) ' C '" , - 2 , 7 , + , 86 0 12, ) (Anthropogenic climate change) % 1 !$ 85$ 2 3 & , 2 /4 $ "

2 + ,! " “& , � , '8,' % * $ % 4 8 + % 1 , 86 0 ./ " % , !+ % ' $ ,! " 4 # % , + - ! +) - , 2%#, $% + , ) !$ # % 2 /,D/ ,

,) , /4 , , , # % * # %# , % 3 - ) !$ , 2 ,6 $ % 4 86 0 + # , , ! % , ) % $ , 7+ ,, - ,1%

- - -" !$ % , DE• – + ,' $ " +4 '% * , , % 8 -& # % , + , $ / , +G 9 % 3 - /4 % , & '$ !+ ./ " , /4 ,G- + ' % ' # % G “  5 N 6 V j4  A Ad ?@ V e 4 6 A 5G 7 6Ge Ad 4 N ? �

As a result, it is a tragedy, when these beautifulness and complexity have been threatened by human, such as animal hunts and forest deterioration. The huge impact from human is the anthropogenic climate change, causing an average temperature around the world to increase, also known as ‘global warming’. The threat negatively provides impacts to all of us in return. In addition, it is also really sad that the recognition of this problem is not enough, perhaps because our daily life is far away from the nature. People do not sense in any changes, which is why they ignore the protection of nature that feed all of us. Furthermore, the changes are slow, and provide no immediate effects. In comparison, it is like a person who works really hard with no rest to recover from fatigues. This will accumulate and eventually have a chronic disease, which could slowly destroy that person. Until one day, a sudden disease will show up, for example, in a form of heart disease causing that person an immediate pass way. The question is that should we wait until the severe symptom appearing and then start to heal and protect the nature?

45 6478: * $ 54 2 . - " (Hylobates lar) 4 " * ) ' C % ,! , E•– 9 (D% -& '85,8 - H 0 7 -0) Page 54 Figure above left - White-handed gibbon including other gibbons has an essential role in forest regeneration. (Photo by Kulpat Saralamba) * - " , ' 4 % $ / , % -" ' & % ! Some  gures in this issue were modi ed; please do not use it for a reference.

6 /References CONNELL, J. H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. Pages 298–312 in P. J. den Boer and G. R. Gradwell, editors. Dynamics of numbers in populations. Center for Agricultural Publications and Documentation, Proceedings for the Advanced Study Institute, Osterbeek, Wageningen, Netherlands. GHAZOUL J. AND D. SHEIL. 2010. Tropical rain forest ecology, diversity, and conservation. Oxford University, Oxford. JANZEN, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalists. 104: 501–528. MCCONKEY, K.R. AND BROCKELMAN, W.Y. 2011. Nonredundancy in the dispersal network of a generalist tropical forest tree. Ecology 92: 1492–1502

57

Ă‡Ă’ĂƒĂŠĂ’Ăƒ¸ĂƒĂƒĂ ÂŞĂ’ Ă?ĂŠĂ” §åÇ´Ă…Ĺ’Ă?à ‚¡Ă• 2 ŠºĂ‘º¡Ă• 1 Ă ÂĄĂƒĂ’¤à - Ă Ă•šĂ’¤à 2556

Convention on Biological Diversity Conference Of the Parties

XI

ŕ¸ˆาภนาŕš‚ŕ¸‡ยาสบď˘‹ŕš„ฎŕš€ŕ¸”อราบูด

$- :+#+8 @) čĪď čġĸ aa S q 8@ MM FR A 7 S7 5 65 @ ? S@ 5

A \ ?@ ? AM 5G 7 ?@ ? S@ 5

! 'M7M QAQ , 8 ieb?ke :fm :y@ AA 5 " & Iieb?keK 5‰ # + It`cX`K 7C 89 # C )4 '% ,% , 8 ,60 , + ' $ ,$ - & 1 , 8 0' $ ,$ - QAA† Q Q Œ $ # + It`cX` <egbpY]K Q Œ $ ) # 2,% %2 % ' , !$ , ) ,%- & ./ D" % & ,

,) , , D/ , % F 1 & 0 - , - 8, % 8 % % ! 'M7M QA , 8 ' 8 CC % ' $ ,$ - AA " zkjpge\ej 7 $ % „ Š A… 8 ' QA ' & ,,G# %# $ % , 8 +4 ' ,!$ %!$ ,%, 8 , 60' $ ,$ % % ! ! - ˆ , 8 , 8 CC œ fge^_`? pggp`ge jp >?^€e m`e] , 7 % % * # $ 4 '" , ) 8 CC œ % # % % " |;dZ_pdpaYeY`?aR `dZ_pdpaYeY`?aR `dZ_pdpaYeY`?a}

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

58

' D 8 C C % ,

! $ 8 , 7 ) '0 $ # + -" !$ # 1 W T , , , % , 8% 7,) - H , , 2% GC!$ - 8 ,+ , 4 $ 7,) - H ) % % $ ,+ !$ ' - & ,G D !$ ,% , 4 7 ,) - H ' , % , 8 U , 2 ' -" D ! , ) 8 CC

) , , 8 CC # + /4 % * 4 + D2 , , " $ # , , , D D 7 6V, + , /4 ! 712 + ' " $% , + + D, D ,! 8,* # 1% # + D/ '" 8 ' 8 CC PP 8% 2% , ' " , ) 1 , 8 0 $ # + % 8 ' D G ) ' C 8 '" $ - 8& , 7 - , #$ - , , % Ij?^\_p aeac`e_ gp]?^gcp ?o]K ! QAN ! 5 8 C C , , ) , ' "

- , , ,) $ & ' , $ $ % % % ON ' 1 , " ' $ ,$ - ! ) ' ) ' C IaeY`?ae_ Zg`?g`Y`p]K $ " 1 - H ! QAN # G '" , ' - & Iieb?ke @g?Y?c?_K ' 8 CC , !$ 8, 7 % , , ' - & !$ G 8 !$ ) , , 8 C C + 8 '5 , , $ % V ) $ - & I;:i@K -" $ " , , 2 C C Id?jp_ c?aYgecY^e_ c_e^]p]K D" U -" 1 - % 2 , D/ , % F 1 & 0! tf> :_peg`ab z?^]p

59

!!"

G '" ' 8 C C !$ ,8 7+ ) $ " 8 , 8 0 1 U , $% " ' $ ,$ - Iif>t@]K & !$ ) , 8 0 $ # + , # ! 8 7 0 1 - 4 ' G , % !$ ,%, ) $ # + !$ 8 D8 '0 " 4 ¦;Y `] e d^]Y ' 7 % * % # % /,+ $ , - ) , , 8 CC + % , 4 8, % , !$ % # ) - , 5 % 7 ,+ , " , ' - & + % , ) ! % 7 ' 8 C C ) ' C , , $ , , , 7 ,

▶ 6 F 6@?@ G ' 8 CC # + ,5 0-"4 ) ' C

7 -! I=f>t]K ./ -" 4 ' 8 ' ! -" 4 , ) + V -" % $% $ I i{tK ,+ , 4 # C!$ ' -" 4

,5 0 $ " D/ $ % ' 2 -"4 , % " " * '" 8 CC # ) $ - + 5 ' $ ,$ -! , ' $01 , I=;tK ' $0 , 8 0 I>=tK !$ 7# ) # ,8 0! + + 8 $ " ) '2% " 1 , + , ! 1 + ,, +, 12 ' % 0 4 2, ! - ./ G 4 7# !$ ' 8 C C - + 5 $G " + ,&' , - H ! +,% !$ , 1 , , % %# % + 1 , # " + , ' C ) C! " 4

â–ś 54@ 4@ G c M A 6 @ ? @ c M

C Âœ ,G ') ) , , , c 5 F ! 8 ' 8 C Â?ÂŒ ' $ ,$ -! , ) , +, n=mmĂŽ # ) G+ " 4 1 ) !$ $ 7' , % , ) , +, 2, 9 $ " E•– E2 9 -" - -2 5' 0 ) + ,% !$ , 1 , % ' $ ,$ -! % ) D %2 7 - 8-0 "4 " $ " - 8 0 3- D $ " ) 7 ' 5 8 '% ,+ , 4 % , ,) $ & !$ ' 8 C C Âœ # -+ 5 ' , $ " , Â?ÂŒ ' $ ,$ -! , +, n=mmĂŽ ./ $ % + :fm :y@ AP !$ ) ! , $ " ! ‚i ::: % # â–ś =yz = 6 F ' 8 CC Âœ % " !$ V '0, $ % 7 8 , ) ÂŒ $ # + Aƒ I Â?ÂŒ 7 , + , 7

) ' CK Œ $ # + IE•– E2 7 E•– E2' " $ 8% ' 7K & + $ - , , , -" D - H , ) % + + ! G 4 7# # !$ % 7+) , 7 " & ./ ) !$ D 8' , '& & D U 8 ! " , E• – E2 ,+ , 4 ' 8 C C œ !$ ) , , 8 C C œ D !$ ,% 7 % * ! 2 ' 8 2 ' ) % , 8 C C ' , "

-" $ , ' .)4 .

â–ś MNNd 8 5 54@ 4@ G c M ' 8 C C Âœ 1 , , ) ÂŒ $ # + AA ! $ - -" 4

'8 ' !$ 7 ' !$ ' ) ' C ,%, 8 , 60 - 80-" 9 -" 2, $ -"4 8 ,60 8 -"4 " I;::tK ./ G $ 4 ;‚:i # - 1 , # ! " + , & , -"4 8 ,60 4 2% , ./ V ' 8 ' - -" 4 " 8 D ! , ,6 ! & 0-"4 $ % 4 % " Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

60

! % % - " - 1 , 8 0 7 % 4 ' 8 CC œ # ! ,# , , + + % " 6 \ \@ j45e V5 @ ? 7e 54@ 4@ G c M " , '" 2 7 , Ibp?Špab`appg`abK ./ ! , - 2 , 7& , %! 5 D, D , 4 " # % , ' 4 !$C%! $ 8 . Eˆ, -" ' ! )4 !$ $ % + C & ,+ ' 0 # 5 , ' + ! , 8 ieb?ke :y@ AQ !$ , 7$ 8 # $ 7 , + , ' 8 CC œ !$ ,% ;@:: 3 $ + " 4! QAN % '0, - H , 1 , !$ $ 8 4 , ! 2 7 , " + , + $ " " #4 ! 8 ' 8 C C D/ , ' , #,' '8 ! -" 4

- -"4 , ) + V 4 +/ !$ ) , , 8 CC œ # ' $0 ! '5 /,6 7 0 , '& & I>f><<tK % # " '" 0 '0 , $ " 1 1 1 + , 6 G A 6 4R I>kaYXpY`c \`?_?bkK ' 8 C C œ

) # '% " !$ 7 % * ! D , % $ IZgpce^Y`?aegk eZZg?ecXK ) , !$ , ' $01 , ,% % , 2 % Aƒ 8 C C œ ) - , 5 , " * 1 8 " 4 ) !$ '0, - H , # %!' %- !+ % ! ,

61

!!"

! , 8 ' 4 4 8 C C œ !$ ' ) ' C % , ) „ IlK , & !$ 7 ' % , % % 8 -"4 " 4 8 D , Œ $ # + A„ I 8 -" 4 " 4 8 D K ! , + ) , 8 0 1 U , ' $ ,$ - $% Iif>t@]K + , D -" 8 , 60 ! & 0' $ ,$

- % " -5 G " % ,, % # , % '" F ?4e 5 4@ 4@ G c Mi 4 G G 7 O€JJ • O€O€ 4 ' 8 C C Âœ C!$ ,8 73 & ! ÂŚ %2 % ' , ‡ Iw`u`ab `a zegd?ak o`YX ieY^gpK 7 0 , 8 0' $ ,$ - ÂŒ $ # +

, 8 + QPMQB ĂŻÂˆ, Q 8 ' QA + ) % # ! 7 $ , % % ) $ ,% :fm :y@ A + D/ '" , - 5 8 , ) 8 CC Âœ ! 7 ' , % , , ' - & , 8 , 8 0 1 U , ' $ ,$ - $% Iif>t@]K , % 4 $ % , 8 C C Âœ % $% IaeY`?ae_ gpZ?gYK 3 $ ! QAP % ' $0 5 , -" ) ÂŒ $ # + !$ W T1 % ' , $ , ) ÂŒ $ # +

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

62

7 + - :fm :y@ A ! M'M QAย '" 5 V , $ 4 !++ + " ./ D + ned]eg :y@ AQ " 'M7M QQย ' % , 8 2 5 , $ ,, , 8 ,60' $ ,$ - , , - H , ) 1 , 8 0' $ ,$ - ย $ # + ' , $ " , ' " - , , , 8 0 ) $ ' " - , 8 ' $ % + , 8 ' 4 , ' - & ! , 8 ' 8 C C % ' $ ,$ -' 4 4

ย /"!!.#$ tf> :fm :y@ =f>t =;t ;::t ;:i@ ;@:: ;ย :i if>t@ n=mmรฎ

tccp]] eaj \papย Yย ]Xeg`ab :?aupaY`?a ?a f`?_?b`ce_ m`upg]`Yk :?axpgpacp ?x YXp @egY`p] =c?_?b`ce__k eaj \`?_?b`ce__k ]`ba`ย ceaY egpe =au`g?adpaYe_ `dZecY e]]p]]dpaY ;aj`bpa?^] eaj :?dd^a`Yk :?a]pgupj tgpe ;aYpgb?upgadpaYe_ :?dd`YYpp x?g YXp ieb?ke @g?Y?c?_ ;aYpgb?upgadpaYe_ @eap_ ?a :_`deYp :Xeabp ;aYpgaeY`?ae_ ย a`?a x?g :?a]pgueY`?a ?x ieY^gp ieY`?ae_ \`?j`upg]`Yk ]YgeYpbk eaj ecY`?a Z_ea npj^c`ab pd`]]`?a] xg?d jpx?gp]YeY`?a eaj x?gp]Y jpbgejeY`?a `a jpup_?Z`ab c?^aYg`p]R eaj x?gp]Y c?a]pgueY`?aR ]^]Ye`ae\_p x?gp]Y deaebpdpaY eaj paXeacpdpaY ?x x?gp]Y ceg\?a ]Y?ch] >f><<t >^\]`j`egk f?jk ?a >c`paY`ย cR <pcXa`ce_ eaj <pcXa?_?b`ce_ tju`cp ย i=@ ย i =au`g?adpaY @g?bgeddp ย i ::: ย i gedpo?gh :?aupaY`?a ?a :_`deYp :Xeabp ย i{t ย i {papge_ t]]pd\_k e @ 6 S6M 567 5 oooMc\jM`aY รฐ ;ax?gdeY`?a รฐ vppY`ab] oooM``]jMceS\`?j`uSc?Z_`SA ?cYMXYd_ 63

!!"

AQB< 4z::< W F W ~ ~ & Y X X Y F K 78S9:S<P8S 8S ZP8?8]PBQ? [P9:;DP<=€ Y , 8 ' 8 CC % ' $ ,$ - I:?aupaY`?a ?a f`?_?b`ce_ m`upg]`Yk[ :fmK AA I:y@ AAK + / 4 $ % „ † A… 8 ' QA 5 " #L 5 V & 1 2 + , 7 ' 8 C C œ 4 V 7 " * $ % '0, $ '0, $ % V '0, - H , Ii{y]K D , 7/,6 ' , + , & , % 8 ./ 5 BRQQQ ' ! % 7# - -8, 12 % V œ , - , $ $ '5 12 # 12 + ,$ % % * # ,% , 8 $% 0 9 - 80-" , - , �Fš , 9 # , , , , ,6 , , 78 0 , , % 7 ) , & 1 - , ! V $ % , $% IaeY`?ae_ x?ce_ Z?`aYK 8 CC œ % , 8 ' 4 4 ,+ , 4 1 2 + ,$ % ' , '" 6 ' " + C& ' 5‰0+ ) , I $ K 6 M +) , I $ K % + 7, 1 - % 1 , ) , , , 8 ,60' $ ,$ - 8 C C % ' $ ,$ - ' , $ % 7 ! , ,) , 2 &' , $% $ I‚i=@K D" ,) /4 + ,, 8 $ % , - H I‚a`Ypj ieY`?a] :?axpgpacp ?a =au`g?adpaY eaj mpup_?ZdpaY Š ‚i:=mK $ " , 8 8 I=egYX >^dd`YK 5 ' & + & $- 0 5 V . " " D8 'M7M A…… & ! , 8 , % # , $ " D/ , + ) 8 CC ' ' 8 , 8 ,60

4 - 8, - 8 0 7 " + ,! 1 % - % 8 C C ! $ , '8 ' 3- - 8 0 $ " !$ , '8 ' 3- C & } In`? :?aupaY`?a]K 7 ! $ / + ,, 8 , % ,% !$ , 8 C C 3 $ " ,, % | 8 C # ,% 8 C C % ' $ ,$ - 8 C C % , - 2 , 7 8 C C % , % , & # ˆ !$ , " N D8 'M7M A…… 1 ' ! 4 % … ' 'M7MA……P F++8 ' 8 CC œ A…P 7 8 CC œ Œ $ -" % |, 8 ,60' $ ,$ - , ! & 0 '0 , ' $ ,$ - % " , % F 1 & 0 # + ,, ! - , - 8, % 8 % } & ' 8 CC œ I:y@K $ % $ + , 8 CC œ ./ , 12 + , 7 ' 8 CC œ & , , 8 ' 8 CC œ 8,* ! , 8 ' 4 4 ' 8 CC œ # PP 4 ! G , 8 0 G D G , $ + , G , 5 ) ' C'" [ D - & % ! , 8 Œ $ # + , ) , 8 0, ' " - , , - , , , #,, ) $ 8 CC œ ' % " , 1 - % - 0 7 6 $% ' $ ,$ - , U 8 CC œ G , $ + , 5 , E•– E2 7 „IlK I' 2 " -5 K ' $ ,$ - �F š ' $ ,$ -, , - 2 , 7 ' $ ,$ , - H G , , $ " G " * , , 7 , 8 V IX`bX†_pup_ ]pbdpaYK /4 $ % AB†A… 8 ' 'M7M QA , 8 % " * + /4 '2 % # , , 8 ' 4 4 D/ , 8 7, " , % " , !$ , 7/,6 , D 5 I:=@t e`gK 7, 8 CC & In`? @eu`_`?aK , 8 8 " ' $ ,$ -! " I:`Y`p] f`?j`upg]`Yk >^dd`YK

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

64

S E IT C

7 8 R C+ 50 0 H ,W65 8 H 0 0 , , ) C, Â?9 ' $ ,$ - ) , & 1 - ,

#. I:;<=>K $ " 8 C C #. ') % :?aupaY`?a ?a ;aYpgaeY`?ae_ <gejp `a =ajeabpgpj >Zpc`p] ?x s`_j e^ae eaj _?ge $ " | 8 C C % , ' $ % 7./ 0 9 -" 9 !, 2C- 80} + , , % % | 8 CC } Ise]X`abY?a :?aupaY`?aK 8 CC , % + , ' " -M7M NQP + ' '8 , ' 0 9 $ % 7 " + , , % ' 0 9 % , , ' '8 % , % -" ' 8, , % -" 1 & 0 , ' ) !$ 5 0 9 $ % 4 + + 2C- 80# + ,& , % ! -M7M NAB # , 8 ' 4 , , , , % ' 0 9 $ % 7

, 8 M M 7 $ V , , ! 8 C C ) $ 7# 8 C C Âœ " A ' NAB !$ " A , ' N B 1 ' ! , 7# " A 6 N B ' ) O„ + ,, 7# ' 8 C C Âœ +/ , + ) , % * -" 8 C C Âœ ! , ' '8 , ) % , $ " % 1% % - 80 0 9 -" 9 â–ś ,) $ , ! ' # %!$ , ' 0 9 -" 9

%2 ! C #. & , & 612� 9 �• 12' 12' ' , % , , $ % ,) , 5

D/ $ % ,) â–ś 4 % + 0 9 -" 9 $ % 7 -" ' '8 65

!!"

+ , ' 0 9 -" 9 , % ! 8 CC #. â–ś % +) , , D , ' 0 9 -" 9 ,% ) , , 8 CC Âœ â–ś + 4 '5 ) Â?9 U , '5 ) Â?9 , +) 7 -" ' '8 , ' 0 9 -" 9 â–ś T - 80! C A C C P !$ ' 8 CC Âœ - + 5 ! 7# $ % , 1 , , 8 CC #. 4 '" â–ś , 8 $% 0 9 - 8-0 " 1 " 0 9 â–ś , , ,6 1 " -" â–ś , 1 " 0 )4 â–ś , - , Â?Fš 1 " 0 8 CC #. ' % " 7& , ' " % & ,! , ' '8 , ' $ % 7 4 0 9 -" 9 + 1 5 ‰0 + , 9 " 2 % ! C 0 9 -" 9 8 C C Âœ & , ' $ % 7 , % D2,' '8 & ! 8C # ,% ! 8C ) % , ) 1% % , , ./ ! C 8 C C Âœ ,

" 0 9 5 NRQQQ -" 9 5 „RQQQ , ,) $ " 0 9 -" 9 '8 ' ! 8 CC Âœ ! 2 8, 7 # ,% 2 D - , $ % %2 7 , - %, + , D2,'8,' & , ,) $ % 4 4 8 CC Âœ # %' '8 , ' ! 7 ) $ - 80 D IaeY`up ]Zpc`p]K ) $ - 8!0 C 8 C C Âœ '" â–ś C A - 8 0 0 9 -" 9

$ ' & G " + , !, 2C- 80 , ! , 5 - 76 % -" , 7/,6 + , - - 80 , - 0 , ) $ " % , # ' + , 7 + ) ,% 7

+ % ,+/ + ,! 8C % ,!$ & 4 7 ) % , ') / D/ ' 2% - 80 4 * - 80! C A % , 8 8 . $ ' G + " " &' % % E• ,# & ,, $ Œ ) & #-

â–ś C - 80 0 9 -" 9 & !, + 2C- 80 8C !$ ' # % , ' '8 & 7

% , ,$ " 8C !$ % , % , % , % ' 4 + # %, , " % , ) - 80 4 * ! - 80! C % $ ! '% , , , & % % % + , - -2 $ , ¤ & Ăą , + + â–ś C P - 80 # ' '8 ' ,—$ ! 7 7! 7$ / ' % " 7 ' % * !$ % 2 ! , % , # 8C $ " , % , + , 7D ,) % + # %, % ' $ % ' %2 - 8 0 4 * % ,, F,60! . , 8 # ' + 4 +, , . 0 8 CC #. ,% !$ , ' % " ! , '8 ' 0 9 -" 9 # %!$ , , ! & 0 , 7 , -+ ,, ' $ % 7 & + , 8 ' 8 C C Âœ I:?axpgpacp] ?x YXp @egY`p]K

/4 +) 8, † P ./ , + 8 ' 8 CC œ , % +) AN ' 4 & 7# ' + -+ , 8 ' 8 CC % , ' $ % 7./ 0 9 -" 9 ! , 2C- 8 0 ! ' 4 AP $ % † ƒ 8 ' NƒO + -+ , 8 ' 8 C C œ ,' 4 '" ' 4 AB I:?axpgpacp] ?x YXp @egY`p] Š :y@ ABK $ % P Š Aƒ ' NNB 5 72 0 8 $% , T & G ) ' C # ,% , , # C 8 CC #. & , + )4 'G I:g?c?jk_^] Z?g?]^]K + )4 +" I:g?c?jk_^] ]`edpa]`]K + , C A C 3- , ! 7# -" - & , , ' , / 4 " + , D - 4 # ! E 0

Nature and Environment Vol. 2 No. 1 January - March 2013

66

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.