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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits (JoEECC) SJIF: 4.312
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits, 2016. The intension of JoEECC is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Environment Biology. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Scientific, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
Contents
1. New Delhi 'Odd–Even II': A Hasty Repeat Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha
1
2. Numerical Simulation of Entrained-flow Coal Gasification: A Study on Particles History M.S. Alam, A.T. Wijayanta, K. Nakaso, J. Fukai
9
3. Optimal Operation of Self Sustainable Green Microgrid in Deregulated Power Sector Jasmine Kaur, Yog Raj Sood, Rajnish Shrivastava
19
4. Analysis of Efficiency Loss in AlGaAs/GaAs Hetero-junction Solar Cell Sadi M. Jawad Ahsan, Adnan Siraj Rakin
26
5. Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical Patterns, Management J. Vijay Rao
34
Erratum 6. Critical Assessment of Odd and Even in Delhi Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha
43
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621(online) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
New Delhi ‘Odd–Even II’: A Hasty Repeat Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha* School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Abstract Three months after Odd–Even I, Delhi government again came forward with Odd–Even phase II experiment during April 15–30, 2016 without making any change in the rules of ‘Odd– Even’ phase I. This time too, the pollution level was not improved. Results indicated that the levels of PM2.5 and ozone were showing poor air quality at various sites in the city. At Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, on April 14, 2016 one day before implementation of rule the PM2.5 level was recorded as 71µg/m3 which corresponded with value of Air Quality Index (AQI) 137. While on April 15, 2016 the first day 110µg/m 3 which corresponded with value of AQI 267. Similarly, increasing levels of PM 2.5 were obtained at various sites, i.e., Shadipur, Mandir Marg, ISBT Anand Vihar, R.K. Puram and Punjabi Bagh. These elevated values suggested that there was no improvement in air quality during implementation of the toughest calls for public well fare. Instead of decreasing, the pollution level went up because of several reasons such as climatic conditions, violation of rules by public and interference of other sources, etc. One important fact that Delhi is situated in the region where particulate matter levels are naturally high due to suspended atmospheric dust was ignored for choosing the timings of this trial. In order to differentiate the impact of vehicular traffic versus industrial emissions and road dust vs automobile exhaust, such kind of trials should have been conducted during monsoon season when dust is scavenged by the rain. In the months of July and August soil is generally wet and suspension of road dust and construction dust is also very least. Keywords: Odd–Even II, assessment, traffic air pollution, particulate matter, urban area
INTRODUCTION Almost every country in the world is facing air pollution problem due to rapid growth of industrial emissions and vehicular exhausts. According to the reports more than 2 million vehicles are added in Delhi during past six years between 2009 and 2015. Total road cover of Delhi is increased having approximately 1/5th of the total city area [1]. However, according to very recent reports, Delhi is no more the top polluted city but still ranks 11th in term of air pollution among world cities [2]. The city of New Delhi faces problem of traffic jams and poor air quality every day. People living in metro and mega cities around the world are facing similar problem along with daily traffic jams and road accidents. Main reason behind the bad faces of beautiful cities is the increasing population due to both in home and migrated people. Job opportunities, developmental work and common facilities of metro cities attract people from far places to come and settle for
the betterment of life. Overcrowded population becomes a challenging issue of state management further affecting resources and their distribution. Encroachment of roads and footpaths results in various problem such as road congestion and air pollution. Approximately nine million vehicles are registered in Delhi; therefore, vehicular pollution has become a major source of air pollution in the city [3]. Due to this reason, Delhi government has taken several steps to overcome this problem. For example, phasing out old commercial vehicles, introduction of unleaded petrol and low sulphur diesel, extensive use of compressed natural gas (CNG) based vehicles and forest cover increase during last four years have provided improved air quality. Other such efforts include implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV), phasing out 15 year old vehicles, ambient air fund, prohibiting burning of leaves and plastics in open, promotion of gas based
JoEECC (2016) 1-8 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621(online) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Numerical Simulation of Entrained-flow Coal Gasification: A Study on Particles History M.S. Alam1,2, A.T. Wijayanta3, K. Nakaso2, J. Fukai2,* 1
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Abstract Studies of coal particle history during coal gasification inside the gasifier are very limited. A comprehensive 3D numerical simulation of entrained-flow coal gasification is conducted. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and the particle dynamics. The finite rate/eddy dissipation model is used to calculate the rate of gasgas phase reactions, whereas only finite rates are used for solid-gas phase reactions. Turbulence is calculated using the standard k–ɛ model; the radiation energy is calculated using the discrete ordinates model. The changes in coal particle history such as travelling path, conversion, and position are explained in detail. The calculated outlet species concentrations and centerline gas temperature are compared with those of experimental results. CO and H2 (syngas) were found produced mainly in the reductor during coal gasification, whereas a high-temperature gas with more CO2 and H2O is produced in the combustor. The behavior of combustor coal particles in coal gasification was found to differ significantly from that of reductor coal particles. The average path length for 70 µm particles in the combustor is very large (15.5 m) compared to the 10 µm particles (2.5 m). Keywords: Particles history, numerical simulation, coal gasification, coal conversion
INTRODUCTION In view of the need for global sustainable energy, coal is an important resource because of its relative abundance. Presently about 75% of electric power generation in China, over 50% in the US, about 22% in Japan, and nearly 40% in the world depend on coal [1]. It is expected that coal will continue to play a significant role in meeting future energy demand. A number of research programs are now under way around the world to test and develop efficient and economical production of high heating value gas from coal gasification. Gasification is the process of converting various carbon-based feedstocks to clean synthetic gas (syngas), which is primarily a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) as fuels, through an incomplete combustion. The feedstock is partially combusted with oxygen and steam at high temperature and pressure with only less than 30% of the stoichiometric oxygen being provided [2]. There are many research projects on coal gasification found described on the
web. Among these, only a few focus on coal particle behavior in coal gasification. Chen et al. [3] predicted the gas flow field, gas temperature distributions, extent of burnout, and particle trajectories as well as particle concentration within an air-blown two-stage gasifier. The particle concentration was found to be sensitive to swirl ratios for both combustor and reductor burners. For strong swirling ratio, particles were centrifuged to the wall of the combustor. In contrast, lower swirling ratios resulted in more distributed particles in the combustor where these mostly burn out. However, in the reductor, particles were distributed over the entire volume except for a region of extremely high concentration in the center of the diffuser, caused by the collision of four centrally aimed jets.
JoEECC (2016) 9-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621(online) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Optimal Operation of Self-Sustainable Green Microgrid in Deregulated Power Sector Jasmine Kaur1,*, Yog Raj Sood2, Rajnish Shrivastava2 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract This paper presents the concept of self-sustainable green microgrid consisting of renewable energy sources like wind, solar etc. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources has been taken into account by using pump storage unit, which stores the surplus green energy. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that green energy has been utilized as, when available, to the maximum of its capacity, and given priority over thermal generation to serve local loads within the microgrid; thus making it self-sustainable. The optimization aimed at maximization of social benefit has been carried out using double auction model considering all loads as dispatchable. The work has been analyzed on 7 bus test system simulated as green microgrid. Keywords: Dispatchable load, green microgrid, pump storage system, renewable energy sources, self-sustainable, social benefit
INTRODUCTION The microgrid (μg) concept refers to a cluster of loads with micro/small generating sources operating together, providing power and sometimes both, power and heat to the local area. To the main grid, μg is a controlled entity, which is operated as an aggregated load or a small source of power supporting the main grid [1]. Utilizing renewable energy sources (RES) as micro-generating sources in μg is a befitting long-term solution for growing energy needs. The versatility of μg operation lies in its ability to run in either gridconnected or grid-isolated mode. Microgrids have the potential to improve overall system efficiency and power quality to a large extent, thus providing opportunities for economic development in clean energy industry [2]. The optimal operation of a µg necessitates a well-coordinated controlled μg operation. Chun-Xia et al. focused primarily on a multiagent control scheme in the μg [3]. A reliable grid-connected operation of μg is discussed by Guodong et al., where a market bidding strategy based on robust optimization is implemented [4]. The strategies followed by
Chun-Xia et al. and Guodong et al. support optimal µg operation but with interdependence on the main grid [3, 4]. Significant research has been done in integrating RES in the μg to promote clean sources of power generation. Hafez et al. presents a renewable energy based μg that aims to minimize lifecycle cost [5], whereas Baziar and Kavousi-Fard discuss the uncertainties involved in the energy management storage devices in µg [6]. An energy management and control system in order to control a microgrid is presented by Álvarez-Bel et al. [7]. Energy storage is a vital requirement to manage continuous power supply in renewable powered μgs. Storage devices facilitate a robust energy balance within the μg [8]. Energy storage with newer battery technologies are discussed by Qiang, et al. with a detailed description of several types of storage technologies [9]. The idea of energy and operation management of a microgrid has been implemented using a variety of algorithms by many researchers. Radosavljević et al. present an efficient algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for energy management of a microgrid
JoEECC (2016) 19-25 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621(online) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Analysis of Efficiency Loss in AlGaAs/GaAs Hetero-junction Solar Cell Sadi M. Jawad Ahsan1, Adnan Siraj Rakin2,* 1
Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2 Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract Energy conversion efficiency is a major issue for photovoltaic cells. One of the main challenges of modern day research is to improve the efficiency level of photovoltaic devices by introducing new materials and advanced concepts. The target is to reach a high efficiency level within affordable cost, which will lead to a mass generation of electricity using photovoltaic devices. III-V hetero-junction solar cell has been introduced and characterized here, which uses an AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs hetero-junction as the working p-n junction. Energy conversion efficiency for each design was calculated from its corresponding light J-V characteristics curve. Fill factor and efficiency loss was calculated for each mole fraction of 0 to 1 with a gap of 0.01. Here, exclusively an idea of which particular composition of AlGaAs minimizes the effect of defects in GaAs/AlGa AS solar cell has been presented. It also presents a picture of trade-off between efficiency and lifetime, as lifetime is directly related with the amount of defects and thus will open new doors for analyzing different material compositions for efficient solar cells. Keywords: Solar cells, hetero junctions, PV cells
INTRODUCTION Solar cells are semiconductor devices which convert incident light into electricity by the absorption of photons and subsequent generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect of electricity generation from light absorption, which is known as the photovoltaic effect, was first observed by the French physicist A.E. Becquerel in 1839 [1]. In 1883, the first solidstate photovoltaic cell was built many years later, by Charles Fritts. He coated selenium (Se) with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junction. The photovoltaic device was less than 1% efficient [2]. Then in 1954, the first practical photovoltaic cell was developed in at Bell laboratories by the three scientists; Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson [3]. They used a diffused silicon p-n junction that achieved 6% efficiency. At present, solar cells are built with many different technologies, and the efficiency level that these devices can achieve is pretty good. In today’s world, we have bulk Si solar cells,
like we have thin film solar cells fabricated from Si or CdTe, dye-sensitized solar cells, and so on. There are even more advanced concept solar cells like quantum dot (QD) solar cells, hot carrier solar cells etc. Today, solar cells are used for mass generation of electricity. The added advantage of solar power plants is that they require minimum maintenance, and the input energy is clean and free. Figure 1 presents a simplified diagram of a solar cell that utilizes a single p-n junction [4]. With no voltage applied to this junction, an electric field exists in the depletion region of the p-n junction. For simplicity, we consider that a resistive load is connected with the device. Now, photons incident on the device can create electron-hole pairs in the spacecharge region, which are forcibly swept out of the depletion region by the built-in electric field, as the depletion region must be depleted of free charges. This swept out carriers produce a photocurrent IL, in the reverse-bias direction for the p-n junction.
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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621(online) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical Patterns, Management J. Vijay Rao* Occupational Health Centre, Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Abstract Thyroid disorders are one of the important and common endocrine problems encountered in clinical and occupational practice in all age groups more frequently in women and in adult population. Amongst all the functional thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is far more common than hyperthyroidism. Recognition of this condition at an early stage can delay the progression to overt disease. Appropriate use of biochemical test, i.e., thyroid function test can delineate practically all thyroid disorders. In this respect, a comprehensive study in patients with thyroid disorders has been carried out at Medical Services, Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad during Jan’12 to Dec’12. A total no of 136 cases were studied and evaluated with regard to their aetiology, clinical presentation, biochemical parameters and associated other chronic diseases. This study has attempted to explore the prevalence of various thyroid disorders, (i.e., 1.1%) and the profile of affected population. In our study among the surveyed (registered) population, 57 (41%) cases predominantly were found to be having goitre, rest were suffering from nongoitruous thyroid disorder. It was also noticed that a good no of patients (12) with subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with Diabetes mellitus and 12 had Dyslipidaemia. Patients with thyroid nodule needs to be subjected to sensitive TSH assays, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and high resolution ultrasonography (HRUSG) to rule out malignant conditions. It is necessary to have high index of suspicion in diagnosing and managing the patients with various thyroid disorders. Early and effective therapy reduces symptoms, improves the quality of life and thus reduces the morbidity as well as mortality. Keywords: Asymptomatic, Thyroid disorders, Symptoms, Function, Dyslipidaemia
INTRODUCTION Thyroid disorder is a general term representing several different diseases involving thyroid hormones and the thyroid gland. Thyroid disorders are commonly separated into two major categories, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, depending on whether serum thyroid hormone levels (T4 and T3) are increased or decreased, respectively. Thyroid disease generally may be subclassified based on etiologic factors, physiologic abnormalities, etc. Thyroid disorders are one of the important and common endocrine problems encountered in clinical practice. Almost all forms of thyroid diseases are more frequent in women than in men and many thyroid ailments increase in frequency with age. Amongst all the functional thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is far more common than hyperthyroidism. The presentation of thyroid conditions can range from clinically obvious to clinically
silent. Recognition of this condition at an early stage can delay the progression to overt disease. Early and effective therapy reduces symptoms, improves the quality of life and thus reduces the morbidity as well as the mortality. More than 13 million Americans are affected by thyroid disease, and more than half of these remain undiagnosed. The diagnosis of thyroid disease can be particularly challenging. Patients often present with vague, general clinical manifestations; in particular, the elderly may not associate the signs and symptoms with a disease process and thus may not bring them to the attention of their primary
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Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits ISSN: 2249-8621(online) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Erratum
Critical Assessment of Odd and Even in Delhi Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha* School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Original citation: Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credit. 2016;6(2):1–6p. Citation for this erratum: Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credit. 2016;6(3):43p.
The concentrations reported for all the parameters are in fact their Air Quality Indices (AQI). These should be treated without units.
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