Carlos saura book full by Sreevasudeva Bhattathiri

Im¿temkv kudbv°v Hcp BZ-c-]p-kvXIw

CARLOS SAURA: HIS TIME AND ART NEELAN PUBLISHED IN HONOUR OF CARLOS SAURA ON THE OCCASION OF HIS BEING CONFERRED WITH THE LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD BY KERALA STATE CHALACHITRA ACADEMY AT IFFK 2013, TRIVANDRUM, KERALA, INDIA

KERALA STATE CHALACHITRA ACADEMY THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 2013

Chairman & Festival Director IFFK Vice Chairman Secretary& Executive Director IFFK Treasurer Executive Committee Governing Council Deputy Director & Artistic Director IFFK Deputy Director (Programmes) Programme Manager (Finance) Programme Manager (Fest) and Print Coordinator Programme Managaer (Programmes) Print Unit Coordinater Festival Cell

: : : : : : : : : : : : :

Delegate Pass Cell Festival Programme Assistant & Jury Assistant

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S. Priyadarshan Gandhimathi Balan S.Rajendran Nair Unnikrishnan (Under Secretary, Dept. of Cultural Affairs) Renjith M., Joshy Mathew Ramachandra Babu, Leela Pannickar, S. Krishna Prasad, Roy Peechat Bina Paul Venugopal Jayanthi Narendrenath Beena M Gopeekrishna S. Sanal C.V P.S Sivakumar Mary Ninan , K. Venukuttan Nair, K. Ravikumar, K. Harikumar, J. Sukumaran, Binoyraj R, S. Omana, A. Velappan Pillai, D. Jayakumari, G. Sasikala, Velayudhan Nair K , John Kurian, Krishnakumar G.K., Nishanth S.T., Lizy M , S. Thanseer, V..Jayanarayanan, Shiji G.R. Deepika Suseelan

CARLOS SAURA : HIS TIME AND ART Chief Editor

S. Rajendran Nair (Secretary, KSCA)

Author Word Processing, Layout design

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NEELAN (neelanpremji01@gmail.com) vbhattathiri@gmail.com

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Kerala State Chalachitra Academy Lotus Villa, Sasthamangalam, Thiruvanathapuram Kerala, India - 695 010 Tel: +91-471-2310323, 2312214 Fax: +91-471-2313022 Email: iffkoffice@gmail.com, www.keralafilm.com, www.iffk.in Akshara Offset, Thiruvanathapuram, Tel.0471-2471174

Price : `.100.00 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ We are grateful to various film journals, festival publications, Film Festival websites and film websites from which we have borrowed materials to enrich this book. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarity of the Karala State Chalachitra Academy or the editors.

Im¿temkv kud: Imehpw Iebpw

\oe≥

5 BapJw

Im¿temkv kud-bpsS 9 Iep-j-amb Imew Imew 13 Ie-bpsS Ielw 14 19 23 26 28 35

eqbn _yp\p-h-ens‚ ktμ-l-ßƒ Iem-μ-bnse sN≠-Iƒ AYhm \ΩpsS Xriq¿]qcw {^mt¶m-hns‚ kz]v\hpw \pWbpw shSn-tb-‰p-ho-gp∂ t]mcmfn ^mjn-Ãp-Im-esØ kn\na kv]m\njv kn\n-abpw Im¿temkv kudbpw

Im¿temkv kud-bpsS 42 Ne-®n-{X-Øn-\mbn Hcp P∑w Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\hpw 48 Fs‚- Imew \nß-fpsS Imew: Im¿temkv kud kwkm-cn-°p∂p 57 61 Im¿temkv kud-bpsS 68 Ie 75 82

aq∂p-t]¿ Hcmƒ°q-´-amWv Im°-Iƒ°v Xo‰-sIm-Sp-°pI Feok, Fs‚ {]Wbw Im¿sa≥: Hcp kv]m\njv Ne-®n-{X-Imhyw {]Wbw F∂ am{¥n-I≥

86 \μn 87 Filmography & Selected Awards

BapJw

‰m-en-b≥ \ntbm-dn-b-en-ktam {^©v \yqththm \h-P¿Ω≥kn\n-atbm N¿®-sN-bvXX - p-t]mse ae-bmfn kv]m \njvkn\n-asb A{X-ta¬ Adn-™n-´n-s√∂p tXm∂p-∂p. eqbn _yp\p-h-en¬\n∂p XpSßn Ahn-sS-Øs∂ Ah-km\n-°p-∂-XmWv ]e-t∏mgpw \ap°v kv]m\njv kn\n-a. AXpsIm-≠mWv temI-kn-\n-a-bn¬Øs∂ hfsc {it≤-b-amb Cu Ne-®n-{X-ta-J-e-bn-te°v sF.F^v.F^v.sI 2013 FØnt\m-°p-∂-Xv, Im¿temkv kud-sb∂ Infn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS. CXns‚ `mK-ambn CØ-h-WsØ Ne-®n-t{Xm-’-hØns‚ apJym-Xn-Yn-bmbn Im¿temkv kudsb tIcf Ne®n{X A°m-Zan kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. B[p-\n-I-kn-\n-a-bnse AXn-hy-Xy-kvX-\mb Cu AXn-Im-bs\ sse^vssSw A®ohvsa‚ v Ahm¿Uv \¬In BZ-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂p-h¿jw-ap-ºmWv temI-kn-\n-ab - nse {]Xn-`I - sf BZ-cn-°m-\mbn CØ-cs - amcp ]pc-kvImcw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v. BZysØ ]pc-kvIm-ct- P-Xmhv {]ikvX C¥y≥ kwhn-[m-b-I-\mb arWmƒsk-≥ Bbn cp∂p. {]apJ P¿Ω≥ kwhn-[m-bI - \ - mb sh¿W¿ sl¿tkmKm-bn-cp-∂p- c≠m-asØ ]pc-kvIm-ct- P-Xm-hv. As∂ms° Cu AXn-Im-b-cpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ \S∂ Ah-cpsS Nn-{X-ß-

fpsS {]Z¿i\w ImWn-I-fn-ep-W¿Ønb Bthiw Hm¿Ωbn¬ Ct∏mgpw Xnc-b-Sn-°p-∂p. Cu Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS Bth-iØm¬ A{X- t a¬ A`n- a m- \ - t Øm- s S- b mWv CØ- h W Im¿temkv kudsb A°m-Zan Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ°v £Wn®v BZ-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIcfØns‚ A¥¿t±-iob Ne®n-t{Xm-’-hsØ Cu km∂n-≤yhpw BZ-chpw IqSp-X¬ {it≤-bhpw A¥- p-‰-Xp-am-°n-Øo¿°p-sa∂v Xo¿®. Im¿temkv kud-sb-°p-dn®pw At±-l-Øns‚ Nn{X-ßfpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-˛-cm-jv{Sob ]cn-k-c-ß-sfbpw Ne-®n-{Xssi-en-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Hcp eLp-{K-Ÿ-am-Wn-Xv. am≤y-a-{]h¿Ø-I\pw Ne-®n-{X-\n-cq-]-I-\p-amb \oe-\mWv Cu IrXn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cu {iaw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-bn´p-s≠∂v Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bm-\m-hpw.

Fkv. {]nb-Z¿i≥ sNb¿am≥ tIcf kwÿm\ Ne-®n{X A°m-Zan Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 20.11.2013

{^mt¶m acn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Hcp-]mSv Ime-sa-SpØp. AXp-sIm≠v jmws]bv≥ hmßn {^nUvPn¬ Icp-Xm≥ Rßƒ°v th≠{X kabw In´n-. HSp-hn-e-bmƒ acn-®-t∏mƒ A¥-co-£-w jmws]bv≥ Ip∏n-I-fpsS tIm¿°p-Iƒ sXdn°p∂ i_vZwsIm≠v apJ-cn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Im¿temkv kud Z Km¿Un-b≥, 24 Pq¨ 2011

Iep-j-amb Imew

Guerra! The Spanish Civil War (2009) http://daily-norm.com/

ebv°v Ime-ap≠v; Pohn-X-Øn-s\-∂-t]m-se. Hmtcm ImeØpw a\p-jy¿ Hmtcm Xc-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p. Ime-Øns\mØv ]m´p-]mSp-∂p, Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂p, Ac-sßm-cp-°p∂p, Nph-Sphbv°p-∂p, kn\n- a - b p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ p. Imew- t ]msebmIp∂p tImew- . Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Imew AS-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ^mjnkhpw Adp-]n-¥n-cn-∏\ - mb ItØm-en-°m-\n-ba - ß - fpw PohnXØns‚ hmXn-ep-Ifpw P\m-e-Ifpw AS-®n´ Imew. C°m-eØp-X-s∂-bmWv eqbn _yp\p-h¬ F∂ Ne-®n-{Xm-Xn-ibw Po-hn-®-Xv; ]msªm ]n°mskm Ie-bn¬ [n°m-cwIm´n-bXv. an≠m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Øn-SØv au\w-sIm≠v k¿§kwKo-Xap-≠m-°p-I. A\-ßm≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ Ah-ÿb - n¬ AS°n-∏n-Sn® Nph-Sp-I-fn¬ \rØw-h-bv°p-I. ZpjvIcw ^mjnÃp-Im-esØ Ie! c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn\p (1939˛1945) sXm´p-apºv B bp≤- Ø n- \ p≈ Hcp- ° - s a∂ \ne- b n- e mWv kv s ]bv \ n¬ ^mjnkw Ac-tß-dn-bX - v. P¿Ω\nbn¬ ln‰-edpw C‰-en-bn¬ aptkm-fn-\nbpw hmgp∂ Imew. C°m-eØmWv kvs]bv\n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ P\m-[n-]X - y-`c - W - I - q-SØ - n-s\-Xnsc A´n-adn \S∂Xv.

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

am\p-th¬ Akm\

923 apX¬ 1930 hsc A¬t^m ¨tkm ]Xn-aq-∂m-a≥ cmPmhns‚ Iogn¬ kv s ]bv \ n¬ ssk\n-I`- c - W - I - q-Sa - m-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. 1931 G{]n-en¬ \S∂ ap≥kn-∏¬ sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ cmP-`c - W - h - n-cp-≤¿ t\Snb hnP-b-amWv Cu ssk\n-I-`-c-W-Iq-SØns‚ ASn- Ø - d - b n- f - ° n- b - X v . sXcs™- S p- ∏ n¬ Pbn® cmP- ` - c - W - h n- c p≤cmb, P\m-[n-]X - y-hm-Zn-If - p-sS dn∏-ªn°≥ `c- W - I qSw cmPm- h n- s ‚bpw ItØm-en°mk`-bp-sSbpw A[n-Im-cßƒ sh´n-°p-db - v°m≥ Hcp-ßn. C-tXmsS-bmWv kv]m\njv `c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬ kwL¿jw XpS-ßn-bX - v. 1936 Pqem-bn¬ {]kn-U‚ v am\p-th¬ Akm\-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-WIq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc ssk \yØnse Hcphn-`mKw Iem]w {]Jym-]n-®p. \mjW-en-Ãp-I-sf∂ t]cn¬ bmYm-ÿn-XnIcpw cmP-`-c-W-hm-Zn-Ifpw ^mjn-ÃpIfpw ItØm-en-°-k-`bpw Iem-]-Imcn-Isf ]n¥m-ßn. CtXmsS Iayp-Wn-ÃpIfpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Ifpw en_-d¬

Nn¥m-KX - n-°m-cp-aS- ß - nb dn∏ªn-°≥ ]£-°m-cpw ^mjnÃv \mj-en-Ãp-Ifpw XΩn¬ bp≤-am-bn. samtdm-s°m, ]mwtπm\, tIm¿tUmh XpSßn Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ \mj-en-Ãp-Iƒ ]q¿Æ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®p. F∂m¬, Xe-ÿm-\-amb am{Un-Unepw _m¿k-temW XpS-ß-nb \K-c-ß-fnepw dn∏ªn-°≥ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏ns\ adn-I-S-°m≥ Ah¿°m-bn-√. kv]m\njv P\X c≠mbn Xncn™v XΩn-e-Sn-®-t∏mƒ temI-cm-jv{S-ßƒ c≠mbn Xncn™v AXns\ t{]m’m-ln∏n-®p. \mj-W-en-Ãp-Iƒ°v ln‰ve-dpsS \mkn P¿Ω-\nbpw aptkm-fn-\n-bpsS ^mjnÃv C‰-enbpw klm-b-hp-am-sb-Øn. shSn-t°m-∏p-Iƒam{X-a√ IqsS-\n∂p s]mcp-Xm≥ ssk\nI-scbpw Ah¿ FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. adp-h-iØv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw saIvkn-t°mhpw dn∏-ªn-°≥ ]£-°msc ]n¥pW-®p. Ah¿°pw A¿∞hpw Bbp-[hpw ]pd-Øp-\n∂v h∂p. {_n´\pw {^m≥kp-a-S-°-ap≈ Nne cmPy-ßƒ CXn¬ Xe-bn-SmsX amdn-\n-∂p. \mj-W-en-Ãp-I-fpsS B{I-a-WsØ sNd-°m-\m-hmsX \mSp-hn´ CS-Xp-]-£-°m-¿°v A`-bw sX°≥ {^m≥km-bn-cp-∂p. cmjv{So-b-ambpw ssk\n-I-ambpw Hcp cmPyw c≠m-bn∏n-cn™v Aßs\ aq∂ph¿jw XΩn¬ s]mcp-Xn. Ccp-]£Øpw ]Xn-\m-bn-c° - W - ° - n-\m-fp-Iƒ sIm√-s∏-´p. \mjWen-Ãp-Iƒ CS-Xp-]-£-Nmbvhp≈-hsc sXc-™p-]n-Sn®v h[n®p. Zcn-{Z-cmb \nc-h[n sXmgn-em-fn-If - pw I¿j-Ic - p-amWv h[n°-s∏-´-Xv. bp≤m-¥y-Øn¬, 1939 G{]n-en¬ H∂n-\v, Hcp

Iep-j-amb Imew

hnUvVn-Zn-\-Øn¬, \mj-W-en-Ãp-Iƒ kvs]bv\ns‚ `cWw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. \mj-W-enÃv t\Xm-hmb P\-d¬ {^m≥ knkvtIm {^ms¶m kv]m\njv {]kn-U‚m-bn. 36 h¿jw {^ms¶m `c-W-Øn¬ XpS¿∂p ˛ 1939 apX¬ 1975¬ acn-°pwh-sc. {^ms¶m A[n-Im-ct- a-dn-btXmsS dn∏-ªn-°≥]£-°m¿ Iq´-tØmsS \mSp-hn-´p. c£-s∏-Sm-\m-hm-Ø-hsc ssk\yw ]nSn-IqSn hnNm-c-W-sNbvXv h[n-®p. 1940-I-fn¬ Xs‚ XS-h-dbn¬ Ccp-]-Øm-dm-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw cmjv{Sob XS-hp-Im-cps≠∂v {^ms¶m- Xs∂ lp¶v ]d-™p. bp≤wXo¿∂v Ggph¿jw Ign-™n´pw dn∏-ªn-°≥ Iem-]-Im-cn-I-fpsS XS-h-dPo-hnXw Ah-km-\n-®n-s√-∂¿∞w. ItØm-en-°m-aXw am{XamWv kvs]bv\n¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb Htc-sbmcp aX-sa∂v {^ms¶m hn[n-®p. I‰m-em≥, _mkvIv XpS-ßnb {]mtZ-in-I`m-j-Iƒ hoSp-Iƒ°p ]pdØv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv {^ms¶m-`c-WI - qSw \ntcm-[n-®p. Cu {]mtZ-in-Ik - w-kvIm-cØ - ns‚ kqNI-ßf - mb t]cp-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°nSp-∂X - pt]mepw Ip‰-Ic - a - mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. sXmgn-em-fn-kw-L-S-\-Isf \ntcm-[n-®p. ]uc∑m¿s°-Xnsc hen-sbmcp Nmc-kw-L-S\ cm∏I¬ cmPysØßpw Dd-°-sam-gn®p. kmwkvIm-cnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw `c-W-IqSw I¿i-\-ambn \nb{¥n-®p. {]mb-am-b-tXmsS {^mt¶m-hn\v ssZ\w-Zn-\-cm-jv{So-bØn¬ Xm¬]cyw \jvS-s∏-´p. `oI-c-\mb ^mjnÃv `c-Wm-

[n-Imcn Imń¬ th´bv°pt]mbpw ]pgbn¬ ao≥]n-Sn®pw kabw sNe-h-gn-®p. CtXmsS P\-ßƒ°p-ta-ep≈ s]meokns‚ \nb-{¥Ww Ab-™-b™ph∂p. sk≥k¿jn-∏ns‚ Im¿°iyw Ipd-™p. hnt\m-Zk - © - m-cn-If - psS hchv IqSn. sXmgn-em-fn-k-a-c-ßfpw {]Xn-tj[- d m- e n- I fpw k¿Δ- k m- [ m- c - W - a m- b n. samtdms°m kvs]bv\n¬\n∂v kzmX {¥ywt\Sn. 1975 \hw-_¿ 20\v \mń¬\S-°p-∂-sXm∂pw Adn-bmsX XpS¿®bmb lrt{Zm- K - _ m- [ - a qew P\- d ¬ {^ms¶m A¥cn-®p. Xs‚ `c-W-tijw cmP-`-cWw Xncn-®p-h-cp-sa∂v 1947¬ Øs∂ {^ms¶m {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂X - m-Wv. ]t£, B ]mgv ° n- \ mhv ên®n- √ . {^ms¶m acn®v c≠p-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kv s ]bv \ n¬ sXc- s ™- S p∏v \S∂p; P\m-[n-]Xyw Xncn-®p-h-∂p; C∂pw XpScp-∂p. 1981¬ \S∂, 18 aWn-°q¿am{Xw \o≠ Hcp ssk\nI Ań-a-dn-{i-aw- am{X-amWv CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Zw.

{^m≥knkvtIm {^ms¶m

I ate my food between massacres. The shadow of murder lay upon my sleep. And when I loved, I loved with indifference. I looked upon nature with impatience. To Posterity Bertolt Brecht

Iebp-sS Ielw

eqbn _yp\phens‚ ktμ-l-ßƒ

HSp-hn¬ a\p-jy\v adp-h-gn-I-fn-√. \c-I-Øn¬\n∂v Bcpw Xncn-®p-h-∂-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. \ΩpsS izmtkm—zmkw shdpw ]pI-bm-Wv. kwkmcw lrZ-bsØ sXmń-f-°m-\p≈ kv^pc-W-hpw. \ΩpsS t]cp-Iƒ hnkva-cn-°-s∏Spw; \ΩpsS {]hr-Øn-Isf Bcpw Hm¿°p- I - b p- a n- √ . Imc- W w, \ΩpsS Imew Hcp \ng¬k-©m-cwam{Xw. A¥y-Øn¬\n∂p Xncn-®p-t]mcm≥ B¿°p-am-hn-√. AXv A{X-ta¬ AS-™-XmIp∂p. Bcpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v Xncn-®p-h-∂nń-√. ˛ Book of Wisdom, Chapter - 2, Ver.- 1-9 (eqbn _yp\p-h-ens‚ Bfl-I-Y,My Last Sigh, t]Pv 205-˛6)

eqbn _yp\p-h-en≥sc ktμ-l-ßƒ

930¬ hpX-dnMv ssl‰vkns‚ Xnc-°Y Xøm-dm-°ptºmƒ Xm≥ ss__n-fn¬ bmZr-—n-I-ambn Is≠Ønb `mK-amWv "_p°v Hm^v hnkvU'sa∂pw itemas‚ KoX-tØ-°mƒ X\n°v {]nb-¶c - a - mbn tXm∂n-bXv CXmsW∂pw _yp\p-h¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ss__nfns‚ F√m ]Xn∏p-If - nepw CXv C√m-ØX - n-\m¬ CX{X {]Nm-cØ - n-ep≈ hcnI-f-s√∂pw _yp\p-h¬. ItØm-en-°m-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ°pw ss__nfns‚ Imhym-ﬂI - X - b - v°p-an-Sb - n¬ ]nd-∂X - mWv eqbn _yp\p-h-ens‚ ktμ-l-ßƒ. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ _yp\p-hens‚ Ne-®n-{X-Ie ss__nfns‚ Imhym-ﬂI - Xsb Dƒs°m≈p-Ibpw aX-hn-izm-kØ - ns‚ Im¿°-iy-ßƒs°-Xnsc Iem]-ap-b¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ""_yp\p-h-ens‚ t]gvk-W¬ ^nenw F∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ \k-do≥ B Iem-Im-cs‚ Hgn-bm_m-[-I-fp-sSbpw ktμ-l-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp ktμ-i-Im-hy-amWv. IΩyq-Wnkw, ssewKn-I-X-bn-ep≈ XocmØ lcw XpSßn-bh _yp\p-h-en-s‚ Hgn-bm-_m-[-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ItØmen- ° m- h n- i zm- k - Ø ns‚ N´- ° q- S nt\mSpw {^ms¶m- h ns‚ ^mjnÃv `c-W-X-{¥-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ Ad∏pw shdp∏pw Abm-

fpsS kln-°m-\m-hmØ ktμ-lß - fpw. _yp\p-he - ns‚ IebpsS A¥- Øbn¬ CsX√mw ImWmw. Cu ktμlßƒX-s∂-bmWv 1936¬ kvs]bv\n¬ B`y-¥-c-bp≤w XpSßn- b - t ∏mtg \mSp- h n- S m≥ _yp\p- h - e ns\ t{]cn- ∏ n- ® - X v . Hm¿k¨ sh’v Hcn- ° ¬ kwhn- [ m- b - I - \ mb ]o‰¿ t_mKvUm-t\m-hn-®n-t\mSv ]d™p, ""Abm-sfmcp XnI™ {InkvXym-\n-bm-Wv. ]t£, {InkvXym-\n-°p-am{Xw Ign-bptºmse Abmƒ ssZhsØ shdp-Øp. Abmƒ AXy¥w kv]m\n-jm-Wv. Ne-®n-{X-I-e-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb aX-hn-izm-kn-bmb, kwhn-[m-b-I-\m-bn-´mWv Rm≥ _yp\p-h-ens\ ImWp-∂-Xv.'' (tPm¨ _mKvÃ¿, _yp\p-h¬, t]Pv 2) ItØm-en-°m-hn-izm-k-ßsf Duń-bp-d-∏n-°m\pw a‰p {]mtZ-inIkwkvIm-c-ß-sf XpS-®p-\o-°m\pw {ian® P\-d¬ {^m≥knkvtIm {^ms¶m-bpsS `c-W-IqSw ]e Iem-Im-c∑m¿°p-sa-∂-t]mse eqbn _yp\p-h-en\pw izmkw-ap-´p∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. kvs]bv\n¬ B`y-¥c - b - p≤w XpS-ßnb-tXmsS hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ ^mjnÃv `c-WØ - ns‚ Nn´-h´- ß - sftbm¿Øv _yp\p-h¬ Ata-cn-°b - n-te°v c£-s∏-´p. AhnsS \yqtbm¿ °nse ayqknbw Hm^v tamtU¨ B¿ń¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp. tlmfn-hpUv Ne-®n{X\n¿Ωm-W-I-º-\n-bmb hm¿W¿ {_tZgvkn-\p-th≠n U∫nMv B¿ń-Ãmbn. 1940 HmsS _yp\p-h¬ saIvkn-t°m-hn-se-Øn. ]ns∂ ]Øp-h¿jw saIvkn-t°mhn¬. 1930-ItfmsS _yp\p-h-ens‚ Ne-®n-{X-I-em-ssh`hw 15

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xn-b-hsc A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øns°m≠v 1950¬ saIvkn-t°m-hnse sXcp-hp-Ip-´n-Is - f-°p-dn®v _yp\p-h¬ Hcp Nn{X-ap-≠m-°p∂p ˛ Los Olvidados. Cu Nn{Xw Im≥ Ne-®n-{X-ta-f-bn¬ _yp\p-h-en\v anI® kwhn[m-b-I-\p≈ ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp. kv]m\njv kn\n-asb cmPym-¥-c-{]-i-kvXn-bn-te°v Db¿Ønb Iem-Im-c≥ \mSp-hn´v A`-bm¿∞n-bmbn°gn-bp∂Xv \mW-t°-Sm-sW∂p {^ms¶m-`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn\p tXm∂nbXv At∏m-gm-Wv. ]t£, At∏mgpw ItØm-en-°m-k-`bv°v _yp\p-h¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn kzoIm-cy\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu Bi-b°p-g-∏-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ 1961¬ P\-d¬ {^ms¶m _yp\p-h-ens\ \m´nte°p Xncn-®p-hn-fn-®p. kv]m\n-jvkw-kvIm-c-sØbpw AXns‚ AXyp- ∂ - X - \ mb Iem- I m- c - s \bpw am\n- ° p∂ H∂mWv Xs‚ `c-W-Iq-S-sa∂v sXfn-bn-°m\p≈ ]mgv{iaambncp∂p CXv. ]mep-X∂ Iøn¬Øs∂ _yp\p-h¬ Xncn®pISn-®p. B h¿jw kvs]bv\n¬ \n¿Ωn® _yp\p-hens‚ Viridiana F∂ Nn{Xw ItØm-en-°m-k-`sb Acn-iwsIm-≈n-®p. ssZh-\nμ F∂v Ah¿ Bt{Im-in-®p. ""ssZh\n-μ-sbm∂pw Rm\p-t±-in-®n-√, ]ns∂ CsXms° kq£vaambn Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Xocp-am-\n-°m\pw Ign-bp∂ Htc-sbmcmƒ am¿∏m-∏-bm-Wv'' ˛ _yp\p-h¬ Xncn-®-Sn-®p. {^ms¶m `cW-IqSw Nn{Xw \ntcm-[n-®p. kvs]bv\nep≠m-bn-cp∂ {]n‚pI-sf√mw tiJ-cn®v IØn-®p. ]t£, Im≥ ^nenws^Ãn-h-en¬ As°m√w Cu 16

eqbn _yp\p-h-en≥sc ktμ-l-ßƒ

Nn{Xhpw Ahm¿Uv t\Sn. {^mt¶m-hns‚ ac-W-tijw 1977emWv Cu \ntcm-[n-X-Nn{Xw kvs]bv\n¬ dneo-kvsN-bvX-Xv ˛ \n¿Ωn®v 16 h¿j-ßƒ°p-ti-jw. At∏mƒ _yp\p-h-en\v hb v 77 Bbn-cp-∂p. {^ms¶m acn®pt]mbn; ItØm-en-°m-k` amdn-a-dn-™p. ""Rm≥ ssZh-Øn¬hn-iz-kn-°p∂p ]t£, Fs‚ ssZhw ItØm-en°m ssZh-a-√, ItØm-en°m ssZh-an-√, shdpw ssZh-ta-bp-≈p'' F∂v ]-c-ky-ambn {]Jym-]n® C∂sØ {^m≥knkv am¿∏m∏hsc FØn-\n¬°p∂p k`-bnse am‰ßƒ. At∏mgpw Viridiana temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse anI® Nn{X-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

hmZy-ta-f-Øn≥ Xmf˛ ]mX-Øn¬ Xe-bm´n ]qØ Xmgvhmcw-t]mse acpho ]pcp-jmcw

klys‚ aI≥ sshtem-∏n≈n

A-Yhm

Iemμ-bnse sN≠-Iƒ \ΩpsS Xriq¿]q-cw*

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

_yp\p-hens‚ My Last Sigh F∂ Bﬂ-IY-bn¬ apg-ßp∂ G‰hpw Kw`o-c-amb i_vZw Iemμ-bnse sN≠-I-fp-sSbpw Ahn-SpsØ ]≈n-a-Wn-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. Iemμ F∂ {Kma-Øn-emWv 1900¬ _yp\p-h¬ P\n-®-Xv. H∂mw temI-bp≤w (1914-˛1918) Ign-bpw-h-scbpw Xs‚ {Kmaw a≤y-bp-K-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v _yp\p-h¬. Hcn-°¬ Hcp hc≠ h¿jw h∂p. sXm´-SpØ {KmaØn¬ P\-Xs - bm-∂msI ag-bv°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°m≥ sXcphn-en-d-ßn. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ Ahsc \bn-®p. Hcmƒ°q-´w-apgp-h≥ ap´p-IpØn am\-tØ°p Iøp-b¿Øn {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ apgp-In-b-t∏mƒ am\-an-cp-≠p; {Kma-Øn-emsI Ccp-´p-]-S¿∂p. ]ns∂ {]m¿∞\ Bhiy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, ]Xp-°-∏Xps° ag- t a- L - ß ƒ Xpgs™tßm t]mbn- Ø p- S - ß n. s]m≈p∂ ]p—-®n-cn-bp-ambn kqcy≥ am\Øv Xncn-s®-Øn. P\-ßƒ £p`n-X-cm-bn. {]I-S-\-Øn\p ap∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ amem- J - b psS Iq‰≥ Bƒcq]sØ ASn- Ø - d - b n¬\n∂v Cf°nsbSpØv Ah¿ sXm´-SpØ ]pg-bn¬ hens®-dn-™p. ]≈nbpw {]m¿∞-\-bp-am-bn-cp∂p B {KmaoW-P-\]Yß-fpsS Bizm-k\nizmkhpw {]Xo-£-bpw. {Kma-Øn¬ hm¿Ø-Is - f-Øn-°p-∂X - p-t]mepw ]≈n-aW - n-If - psS apg-°a - mWv. ]e hntijw ]d-bm≥ ]≈n-bn¬ ]e-Xcw aWn-I-fp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Rmbdm-gvN-I-fn¬ apg-ßp∂ aWn a‰p-Zn-h-kß-fn¬ \ni-_vZ-am-bn-cn-°pw. B aWn-ap-g°w Rmb-dm-gvNbpsS kz¥w kzm¿∞Iml-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. {Kma-Øn-sem-cmƒ 20

A¥y-izm-kw-he - n-°p-tºmƒ apg-ßp∂ aWn L\-Kw-ò-chpw kmh-[m-\h - p-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ipń-If - psS ac-Wa - d- n-bn-°p∂ aWnap-g°amIs´ Ipń-I-sf-t∏mse \njvI-f-¶-ambn Xnc-°n-´Xpw h√msX teme-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. ZpxJsh-≈n-bm-gvN-I-fn¬ XpSßn i\n-bmgvN D®-hsc apg-ßp∂p Iemμ-bnse sN≠-Iƒ. (H-∂c∏Iepw Hcp cm{Xnbpw apgp-h≥ apg-ßp∂ sN≠-ta-f-Øns‚ el-cn\pcbp∂ Xriq¿]q-c-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp-h≥ Hm¿Øp-t]m-Ip-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw.) {InkvXp acn® Znhkw `qan-bn¬hoW \ng-epI- s fbpw D≠mb `qN- e - \ - ß - s fbpw Iq‰≥ ]¿Δ- X - ß fn¬\n∂v henb H®-tbmsS Dcp≠p Xmsg-h∂ ]md-°q-´ß-sfbpw Hm¿Ωn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Iemμ-bn¬ sN≠-Iƒ apgßp-∂-Xv. A™qdpw Adp-\qdpw sN≠-I-fmWv A∂v sXcphn¬ \nd-bp-I. ]≈n-bpsS FXn¿h-iØv sXcp-hn¬ HØpIq-Sp∂ Chcpw XSn-®p-Iq-Sp∂ P\m-h-enbpw BZyw ]q¿Æ\n-i-_vZ-X-bn¬ Ft¥m ImØp-\n¬°p-∂p. ]≈n-bn¬ BZysØ aWn-ap-gß - p-tºmƒ sN≠-Iƒ sImń-bp-db - m≥ XpSßp-∂p. hen-sbmcp CSn-ap-g°w {Kma-Øn\p apI-fn¬h∂p ]Xn°p-∂p. ]ns∂-bXv \ne-bv°p-∂n-√; apdp-In-ap-dp-In, apgßn-\n-d-bp-I-am{Xw sNøp-∂p. sN≠-Iƒ sXcp-hmb sXcphn-sems° ]c-s∂m-gpIp-∂p. IqsS hen-sbmcp P\m-he - n-bpw. Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ {]—-∂-th-j-[m-cn-I-fmbn \rØw-h-bv°p-∂h¿ [mcm-fw. Nne \n›n-X-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ sN≠-Iƒ \ni-_vZam-hp-Ibpw Hcp \o≠ \ni-_vZ-X-bv°p-tijw ho≠pw apg-

Iem-μ-bn-se- sN≠-Iƒ

ßm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. P\-ßƒ B¿Øp-√-kn-°p∂p; sN≠-ta-f-kw-L-ßƒ ]e-]e Xmf-ß-fn-embn XΩn¬ a’-cn-°p-∂p. HSp-hn¬ Hcp-kwLw at‰ kwL-Øns‚ XmfØn\v hg-ßp-∂p, Iog-S-ßp-∂p. tafw Xocp∂ i\n-bmgvN t\cw-sh-fp-°p-tºm-tg°pw sN≠-If - psS ta¬sØmen∏-c∏ - pI-fn¬ a\p-jy-c-‡-Øns‚ ]mSp-Iƒ ]Scm≥ Xp-S-ßp-∂p. ITn-\m-≤zm-\n-Ifpw Btcm-Ky-hm-∑m-cp-amb I¿j-Ic - mWv taf°m¿, F∂n-´pw. Hcp {Kmaw AS-™X - m-hp-Ibpw AhnsSsbm-cp-h\v t\cnSm-\mhp∂ Zriy-_nw-_-ßƒ ]cn-an-Xhpw Bh¿Ø-\-hn-ckhpam-Ip-tºm-fm-IWw i_vZ-ßƒ Ah\v ]pXnb A¿∞ßfpw el-cn-If - p-am-Ip-∂X - v. ImgvNb - psS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf Ah≥

i_vZ-Øn-s‚bpw au\-Øn-s‚bpw apg-°-ß-fn-eqsS adn-I-S°p-∂p. sIm´n°b-dn-b-S-ßn-sbm-Xp-ßn-t∏mb Ce-™n-Ø-dtafw ]ns∂bpw Hcp-h¿j-°mew sNhn-bn¬ apg-ßm-dp-≈Xp-t]m-se.

Cu Ipdn-∏n\v Cu IrXn-bpsS s]mXp- {]-ta-b-[m-c-bp-ambn _‘-ans√∂p tXm∂mw. ]t£, kv]m\njv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ [z\n-I-fpW¿Øp∂ kvac-WI - s - f∂\nebv°v CXv Cu IrXn-bpsS `mKw-Xs∂.

Im多temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Silver bells & cockle shells & guts braided in a row a pinky in erection not a grape & not a fig.. casket on shoulders crammed with sausages & mouths rage that contorts the drawing of a shadow that lashes teeth nailed into sand the horse ripped open top to bottom in the sun.. cries of children cries of women cries of birds cries of flowers cries of wood and stone cries of bricks cries of furniture of beds of chairs of curtains of casseroles of cats and papers cries of smells that claw themselves of smoke that gnaws the neck of cries that boil in cauldron and the rain of birds that floods the sea that eats into the bone and breaks the teeth biting the cotton that the sun wipes on its plate that bourse and bank hide in the footprint left imbedded in the rock.

Excerpts from Dream and Lie of Franco (1937) by Pablo Picaso

{^mt¶m-hns‚ kz]v\hpw \pWbpw

{^mt¶m-hns‚ kz]v\hpw \pW-bpw

]m\njv B`y-¥c - b - p≤w XpSßn Hcp-h¿jw Ign- ™ - t ∏mƒ, 1937¬, c≠v jo‰p- I - f n- e mbn ]mtªm ]n°mskm cNn® Nn{X-Im-hy-amWv {^mt¶m-hns‚ kz]v\hpw \pWbpw. c≠p jo‰p- I - f n- e mbn ]Xn- s \´v Cta- P p- I ƒ. BZysØ ]Xn-\m-seÆw F®n-ßn-s\m∏w AIzm-Sn‚pw D]tbm-Kn-®-Xv. F®n-ßn¬ hm´¿I-f-dns‚ kZr-iy-X-h-cp-Øp-IbmWv AIzm-Sn‚n¬ sNøp-∂-Xv. Ah-km-\sØ \mev CtaPp-Iƒ tπ‰n¬ {]n‚p-sNbvXv ]n∂oSv Iq´n-t®¿Ø-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ AIzm-Sn‚n-√. 1937 Pq¨ Ggn-\mWv ]n°mtkm Cu Nn{X-IrXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. CtXm-sSm∏w ]n°mskm Hcp KZy-I-hn-Xbpw Iq´n-t®¿Øn-cp-∂p. kv s ]bv \ ns‚ kwkv I m- c - s Øbpw aqey- ß - s fbpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p-sh∂ {^mt¶m-hns‚ Ah-Im-ih - m-ZsØ ]p—-®n-cn-tbmsS t\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bmWv ]n°mskmhns‚ Cu Nn{X-Im-hyw. {^mt¶m-hns\ ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ Nn{X-ßfmWv Hmtcm F®n-ßn-epw. {^ms¶m IpXn-c-∏p-d-tadn hmfpw ]Xm-I-bp-ambn ]d-°p-∂p, D≤-cn® henb ]p√nw-K-hp-ambn {^ms¶m hmfpw ]Xm-Ibpw hoip-∂p, {^ms¶m Hcp ¢mkn°¬ inev]sØ ASn-®p-S-bv°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p, sIm´m-c-]men-Ib - psS ]cn-lmkythj-Øn¬ {^ms¶m Iøn-semcp ]qhpw hni-dn-bp-ambn \n¬°p-∂p, {^mt¶m-hns\ Hcp Imf-°q-‰≥ IpØn-a-e¿Øp-∂p, Iºn-apƒth-en-°-I-Øn-cp∂v {^ms¶m

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

{]m¿∞n-°p-∂p, acn® Hcp P¥p-hn-\p-ta¬ {^ms¶m Ccn°p-∂p, Nnd-Ip≈ Hcp IpXn-csb ]n¥p-S¿∂v ]nSn-°m≥ {^ms¶m {ian-°p-∂p, Hcp ]∂n-bpsS ]pd-tadn Hcp Ip¥-hpambn {^ms¶m k©-cn-°p-∂p, NØ IpXn-csb Xn∂p-∂p, bp≤m-¥y-Øn¬ A\m-Y-amb ihw, NØp-hoW IpXn-c, {^ms¶mhpw Imf-°q-‰\pw, {^mt¶mhpw Imf-t∏mcpw. sIm®psIm®v Nn{X-ßfneqsS Hcp ^mjn-Ãns‚ ]cn-lm-kyhpw

\nμyhp-amb \ne-\n¬∏pw Abmƒ P\-X-bpsSta¬ hcp-Ønh-bv°p∂ Zpc-¥ß - fpw ]n°mskm Dds° hnfn-®p-]d- b - p∂p. CXn¬ Hmtcm CtaPpw t]mÃv Im¿Up- I - f mbn hn¬°m\pw Aßs\ {^mt¶m-hn-cp≤ dn∏-ªn-°≥ t]mcmfn-Iƒ°v [\-k-lmbw FØn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p ]cn-]m-Sn. 1937¬ temI-ta-f-bnse kv]m\njv ]h-en-b-\n¬ Hcp ]cn-[nhsc Cu hn¬∏\ \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Cta-Pp-I-fn¬

{^mt¶m-hns‚ kz]v\hpw \pWbpw

Ah-km-\sØ aqs∂-Æa - mWv ]n∂oSv ]n°m-skm-hns‚ {]ikvX-amb Kp¿Wn° F∂ Nn{X-Øn\v cq]w-\¬In-b-Xv. 1937¬ dn∏-ªn-°≥ k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v ]mcnkv FIvkn-_n-j-\n¬ Hcp Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚ ]Wn-bnte¿s∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p∂p ]n°m- s km. At∏m- g mWv kvs]bv\nse _mkvIv {]hn-iy-bn¬ Kp¿Wn° \K-c-Øn¬ {^mt¶m-hns‚ ^mjnÃv t]mcm-fn-Iƒ°p- ]n¥p-W-bp-ambn ln‰ve-dpsS P¿Ω≥ssk\yw t_mw_m-{I-aWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. c≠p-a-Wn-°q¿ \o≠p-\n∂ t_mw_m-{I-a-W-Øn¬ ]Xn-\mbn-c-°-W-°n\v Ipń-Ifpw kv{XoIfpw acn-®p. ]n°mskm Npa¿Nn-{X-Øns‚ cN\ Dt]-£n-®p. ]Icw hc® Nn{X-amWv Kp¿Wn-°. Kp¿Wn° \oebpw Idp∏pw shfp∏pw tN¿∂ Hmbn¬ s]bv‚ n-ßm-Wv; ]Xn-s\m-∂cbSn Db-chpw Ccp-]-Øn-b-©c-bSn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Iq‰≥ Nn{Xw. ^mjn-k-Øn\pw bp≤Øns‚ òI-c-X-bv°p-sa-Xnsc \ne-bv°msØmcp \ne-hn-fn. kv]m\njv kwkvIm-c-Ønse kPo-h-_nw-_-ß-fmb IpXncbpw Imfbpw ]e `mh-ß-fn¬ ChnsS \nd-bp-∂p. acn® Ipń-I-sf- Iønte¥n \n -lm-b-cmb kv{XoIƒ B¿Ø-ebv°p-∂p. shfn®w AI-se-bm-Ip-∂p. temI-Nn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb {]kvXm-h-\bpw {]Xn-tj-[-hp-amIp∂p Kp¿Wn°.

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

shSn-tb-‰p-ho-gp∂ t]mcmfn

Homage to Catalonia George Orwell

The Falling Soldier, a Robert Capa photo

This is not a war," he used to say, "it is a comic opera with an occasional death.

shSn-tb-‰p-ho-gp∂ t]mcmfn

jn-kØ - n\pw bp≤-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmb IebpsS Ie-l-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]n°m-tkm-hns‚ Kp¿Wn°-tbmfw {]i-kvX-amWv tdm_¿´v Im]-bpsS shSn-tb-‰phogp∂ t]mcmfn. 1936 sk]vXw-_dn¬ Im] ssk\n-I-]-cnio-e-\-Øns‚ Nn{X-ß-sf-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-s°-bmWv i{Xp]-£-Øp-\n∂v shSn s]mń-bXpw Hcp t]mcmfn hoWp-t]mb-Xpw. Im] Iymad ¢n°v sNøp-tºm-tg°pw Abmƒ acn®n-cp-∂p. DS-s\-Xs∂ as‰mcp shSn-ap-g-ßn. as‰m-cmƒIqSn hoWp. Im] CXpw ¢n°vsN-bvXp. ]£, Im]-bpsS Iøns‚ hnd-bepw hogp∂ t]mcm-fn-bpsS Ne-\-hpw-aqew Cu Nn{Xw Inń-bn-√; tj°v B-bn-t∏m-bn. BZywacn-®p-hoW t]mcm-fnbpsS t]cv sÛ-dnsIm t_md¬ Km¿jy F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ac-W-aq-lq¿Ø-Øns‚ A]q¿Δ-Nn-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ _mgvk-tem-W-bnse I‰m-e≥ \mj-W¬ ayqkn-bØn¬ kq£n-®n-´p≈ Cu Nn{Xw ]n∂oSv hnhm-Z-am-bn. CS-Xp-]-£°m¿ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ Cu bp≤-hn-cp-≤-Nn{Xw Ir{Xnaambn, A`n-\-bn®p≠m-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW∂v he-Xp-]-£w Btcm-]n-®p. kXyw Ahy-‡w.

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

The trouble with censors is that they worry if a girl has cleavage. They ought to worry if she hasn't any. Marilyn Monroe

Monument to Victims of Fascism, Rivne

^mjn-Ãp-Im-esØ kn\na

jn-ÃvImesØ kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn-t®m¿ °p-tºmƒ sFhm≥ Z sSdn-_nƒ F∂ Nn{X-sØ-°p-dn®v tPmk^v Ãmen≥ sk¿Kn sFk≥Ão\p \¬Inb D]-tZi- ß - f mWv a\- n¬ - h - c n- I . 1947 s^{_p- h - c n- b n¬ sFk≥Ãos\ hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øn-bn-´mWv Ãmen≥ D]-tZ-in-®Xv. Ãmen-t\m-sSm∏w jU-t\mhv, samtfm-t´mhv F∂o IΩypWn-Ãvt\-Xm-°fpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. X\n°pw Ipd®v Ncn-{X-adn-bm-sa∂ Bap-J-tØmsS XpS-ßnb Ãmen≥ "\nß-fpsS km¿ N{I-h¿Øn lmwse-‰n-s\-t∏m-en-cn-°p-∂p-'sh∂v Btcm]n-®p. "km¿ sFhm≥ alm-\m-bn-cp∂p, _p≤n-bp-≈-h-\m-bncp-∂p; kwibmep-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXv BsI am‰Ww' F∂v Ãmen≥. samtfm-t´mhpw jUm-t\mhpw Ãmens‚ hmZ-ßsf ]n¥m-ßn-s°m≠v Xe-Ip-ep-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "\nßƒ \ngep-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤n-®p. CXv ImWn-I-fpsS {i≤ Xncn®p-hn-Spw. sFhms‚ XmSn-bn¬ \nßƒ {`an-®p. Cu XmSn ImWn-°m-\mbn Abm-fn-S-bv°n-Sbv°v Xe-bp-b¿Øp-∂p-≠mbn-cp-∂p' F∂ vjUm-t\m-hv. Nn{X-Øns‚ ASp-Ø-`m-KØv sFhms‚ XmSn sNdp-Xm-°m-sa∂v sFk≥Ão≥. a‰p h√ \n¿t±-iß - f - p-ap-t≠m-sb∂v sFk≥Ão≥ tNmZn-®t- ∏mƒ `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]£-Øp-\n-∂-√, ImWn-bpsS ]£-Øp-\n∂m-Wv Xm≥ kwkm-cn-®-sX∂v Ãmen≥ adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp.

\ofw-Ip-d™ XmSn-bp-ambn sFhm≥ Zn sSdn-_nƒ c≠mw-`mKw Xøm-dm-bn. ]t£, AXn¬ cl-ky-s]m-eo-kns\-°p-dn®pw Ah¿hgn \S∂ Iq´-s°m-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]tcm£ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ `c-W-Øn-s‚Xs∂ \ng-ep-Iƒ CXn¬ I≠ Ãmen≥ Nn{Xw \ntcm-[n-®p. ho≠pw FUn-‰p-sN-øm-\m-bn-cp∂p Ãmen≥ sFk≥Ão\p \¬Inb \n¿t±-iw. ]t£, ]n∂oSv sFk≥Ão≥ kn\n-abp-≠m-°n-bn-√. sFhm≥ aq∂mw-`m-Ks - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ BtemN-\I - fpw kz]v\ß - fpw Ah-ti-jn-∏n®v 1948¬ sFk≥Ão≥ aS-ßn-t∏mbn. ^mjn-ÃvIm-eØv F√m Ie-Ifpw CXp-t]mse izmkwap-´n-bn-cp-∂p. ImWn-Isf t\cn´pw s]s´∂pw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ Ie-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ^mjnÃv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v `bw IqSpXepw kn\n- a - t bmSm- b n- c p- ∂ p. {^mt¶m- h ns‚ ^mjnÃv kvs]bv\nepw ÿnXn hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. {^mt¶m-hns‚ ImesØ ^nenw sk≥k¿jn∏v ]Sn™m-d≥ bqtdm∏p I≠ G‰hpw kpZo¿L-amb H∂m-bn-cp∂p. F√m hna-X-i-_vZ-ßfpw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´p. `c-W-Iq-SØn-\-\p-Iq-e-a-√mØ \yqkv doep-Ifpw tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw IYm-Nn-{X-ßfpw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ FØn-b-tX-bn-√. bpt≤Xn-lm-k-Nn-{X-ßfpw kvs]bv\ns‚ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ `qX-ImesØ BtLm-jn-°p∂ Ncn-{X-ak - m-e® - n-{X-ßfpw am{X-amWv P\-ßƒ I≠-Xv. A«o-e-amb tZio-b-t_m-[hpw Ak-l-\ob-amb ssk\n-Im-Xp-c-Xbpw AXn-cp-I-S∂ aXm-h-t_m-[hpw 29

XmSn-bpsS \of-hy-Xymkw ImWpI

Ivan the Terrible I & II

Im多temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

^mjn-Ãp-Im-esØ kn\na

am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu Nn{X-ßƒ°v ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ssk\n-Im-[n-]-XysØ Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p∂ hrØn-sI´ Cu Ne-®n{Xm`ymkw ap∏-Ø-©p-h¿j-tØmfw kvs]bv\n¬ XpS¿∂p. CXn\nSbn¬ eqbn _yp\p-h-e-S-°-ap≈ {]ap-Jcmb ]e Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw saIvkn-t°m-hn-te°v IS-∂pI-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ItØm-en°mk` A\p-im-kn-°p∂ hnizm-k-{]-am-Wß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p {^mt¶m-hns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI-\-bw. Aßs\ \·-X ]m]-am-bn. ssewKn-IX {]Xyp-Xv]mZ-\-hr-Øn- am-{X-am-bn. K¿`-On{Zw Acp-Xm-Ø-Xm-bn. thiymhr-Øn-ap-X¬ P\-\-\n-b-{¥-Ww-hsc \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´p. hnhml-tam-N\ - ß - ƒ°p-t]mepw \nb-{¥-Wß - f - m-bn. a\p-jy-_‘ - ß-fpsS F√m Xc-fn-X-`m-h-ßfpw {]Xy-£-Øn¬ C√m-Xm-bn. kaq-lsØ tUm¨ IznIvtkm-ńs‚ Imew-h-sctbm AXn \pa∏pdw ap…nw-hn-cp≤ a≤y-Im-e-tØm-ftam ]nd-tIm´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu kmwkvIm-cn-I-\-bw. 1937 apX¬ 1975 hsc Akzo-Im-cy-amb Cta-Pp-I-fp-sStbm Ubtem-Kp-If - p-sStbm t]cn¬ Adp-]X - n-\m-bn-ct- Ømfw Nn{X-ßƒ shń-ap-dn®v \m\m-hn-[a - m-°n-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv Hcp IW-°v. Ne®n{X k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb izmkw-ap-ń® Cu ^mjnÃv N´-°qSn-s\ AI-Øn-cp∂v Ań-a-dn-°m≥ {ian-®-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-cmWv eqbn Km¿jy _¿emMvK, Izm≥ At¥m-Wntbm h¿tZw, Im¿temkv kud F∂n-h¿. AXn-kq-£va-amb lmky-ØneqsS \ne-hn-ep≈ hyh-

eqbn Km¿jy _¿emMvK

Izm≥ At¥m-Wntbm h¿tZw

ÿn-Xnsb ]cn-l-kn-°m≥ _¿emMvK-bv°p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ aXn-{`-a-tØmfaSpØ aX-hn-izm-kßƒap-X¬ kvs]bv\n-\p-ta¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ Ata-cn-°≥ kzm[o-\w-hsc _¿em-MvK-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ hna¿in-°-s∏-´p. ]t£, sk≥k¿am¿°v ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°mØ a´n¬ CXp km[ns®-Sp-Øp-sh-∂-XmWv Cu Nn{X-ßsf C∂pw {]k-‡-am-°p∂-Xv. Bienvenido, Mr. Marshall (Welcome Mr.Marshall) F∂ BZy-Im-e-Nn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp {Kmaw hntZ-i-ssk-\y-Øns‚ hchp-Im-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hs∂-Øp∂ ssk\yw Xßƒ°v kº-∂X sIm≠pXcp-sa∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-®p. Xß-fpsS kv]m\njv kwkvIm-csØ Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°m≥ kv]m\njv 31

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Bienvenido, Mr. Marshall

\mS≥ \rØ˛kwKo-X-amb ^vfsa≥sIm A`ykn°p-∂-hcpsS Xnc-°m-bn Fßpw. hcp∂ ssk\n-Isc ckn-∏n-°m\mbn Imf-t∏m-cpIm¿ cm]-Ie - t\y Hcp-°Ø - n-em-bn. HSp-hn¬ ssk\y-sa-Øp-∂p. ImØp-\n∂ {Kmao-Wsc hI-h-bv°msX ssk\yw {Kma-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. {Kmaw Xß-fpsS Bew-_-lo-\-amb ]q¿Δm-h-ÿ-bn-te°p aS-ßp-∂p. Atacn-°≥ ssk\n-Im-[n-]X - ysØ kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ kv]m\n-jvP\-X-bpsS At_m-[-k-∂-≤-Xsb AXn-kq-£va-ambn ]cn-lkn-°p-I-bmWv _¿emMvK. sk≥k¿am¿°v CXv Is≠-Øn∏n-Sn-°m-\mbXp-an-√. Cu Nn{XsØ BZyw sk≥k¿sNbvXXv Ata-cn-°-°m-c≥X-s∂-bm-Wv. Im≥ ^nenw s^Ãn-hen¬ Cu Nn{X-sa-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Nne am‰-ßƒ thW-sa∂p imTyw]n- S n- ® Xv Pqdn Xe- h \pw Ata- c n- ° - ° m- c - \ p- a mb FtUzUv tdm_n≥k-Wm-Wv. Cbmƒ ]d™ am‰-ßƒ hcpØn-b-ti-jw-am-{X-amWv Nn{Xw Im\n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xv. 32

1963¬ \n¿Ωn® Z FIvkn-Iyp-j-W¿ (El Verdugo) F∂ _¿emMvKmNn{X-Øn\v ]Xn-\mev am‰-ß-fmWv sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv hn[n-®-Xv. Zcn-{Z-\mb Hcmƒ Bcm-®m-cmbn amdpIbpw Xs‚ a\xkm£n- ° p hn- c p- ≤ - a mbn sIme- a cw Db¿tØ-≠n-hc - n-Ibpw sNøp-∂X - mWv Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ {]tabw. XpS¿∂v th´-bm-S-s∏´ _¿emMvK sk≥k¿ t_m¿ Uns‚ hne-°pIƒ a-SpØv HSp-hn¬ _yp\p-h-en-s\-t∏mse \mSp-hn-´p. Izm≥ At¥m-Wntbm h¿tZ-ans‚ Death of a Cyclist (1955), Main Street (1956) F∂o Nn{X-ßfpw sk≥k¿am¿ sh´n-ap-dn®v \m\m-hn-[-am-°n-. Main Street sh\nkv ^nenw s^Ãn-h-en-te°v sXc-™p-Sp-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ CXns‚ {]Z¿ i\w XS-bm≥ kv]m\njv A[n-Ir-X¿ InW™p {ian-®p; ]t£ \S-∂n-√. HSp-hn¬ Cu IY GXp-\m-´nepw \S-°m-hp∂- X m- s W∂v Nn{Xm- Z y- Ø n¬ Fgp- X n- ° m- W n- ° - W - s a∂v El Verdugo

^mjn-Ãp-Im-esØ kn\na

Calle Mayor

sk≥k¿am¿ \n¿t±-in-®p. CXn\p hg-ßn-btijamWv Nn{Xw sh\n-kn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xv. sk≥k¿ t_m¿Up-ambp≈ \nc-¥-c-k-acw h¿tZ-ans\ Xf¿Øn. AS™ kaq-lØn¬ H‰-s∏´v Ae-bp∂ GIm-¥IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmbn Ahkm-\-Im-eØv h¿tZw-Nn-{X-ß-fnse \mb-I∑m¿. Cu Xf¿®°m-eØv tem¿°-sb-°p-dn®pw (Lorca: TheDeath of a Poet, 1987), ]n°m-tkm-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw (Young Picaso, 1993) Nn{Xß-fp-≠m°n h¿tZw. AS™ kaq-l-Øn¬ AS-°m-\mhmØ tcmj-tØmsS Ign-™-h-cmWv Ch-cn-cp-h-cpw. Xf-cm-sXbpw \mSp-hn-SmsXbpw ]nSn-®p-\n-∂-h-\mWv Im¿temkv kud. 1959¬ kud-bpsS Los Golfos F∂ Nn{Xw \mep- X - h W dn˛- F - U n- ‰ p- s N- b v X - t i- j - a mWv sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv {]Z¿i-\m-\p-aXn \¬In-b-Xv. AXpw 2B td‰nßn¬. ]t£, Cu Nn{Xw Im≥ ^nenw s^Ãn-h-en¬ henb {]ikvXn-t\-Sn. ASpØ h¿jw-Xs∂ {^ms¶m-k¿°m¿ kn\n-

am-]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn Hcp ]pXnb IΩn-‰nsb \ntbm-Kn-®p. \m´n¬ \ntcm-[n-°p∂ Nn{X-ßƒ hntZ-iØv Iø-Sn-hm-ßp∂Xv XS-bm≥th-≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Cu IΩn‰n ]m m-°nb Nn{X- ß tf hntZiNe- ® n- t {Xm- ’ - h - ß - f n¬ t]mImhq F∂mbn \n_-‘-\. 1966¬ kud-bpsS La Caza F∂ Nn{XØns‚ t]cp- am-‰-W-sa-∂mbn sk≥k¿ t_m¿Uv. Pussy Hunt F∂v A¿∞w-hc - p∂ La Caza dell conejo F∂mbn-cp∂p Nn{X-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ t]cv. {^ms¶m-hns‚ s]meo-kmb knhn¬ Km¿Up-I-sf-°p-dn®v Nn{X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]cma¿i-ß-sf√mw \o°w-sN-ø-s∏-´p. ]t£, Im¿temkv kud Iog-S-ßn-bn-√. {^ms¶m-hns‚ Ime- Ø mWv kud- b psS anI- ® - Nn- { X- ß - f p- ≠ m- b - s X∂pt]mepw Nne \ncq-]-I¿ ]d-bp-∂p. A{X-ta-ep≠v kn\n-abv°p-th≠n kud A\p-`-hn® kl-\hpw km[n® AXn-Poh-\-hpw. La Caza

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

I think Spanish cinema owes much to Franco. Our biggest problem when making films at that time was censorship. A film would always be monitored at every step, from the writing phase to editing, and was censored over and over again. To escape these circumstances we were forced to develop a metaphoric language. From then on nothing on the screen stood for its direct meaning, each image connoted the sufferings of Spain. I remember once while my script was being censored, because I objected to the deletion of a scene the official took out his gun, laid it on the table and, looking me in the eye, told me to do as he said.

˛ Im¿temkv kud CkvXm≥_qƒ sk¿hm‚kv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v kwL-Sn-∏n® dnt{Sm-kvs]-IvSo-hns‚ Bap-J-{]-`m-j-W-Øn¬ (H-IvtSm-_¿ 6˛16, 2013)

kv]m\n-jA kn\n-abw Im¿temkv kudbpw

kv]m\njv kn\n-abpw Im¿temkv kudbpw

jy≥ \ni-_vZ-kn-\n-a-bv°p-ti-j-ap-≠mb F√m Iem-kn-\n-am-{]-ÿm-\ß - s - f-bpw-t]mse kv]m\njv tZio-b-kn-\n-abv°pw BZyw t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ sh√p-hnfn BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ kzm[o-\-ap-d-∏n® tlmfn-hpUv Ne-®n-{X-am-Xr-I-bn¬\n∂v sX∂n-am-dpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kn\n-asb hyh-km-ba - mbn k¶¬]n-®Xpw I®-hS- ® - c - ° - m°n am‰n-bXpw tlmfn-hp-Um-Wv. Ne-®n-{X-\n¿Ωm-WsØ Ah¿ ^mIvSdn knÃ-ambn k¶¬]n-®p. \nc-h[n sSIv\o-jy-∑m¿ sXmgn-em-fn-I-sf-t∏mse AhnsS ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp. Cu ^mIvSdn-bn¬ D-≠m-°nsbSp°p-s∂mcp Dev]∂w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°v kn\n-a; tkm∏p-≠m-°p-∂t- ]m-se, sdm´n-bp-≠m-°p∂-t]m-se. ]ns∂ hn‰-gn®v Cd-°p-ap-X¬ em`-a-S°w Xncns®-Sp-°p-Itb th≠p. Cu ^mIvS-dn-k-¶¬]-\-Øn¬ kwhn[m-bI - cpw \S-∑mcpw Iyma-dm-am\pw HmUn-tbm-{Km-^d- p-sa√mw I¨sh-b¿ _¬‰n¬ th≠n-SØv CS-s]-Sp∂ sXmgn-em-fnIƒam-{Xw. Ch-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Isf \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv aqe[-\-hp-am-Wv. tkm∏v hn‰-gn-°m≥ \√ an∂p∂ dm∏¿th-Ww. kn\na hn‰-gn-°m≥ Xmc-Øn-f-°w thWw. Cu tlmfn-hpUv Xmc-k-{º-Zm-b-amWv C∂pw temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ {]mtZ-in-Ikn-\n-asb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv. temI-sa-ºmSpw tZio-b-kn-\nabv°v A\p-Ic - n-°m-hp∂ Htc-sbmcp amXr-Ib - mbn Aßs\ tlmfn-hp-Uv. djy≥ \ni-_vZ-kn-\n-a-bv°p-tijw, C‰m-en-b≥ \ntbm dnb-enkamWv tlmfn-hpUv amXr-Isb BZyw sh√p-hn-fn-®-

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Xv. \ntbm dnb-enkw kn\n-asb Xmc-Øn-f-°-Øn¬\n∂pw ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ°-I-Øp-\n∂pw tamNn-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂p-h∂ {^©v \yqth-hn\pw \h-P¿Ω≥ kn\n-abv°pw F¥n-\v, em‰n\-ta-cn-°-bnse "kn\na t\mthm' {]ÿm-\-Øn-\p-t]mepw Imep-d-∏n°m-\p≈ CSw C‰m-en-b≥ \ntbm dnb-en-k-am-bncp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂p XpSßn \ntbm dnb-en-ksØØs∂ adn-I-S-°p-I-bmWv sKmZm¿Zpw sl¿tkmKpw •m_¿ tdmj bpw a‰pw sNbvX-Xv. Aßs\ Hmtcm tZiØpw Xt±-io-bamb kn\na km≤y-am-bn. Salvador Dali, Moreno Villa, Luis Bunuel, Garcia Lorca and Jose Antonio Rubio Sacristan, Madrid, 1926

bphm-hmb kudbpw _yp\p-hepw

kv]m\njv kn\n-abv°pw C‰m-en-b≥ \ntbmdnb-en-kØn¬\n∂pw XpS-tß-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, eqbn _yp\p-hen-eqsS AXn-th-Kw-Xs∂ kv]m\njvkn\na AXns\ adn-I-S∂p. km¬h-tZm¿ Zmen-bp-sam-∂n®v 1929¬ ]mcn-kn¬ Xømdm-°nb Un chien andalou F∂ {lkz-Nn-{X-Øn-eqsS _yp\ph¬ ]pØ≥ kv]m\n-jvkn-\n-a-bpsS Ac-tß‰w {]Jym-]n®p. Hcp \o≠kz]v\w-t]m-ep≈ Cu Nn{Xw kn\n-ab - n¬ k¿dnb-en-kØ - ns‚ hc-hd- n-bn-®p. 1930¬ L' Age D' or F∂ ASpØ Nn{X-Øns‚ Hcp-°-tØm-Sp-IqSn Zmenbpw _yp\p-hepw th¿]n-cn-™p. _yp\p-he - ns‚ kmaq-ly-˛c - m-jv{Sob DXvIW - vTI-tfmSv Atijw Xmev]-cy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂ Zmen°v ip≤-I-emk-¶¬]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p {]nbw. Zmen-sb-°q-SmsX _yp\p-h¬ X\n-®mWv Cu c≠mwNn{Xw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v ]mcnkn¬\n∂v _yp\p-h¬ kvs]bv\n¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. AhnsS I¿j-I-cpsS Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ c≠v skan-^n-£-W¬ tUmIypsa‚-dn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®p. At∏m-tg°pw {^mt¶m-hns‚ ^mjnÃv`cWØns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bmbn kvs]bv\n¬ B`y-¥c-bp≤w XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. _yp\p-h¬ BZyw Ata-cn-°-bnte°pw ]ns∂ saIvkn-t°m-hn-te°pw ]em-b-\w-sN-bvXp. _yp\p- h - e n- s ‚ {]i- k v X - N n- { X- ß - f mb Nazarin, The Exterminating Angel, The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie XpSßnbhsb√mw hntZ-i-Po-hn-X-Im-eØv D≠m-b-h-bm-Wv. k¿dn-b-en-k-Øn-eqsS dnb-en-ksØ adn-I-S-°p-Itbm IqSp-X¬ apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-hp-Itbm BWv _yp\p-h¬

Un chien andalou

sNbvXX - v. {]ikvX em‰n-\t- a-cn-°≥ Ihn-bmb HmIvSm-hntbm ]mkv ]d-bp-tºm-se, ""ssI sI´n-bn´ Hcmƒ°v IÆ-S®v temIsØ NmSn-°m-\m-hp-sa∂v _yp\p-h¬ ImWn-®p-X-∂p. bYm-X-Y-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ i‡-amb IS-∂m{I-aWw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ _yp\p-h¬ Nn{X-ßƒ. Ah thsdmcp bYm-X-Ym-h-ÿsb Is≠-Øp-I-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ka-Im-eo\ kwkvImcw Ifn-bm-°n-°f - b - ps∂mcp bYm-XY - mh-ÿ-sb-bmWv _yp\p-h¬ Xs‚ khn-ti-j-amb dnb-en-kØn-eqsS Is≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.'' (Richardson Michael, Surrealism and Cinema, p. 27) 37

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Nazarin

_yp\p-h-ens‚ ]pØ≥ dnb-en-k-Øn¬ bmYm¿∞yßƒ kz]v\-ß-tfm-S-Sp-°p-∂p. ImgvN Nne-thf aXn-{`-a-ßfm-hp-∂p. C∂-sebpw C∂pw IqSn-°-ecp-∂p. kn\n-a-bpsS bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-amb IY-\-ssi-en- Aßs\ inYn-e-am-Ip-∂p. Cta-Pp-Iƒ {]h-N\ - m-Xo-Xa - m-Ip-∂p. Ne-®n{Xw AXn-hy-Xy-kvXamsbmcp Zriym-\p-`-h-ambn amdp-∂p. AtX-k-abw _yp\ph¬Nn{X-ßƒ A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-ßf - psS B[n-]X - y-Øn-s\-Xnsc F∂pw Ie-ln-®n-cp-∂p. _yp\p-he - ns‚ Cu cmjv{So-bt- ØmSmbn-cp∂p Zmen-bpsS hntbm-Pn-∏v. The Exterminating Angel¬ Hcp sIm´m-c-ØneI-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ AXn-Yn-I-fpsS Ahÿ 38

L'Age D'or

]e-Xcw cmjv{So-b-am-\-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. _q¿jzm-knbpsS Zpc-`n-am-\hpw s]mß-®-hp-amWv Ahsc AS™ sIm´m-cw-t]m-ep≈ cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂Xv. At∏m-gp-a-h¿ kaq-l-Øn¬ Xßƒ°p≈ D∂-X-ÿm-\ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-am{Xw Nn¥n-°p-∂p. ]t£, sIm´m-cØ - n¬\n∂v `rXy-∑m¿ Hgn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-tXmsS CXpw Hcp anYy-bm-Ip∂p. `rXy-\n-s√-¶n¬ bP-am-\-\n√ F∂ kXyw sXfn-bp-∂p. `£-Ww-IqSn Xocp-∂-tXmsS Ah¿ A¶-em-∏n-em-hp-∂p. F∂n´pw Ah-cpsS "am\yX' Ahsc XΩn¬Ø-√m≥ A\ph-Zn-°p-∂n-√. kzbw-Ir-Xm-\¿∞-amb IpSp-°nepw Iq´nepw

kv]m\n-jA kn\n-abw Im¿temkv kudbpw

AI-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ _q¿jzm-kn-bpsS Cu Ah-ÿm-Nn{Xw ^mjn-k-Øns‚ cmjv{So-b-am-\-ßsf ]d-bmsX ]d-bp-∂p. Ãmen-\n-k-hp-ambn CtX Ielw _yp\p-h¬ h®p-]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CXm-Is´ IΩyp-Wn-khpw k¿dn-be - n-khpw XΩn-ep≈ Bﬂ-kw-L¿j-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.- HSphn¬ _yp\ph¬ IΩypWn-k-tØm-sSm-∏-amWv \n∂-sX-¶nepw k¿dn-ben-k-Øns‚ ss\c-¥cyw _yp\p-h¬Nn-{X-ßsf hn´p-t]mbn-√. ""Rm≥ F√m-h-scbpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p, ]t£ Nne¿ D≠m-°n-h® kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿsb F\n°v CjvS-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√'' F∂v _yp\p-h¬ Hcn-SØp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. The Exterminating Angel

{^mt¶m-hns‚ ^mjnÃv GIm-[n-]-Xy-Im-eØv sk≥ k¿jn-∏ns\ adn-IS- ° - m-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m-[n-bmbn amdn, ]n∂oSv kv]m\n-jvkn-\n-a-bn¬ k¿dn-b-en-kw. bmYm¿∞yßsf AXn-\n-Kq-V-amb as‰m-∂mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ CXphgn Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°m-hp-∂p. Cusbmcp s]mXp-ssiensb AXn-hn-Z-Kv≤-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-\mWv Im¿temkv kud. {^mt¶m-hns‚ GIm-[n-]-Xy-Im-e-ØmWv kud-bpsS G‰hpw anI® Nn{X-ß-fp-≠m-b-sX∂ \ncq-]-I]-£sØ Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS thWw ImWm≥.

The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie

You have to realize that Spain at the time in the fifties and sixties, was a controlled police state with strong censorship. The government did not approve of degrees as a way to create filmmakers. The university in Madrid became a meeting place for people who thought differently. And eventually the government had to give in and allow us to make our films. Carlos Saura to Lind Blom,Volt Magazine

Ne-®n-{X-Øn-\mbn Hcp P∑w

I cannot separate cinema from my life. The two things are inter-related and enrich or impoverish each other. Carlos Saura

(Conversations with film makers, Linda. M. Willem)

Ne-®n-{X-Øn-\mbn Hcp P∑w

s]bv\n¬ B`y-¥-c-bp≤w XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-ap-ºv, 1932 P\p-hcn \men\v, kvs]bv\nse lpsbkvI-bn-emWv Im¿temkv kud P\n-®-Xv. CsXmcp dn∏-ªn°≥kzm-[o\{]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. kud-bpsS Iem-Z¿i-\Ønse cmjv{So-b-kzm-[o-\w Cu dn∏-ªn-°≥ tZi-Øn-t‚XmWv. AΩ ]nbm-\n-Ãm-bn-cp-∂p; ktlm-Zc - ≥ Nn{X-Im-c\ - pw. Ch-cmWv kud-bpsS Iem-Z¿i-\sØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. C≥U-kv{Sn-b¬ F≥Pn-\o-bd- nMv ]Tn-°m≥ t]mb Cu sNdp∏-°m-c≥ tPW-en-k-Øn-eq-sS, t^mt´m-{K-^n-bn-eqsS kn\na-bn-se-Øp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. t^mt´m-{K-^n-bn¬ kz¥w-\nebv°v t]cp-≠m-°n-b-ti-j-amWv kud am{Un-Unse ^nenw C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬ tN¿∂-Xv. C≥Ãn-‰yq-´nse Untπmam ^nenwXs∂ (Sunday Afternoon, 1957) {it≤-b-ambn-. ASp- Ø - h ¿jw Cuenca F∂ tUmIyp- s a‚- d n- b neqsSbmWv kud Ne- ® n- { X- c w- K - s Ø- Ø p- ∂ - X v . 1959¬ BZysØ IYm-Nn{Xw ˛ Las Golfos. At∏m-tg°pw kvs] bv\n¬ {^ms¶m`c-WI - q-SØ - ns‚ sk≥k¿jn∏v \nb-aß - ƒ I¿°-i-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ]e-X-hW sk≥k¿jn-∏n\p hnt[-b-amb Cu Nn{Xw ]pd-Øp-h-cm≥ Hcp-h¿j-tØm-f-saSp-Øp. kv]m\n-jvkn-\n-a-bnse BZysØ \ntbm-dn-b-enÃv

Nn{X-ambn CXv IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬\n-∂p XSnX-∏m-\mbn Imf-t∏m-cp-Im-cm-bn-am-dp∂ sXcp-hp-]n-t≈-sc-°pdn-®p-≈X - mWv Las Golfos. \ntbm-dn-be - nÃv ]mc-ºc - y-a\ - p-kc - n®v Xmc-ßf - n-√msX shdpw km[m-cW - ° - m-sc-bmWv kud CXn¬ A`n-t\-Xm-°-fm-°n-b-Xv. ÃpUntbmhn´v ]pdØv ]q¿Æ-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn® BZysØ kv]m\n-jv-Nn-{Xw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. aq∂ph¿j-sa-SpØp kud-bpsS ASp-Ø-Nn{Xw Xøm-dm-hm≥. 1964¬ {]i-kvX\ - msbmcp A‚-eq-j≥ sIm≈-°m-cs‚ PohnXsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n \n¿Ωn-®-XmWv L lanto Por Un Bandido (Lament for a Bandit). CsXmcp kv]m\n-jv˛- C - ‰m-en-b≥ kwbp ‡kwcw-à - m-bn-cp-∂p. dnb-enÃv kn\n-ab - mWv kud-bpsS a\ n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS \n¿_-‘Øn\p hgßn HØp-Xo¿∏p-If - n-eqsS CsXmcp X´p-s]m-fn-∏≥ Nn{X-ambn amdn. F∂n´pw sk≥k¿am¿ shdp-sX-hn-ń-s√∂p am{X-a-√, t_mIvkv-Hm-ô-knepw Nn{Xw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. CtXmsS X\n°v k¿§m-fl-I-kzm-X{¥ywXcp∂ \n¿ΩmXm-°-sf-tØSn Im¿temkv kud; Gen-bmkv IzctkX Fs∂mcp \n¿Ωm-Xm-hns\ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Chscm-∂n®v \n¿Ωn® BZy-Nn-{X-amWv La Caza (The Hunt, 1965). CtXmsS Ch-tcm-sSm∏w Hcp s{]mU-£≥ Soapw D≠mbn ˛ kn\n-am-t´m-{Km-^-dmb eqbn Iu{Zm-sZm, ^nenw FUn-‰-dmb ]mtªm Pn sZ¬ Asam, Ata-cn-°≥ \Snbpw Nm¿en Nmπns‚ aI-fp-amb sPdmƒssU≥ Nmπn≥. sPdmƒssU\p-ambn \o≠-Im-esØ hy‡n-_‘w ]pe¿Ønb kud 43

Geraldine Chaplin

bv°v Ah-cn-semcp aI-fp-ap-≠mbn ˛ sjbv≥ Nmπn≥ kud. {^mt¶m-hns‚ ^mjnÃv`c-WsØbpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{XsØbpw ]tcm-£a - mbn Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p∂p La Caza. hyXykvX cmjv{So-b-˛-km-aqly \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp≈ Nne¿ ]c-kv]cw th´bm-Sp-∂-XmWv Nn{X-Øns‚ {]ta-bw. kudsb A¥m-cm-jv{SX- e - Ø n¬ {it≤- b - \ m- ° nb Nn{X- a m- W n- X v . B h¿jw _¿en≥ ^nenw s^Ãn-h-en¬ anI® kwhn-[m-b-I-\mbn kud sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. 1968¬ \n¿Ωn® Pepeprmint Frappe F∂ ASp-Ø-Nn-{X-Øn¬ ItØm-en-°m-k-`bpw ^mjnÃv `c-W-Iq-Shpw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw ssewKn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb kΩ¿±-ßƒ Fßs\ \√h-cmb ]uc-∑msc AXn-`o-IcPohn-I-fm°nam‰p-∂p-sh∂v kud ]d-bp-∂p. Cu Nn{Xhpw B h¿jsØ _¿en≥ s^Ãn-h-en¬ anI® kwhn-[m-b-I-\p≈ ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn. sdma≥ s]mfm≥kvIn-bpsS Knife in the Water F∂ Nn{X-Øn-t\mSv kmZr-iy-ap≈ H∂mWv kud-bpsS Stress-es tres-tres (Stress is Three,1968). [m¿Ωn-Ia - mb iq\y-Xb - n¬ Ae£y-ambn Ae-bp∂ _q¿jzm-kn-bpsS aSp-∏mWv Nn{X-Øns‚ {]ta-bw. _yp\p-h-ens‚ k¿dn-b-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw kz]v\-ßfp-sSbpw A¥¿[m-cI - f - S- ß - nb La Madriguera (Honey Comb, 1969) kaq-l-Øn¬ B[n-]-Xyw-]p-e¿Øp∂ aX-Nn-”-ßsfbpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ ssewKn-I-X-sb-bpw-Ip-dn®v ]d-bp∂p. bmYm¿∞ysØ Hcp Ip´n-bpsS IÆn-eqsS ImWp∂ Cria Cuervos (Feed the Ravens,1976) IpSpw-_-Øn-\-IsØ

GIm-[n-]-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®pw AhnsS Nhn-´n-b-c-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ \njvI-f-¶-X-sb-°p-dn®pamWv ]d-bp-∂Xv. Elisa vida mia (Elisa My Love,1977) ta¬∏-d™ Nn{X-Øns‚ AtX IY-\-k¶o¿ÆX ]¶n-Sp-∂p. ]t£, Ne-®n-{X-ssi-en-bn¬ Cria Cuervos¬\n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb Nn{X-amWv Elisa. BZy-Im-eØv kud-bpsS `c-W-Iq-S-hn-a¿iw arZphpw Ahy-‡-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂o-S-tßm´v kud IqSpX¬ hmNm-e\ - m-bn-Øp-Sß - n. sk≥k¿am¿ th´-bm-Sp-t¥mdpw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc kud IqSp-X-¬ D-ds° Ie-ln-®p-sIm≠n-cp-∂p. A¥m-cm-jv{S-{]-i-kvXn-aqew kudsb Xosc \ni_vZ-\m-°m≥ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v Ign-bm-sX-h-∂p. kud-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\sØ kv]m\njv k¿°m¿ Hcn-°epw \ntcm-[n-®n-√. 1970se El Jardil de Las Delicias (The Garden of Delights) F∂ Nn{X-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏m-tg°pw k¿°m-cn-\pXs∂ kudsb kln-°m≥ hnj-aa - m-bn. k¿°mcpw k`bpw HØp-tN¿∂v, ssewKn-I-ambn ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ Hcp kaq-lsØ-bmWv `cn-®n-cp-∂s - X∂v kud hnfn-®p-]d- ™ p. F∂n´pw Nn{X-Øn-s\-Xnsc Hcp hna¿i\{]kvXm-h\ Cd-°n-bX - √ - msX Nn{Xw \ntcm-[n-°m≥ k¿°m¿ `b-s∏-´p. {^ms¶m acn-°p-Ibpw GIm-[n-]Xyw Ah-km-\n-°pIbpw sNbvXt- XmsS kud-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-ssi-en-Xs∂ amdn. {]apJ \¿Ø-I\pw sImdn-tbm-{Km-^-dp-amb At‚m-Wntbm tKUvkp-sam-∂n®v Xo¿Ø ^vfsa≥tIm Ne-®n-{X-{Xbw Cu ssieo-am-‰sØ DZvLm-jn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ˛ Boda de

Sangre (Blood Wedding, 1981), Carmen, 1983, Lel Amor Brujo (A Love Bewitched, 1986). Cu Ne-®n-{X-{X-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®sb-t∂m-W-amWv 1995¬ kud Flamenco Flamenco F∂ AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb tUmIyp-sa‚dn \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. kvs]bv\nse \mtSmSn \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-cq-]-amb ^vfsas¶m Aßs\ BtKm-fX - e - Ø - n¬Øs∂ BtLm-jn-°s - ∏-´p. CtX ssien bpsS XpS¿®bm-bn´mWv kud 1998¬ A¿P‚o-\-bpsS tZiob\rØ-cq-]amb SmMvtKm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp tUmIyp˛-{Uma \n¿Ωn-®-Xv, SmMvtKm F∂ t]cn¬. ]n∂oSv t]m¿®pKokv kwKo-X-˛-\r-Ø-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ^tUmkv. kwKo-X-Ønepw \rØ-Ønepw Cu Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥ B≠pap-gpIn D√-kn-®p. Ch-sb√mw t]sc-SpØ Nn{X-ß-fm-sW¶nepw G‰hpw anI® kud-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ {^ms¶m-`-c-W-ImeØv D≠m-b-h-bm-sW-∂mWv \ncq-]-I-a-Xw. ]n¬°m-eØv kud-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-ssh-`hw Xf¿∂p-sh∂pw \ncq-]I - ¿ ]dbp-∂p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ G‰hpw anI® Nn{Xw eqbn _yp\p-h-ens\-°p-dn-®p-≈-Xm-sW∂v kud Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp∂p ˛ Bunuel y la mesa del rey Salomon (Bunuel and the Table of King Solomon, 2001). Hc`n-ap-J-Øn¬ kud Cßs\: ""_yp\p-h¬ Nn{X-amWv Fs‚ G‰hpw anI® Nn{Xw; F\n-t°-‰hpw {]nbs∏´ Nn{Xw. ]t£, ]e¿°pw CXv CjvSs - ∏-´n-s√∂p tXm∂p∂p. Hcp-Imcyw Dd-∏m-Wv, _yp\p-h¬ Cu Nn{Xw CjvS-s∏-Spam-bn-cp-∂p.-Hc - p-]t- £, _yp\p-he - n-\p-am-{Xta Cu Nn{Xw CjvS46

Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Hcp t^mt´m-{Km^v

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. B Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂s - X√mw Rm\pw _yp\p-hepw XΩn¬ \S-∂ kw`m-j-W-ß-fm-Wv.''(dear cinema.com) Ãn¬ t^ms´m-{K-^d- mbn XpS-ßn-sb-∂X - mWv kud-bpsS A\p-{K-lw. Iymad, Imcy-ßƒ ImWp∂ ssien-Xs∂ CtXmsS hyXy-kvX-am-bn. kwKo-Xhpw \rØhpw kud-Nn{X-ß-fpsS LS-I-ß-fmbn amdp-∂Xpw Cu t^ms´m{Km ^¿Ime-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-´m-Wv. Ãn¬ t^ms´m-{Km-^-dmbn-cp∂ ImeØv kud-bpsS CjvSh - n-jbw \rØ-am-bn-cp-∂p. hyXy-kvX-amb Iyma-d-ssi-en-bn-eqsS, ImesØ, XmfsØ hyXy-kvX-ambn Zriy-X-e-ß-fn-te°p ]I-cm≥ kudbv°v AXn-hn-Z-Kv≤-ambn Ign-™n-cp-∂p. kud-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ ]et∏mgpw Imew apt∂m´pw ]nd-tIm´pw AXn-th-Kw-s]m-bvs°m≠n-cp-∂p. CXv Cu Nn{X-ßƒ°v X\-Xmb Zriy-Xmfw \¬In. kz]v\hpw Hm¿Ω-Ifpw kXyhpw anYybpw C∂-sebpw C∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hm-Ø-hÆw CS-I-e¿∂p. Aßs\ kn\n-abv°p-am{Xw km≤y-amb Hcp IY-\s - sien kud km[n®p. CXn-\nsS X\n \mS-\mb kv]m\njv \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-cq-]ßƒ Cg-tN¿∂p. Aßs\ k¿dn-b-en-sÃ∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ Nn{X-ß-fn-eqsS kud Hcp-h-iØv kv]m\n-jvk-aq-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-I\pw adp-hi - Øv kv]m\njv kwkvIm-cs - Ø BtLmjn-°p∂ Bcm-[I - \ - p-am-bn. Aº-Ønb-©p-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \mev]X - n-tesd Nn{X-ßƒ! bqtdm-]y≥kn-\n-ab - n¬ C{X-ta¬ k¿§m-ﬂ-I-amb P∑-ßƒ Npcp-°w.

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Fs‚ Imew; \nß-fpsS Imew Im¿temkv kud kwkm-cn-°p∂p 48

In its purest form, as story telling, cinema is as old as time. Everyone has a story in the head, running behind their eyes, but this is usually a story without an end. The writer/director's job is to get the story out into the world so that everyone can see, and give it an ending. Carlos Saura Volt Magazine, 24

Fs‚ Imew; \nß-fpsS Imew

Im¿temkv kud-bp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-ß-fn¬\n∂v FSpØ Nne `mK-ß-fm-Wn-h. kud Xs‚ kn\n-a-Isf-°p-dn®pw kn\n-am-k-¶-ev]-sØ-°p-dn®pw A∂sØbpw C∂-sØbpw kn\n-am-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.

Im≥ F∂ ku`mKyw 1959¬ Rm≥ BZy-Nn-{X-sa-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ AXv Im≥ s^Ãn-h-en-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂-XmWv Fs‚ G‰hpw henb `mKyw. sk≥k¿am¿ sh´n-ap-dn®v \m\mhn-[a - m-°nb Nn{X-am-WX - v. ]Xn-\© - p-an-\n-t‰mfw Ah¿ apdn®p-am-‰n. Im≥ s^Ãn-h¬ Ign™v kvs]bv\n-te°p aSßn-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ C\n-sbmcp kn\na km≤y-a-s√∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p; Fs‚ Ne-®n-{X-Po-hnXw B Hcp Nn{X-tØmsS Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂pw. Iyq_-bnse Nne kplr-Øp-°ƒ Atßm´p sN-√m≥ £Wn-®p. AhnsS Ne-®n-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v F√m HØm-i-I-fpw-hm-KvZm-\wsN-bvXp. Ata-cn-°b - n¬\n∂pw In´n £Ww. P∑\mSphn´v

t]mIcpsX∂v Rm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂p. AXv Fs‚ \mSnt\m-Sp≈ IS-abpw IS-∏m-Sp-amsW∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xn. hntZiØp t]mhp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Øs∂ Ah-cpsS PohnXsØbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw a\- n-em-°¬am-{X-am-bncn°pw Fs‚ e£yw. F∂m¬ k¿§m-flI - P - o-hnXw Fs‚ \mń¬am-{Xta km[n°q F∂v Rm≥ ZrV-ambn hnizkn-®n-cp∂p. Aßs\ kvs]bv\n¬ Øs∂ Ign-®p-Iq-ńb F\n°v ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° Ne-®n-{X-{]-h¿Ø\w km≤yam-bn. Fs‚ c≠mw-Nn{Xw C‰-en-bp-am-bp≈ kwbp-‡k - wcw-`-am-bn-cp-∂p. C‰-en-°m¿ AXn¬ Bh-iy-an-√msX ssIh-bv°p-Ibpw AsXmcp Zpc-¥-ambn ]cn-W-an-°pIbpw sNbvXp. kn\n-a-bp-≠m-°m≥ henb hn`-h-tijn ths≠∂pap≈ hn`-hß - ƒ°p-ta¬ Hcmƒ°v ]q¿Æ-kzmX-{¥yamWp-≠mth≠-sX∂pw As∂\n°p a\- n-em-bn. ASp-Ø-Nn-{X-amb La Caza (The Hunt, 1965) bpsS \n¿ΩmW-Øn¬ CXmWv Rm≥ {i≤n-®X - v. \mep IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, \mte-\mev kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿, \mem-gvN-sIm≠v Ir{Xn-aamb sse‰n-sßm-∂p-an-√msX ]q¿Øn-bm°nb Nn{Xw. Cu Nn{Xw t\Sn-Ø∂ AwKo-Im-c-amWv XpS¿∂p≈ Ne-®n-{X{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t{]c-W-bm-b-Xv. Aº-Xp-I-fn-sebpw Adp-]-Xp-I-fn-sebpw kvs]bv\n s\-°p-dn®v \nßƒ°v F¥-dn-bp-sa∂v F\n-°-dn-bn-√. k¿Δ{X \nb-{¥-W-ß-fp≈ Hcp s]meokv cmPyam-bncp∂p A∂v kv s ]bv ≥ . A¥hpw Ip¥- h p- a n- √ mØ 49

Im¿temkv kud-

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

sk≥k¿jn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. P\-ß-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-t_m[sØ sNdp-Xm-°n-°m-Wp∂ "P\-Iob'kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°p-am-{Xta A∂v kvs]bv\n¬ kn\n-bp-≠m°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-≈p. F\n°v AXnsem´pw Xmev]cyw tXm∂n-bn-√. Ne-®n-{X-hy-h-kmbw At∏mgpw kPo-h-ambn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-°-°m¿t]mepw kn\n-a-bp-≠m-°m≥ kvs]bv\n-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, Rßƒ Iptd-t∏¿ H‰s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. _yp\p-he - n-s\-t∏m-ep≈ ap≥Km-an-Iƒ ]ecpw \mSp-hn-´p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp A¥-co-£Øn-emWv Rm≥ \mSp-hn-SmsX kn\n-a-bv°p-th≠n ]nSn®p-\n-∂-Xv.

IY-]-d-bp∂ apØ-»nbpw kn\n-abpw IYsNm√en\v F{X ]g-°-apt≠m A{X-Xs∂ ]g°-ap≠v AXns‚ ip≤-amb cq]-Øn¬ kn\n-a-bv°pw. IY-sNm√p∂ apØ-»n-tbmfw ]g-°w. IÆp-Iƒ°v ]ndIn-eqsS H-gp-Ip∂ Hcp IY F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Xe-bv°-IØp-≠v. ]t£, km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn¬ Cu IYbv°v Ahkm-\-an-√. Cu IYsb a‰p-≈-h¿°v ImWm-hp∂ a´n¬ temI-Øn-\p-ap-ºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Fgp-Øp-Imc\pw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw sNøp-∂-Xv. Abmƒ Cu IYbvs°mcp A¥yw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. kn\n-a-sbt∏m-se-Xs∂ t\mh-ep-Ifpw Ime-sØbpw hnh-c-W-ßsfbpw Ipdp-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p≠v Ct∏mƒ.

Fs‚ Imew; \nß-fpsS Imew

Fs‚ sNdp-∏-Im-e Øv hmbn® t\mh- ep- I - f n¬ Hcp s]Æns‚ kuμcyw hnh-cn-°m≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ A©pw Bdpw t]Pv FSp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ImcWw A°m-eØv kn\n-ab - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. hnh-cW - ß - f - psS kq£vaX {][m\-am-bn-cp-∂p. hmb-\° - m-cs‚ k¶-ev]i - ‡ - nsb hf¿Øn h¿≤n-∏n®Xv kn\n-a-bm-Wv. AXp-hgn B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv Fgp-Øns‚ coXn-Xs∂ amdn. ùXn-I-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS Aan-X-hn-h-cWw A\m-h-iy-am-bn. hnIm-c-ß-fn¬ {i≤ IqSn. Ahn-sS-bmWv Hcp-h≥ kzbw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Fgp-ØmWv G‰hpw henb Ie. Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ Hcph\v \n›-bZ- m¿Vyw-th-Ww. ImcWw Ah≥ H‰-bv°mWv. Ahs\ apt∂m´p\bn-°p-∂Xpw ]nd-tIm-´p-he - n-°p-∂Xpw A`n- \ - μ n- ° p- ∂ Xpw hna¿in- ° p- ∂ Xpw Ah≥am- { Xw. Rm\pw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v aq∂p t\mh-ep-Iƒ. H∂v {]kn≤o-Ic - n-®n-´p-ap-≠v. Ct∏m-sg-SpØv ho≠pw hmbn-°p-tºmƒ t]mcm t]mcm F∂v Rm≥ Fs∂Øs∂ \ntj-[n-°p∂p. Ah ho≠p-sa-gp-Xm\pw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m\pw tamln-®pt]m-Ip-∂p. kn\n-abpw IY-]-d-®n¬X-s∂-bm-sW-¶nepw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ GIm-¥X Ahn-sS-bn-√. Hcp-]m-Sp-t]¿ Np‰pw-\n∂v Ne-®n-{X-Im-cs‚ k¿§m-fl-I-X-bn¬ ]¶m-fnI-fm-Ip-∂p. Ch-cp-sS-sb√mw Xe-bv°-I-Øp≈ IY-Ifpw Hm¿Ω-Ifpw Nne-thf Cu k¿§m-fl-I-Xbn¬ Ie-cp-∂p. AXp- s Im- s ≠ms° Fgp- Ø n- t \mfw hcn√ kn\na Fs∂\n°v ]e-t∏mgpw tXm∂m-dp-≠v.

^vfsa≥sIm Fs‚ _mey-ImekJn Ip´n-°m-ew-ap-Xte Rm≥ kvs]bv\ns‚ \mS≥ \rØ˛-kw-Ko-Xc - q-]a - mb ^vfsa≥tIm-hns‚ {]W-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AΩ Hcp ]nbm-\n-Ãm-bn-cp-∂p. ho´n¬ F√m-h¿°pw lcw imkv{Xo-b-kw-Ko-X-tØm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw Rm≥ hyXy-kvX-\m-bn. am{Un-Un-sebpw hme≥jy-bn-sebpw _mgvk-tem-W-bn-sebpw sXcp-hp-I-fn¬ ^vsfsa≥tIm kwKoXw Rm≥ Bkz-Zn-®p. AtXm-sSm-∏-ap≈ \rØ-®ph-Sp-If - pw. A°m-eØv kvs]bv\n¬ F√m-hcpw ]m´p-]mSn sXcp-hp-I-fn¬ \rØw-h-bv°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. BtKm-f-h-XvIc-W-Øns‚ C°m-eØv CXv GXm≠v C√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu iq\yX Fs∂ thZ-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. Fs‚ BZy-Nn-{X-amb Los Golfos¬ (The Delinquents) XpSßn ]e Nn{X-ß-fnepw ^vfsa≥tIm-kw-Ko-Xhpw \rØ-hp-ap-≠v. Rm\n-Xn¬ henb hnZ-Kv≤-s\m-∂p-a-√. shdp-samcp {]W-bn-am-{Xw. AXp-sIm≠v kvs]bv\nse ]e kwKo-X-⁄-scbpw F\n°v CXn-s\ms° B{i-bn-t°≠n- h - ∂ n- ´ p- ≠ v . kv s ]bv \ n¬ C∂p Pohn- ® n- c n- ° p∂ G‰hpw henb \mtSm-Sn-Km-b-I≥ anKz¬ s]mth-Z-bm-Wv. Fs‚ ^vfsa≥tIm ^vfsa≥tIm F∂ Nn{X-Øn¬ anKz¬ ]mSp-∂p-≠v, ^vfsa≥tIm kwKo-X-]m-c-º-cy-Øn\p≈ Hcp lrZbm-RvP-en-t]m-se. Fs‚ ^vfsa≥tIm Ne-®n-{X-{Xbw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ {]i-kvX-ambn F∂Xv Fs∂ IrXm¿∞-\m-°p-∂p. Rß-fpsS {]nb-s∏´ \mS≥ 51

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

\rØ˛kw-Ko-X-]m-c-ºcyw temI-sa-ºmSpw BtLm-jn-°s∏-´p-sh-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv Rm≥ ssN\-bn¬ t]mbn. AhnsS I≠p-ap-´n-bh - s - c√mw kv]m\n-jvkn-\n-as - b-°p-dn®v Adn-bp∂Xv Fs‚bo ^v f sa≥tIm- N n- { X- ß - f n- e q- s S- b m- W v . CsXs∂ AXy-[nIw BÀm-Zn-∏n-®p. tamkvtIm-hn¬ t]mb-t∏mƒ IS-I-fn¬ Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ hymP UnhnUn-Iƒ hnev]-\bv°v \nc-Øn-b-Xmbn I≠p. P∏m-\nepw ÿnXn hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tlmfnhpUv ^nenw A°m-Z-an-bpsS {]kn-U‚pw shÃvsskUv tÃmdn F∂ Nn{X-Øns‚ kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-amb tdm_¿´v sshkv Ft∂mSp ]d-™p, "kud, \nß-fpsS Nn{X-ßsf√mw Fs∂ AXn-i-bn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£ ayqkn-°¬ kn\na D≠m-°p-∂X - n¬ \nßƒ Is≠-Ønb \ho-\s - sien-bmWv AXn-epsa√m-tasd AXn-ib - Ic-am-bX - v.' F‚bo kplrØp ]d-™-Xn¬ Hcev]w AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bp-≠mImw. ]t£, P∑-\m-´n¬ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßnb Hcp \mtSm-Sn-kw-kvIm-cØ - n\v temI-sa-ºmSpw Bcm-[I - c - p-≠mhp-I-sb-∂Xv \n m-c-Im-cy-a-s√∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Nn{X-ßf - p-sSbpw {]ta-bØ - ns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. i‡-amb hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ Nne¿ hb- p-Im-eØv Ah¿ {]Xn-\n-[m\w-sNbvX IYm-]m-{X-ßƒX-s∂-bmbn amdp∂ Ah-ÿ. B \nebv°v CsXmcp {`m¥≥Nn-{X-am-sW-¶nepw ck-ap≈ H∂m-Wv. eqbn _yq\p-h-en-\p≈ Fs‚ kvac-Wm-RvP-en. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]e L´-ß-fn-embn Rm≥ B a\p-jy-\pambn A{X-ta¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]t£, Fs‚ G‰hpw NoØ kn\n-a-bmWv CsX-∂mWv {]ikvX kv]m\njv Ne-®n-{X\n-cq-]-I-\mb s^¿Wm≥tUm kmt‚mkv ]d-™-Xv. F¶nepw AØ-c-samcp NoØ-kn-\n-a-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xn¬ Rm≥ k¥p-jvS-\m-Wv. A¿P‚o-\n-b≥ sSen-hn-j-\pth≠n Z kuØv F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Lyap≈ Hcp Nn{Xw Rm≥ \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≠v. CXnse apJy-IYm-]m{Xw t_m¿l-kns\ hmbn-°p-Ibpw Abm-sf-t∏mem-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Fs‚ _yp\p-h¬Nn-{X-Øn¬ kw`hn- ® Xpw Hcp- ] t£, AXm- I mw. CsXs∂ h√msX BI¿jn- ° p- I bpw BÀm- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p. ImcWw B a\p-jy≥ F\n°v A{X-ta¬ Bcm-[y\pw th≠-s∏-´-h\pw {]nb-s∏-´-h-\p-am-Ip-∂p.

_yp\p-h¬Nn{Xw F∂ Kw`o-c-]-cm-Pbw Fs‚ Ne-®n-{X-Po-hn-X-Ønse G‰hpw Kw`o-c-amb ]cm-Pbw Fs‚ _yp\p-h¬Nn-{X-am-Wv. AsXmcp hyXykvX-Nn-{X-am-Wv. ]t£, AXnse {]tabw Fs‚ F√m 52

A∂sØ kn\na; C∂-sØbpw kn\na BsI amdn-t∏m-bn. Sn.-hn., tI_nƒ, C‚¿s\‰v F∂n-h-sbm° h∂-tXmsS kn\n-a-bpsS km≤y-X-I-tf-

dn. C∂v G{X A\m-bm-k-am-bn-´mWv sNdp∏-°m¿ kn\n-asb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Rß-sfms° XpS-ßnb ImeØv CØ-csamcp A\m-bm-kX Rß-fp-sS-sbms° kz]v\w-am-{X-ambn-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp kmt¶-Xn-I-ssh-Z-Kv≤y-hp-an-√mØ Hcmƒ°p- t ]mepw kn\n- a - b p- ≠ m- ° m- s a∂ a´n- t e°v kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ]ptcm-K-an-®p-I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ImWnIsf ad-∂p-sIm-≠v, Ah-cn√ F∂p \Sn-®p-sIm≠v Cs∂mcp-h\v XnI®pw hy‡n-KX - a - mb kn\n-ab - p-≠m-°mw. Bcpw ImtW-≠m-Ø, ImWmØ {]W-bw-t]mse Hcp Nn{Xw. F∂mepw bp˛-Syq-_nepw a‰p-ambn Bscm-s°tbm AXv ImWp-∂p-≠m-bn-cn°mw; As√-¶n¬ Hcmfpw ImWp-∂n-√mbn-cn-°mw. AXv Ahs\ _m[n-°p-∂-tX-bn-√. Hcp-h\v H‰bv°n-cp∂v C∂p kn\na ImWmw. Rß-fpsS ImeØv Bƒ°q-´Ø - n-en-cpt∂ kn\n-aI - m-Wm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-≈p. kn\n-aI - m-W¬t]mepw C∂v, \s√mcp ]pkvXI - w-hm-bn-°p∂-Xp-t]mse hy‡n-K-X-amb cl-kym-\p-`-h-ambn amdn-bncn-°p-∂p. (Volt Magazine, Flamenco News, flemenco.world.com F∂n-h-bn¬ h∂ A`n-ap-J-ß-fn¬\n∂v)

Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-ssi-en-bnse aq∂p L´ßsf {]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-øp∂ A©p-kn-\n-a-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Ipdn-∏p-I-fm-Wn-h. t\¿tc-J-bn-ep≈ IY-\-ssi-en-bn¬ \ntbm dnb-enÃv F∂p ]d-bm-hp∂XmWv BZy-L´w. ]n∂oSvv kud-bpsS ssien kz]v\-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-Ifpw \nd™v k¶o¿Æ-am-hp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ kwKo-Xhpw \rØhpw BtLmjn-°p∂ Hcp ssien-bn-te°v kud amdp-∂p.

The big mistake of neorealism, to my way of thinking, was its unrelenting and sometimes dour concentration on social reality. What neorealism needed and got in a film like De Sica's Miracle in Milan (1951) and even Pietro Germi's The Road to Hope (1950), was a dangerous mixture of reality and romanticism. Luchino Visconti After Neorealism, Ed. Bert Cardullo, p.16

At the root of it I had the sense that in Peppermint Frappe, I was very constrained by story and I wanted to unbind myself. So I made Stress is Three as a kind of liberation. Carlos Saura to Marvin D'Lugo, The Films of Carlos Saura, 1991 56

Iep-j-amb Imew

aq∂p-t]¿ Hcp Bƒ°q-´-am-Wv

iob kn\n-am-{]-ÿm-\ß - ƒs°√mw \ntbmdn-b-en-k-Øn¬\n∂v XpS-ß-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. tlmfn-hp-Uvam-XrI-bv°p≈ _Z¬am-XrI XpS-°Ø - n¬ AXp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C‰m-en-b≥ \ntbm-dn-b-enÃv kn\n-a sXcp-hp-I-fpsSbpw ]´n-Wn-∏m-h-ß-fp-sSbpw kn\n-a-bmbn sX‰n-≤-cn°s∏´n´p≠v, ]e-t∏mgpw. ss_kn-°nƒ Xohvkvt]mep≈ Nn{X-ß-fmWv Cß-s\-sbmcp [mc-Wsb _e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-

≈-Xv. Cu [mcW Xncp-Øp-Ibpw \ntbm-dn-b-en-ksØ apt∂m-´psIm≠pt]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cmWv epNnt\m hnkvtIm-¥n, ssa°-em-RvPtem At‚m-Wn-tbm-Wn XpS-ßnb-h¿. sXcp-hp-I-fnse PohnXw Dt]-£n® Ch-cpsS Nn{Xßƒ°v _q¿jzm \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-sa-s∂mcp te_epw In´n. _q¿jzm-\n-tbm-dn-b-enÃv Nn{X-sa∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ H∂mWv Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Stress-es tres-tres (Stress is Three, 1968). kv]m\njv _q¿jzm-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kwL¿jß-fmWv Nn{X-Øns‚ {]ta-bw. aqt∂-aq∂p IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ 58

˛ Hcp kv{Xobpw c≠p ]pcp-j-∑mcpw. Ch¿ am{Un-Un¬\n∂v A¬ta-cn-bb - n-te°v bm{X-Xn-cn-°p∂p. Hcp-Zn-hk - sØ bm{Xbn¬ hyh-km-bnbpw `¿Øm-hp-amb s^¿Wm≥tUm-hn\v kplrØpw klm-bn-bp-amb At‚m-Wn-tbm-hnepw `mcy sXtc-k-bnepw tXm∂p∂ kwi-b-ßfpw AXp-≠m-°p∂ kwL¿j- ß - f p- a mWv {]ta- b w. B \nebv ° v sdmam≥ s]mfm≥kvIn-bpsS ss\^v C≥ Z hm´¿ (1962) F∂ Nn{XtØmSv Cu kud-mNn{Xw kmZr-iyw-]p-e¿Øp-∂p. \ntbm-dn-b-enÃv ssien-bn-ep≈ IY\w, AtX BIp-

aq∂p-t]¿ Hcp Bƒ°q-´-amWv

e-X-Iƒ (em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-bn¬ e£-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ Hmtcmh¿jhpw ]ń-Wn-aqew NsØm-Sp-ßp-tºmƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tdmUp-I-fpsS \ofsØ Ih-®p-h-®p-sIm≠v Imdp-I-fpsS FÆw s]cp-Ip-I-bm-sW∂ tUmIyp-sa‚dn {]kvXm-h-tØmsS-bmWv Nn{Xw XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. P\-s∏-cp-∏w-sIm≠v ]ń-WnbpsS apJ-ßƒ \nd-bp∂ sIm¬°-Ø-bnse sXcp-hp-I-sf°p-dn®pw Cu Nn{Xw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.) AXn-hn-Z-Kv≤-ambn Bkq-{X-Ww-sNbvXp Nn{Xo-I-cn® \mS-Iobaplq¿Ø-ßƒ ˛ C‰m-en-b≥ _q¿jzm \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-Øns‚ ]e khnti-j-L-S-I-ßfpw Cu Nn{X-Øn-ep-≠v. ]t£, Chn-sS-\n∂v Xs‚ ssien as‰m-cn-St- Ø°v amdp-Ib - m-sW∂ kqN-\I - fpw Cu Nn{X-Øn-eqsS kud \¬Ip-∂p. kud-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-Ie-bpsS BZy-L-´-Øns‚ A¥yhpw c≠mw L´-Øns‚ XpS°hpw Cu Nn{X-tØm-sS-bm-sW∂v ]d-bm-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂p. s^¿Wm≥tUmhpw `mcybpw ap≥ko-‰nepw At‚mWntbm ]n≥ko-‰n-ep-am-bmWv bm{X. hgn-°p-h®v Ch¿ adn™p- I - Ø nb Imdn¬\n∂v ac- W - t ØmSv a√n- S p∂ Hcp kv{Xosb c£n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu kw`hw sXtc-ksb h√msX De-bv°p-∂p. sXtc-kbpw At‚m-Wn-tbmhpw XΩn-ep≈ kulr-ZsØ Xs‚ ss_t\m-°p-e-dn-eq-sSbpw A√m-sXbpw Hfn-™p-t\m°n GtXm cl-kyw-Is - ≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p≠v BZyw-ap-Xte s^¿Wm≥sUm. am\-kn-Ia - mbn Xf¿∂ sXtckbv°v Aev]w hn{i-an-°m-\mbn Ch¿ {Kma-Øn¬ Hcp AΩm-bn-bpsS hoń-se-Øp-∂p. ChnsS `¿Ømhpw `mcy-bpw-

X-Ωn-ep≈ Bﬂ-kw-L¿jw cq£-am-Ip-∂p. c≠p ]pcp-j∑m-sc-bpw-hn´v sXtck IpXn-c-k-hm-cn-°p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ s^¿Wm≥sUm Ahsf {`m¥-amb thK-X-bn¬ tamt´m¿ ssk-°n-fn¬ ]n¥p-Sc - p-∂p. IpXn-c∏ - p-dØ - n-cn-°p∂ Ahƒ°pNp‰pw AXn-th-K-Xbn¬ Abmƒ tamt´m¿ssk-°n-fn¬ Idßp-tºmƒ t]Sn-®-c≠v Ahfpw IpXn-cbpw Hcp-t]mse \nehn-fn-°p∂p. Cu cwK-Øns‚ Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw AXn-e-S-ßnb {`m¥pw `oXnbpw kn\n-ab - n¬ A]q¿Δ-ambn ImWm-hp-∂ \mSIo-b-am-sbmcp koIz≥km-Wv. ]n∂o-Sn-h¿ Hcp IS¬Øo-c-sØ-Øp-∂p. s^¿Wm≥ sUm kwi-bØ - m¬ Ie-ln®v AI-ep-tºmƒ sXtck kzm`mhn-I-ambn At‚m-Wn-tbm-hn-t\mSv IqSp-X¬ kulr-Z-Øn-emhp-∂p. IS-en¬ \o¥m≥t]mb Chsc ]n∂oSv cl-ky-ambn ]n∂mse t]mb s^¿Wm≥sUm {]W-bm-Ip-e-cmbn Is≠Øp-∂p. Xncn®v Ic-bn-se-Ønb s^¿Wm≥sUm AsºbvXp

ao≥]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ Bbp[w Hcp-°n-h-bv°-∂p. At‚m-Wntbmhpw sXtc-kbpw IS-en¬\n∂v Ib-dn-hc - p-tºmƒ At‚mWn-tbm-hns\ Abmƒ Asº-bvXp-ho-gvØp-∂p. ap∂n-semcp ac-Ww-I≠v `b-hn-lz-eb - mbn sXtck Ae-dn-hn-fn-°p-∂p. acWw-I≠pw Ae-ap-d-tI´pw s^¿Wm≥sUm Xf¿∂v Ccn-°p∂p. ASpØ tjmń¬ At‚m-Wn-tbmhpw sXtc-kbpw ho≠pw IS-en¬\n∂v Ib-dn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. "\osb-¥mWv C{Xta¬ Xf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv' F∂v sXtck `¿Øm-hns\ Xmtemen-°p-∂p. cm{Xn-bn¬ aq∂p-t]cpw Ib-dnb Im¿ Ccp-ńs\ Xpf-bv°p∂ slUvsse-‰p-If - p-ambn ]pd-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-∂n-SØv Nn{Xw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. s^¿Wm≥sUm I≠ clkyw kXytam anYytbm F∂-dn-bn-√. ImcWw At‚m-Wn-tbm-hns\ Xm≥ AsºbvXp sIm∂p- s h∂ Abm- f psS tXm∂¬ anYy- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. kXyhpw anYybpw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmØań¬ Cg-tN-cp∂ Cu A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-ssien-bn¬ hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ßsf hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p. Cris Cuervos (1976), Elisa My Love (1977) XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßf - n-eqsS Cu ssien-am‰w IqSp-X¬ sXfn-™p-hc - p-∂p. kXyhpw anYybpw-X-Ωn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xm-hp-∂p. kz]v\-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-Ifpw Imehpw kn\n-a-bv°p-am{Xw km≤y-am-b-hn-[Øn¬ IqSn-°-e-cp-∂p. Ne-®n-{X-ssi-en-bn¬ Chn-sS-\n∂v kud Aßs\ hen-sbmcp apt∂-‰w-Xs∂ km[n-°p-∂p.

Im°-Iƒ°v Xo‰-sIm-Sp-°pI

Im多temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Cria Cuervos is a sad film, yes. but that's part of my belief that childhood is one of the most terrible parts in the life of a human being. What I'm trying to say is that at that age you've no idea where it is you are going, only that people are taking you somewhere, leading you, pulling you and you are firghtened. You don't know where you're going or who you are or what you are going to do. It's a time of terrible indecision." Carlos Saura Spanish Cinema, Rob Stone, p.102

Im°-Iƒ°v Xo‰-sIm-Sp-°pI

]

´mf DtZym-K-ÿ-\mb A—≥ HutZym-Kn-I-thj-Øn¬ acn-®p-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cn-k-c-amsI ]´m-f-°m¿. kwkm-c-tijn \jvS-s∏-´, \S-°m-\m-hmØ apØ»n apdnbpsS tImWn¬ ho¬sN-bd- n¬ H‰-bv°v, \n w-Kb - m-bn. aqØh-ƒ Fdo≥, ASp-Ø-h-ƒ A∂, Cf-b-hƒ sabv‰v ˛ aq∂p Ip´n-Isf sNdn-bΩ apdn-bn-te-°m-\b - n-°p-∂p. A—s‚ s\‰nbn¬ DΩ-h®v {]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v Ah-cpsS sNhn-bn¬ AS°w]d-bp-∂p. aqØ-hƒ DΩ-h®v, IÆ-S®p {]m¿∞n®v sNdn-bΩ - b - psS ASp-Øp-h∂v \n¬°p∂p. Xs‚ Dug-am-bn´pw A∂ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw \oßp-∂n-√. "sN√v... sN√v...' F∂v sNdnbΩ Ahsf X≈n-\o-°n-hn-Sp-∂p. A—‚ apJØv Iptd-t\cw t\m°n-\n-∂t- ijw B F´p-hb - - p-Imcn "F\n°phø' F∂v ]n∑m-dp-∂p. Ahƒ apØ-»n-bpsS ho¬sN-bd- n-\p-]n-∂n¬ Hfn°p-∂p. Cf-b-h-fmb sabv‰n\v A—s\ Npw_n-°m-≥ F-Øp∂n-√. Btcm FSp-Øp-b¿Øn Ahsf klm-bn-°p-∂p. Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Cria Cuervos F∂ D≈n¬Ø´p∂ at\m-l-c-Nn-{X-Ønse koIz≥km-Wn-Xv. F´p-h-b- pIm-cn-bmb A∂-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS ^mjnÃv IpSpw-_m¥-co-£sØ A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Cu Nn{Xw. AXp-hgn kvs]bv\n¬ A∂p \ne-\n∂ ^mjnÃv kmaq-lym-¥-co-£sØbpw kud [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. Nn{X-Øn-ep-S\ - ofw C∂pw C∂sebpw IqSn-°e - c - p-∂p. Hm¿Ω-Ifpw kz]v\ß - fpw bmYm¿∞ßfpw XΩn¬Ø-Ωn¬ Cg-tN-cp-∂p. AΩbpw {]mb-]q¿Øn-

bmb A∂bpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p. kn\n-a-bv°p-am{Xw km≤y-amb Zriym-\p-`hw Aßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂p. A∂-bpsS AΩ acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. AΩ-bpsS kl\-ßƒ°pw Zpcn-Xß - ƒ°pw ac-WØ - n-\p-t]mepw DØ-ch - mZn ^mjn-Ãmb A—-\m-sW∂v A∂ Icp-Xp-∂p. Nn{X-Øn-ep-S\ofw A—≥ ssk\n-I-th-j-Ønte {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈p. AΩbpsS ac-W-Øn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bmb A—\pw acn-°-Wsa∂v Cu F´p-hb - - p-Imcn Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. Aßs\ hnjsa∂p ]d™v ]pd-Øp-sIm≠p If-bm≥ ]s≠m-cn-°¬ AΩ Xt∂-ev]n-®Xpwv If-bmsX Xm≥ kq£n-®-Xp-amb Hcp s]mSn A—s‚ ]m¬•m-kn¬ Ahƒ Ie-°n-h-bv°p-∂p. A—≥ acnt®msb∂v Adn-bm-\mbn A¿≤-cm-{Xn-bn¬ Ahƒ Cd-ßn-hc - p-∂p. A—s‚ apdn-bn¬\n∂p tIƒ°p-∂Xv Nne {]W-b-k-√m-]-ß-fm-Wv. B k√m-]-ßƒ ]Xps° acW-`o-Xn-bpsS kwkm-c-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. A∂ t\m°n\n¬t° Hcp kv{Xo hmXn¬Xp-d∂v ]pd-tØ-t°m-Sn-h-cp-∂p. A∏p-dsØ apdn-bn¬ \neØp NnX-dn-°n-S∂ Ah-fpsS km[\-ßƒ s]dp-°n-°q-´p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Ahƒ sse‰n-Sp-∂p. A∂ Ah-sfbpw Ahƒ A∂-sbbpw ImWp-∂p. A—s‚ {]nb-kp-lr-Øns‚ `mcy-bmb Ata-en-b-bm-W-Xv. Ata-enb A∂sb t\m°n H∂pw-an-≠msX ]pd-tØ-t°m-Sn-bn-dßn hmXn-e-S-bv°p-∂p. A—\v F¥p-]-‰n-sb∂dn-bm≥ A∂ AI-Øp-sN-√ptºmƒ hmcn-h-en-®n´ InS-°-bn¬ A—≥ acn-®p-In-S-°p-I-bm63

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Wv. cm{Xn-bn¬ Xm≥ Hcp-°n-h® ]m¬•mkv Hgn-™n-cn-∏p≠v. A∂ AsX-SpØv ASp-°-f-bn¬ IgpIn a‰p •mkpIƒ°n-Sb - n¬ Hfn-∏n-®p-h® - v, Xncn-®p-h∂v {^nUvPv Xpd∂v Ce°-dn-°-j-W-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂p. ]n∂n¬ "iq' F∂ hnfntI´v Xncn™pt\m°p-tºmƒ AΩ. (a-cn-®p-t]mb AΩ!). "t\csa-{X-bm-bo-∂m \ns‚ hnNmcw! Hcp-]m-Sm-bn, \o t]mbn InS°v' F∂v Ipkr-Xn-®n-cn-tbmsS AΩ. Iøn-se-SpØ Ce°-dn-bp-ambn Nncn-®p-sIm≠v A∂ t]mIm-\mbp-tºmƒ, "\o {^nUvPv AS-®n-ń√' F∂v AΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. {^nUvPv AS®v Xs‚ InS-∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v t]mIp∂ A∂ AhnsS Iqń-e-S® Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c\v Ce Xn∂m≥sImSp-°p-∂p. shfp∏pw Idp∏pw Ie¿∂ Hcp apb¬°p-ń. "\osbmcp Xo‰∏-≠m-c-ambn amdp-∂p≠v' F∂ A∂ Ahs\ kvt\ltØmsS iIm-cn-°p-∂p. AsXmcp sht°-j≥Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. A—≥ acn-®tXmsS sNdn-bΩ Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw apØ-»n-bp-sSbpw kwc£Ww Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. A—-s\-t∏m-se-Xs∂ I¿°-i-°mcn- b mb sNdn- b Ω, IqsS tdmk F∂ the- ° m- c n- b pw. apb¬°p-™n-s\-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Ipń-Ifpw Iqń-e-S-bv°-s∏ń-cn-°p-∂p. sht°-j-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ ]pd-sØm∂pw t]mIm-\n√. ]pd-Øp-\n∂v Bcpw hcm-\p-an-√. ktlm-Z-cn-am-tcm-sSm∏w Ifn®pw apØ-»n°p Iq´mbpw A∂. ]t£, Ahƒ Nnethf as‰mcp temI-Øm-Wv. B temIØv Ah-fpsS AΩ ho≠pw-ho≠pw Xncn-®p-h-cp-∂p. Ahƒ°p-th≠n ]nbms\m 64

hmbn-°p-∂p. IY-]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. A—\pw AΩbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn-ep≈ ssiYn-ey-ß-sf√mw kz]v\-Ønse-∂-t]mse Xncn-®p-h-cp-∂p. \s√mcp ]nbm-\n-Ãm-bn-cp∂ AΩ Hcp It®-cn-°n-Sb - n-emWv A—s\ I≠p-ap-´n-bXpw {]Wbn-®-Xpw. ]t£, A—\v AΩ as‰mcp {]W-bn-\n-am-{X-am-bncp-∂p. Abm-fpsS ^mjn-Ãp-co-Xn-Iƒ AΩ-bpsS Zpcn-X-Pohn-XØ - n\v B°w-Iq-´p-∂t- X-bp-≈p. GIm-In-bmbn, thZ-\n®v AΩ InS∂p ]nS-bp-∂-Xp-t]mepw Cu kz]v\-ß-fn-sem-∂n¬ A∂ ImWp-∂p-≠v. AΩ-bpsS Zpcn-X-Po-hn-X-Øn\pw ac-WØn\pw DØ-c-hmZn A—-\m-sW∂ t_m≤y-Øm-emWv A∂ A—\v hnjw-sIm-SpØv sIm√m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂X - v. ssewKn-I{- Inb-bv°n-S-bn¬ lrt{Zm-Kw-aq-e-amWv A—≥ acn-®-sX-¶nepw Xm\mWv A—s\ sIm∂-sX∂v A∂ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. acn-®p-t]m-bm¬ AΩ-bpsS temI-sØ-Øm-sa∂v Ahƒ hniz-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. ]t£, \n -lm-b-bmb apØ»nsb H‰-bv°n´p t]mIm≥h-ø. apØ-»n-tbmSv acn-°-Wtam F∂v Ahƒ At\z-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xs‚ cl-ky-amb hnjs∏mSn ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. B hnj-s∏mSnbn¬ hnizmk-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m acn-°m-\n-jvS-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m apØ»n hg-ßp-∂n-√. ac-W-Øn\pw acn-®-h-cpsS temIØn\pw ktlm-Z-cn-amscmØp≈ IfnIƒ°pw sNdn-b-ΩbpsS Im¿°-iy-ßƒ°panS-bn¬ A∂ ho≠pw _m°n-bmhp∂p. I¿°-i-°m-cn-bmb sNdn-b-Ωbv°v Hcp-cm-{Xn-bn¬ A∂ Xs‚ hnj-s∏mSn Ie-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£,

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

]nt‰∂p cmhnse ]Xn-hp-t]mse sNdn-bΩ ]p©n-cn-tbmsS, kvt\l-tØmsS, Aev]w iIm-ct- ØmsS Ah-sfbpw ktlmZ-cn-am-scbpw hnfn-®p-W¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. acWw hnZq-c-am-hpIbpw AS-™-ho-ńse ^mjnÃv \nb-a-ßƒ I¿i-\-am-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CSbv°v, apXn¿∂ A∂bpw Iyma-d-bv°p -ap-∂nseØn ImWn-I-tfmSv t\cn´v kwkm-cn°p-∂p-≠v. "Ipń-°m-e-amWv G‰hpw at\m-l-c-sa∂v F√mhcpw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. ]t£, F\n°v Ipń-°mew as‰m-∂m-bncp-∂p. Ipń-If - psS kzm`m-hn-I\ - ∑ - b - ntem \njvIf - ¶ - X - b - ntem Ipń-°m-e-sa∂ kz¿§-Øntem F\n°p hnizm-k-an-√. Ahkm-\n-°mØ, ZpxJw \nd-™, `bw-sIm≠p aqSnb Hcp \o≠ Ime-am-bmWv Rm≥ Ipń-°m-esØ Hm¿°p-∂X - v. Adn-bmØ F¥n-s\tbm Ipdn-®p≈ Ah-km-\n-°mØ `b-tØmsS Ign66

®p-Iq-ńb Hcp\o≠ ZpxJImew' apXn¿∂ A∂ ImWn-ItfmSp ]d-bp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ sht°-j≥ Xocp-∂p. ho≠pw kvIqfn¬t]mIm≥ Hcpßn Xo≥ta-i-bn-en-cnt° tN®n-bmb Fdo≥ Xte∂p-cm{Xn I≠ Zpxkz]v\s - Ø-°p-dn®v A∂-tbmSp ]d-bp-∂p. Xs∂ sIm≈-°m¿ ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn sIń-bn-´p. AΩtbbpw A—-t\bpw Ah¿ amdn-amdn hnfn-®p-t\m°n. c≠pt]cpw h∂n-√. "]t£, \ΩpsS A—\pw AΩbpw acn-®pt]m-bnt√' F∂v A∂ Fdos\ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. "Fs‚ kz]v\ß - f - n¬ Ah-cn-t∏mgpw acn-®p-t]m-bn-ń√' F∂v Fdo≥. IY Xo¿∂v kvIqƒ_m-Kp-ambn aq∂p Ipń-Ifpw \K-cØ - ns‚ Xnc-°n´ sXcp-thm-cß - f - n-eqsS \S∂v kvIqfn¬, Iq´p-Im¿°nS-bn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-SØv Nn{X-a-h-km-\n-°p-∂p. Nn{X-Øn-

Im°-Iƒ°v Xo‰-sIm-Sp-°pI

eq-S-\ofw Ip´n-I-fpsS CjvS-Km-\-am-bn-cp∂ Pnbm-s\-‰ns‚ Porque te vas F∂ t]m]vKm\w hoSp-hn´v sXcp-hnepw sXcphp-hn´v kvIqƒIq-´p-Im¿°n-S-bnepw Ip´n-Isf A\p-K-an-°p∂p. thZ-\-I-e¿∂ Hcp-Xcw {Kmao-W-kz-ÿX Cu Km\w _m°n-h-bv°p-∂p. 2 Ime-Øns‚ Ie-bmWv kn\n-a; ÿe-Øn-t‚-X√ - . ÿeØns‚ Ie Ac-ßm-Wv. Acßv khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp CS-amWv. Locus dramaticus F∂v kmbv]v hnfn-°p∂ hnti-jÿ-ew. Cu ÿe-ØmWv \S≥ Xs‚ Iem-krjvSn \S-Øp∂-Xv. kn\n-a-bn¬ CØ-c-Øn-semcp khn-ti-j-ÿ-e-an-√. Ime-amWv Ne-®n-{X-Im-cs‚ Ifn-a-Æv. AXpsIm-≠mWv Ah≥ AXn- a - t \m- l - c - a mb inev ] - ß ƒ Xo¿°p- ∂ - X v .

Sculpting in time F∂v Bt{μ X¿tImhvkvIn kn\n-a-sb-°pdn®v ]d-™Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. ImesØ Xncn®pw adn®pw Xnc-b-Sn-∏n®pw, Ie-ßnbpw sXfn™pw I≠pw Ne-®n-{X-Imc≥ Xs‚ alm-in-ev]sØ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂p. B Hc¿∞-Øn-emWv Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Cu Nn{Xw Hcp at\m-lc - i - n-ev]a - mbn amdp-∂X - v. Imew C∂-sebpw C∂pw \msf-bp-ambn Nn{X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Ie-ßn-a-dn-bp-Ibpw sXfn™p-\n-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ÿew hoS-I-ß-fn¬ ]cn-an-Xs∏-´p-t]m-Ip-∂p. kz]v\hpw \njvIf - ¶ - a - mb Ifn-Ifpw hoSns‚ Im¿°-iy-ßfpw GIm-¥-Xbpw `b-hp-sa√mw Ime-Øns‚ Cu Ie-°p-sh-≈-Øn¬ \pc-bmbpw Xnc-bmbpw Xoc-ambpw sXfn-bp-∂p. kn\n-abv°pam{Xw Xcm-\m-hp-s∂mcp A\p-`hw Aßs\ km≤y-am-Ip-∂p.

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

Feo-k, Fs‚ {]Wbw

t^mt´m-{K^n Fs∂ `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ign™ GtXm ImesØ Ah-\-h-s\-Øs∂ ho≠pw ImWp-∂Xv `bm-\-I-am-Wv. ˛ Ck-s_√ Elisa vida mia F∂ Nn{X-Øn¬

Feo-k, Fs‚ {]Wbw

e-Øns‚ Ie-sb∂v Ne-®n-{XsØ hnfn°p-tºmƒ Imew apt∂m´pw ]nd-tIm´pw t]mI-W-sa-∂n-√. sI´n-°n-S-°p∂, sImt®m-f-ßƒ am{X-ap≈ XSm-Iw-t]mse Imew. Im¿temkv kud-bpsS Feok ssa ehv F∂ Nn{Xw ap≥]-d™ Cria Cuervos-¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂Xv Aßs\-bm-Wv. Hcp hoS-IØv kud ÿesØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Imew AXn-\-IØv kmh-[m-\-Øn¬am{Xw apt∂m´p \oßp-∂p. ka-b-Øns‚ Cu kmh-[m\w ImWn°v A\p-`hn-°m-\m-hp-∂p. AXn-eqsS hyXy-kvXa - mb Ne-®n-{X-Xm-fh - pw. a\p-jy-_-‘-ßƒX-s∂-bmWv Cu Nn{X-Øn-s‚bpw {]ta-bw. hf-sc-°mew H∂n®pIgn-™n´pw ]c-kv]cw a\ n-em-°m≥ Ign-bmØ a\p-jy¿X-Ωn-ep≈ _‘w. ]t£ ChnsS kz]v\-ß-fn√. Hm¿Ω-Iƒt]mepw Hgn-™p-t]m-Im≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hm¿Ω-I-fmtbm kz]v\-ß-fmtbm Imew ]nd-tIm´p t]mIp-∂n-√. XSm-I-kz-ÿ-X-t]mse AXv sI´n°n-S-°p-∂p. ^vfmjv_m-°p-Iƒ hfsc Ipd-hv. IYm-]m-{Xßfpw Ipd-hv. \mfsØ kz]v\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah¿ ]d-bp∂Xv AXy- ] q¿Δw. Hm¿°m- \ p≈ C∂- s e- I ƒt]mepw Ah¿°n-√m-Xm-hp-∂p.

Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-hm≥th≠n F√m B[p-\nI Pohn-Xku-I-cy-ßfpw IpSpw-_hpw Dt]-£n®v Hcp kv]m\n-jv{Km-aØn¬ H‰bv°p Ign-bp∂ A—s\ ImWm≥h-∂X - mWv Feok. ktlm-Z-cn-bmb Ck-s_-√, `¿Ømhv, Ip´n-Iƒ Ch-tcmsSm-ØmWv AhnsS sN∂-Xv. Ck-s_√ ]gb B¬_-ßƒ X∏n-sb-SpØv Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ apXn-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Feok AsXm∂pw ]¶n-Sp-∂n-√. Ck-s_-√bpw IpSpw-_hpw t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-tºmƒ "\obn-hnsS \n°v' F∂ Feo-ktbmSv A—≥. ]ns∂ Nn{X-Ønse _m°n-`m-K-sØ√mw Ahfpw A—-\pw-am-{Xw; Hcn-°¬ Ah-fpsS `¿Øm-hmb At‚m-Wntbm h∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬. c≠p a\p-jy¿ Hcp hoSn-\-IØv ]c-kv]cw a\- n-em°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. AXv Akm-≤y-am-sW∂v Adn-bp-∂p. F∂n´pw H∂n®pIgn-bp-∂p. "\obm-sWs∂ G‰-hpw-Iq-Sp-X¬ a\- n-em-°n-bXv' F∂v Hcp-thf A—≥. "Imc-Ww, Rm≥ \nßsf A{X-ta¬ kvt\ln-°p∂p' F∂v Feo-kb - psS adp]-Sn. H∂n-®p-Ig- n-bm≥ kvt\lw-am{Xw aXn-sb∂ [z\n. ]t£, ]e-t∏mgpw c≠p-t]¿ XΩn¬ AXp-am{Xw aXn-bm-Ip-∂n-√. Aßs\ H∂n-®p-I-gn-b¬ ZpjvI-c-am-Ip-∂p. F√m-hcpw Ah\-h-\n-te°v Npcpßn H‰-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-∂p, Xm\-√m-Ø-sX√mw \jvS-s∏-´v. Hcp- Z n- h kw \S- ° m≥t]m- I p- t ºmƒ hgn- b - c n- I n¬ Btcm Db¿Øn-h® Hcp Icn-¶√v A—≥ ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp°p-∂p. I√n-\-SpØv sNdn-sbmcp ]m{X-Øn¬ Iptd ]q°69

fpw. Hcn-°¬ B hgn-bn¬ IptØ‰p hoWp-In-S-°p∂ Hcp kv{Xosb Xm≥ Is≠∂pw s]meo-kn¬ hnfn-®-dn-bn®v arXtZlw am‰n-bXv Xm\m-sW∂pw A—≥. ]n∂oSv AhnsS Btcm Hcp-I-√p-sIm-≠p-h-®p. sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ B Btcm h∂v I√p IgpIn AhnsS ]q°ƒh®pt]m-Im≥ XpSßn. Abmsf I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Xm≥\-S-Ønb {ia-ß-sf√mw ]mgm-bn. Hcp-]t£ sIm∂-h≥X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]q°ƒ hbv°p-∂-Xpw. A—≥ ]d™ Cu IY Feo-kbv°v A∂v IuXp-I-am-bn. A—-s\-gp-Xp-∂Xv Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fm-Wv. AXv Ahsf 70

ImWn-°m≥ A—≥ hnk-ΩX - n-°p-∂p. ]t£, A—-\d- n-bmsX Ahƒ AXv hmbn-°p-∂p. A—≥ Fgp-Xn-b-sX√mw Ahƒ ]d-bp-tºm-se-bmWv; A—≥ ]d-bp-tºm-se-b-√. A—≥ FgpXn-b-Xn-se√mw Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-I-Y-Ifpw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. A—-s‚bpw Xs‚bpw Pohn-X-ßƒ Aßs\ Cg-tN-cp-∂Xv Ahƒ Adn-bp-∂p. AXpw Feo-kbv°v IuXp-I-am-Ip-∂p. Fgp-Ø√ - msX A—≥sN-øp-∂Xv ASp-Øp≈ kvIqfn¬ Ip´nIsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. A—-\-hnsS Ahsc \mSIw ]Tn-∏n°p-∂p. Hcp-Zn-hkw Feo-k-sbbpw A—≥ ¢mkn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. "Ip´n-Iƒ \n\°v IuXp-I-amIpw' F∂v

A—≥. Xßƒ°n- S - b n¬ sIm®p- s Im®p IuXp- I - ß ƒ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cnt° Hcp-\mƒ H´pw IuXp-I-I-c-a-√mØ Xs‚ Ign-™-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Feok ]d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p. `¿Øm-hmb At‚m-Wn-tbm-hn¬\n∂v Xms\-{Xtbm AI-sebm-bn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ G‰-hp-a-SpØ Iq´p-Imcn tkm^n-b-bp-ambn Abmƒ {]W-b-Øn-em-sW∂ Adn-hmWv Xs∂ AI-‰n-b-Xv. A⁄m-X-bmb GtXm kv{Xo Hcp-\mƒ t^mWn¬hn-fn®v ]d-™X - m-Wn-Xv. "]t£ \o t\cn¬ It≠m' F∂v A—≥. Feok Hcn-°e - p-aXv t\cn¬ I-≠n-´n-√. tkm^nbsb°≠v kwkm-cn-°m-sa∂v Icp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ Ahƒ c≠p-

am-kw-aptº \mSp-hn-´p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ]ns∂-sbm-cn-°¬ tkm^n-b-bpsS Xpd-°mØ hmXn-ens‚ ap∂nse Nhn-´n-°Sn-bn¬\n∂pw Xmt°m¬ Is≠-SpØv AI-Øp-sN-∂-t∏mƒ InS-°-bn¬ acn-®p-In-S-°p∂ tkm^n-b-bpsS Aÿn-Iq-S-kam-\-amb arX-tZ-l-amWv Feok I≠-Xv. Xt∂mSv B clkyw t^mWn¬∏- d ™ A⁄m- X - b mb B kv { Xo Bsc∂-dn-bn-√. Ah¿ ]d-™Xv kXy-am-tWm F-∂p-ad- n-bn√. Ht∂ Adnbq. Abm-fn¬\n∂v Xms\-{Xtbm Zqsc-bm-bn-°gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. At‚m-Wntbm Hcn-SØv Ip‰-k-ΩXw \SØp-∂p-≠v. ]t£, Abm-sf¥p Ip‰-amWv sNbvX-sX∂v 71

Feo-k, Fs‚ {]Wbw

Ahƒ°-dn-bn-√. Abm-tfmSv X\n-°n-t∏mƒ kvt\lw tXm∂p∂n√ F∂p-am-{X-a-dn-bmw. "Hcp-]m-Sp-Imew \mw H∂n®p Pohn°pw. ]t£, Hcn-°epw \mw ]c-kv]cw a\- n-em-°n-√. Imew \sΩ Xf¿Øp-∂p, hr≤-cm-°p-∂p' F∂v IY-tI´v A—≥. Hcp-Zn-hkw At‚m-Wn-tbm-hns‚ IØph∂p. c≠p-hcn hmbn®v Ah-fXv Npcp-ń-°qń Fdn-™p-I-f-™p. ]n∂o-sSmcp-\mƒ At‚m-Wntbm t\cn´p hcp-∂p. Ah-fp-sam-∂n®v Imdn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßp∂ Abmƒ Ah-tfmSv Xncn-®p-h-cm≥ At]-£n-°p-∂p. "Rm\n∂pw \ns∂ A{X-ta¬ kvt\ln-°p∂p, Feokm' ]t£, X\n°v Abm-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\l-sa√mw AkvXa - n-®p-Ig- n-™p-sh∂v Ahƒ. ]c-kv]cw ]gn-Nmcn Ah¿ hgn]ncn-bp-∂p. X\n°p Xncn-®p-t]m-Im\mhns√-¶nepw At‚mWntbm C\n-sbm-cn-°epw Xncn-®p-h-cn-s√∂ Adnhv Feoksb sshIm-cn-I-ambn XI¿°p-∂p. Ahƒ Zpxkz]v\-ßfn¬ kzbw \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. hgn-tbm-cØv Xs∂ IpØn-hogvØn B Icn-¶-√p-h-®Xv A—-\m-sW∂v aZy-]n®p Xf¿∂ Hcp cm{Xn- b n¬ Ahƒ Zpxkz]v \ w ImWp- ∂ p. A—\pw Ahfpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w Ipd-bp-∂p. A—≥ tcmKn-bm-hp-∂p. InS-∏n-em-hp-∂p. A—-\p-]-Icw Ahƒ ¢mkn¬t∏m-Im≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ A—≥ ]Tn-∏n® \mSIw Ipń-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. \mS-I-Ønse PohnXw tIma-Un-bm-Wv. F√m-hcpw X\n°v ]d™ IYm]m-{X-ß-fmbn BSn-Øo¿t°≠ tIma-Un.

¢mkp-hn´v aS-ßn-h-cp-tºmƒ tcmK-°n-S-°-bn¬ A—-\n√. Xnc-™p-sN-√p-tºmƒ hgn-b-cn-In¬ acn-®p-In-S-°p∂ A—≥. A—s‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ XpS¿s∂-gp-Xm≥ Feok {ian-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, Fgp-Xm≥ H∂pw _m°nbn-√. Ahƒ B \m´n≥]p-dw-hn´v t]mIp-∂p, Ftßmt´m! IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS FÆ-°p-dhpw IY \S-°p∂ ÿeØns‚ ]cn-an-Xnbpw Cu Nn{XsØ t¢mk-∏n¬ Im-Wp∂ sshIm-cn-I-\m-S-Iw-t]mse hfsc kzIm-cy-am-sbmcp A\p-`h-am°n am‰p-∂p. A—≥ kz¥w IY ]d-bp-∂n-√. Feo-kbpw ]d-bp-∂n√ A—s‚ IY. Ah-fpsS IY-bn¬Øs∂ Ign™-Im-e-Øns‚ Nn√d Hfn-t\m-´-ßƒam-{X-ta-bp-≈p. ]dbmØ IY-Iƒ _m°n-h®v ]d™ IYmw-i-ß-fn-te°v ImWnsb hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip∂p Cu Nn{Xw. IY-bn-√mØ-Xp-sIm≠v ImeØn\pw Imcy-am-sbm∂pw sNøm-\n-√. Imew CSp-ßnb Hcp ÿeØv IpSp-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂p. Iymad A—s‚ hoSn\v ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂Xv A]q¿Δw-am-{Xw. t]mIptºmtgm hen-b-h-enb Xpd- p-IfnemWv AXv FØn-s∏-Sp∂Xv. Cu Xpd- p-IfmIs´ hoS-IsØ IqSp-X¬ CSp-ßn-bXm-°p-∂p. ]g-¶Y ]d-bp-tºmgpw Hm¿Ω-I-fn-te°p≈ Xncn®p-t]m-°n-√. ÿe-Im-e-ßƒ amdp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ Xmfw hyXy-kvX-amWv; Cu Ne-®n-{Xm-\p `hhpw.

In the performing arts, the very absence of complete score, i.e., of a complete duplicate, enables music, dances and palys to survive. The tension created by the adaptation of a work of yesterday to the style of today is an essential part of the history of the art in progress. Rudolf Arnheim, On Duplication

Im¿sa≥: Hcp kv]m\njv Ne-®n-{X-Imhyw

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

kud-bpsS ^vsfsa≥tIm Ne-®n-{X-{X-bØ - n¬ c≠ma-tØ-XmWv Im¿sa≥. tPm¿Pv _nsk-‰ns‚ CtX t]cn-ep≈ {]i-kvX-amb {^©v Hm]-d-bpsS Ne-®n{X-cq-]w. tem¿I-bpsS {]i-kvX-\m-S-I-amb ªUv shUnw-Kns‚ Ne-®n-{X-cq-]-amWv BZy-tØ-Xv.

fsa≥tIm \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-cq-]sØ Ne-®n{X-am°n am‰p∂ kud Cu KW-Øn¬s∏´ Ne-®n-{X-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-]c - º - c - b - n¬ hyXy-kvXa - m-sbmcp Ne-®n{X inev]w-Xs∂ Xo¿°p-∂p. ^vfsa≥tIm kwKo-X-Øns‚ ip≤-ku-μcyw \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ kudbpw sImdn-tbm-{Km-^dpw \S-\pamb At‚m-Wntbm tKUvkpw AXo-h-{i-≤ -]p-e¿Øp-∂p. _nsk-‰ns‚ Hm]-d-bnse kwKoXw AXym-h-iym-h-k-c-ßfn¬am- { Xta kud Bh¿Øn- ° p- ∂ p≈p. At∏mgpw Hm¿°kv{S Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ^vfsa≥tIm-kw-Ko-X-Ønse∂-t]mse Kn‰m¿ B ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. ^vfsa ≥tIm \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-Øn-eqsS {^©v Hm]-dsb AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I] - › - m-Øe - Ø - n¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-SpØv X\n kv]m\n-jmb Hcp Zriy-Im-hy-am°n am‰p-I-bmWv kud sNøp-∂-Xv. aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse Imhy-`m-K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°ptºm-sg√mw AXv aqe-Ir-Xnsb Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ kqN-I-ßfm°n Npcp-°m≥ Ne-®n-{X-Im-c≥ {i≤n-°p-∂p. Aßs\ hfsc {]i-kvX-amb Im¿sa≥ Hm]d ^vfsa≥tIm \rØkw- K o- X - Ø ns‚ DS- b m- S - I - f - W n™v at\m- l - c - a m- s bmcp kv]m\njv Ne-®n-{X-in-ev]-ambn amdp-∂p. Im≥ s^Ãn-h-ene-S°w Cu Nn{Xw {i≤n-°-s∏-´Xv Hcp-]t£ ^vfa≥tIm \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-cq-]-Øns‚ hnip≤n AtX-]Sn Ne-®n-{X-cq-]am-°m≥ Ign-™p-Xp-sIm-≠m-hmw. sImdn-tbm-{Km-^-dmb

Iep-j-amb Imew

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

At‚m-Wntbm tKUvkv AtX-t]-cn¬ AtX thj-Øn¬Øs∂-bmWv Nn{X-Øn¬ \mb-I-ÿm-\-sØ-Øp-∂-Xv. At‚mWntbm F∂ \¿Ø-Is‚ Bﬂ-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS Ne-®n{X-cq-]w-Iq-Sn-bmbn amdp∂p AXphgn Cu Nn{Xw. \rØ-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\n-Sbv°v Hcp-kwLw \¿Ø-InIƒ°n-S-bn-emWv Im¿sa≥ F∂ \¿Ø-Insb At‚mWntbm {i≤n-°p-∂-Xv. Ahƒ Al-¶m-cn-bm-Wv. Po≥kn´v Hcp knK-c‰v ]pI-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ahƒ Um≥kv^vtfm-dn-seØp-∂-Xv. ]t£, Ahƒ \√ \¿Ø-In-bm-Wv. \mbn-Im-thj-Øn¬ hcm≥ Ahƒ°v Hcev]w ]cn-io-e-\w-IqSn am{Xta th≠q. Xs‚ \rØ-kw-L-Ønse G‰hpw henb \¿Ø-Inbmb {InÃo-\sb At‚m-Wntbm Cu Npa-X-e-tb¬∏n-°p∂p. CXm-Is´ {InÃo-\bpw Im¿sa\pw XΩn-ep≈ a’-cØn\v hgn-sh-°p-∂p. \mbn-Im-thjwsI´m≥ tbmKy-Xb - p≈ \¿ØIn Xm≥X-s∂-bm-sW∂v {InÃo\ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ]pXnb \mbn-Isb ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂ ]Wn kz¥w Xe-bn¬ hoW-t∏mƒ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬t]mepw FXn-cm-fn-tbmSv a’cn®v hnP-bn-°m-\mbn {InÃo-\-bpsS {iaw. Hcp ]pcp-js‚ {i≤bpw {]iw-kbpw AXp-hgn {]W-bhpw t\Sm-\mbn c≠p kv{XoIƒ a’-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ. Im¿sa- \ mWv anI® \¿Ø- I n- s b∂v Is≠- Ø p∂ At‚m-Wntbm Ah-fp-ambn {]W-b-Øn-em-hp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-sfmcp hnNn-{X-Po-hn-bm-Wv. B¿°pw s]s´-∂-ßs\ hgßp-∂h - f - √ - . ab-°p-ac - p-∂n\v ASnabmb tUm¨ tPmkns‚ 78

`mcy-bm-W-hƒ. Abmƒ Pbn¬hm-kw-I-gn™v Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v Xncn-s®-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. At‚m-Wn-tbmhpambn {]W-b-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw ]gb Pohn-X-Øns‚ \ng-epI-fn¬\n∂v Ah-fn-t∏mgpw tamNn-X-b-√. Ct∏mƒ a’cw At‚m-Wn-tbmhpw Im¿sas‚ `¿Ømhpw XΩn-em-hp-∂p. At‚m-Wntbm Abmsf Hcp t]mcn¬ ASn-®p-ho-gvØp∂p. ]t£, Abmƒ°v Im¿sas\ kz¥-am-°m≥ At∏m-gpam-Ip-∂n-√. ]pcp-j∑ - m¿°n-Sb - n¬ Im¿sa≥ N©-eb - m-hp-∂p. C°me-a-{Xbpw Xm≥ h©n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v At‚m-Wntbm Adn-bp∂p. Akq-bbpw shdn-bpw-aqØv Abmƒ Im¿sas\ IpØn- s °m- √ p- ∂ p. Hcp Imf- t ∏mcv Aßs\ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. _nsk-‰ns‚ Im¿sa-\√ kud-bpsS Im¿sa≥. _nsk‰ns‚ Im¿sa≥ AXo-h-h-iy-X-bp≈ kv{Xobm-Wv. ImWp∂ Bcpw hoWp-t]m-Ip∂ A{Xbv°v kpμ-cn-bmb Hcp-hƒ. AtX-k-abw Ahƒ F√m {]W-b-\o-°-ß-sfbpw Hcp ]cn[n-°p-≈n¬ HXp-°m≥ tijn-bp-≈-h-fp-am-Wv. kud-bpsS Im¿sa≥ At‚m-Wn-tbm-hns‚ k¶-ev]Ø - n-ep≈ Im¿sa-\mWv. Xs‚ k¶-ev]-Øn\v tN¿∂ kuμ-cyhpw \rØ-ssh-`hhpap≈ Hcp-hƒ F∂ a´n-emWv At‚m-Wntbm Im¿sas\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xpw {]W-bn-°p-∂-Xpw HSp-hn¬ Ah-fn¬ Akq-bm-ep-hm-Ip-∂Xpw. IYm-]m-{X-k-¶-ev]-Øn¬t∏mepw Aßs\ kud kq£va-am-sbmcp hyXn-bm\w hcp-Øp-∂p. Um≥kv^vtfm-dnse dntl-gvk-ep-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv H´p-

Im多temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw

an-°-t∏mgpw IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ. Pohn-X-Øn-te°v, dntl-gvken\p ]pd-tØ°v Ah¿ IS-°p-∂-Xv A]q¿Δw-am-{Xw. Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ inev]sØ \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-km-{μ-am-°m≥ Cu LS\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. bYm-X-Y-amb IY\w Ign-bp-∂{X anX-am-bn-am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xs‚ Ne-®n-{XsØ \rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-tfdn ]d-°m≥ hnSp-I-bmWv kud. ]Xnhv Ne-®n-{X-°m-gvN-Iƒ°v A{]m-]y-amb GtXm Zriy-ku-μ-cy-ta-J-e-bn-te°v Aßs\ Cu Nn{Xw ]d-∂p-bcp-∂p. Pohn-Xw-t]mepw Ah-km-\n-°mØ Hcp dntl-gvk-emsW∂v tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipwt]mse. IÆm-Sn-®p-a-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n-emWv dntl-gvk-ep-Iƒ. CXv ImWn-bpsS ImgvNbpsS ss\c-¥-cysØ DS-®p-I-fbp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah¿ \¿Ø-Isc ImWp-∂p. a‰p-Nn-e-t∏mƒ IÆm-Sn-®p-a-cn¬ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-_nw_w ImWp-∂p. kXyta-Xv, anYy-tbXv F∂v th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hÆw ImgvN kpμ-ca - mbn Ie-ßp-∂p. Im¿sas‚ ac-Ww-t]mepw kXytam anYytbm F∂p hy‡-a√. IÆm-Sn-°q-Sn\p ]pd-Øp≈ ]Xnhp-Im-gvN-Iƒ Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ A]q¿Δw-am-{Xw. IÆm-Sn-°qSn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂bpw Xs‚ {]Xn-_nw-_-sØbpw I≠v Ignbp∂ Hcp-]‰w a\p-jy-cpsS IY-bm-bn-am-dp∂p Aßs\ kudbpsS Im¿sa≥ Nn{Xw. HSp-hn¬ kXy-Øns‚bpw anYy-bpsSbpw IÆm-Sn-°q-´n¬ IpSp-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂p ImWn-I-fpw. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ GtXm IÆm-Sn-°q-Sn-\-I-Øt√ Cu PohnXw \Ωƒ ]mSn-bm-Sn-Øo¿°p-∂Xv!

Like the will of the wisp, So it is with love. You flee from it, And it pursues you. You call out to it, And it runs away. El Amor Brujo F∂ Nn{X-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂ Km\-Øn¬\n∂v.

{]Wbw F∂ am{¥n-I≥

¿temkv kud-bpsS ^vsfsa≥tIm Ne®n-{X-{X-b-Ønse Ah-km-\-tØ-XmWv El Amor Brujo (Love, The Magician). am\p-th¬ tZ ^√m F∂ {]ikvX kv]m\njv kwKo-X-⁄s‚ {]kn-≤-amb _mse-bpsS Ne-®n-{X-cq-]w. k¿dn-b-en-sÃ∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ cwK-th-Zn. Hcp Pn]vkntImf\n-bm-Wn-Xv. Pn]vkn-Po-hn-Øn\pw CSn-™p-s]m-fn™ ImdpI-fp-sSbpw a‰p hml-\ß - f - p-sSbpw k¿dn-be - nÃv Ah-in-jvSßƒ°p-an-S-bn-emWv IY \S-°p-∂-Xv. CsXmcp IS¬Øo-cam-sW∂v Ahn-SsØ Im‰p ]d-bp∂p. IS¬-°m‰v Cu Nn{XØn¬ IYm-]m-{X-ambn ]e-t∏mgpw amdp-∂p. Im‰p-am-{X-a√, agbpw Xobpw ]e L´-ß-fn¬ Cu Ne-®n-{X-Øn-\-IsØ km£n-I-fmbn amdp-∂p-≠v. Pn]vkn-tIm-f-\n-bn¬ aZy-]n®ncn°p∂ c≠p-t]¿ Ipń-I-fmb a°-fpsS Ieym-W-ap-d-∏n-°p∂-tXm-sS-bmWv Nn{Xw XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. tPmskbpw Im‚√ F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw Aßs\ `mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑m-cmbn

ap≥hn-[n-bmbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Im‚-√sb ]d-bmsX {]W-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv Im¿sas√m F∂ as‰mcp Ip´n-bm-Wv. tPmskbv°v Im‚-√-sb-°mfnjvSw eqknbtbmSpw. ASnt®¬]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]W-bhpw hnhm-lhpw Cu Pohn-X-ßsf-sb√mw Hcp-t]mse Ii-°n-sb-dn-bp-∂p. Kn‰mdpw \rØ-®p-hS- p-If - p-ambn Pn]vkn-Po-hnXw Cu Zpc¥-I-Ybv°v ]›m-Ø-e-am-Ip-∂p. kt¥m-jhpw k¶-Shpw GIm-¥-Xbpw iq\y-X-bp-sa√mw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°v Kn‰mdpw \rØNph-Sp-I-fpw- am-{X-ta-bp-≈p-sh∂v tXm∂pw. kw`m-jW - ß - ƒt]mepw Cu \rØ-kw-Ko-XØ - ns‚ Nph-sSm∏n-®p-am-{Xw. AXn-\n-S-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Im‰p-h-cp-∂-Xv, ag-h-cp∂-Xv, Hm¿Ω-tbbpw ad-hn-tbbpw Fcn-®p-I-f-bp∂ Xo Bfn°-Øp-∂X - v. ^vsfsa≥tIm F∂ Ne-®n-{X-_m-ly-amb \rØ˛-kw-KoX-cq-]sØ Ne-®n-{X-`m-j-bn-te°v AXn-Kw-`o-c-ambn cq]m-¥-cw-sN-øp∂p kud. Im¿sa-\mWv Cu Ne-®n-{X-{X-bØn¬ G‰hpw {]i-kvXn-t\-Sn-b-sX-¶nepw AXn-tesd lrZyamb Ne-®n-{Xm-\p-`hw CXm-sW∂p Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw tXm∂nt∏m-bn-´p-≠v. hnhm-lw-I-gn-bp-∂tXmsS Ims‚√ tPmsk-tbmSv AXoh-{]-W-b-Øn-em-hp-∂p. Im¿sas√m H‰-s∏-Sp-∂p. tPmk-bmIs´ cl-ky-ambn eqkn-bsb {]W-bn-°p-Ibpw {]m]n-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. eqkn-bb - v°p-th≠n Hcm-fp-ambn X¿°-Ønte¿s∏-Sp∂ tPmsk IptØ‰p acn-°p-∂p. kw`-h-Øn\p km£n-bm-bn-cp∂ Im¿sas√m sNømØ Ip‰-Øn\v XS-hn83

em-hp-∂p. \mep-h¿jsØ XS-hp-I-gn™v Xncn-s®-Øp∂ Im¿sas√m C\n X\n°v Im‚-√sb kz¥-am-°m-sa∂v tamln°p-∂p. ]t£ acn-®h - c - mcpw aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂n-√. Im‚-√b - psS cm{Xn-I-fn¬ tPmskbpsS {]W-b-t{]Xw F∂pw hncp-∂p-hcp-∂p. tPmsk IptØ‰p acn-®-t∏mƒ Xm≥ [cn® c‡w-]pc≠ kz‰-d-Wn™v cm{Xn-I-fn¬ Im‚√ Abmƒ acn®nStØ°v F∂pw bm{X-bm-hp-∂p. Abmsf hnfn-®p-W¿Øn Ahƒ {]W-b-\r-ØamSp∂p. AsX, acn-®-h-cmcpw aS-ßnt∏m-Ip-∂n-√. "\obn-t∏mƒ kzX-{¥-bm-Wv, Rm\m-Is´ Xncn-s®-Øp84

Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p' F∂v Im¿sa-s√m. "C√, Rm\n-t∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ sIń-bn-Ss - ∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. tPmsk Fs∂- hn´pt]mIp∂n-√.' "tPmsk acn-®p-t]m-bn, Ipó. Rm\n-hnsS Poh-t\msS-bp-≠v. F\n°p \nt∂mSp {]W-b-hp-amWv. \ap°v ChnSw-hn´v t]mImw, Zqsc Fhn-tS-s°-¶n-epw.' "C√, AXp km≤ya-√. Fhn-sS-t∏m-bmepw Ah-s\s∂ ]n¥p-S-cpw; `qan-bpsS A‰-tØm-fw. Rms\¥p sNøm-\mWv? IjvSw!' Cu hnj- a - h r- Ø - Ø n¬\n∂v ]pd- Ø p- I - S - ° m- \ mbn Im¿sas√m {Kma-Ønse hnth-I-ap≈ apØ-»nsb kao-]n°p-∂p. A·n-bn¬ Hm¿Ω-Isf Fcn-®p-I-f-bm≥ apØ»n \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. Is‚-√bpw Im¿sa-s√mhpw kwLhpw A·n-\r-Ø-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. \rØ-k-ar-≤-amb Cu Nn{XØnse AXn-kp-μ-c-am-sbmcp aplq¿Ø-amWv Cu A·n-\rØw. Im‚-√-bpsS tPmsk-kva-c-W-Iƒ Cu A·n-\r-ØØn¬ Fcn-™-S-ßp-∂p. ]t£, tPmsk C\nbpw hn´p-t]mIm- \ n- S - b n- s √∂v apØ- » n. eqknbtbmSp≈ {]Wbw Abmƒ°v _m°n-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Abmƒ C\nbpw Xncn®p-h-cpw. apØ»n ]d™ ]cn-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ eqkn-bsbbpw Im‚-√-sbbpw Iqń Im¿sas√m ASp-Ø-cm-{Xn-bn¬ tPmsk acn- ® p- h oWnSsØ- Ø n. Im‚√ ]Xn- h p- t ]mse tPmsksb hnfn-®p-W¿Øp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-sfbpw eqknb-sbbpw Hcp-an®p I≠ tPmsk Bi-b° - g- ∏ - Ø - n-em-hp-∂p. tPmsk-bpsS Cc-´-{]-Wbw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ Im‚√ Im¿sat√m-hn-s‚-IqsS t]mIp-∂p. tPmsk ]t£, shdpw-I-tømsS

aS-ßp-∂n-√. Abmƒ eqkn-b-sb-bpw-sIm≠v Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p. acn-®mepw thWw a\p-jy\v {]W-bw! \rØ-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ A]q¿Δ-am-sbmcp Ne-®n-{Xm-\p`-ha - m-Wn-Xv. a\p-jy¿°v {]W-bhpw ]cn-`h - hpw taml-ßfpw hn{`m-¥n-Ifpw GIm-¥-Xbpw ZpxJhpw kt¥m-j-hp-sa√mw ]c-kv]cw ]¶n-Sm≥ \rØhpw kwKo-Xhpw am{X-amWv D]m[n-sb∂v tXm∂n-t∏mIpw Cu Nn{Xw I≠m¬. km[m-cW ^vfsa≥tIm \rØ-®p-h-Sp-Iƒ ac∏e-I-bpsS Ac-ßn-emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dv. ac-∏-e-I-bnse Sm]v Sm]v i_vZw \rØØns‚ NSp- e - X bv ° v B°w- I q- ´ p∂p. ]t£, ChnsS ^vsfsa≥tIm-hns\ AXns‚ G‰hpw ]ucm-WnI Ah-X-cWm-hÿ - b - n-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p, kud. IS¬Øo-csØ aW-en-emWv \rØ-ß-sf√manhn-sS; kv]m\njv sXcp-hp-I-fnse-∂t- ]mse. F∂n´pw Cu \rØ-ßf - psS at\m-lm-cn-Xtbm Bi-bm-hn-jvIm-ct- i-jntbm H´pw tNm¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√. Kn‰mdns‚ kwKo-Xhpw Pn]vkn-°q-´-Øns‚ \rØ-®p-h-Sp-Ifpw Xs‚ Ne-®n-{X-`m-j-bpsS `mK-am-°p∂p, kud. a\p-jy¿ Cßs\ ]m´p-]m-Sp-Ibpw Nph-Sp-hb - v°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂X - ns‚ Bﬂ-c-lkyw sh≈n-Øn-c-bn¬ \nd-bp-∂p; acn® a\pjy\pwthWw {]Wbw F∂ AXn-kq-£va-k-Xyhpw.

\μn

I touched wordless secrets that only the cinema can discover Ingmer Bergman, Images: My Life in Films, p.65

\n-a-sb-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xm≥ hnjaam-Wv. kwKo-XsØ-°p-dn-®v, s]bv‚ n-ßns\-°p-dn-®v, AkvX-a-\-kq-cy-s\-°pdn-®v, \nem-sh-fn-®-sØ-°p-dn-®v, AXym-Km-[-amb A\p-`-h-ßsf-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xm≥ {ian-°pw-t]mse {ia-I-cw. ]d-™p-^en-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ{Xta¬ kzIm-cy-amWv Ne-®n{Xm\p-`hw. F¶nepw ]d-t™-Xocqsh∂ \nan-j-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-t∏mhp-∂p; ]e-t∏mgpw Nne _mly-t{]-c-W-Iƒaqew. tIc-f-Øns‚ A¥¿t±-iob Ne-®n-t{Xm-’-h-Øns‚ F√m-amb _o\ t]mƒ CØ-c-samcp _mly-t{]-c-Wbm-Ip∂p. ]d-™m¬ ]‰n-s√∂p ]dbm-\m-hm-Ø- A{Xbv°v lrZyam-sbmcp kulr-Z-tI-{μw. _o\ ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠pam{Xw CsX-gp-Xms\m-cpßptºmƒ as‰m-cp km∂n≤yw ss[cy-ambn ˛ Iem-Im-c\pw ]pkvX-I-cq-]-I-ev]-\mhnZ-Kv≤-\p-amb {iohmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xn-cn-. `´-Xncn IqsS-bp-≈-t∏mƒ ]pkvX-I-cN\ A\m-bm-k-am-Ipw. A{X-ta¬ At±lw cN-\-bn¬ ]¶mfn-bm-Ip-∂p. Cu IrXn Ft‚-sX-∂t- ]mse At±-lØ - n-t‚XpIq-Sn-bmIp∂p. Ch¿ c≠p-t]-cp-an-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cß-s\sbmcp IrXnbpan-√. Hcp Iem-Im-c\pw H‰-s∏-´-h-\-√. Hcp Iem-kr-jvSnbpw iq\y-Xb - n¬\n∂v D¤-hn-°p-∂p-an-√. Hcph≥ Pohn®\p`-hn® 86

kmaq-ly˛ cmjv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-L-S-I-ß-sf√mw Hmtcm Iem-kr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw `mK-am-Ip-∂p. Im¿temkv kud-sb∂ Ne-®n-{X-Im-cs\ At±lw Pohn® kv]m\njv Ncn-{X-]-›mØeØns‚ `mK-am-bn Is≠Øm-\mWv Cu IrXn- {ian°p∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ P\-d¬ {^mt¶mhpw eqbn _yp\p-hepw ]msªm ]n°m-tkm-hp-sa√mw Cu IrXn-bpsS `mK-am-Ip-∂p. Ch-sc√mw tN¿∂-XmWv Im¿temkv kudsb∂ Ne-®n-{X-Im-cs\∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ AXphgn Ign-bp∂p. kv]m\njv cmjv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-N-cn-{X]›m-Ø-eØn¬ kud-bpsS Nn{X-ßsf ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw Cu IrXn klm-bn-°p-sa-∂mWv hnizm-kw. Fgp-Xn-Øo-cp-tºm-gp≈ AXymizm-k-Øn¬ \μn-]-d-bs´, Ne-®n{X A°m-Zan sNb¿am-\mb {]nb-Z¿i-t\mSpw sk{I-´dn cmtP-{μ≥ \mb-tcm-Spw. CXv Fs∂ G¬∏n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n® IΩn-‰n-tbmSpw. \μn.

\oe≥ No^v FIvkn-Iyp-´nhv FUn-‰¿ AarX Sn hn, Km‘n-\-K¿ hgp-X-°m-Sv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 014 t^m¨ : 98471 71150

CARLOS SAURA Filmography & Awards

FILMOGRAPHY 1958 : Cuenca 1959 : Los golfos 1964 : Llanto por un bandido 1966 : La caza 1967 : Peppermint Frappé 1968 : Stress-es tres-tres 1969 : La madriguera 1970 : El jardín de las delicias 1972 : Ana y los lobos 1973 : La prima Angélica 1975 : Cría cuervos 1977 : Elisa, vida mía 1978 : Los ojos vendados 1979 : Mamá cumple cien años 1980 : Deprisa, Deprisa 1981 : Bodas de Sangre 1982 : Sweet Hours 1982 : Antonieta 1983 : Carmen 1984 : Los Zancos 1986 : El amor brujo

1988 1989 1990 1992 1992 1992 1993 1995 1997 1997 1998 1999 2001

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2002 2004 2005 2007 2009 2010 2013

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El Dorado La Noche oscura Ay Carmela El Sur Marathon Sevillanas ¡Dispara! Flamenco Taxi Pajarico Tango Goya en Burdeos Buñuel y la mesa del rey Salomón Salomé El séptimo día Iberia Fados Io, Don Giovanni Flamenco, Flamenco 33 días

Selected Awards 1958 Cuenca, Special Mention, 1958 San Sebastián International Film Festival. 1966 La caza, Silver Bear for Best Director,16th Berlin International Film Festival. 1967 La caza, Sant Jordi - Best Film, Sant Jordi Awards. 1968 Peppermint Frappé, Silver Bear for Best Director, 18th Berlin International Film Festival. 1968 Peppermint Frappé, Sant Jordi - Best Film, Sant Jordi Awards. 1970 La madriguera, CEC Award - Best Director, Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain. 1972 El jardín de las delicias Sant Jordi - Best Film. 1974 La prima Angélica, Jury Prize, Cannes Film Festival. 1975 La prima Angélica, Sant Jordi - Best Film. 1976 Cría cuervos, Grand Prix of the Jury,Cannes Film Festival. 1977 Cría cuervos, CEC Award - Best Director, Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain. 1977 Cría cuervos, Prix Léon Moussinac - Best Foreign Film, French Syndicate of Cinema Critics. 1978 Elisa, vida mía, CEC Award - Best Director, Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain. 1979 Mamá cumple cien años, Special Prize of the Jury, SanSebastián International Film Festival. 1981 Deprisa, deprisa Golden Bear, Berlin Intl. Film Festival. 1982 Bodas de sangre, Special Prize of the Jury, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. 1983 Carmen, Technical Grand Prize and the Award for Best Artistic Contribution, Cannes Film Festival.

Im¿temkv kud : Imehpw Iebpw 1983 Carmen, BAFTA Award, Best Foreign Language Film. 1984 Carmen, CEC Award - Best Director, Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain. 1984 Carmen, Best European Film, Bodil Awards. 1985 Carmen, Guild Film Award,Silver: Foreign Film,Guild of German Art House Cinemas. 1991 ¡Ay, Carmela!, Goya Award for Best Director, Goya Awards. 1995 Grand Prix Special des Amériques, Montréal Film Festival. 1997 Pajarico, Best Director, Montréal World Film Festival. 1998 Special Award (Film Direction with a Special Visual Sensitivity) at the Camerimage. 1999 Pajarico, Jules Verne Award, Nantes Spanish Film Festival. 1999 Tango, SDFCS Award, Best Foreign Language Film, San Diego Film Critics Society Awards. 1999 Goya en Burdeos, Prize of the Ecumenical Jury & Best Artistic Contribution, Montréal World Film Festival. 1999 Lifetime Achievement Award, Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival. 2000 Goya en Burdeos, Sant Jordi - Best Film, Sant Jordi Awards. 2000 Special Prize for Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. 2002 Salomé, Best Artistic Contribution, Montréal Film Festival. 2002 Lifetime Achievement Award at the Istanbul International Film Festival. 2002 Special Career Award at the Fantasporto. 2004 El séptimo día, Best Director, Montréal World Film Festival. 2004 Lifetime Achievement Award at the European Film Awards. 2007 International Award, Barcelona Film Awards. 2011 Special Award for Lifetime Achievement, Fotogramas de Plata.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.

Arnheim Rudolf , ‘On Duplication’, New Essays on the Psychology of Art, Berkeley: University of California, 1986.

Bergman Ingmer, Images: My Life in Films, Arcade Publishing, New York, 1994.

Bunuel Louis, My Last Sigh, University Of Minnesota Press; 1 edition (September 16, 2003).

Cardullo Bert (Ed.), After Neorealism: Italian Filmmakers and Their Films, Essays and Interviews, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.

D'Lugo Marvin, The Films of Carlos Saura: The Practice of Seeing, Princeton University Press,1991.

Daxter John, Bunuel, Caroll & Graf Publications Inc., May 1999.

Orwell George, Homage to Catalonia, Mariner Books, October 22, 1980.

Picaso Pablo, Dream and Lie of Franco (1937), Translated from Spanish by Jerome Rothenberg.

Poems of Bertolt Brecht, http://www.poemhunter.com/

10. Richardson Michael, Surrealism and Cinema, Berg Oxford, 2006. 11. Stone, Rob Spanish Cinema, Longman, 2002. 12. Volt Magazine, 24 April 2012, http://www.voltcafe.com/ 13. Willem Linda M., Conversations with film makers, University Press of Mississippi, 22 May 2003. 14. sshtem-∏n-≈n, "klys‚ aI≥', sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS kºq¿Æ-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2001