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Journal of Polymer & Composites ISSN: 2321-2810(online), ISSN: 2321-8525(print)
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 4 Issue 3] of our Journal of Polymer & Composites, 2016. The intension of JoPC is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Polymer & Composites. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Journal of Polymer & Composites
Contents
1. Effect of Surface Free Energy on the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow in SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
1
2. Optimisation of the Experimental Methods for the Fabrication of Polymer Microstructures and Polymer Microfluidic Devices for Bioengineering Applications Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
8
3. Application of Industrial Waste in Metal Matrix Composite Manoj Kumar Gupta, Pawan Kumar Rakesh, Inderdeep Singh
27
4. Tensile and Impact Properties of Jute/Glass and Jute/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Arun Kumar D.T., Kaushik V. Prasad, Raghavendra Rao P.S.
35
5. Characterization and Gamma Irradiated MA-EMA Copolymer by ESR and FTIR Techniques B. Sanjeeva Rao, N. Srinivasa Rao, B. Suresh Babu, M. Papi Reddy 6. Optical and Microstructural Changes in 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein Doped PVA Renuka Sali, L.R. Naik, Mohan S.
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Journal of Polymer & Composites
ISSN: 2321-2810(online), ISSN: 2321-8525(print) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Surface Free Energy on the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow in SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay* Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India Abstract
Surface-driven capillary flow of dyed water is recorded in the SU8 based glass microfluidic devices fabricated by the standard cleanroom processes. The effect of surface wettability on the surface-driven capillary flow is studied in the individual SU8 based microfluidic devices of glass bottom wall and polyimide bottom wall. The surface-driven capillary flow is faster on the glass bottom wall surface due to the higher polar component of solid surface free energy. Also, the capillary meniscus moves faster on the glass bottom wall surface due to larger capillary pressure in dyed water. The experimental results of meniscus movements are compared with the analytical solutions to determine the diffusion coefficient in each surfacedriven capillary flow. The surface-driven capillary flow can be controlled by the variation of surface wettability of inner walls in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems. Keywords: Capillary flow, microfluidic device, surface free energy, SU8
INTRODUCTION
In the recent past, many authors have used different materials to fabricate the microstructures and microfluidic devices [1– 4]. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), SU8 and PDMS are useful materials to fabricate the microfluidic devices [1, 2, 4]. SU8 is suitable to fabricate high-aspect-ratio microstructures [2]. 3D patterns can be obtained by SU8 using layer-by-layer multi-exposure, inclined lithography and holographic lithography [2]. Saha et al. analysed the microfluidic flow through SU8 microchannel integrated with micropillars [4]. Polyimide is also a good material to fabricate microstructures [3, 5, 6]. Different bonding techniques are used by many researchers to fabricate the leakage-free microfluidic devices [7, 8]. Direct bonding technique is used to fabricate the PMMA microfluidic devices [9]. Also, indirect bonding technique is used to seal the lid on the microchannel substrate for proper microfluidic flow [4].
measurement of static contact angle [13]. Sultana et al. described the behaviour of capillary flow through surface-modified microchannels [14]. The capillary flow is faster on the surface of higher wettability [14, 15]. The capillary flow can also be controlled by the use of micropillars on the microchannel wall [4]. The capillary flow is faster through the microfluidic device of lower surface areato-volume ratio [4]. The capillary flow can be controlled in a microfluidic device by adjusting the channel aspect ratio (ratio of channel height to channel width) [9, 16]. The capillary flow is faster in the microfluidic device of higher channel aspect ratio [9, 16].
AIMS OF THE STUDY
The first aim is to fabricate the leakagefree SU8 microfluidic devices. The second aim is to study the effect of surface wettability on the surface-driven capillary flow. Next aim is to study the effect of capillary pressure on the speed of the meniscus
Passive capillary flow is suitable in the microfluidic devices [9–12]. Passive control methods are useful to manipulate the working liquid in microfluidic devices [10]. Surface wettability can be estimated by the
JoPC (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Polymer & Composites
ISSN: 2321-2810(online), ISSN: 2321-8525(print) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Optimisation of the Experimental Methods for the Fabrication of Polymer Microstructures and Polymer Microfluidic Devices for Bioengineering Applications Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this research paper, total 2278 individual polymer microstructures have been fabricated, measured and analyzed. Also, in this research paper, total 216 individual polymer microfluidic devices have been fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, direct bonding technique, and indirect bonding technique, to record and analyze the surface-driven (passive) capillary flow individually in each microfluidic device. Total three individual polymers as SU8, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyimide have been used to fabricate all of the microstructures and all microfluidic devices reported in this research paper. Total 30 individual electrical and non-electrical instruments (including the equipment of the cleanroom laboratory) have been used to perform all the experiments of this research paper. These fabricated polymer microstructures are applied in the microfluidic devices for bioengineering applications. The author has performed all the experiments of this research paper using his own hands-on completely. The optimisation of experimental methods is a novel approach in this research paper. Keywords: Polymers, lithography, microstructures, microfluidic devices, cleanroom
INTRODUCTION
Different microstructures are very useful for many purposes in microfluidic MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) devices [1– 3]. The micropillars (or microposts) have been used extensively to modify the microchannel surfaces [4–20]. The surface wettability and surface roughness are two major properties to control the speed of microfluidic flow in labon-a-chip systems [21–25]. The surface roughness may increase the static contact angle on a particular surface. So, the surface wettability decreases on the rough surface than the flat surface of the same material [26–30]. If the micropillars are used as surface roughness elements, then the speed of the microfluidic flow depends on the pillar side length, pillar height and pitch [22]. The micropillars can also be used for microparticle filtration in lab-on-a-chip systems [13, 31, 32]. Many researchers have already reported several methods to fabricate the micropillars [4–6, 8, 12, 15]. They fabricated the micropillar
arrays of different shapes and pillar aspect ratios [8]. Leakage-free bonding is a challenging step in the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Many bonding techniques have been demonstrated to seal the lid with microchannel substrate for leakagefree microfluidic flow [33]. Indirect bonding (adhesive bonding) and direct bonding are two categories of bonding techniques for the fabrication of thermoplastic microfluidic devices. Thermal fusion bonding, solvent bonding, localized welding, surface treatment, and modification are different direct bonding techniques [33]. In this research paper, the individual steps of methods for the fabrication of microchannels and micropillars (microstructures) have been optimised in the cleanroom laboratory. Next, the static contact angles of distilled water and ethylene glycol on each of the pristine flat surface and modified flat surfaces have been measured. Next, the static contact angles of
JoPC (2016) 8-26 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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ISSN: 2321–2810(online), ISSN: 2321–8525(print) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Application of Industrial Waste in Metal Matrix Composite Manoj Kumar Gupta*, Pawan Kumar Rakesh, Inderdeep Singh Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Abstract
Keeping the goals of protecting the environment and exploring low-cost options for the development of metal matrix composites (MMCs) using cheap reinforcing materials which obtained from recycling techniques of agro and industrial waste products become one of the new interest fields of the researchers. The industrial wastes reinforce materials in useful way not only save the manufacturing cost of products but also reduce the environmental pollution. This paper represents a literature survey of fly ash waste materials of thermal power plant and their utilization in metal matrix composites. This paper also attempts to review the different combination of these reinforcing materials used in the processing of metal matrix composites and their effects on the mechanical, corrosion and wear performance of the materials. It also highlights the current application and future potential of composites in aerospace, automotive and other industries. Keywords: MMCs, Fly Ash, Reinforce material
INTRODUCTION
The composite materials are the materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristic different from the individual components. MMCs are advanced engineering materials consisting of one or more reinforcements in a metal matrix to get a desired set of properties. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys [1–3]. The MMCs provide much better physical, mechanical, and tribological properties as an advanced material with respect to the conventional materials in their application field [4]. The composites produced using waste as reinforcements helps not only clearing environmental issues but also helps in increasing mechanical properties of the composites. The waste materials are hard to disposal and thus a major concern to environmental pollution. The proper utilization of waste materials could reduce contamination
and spaces for disposal. Therefore, recycling of waste material by converting it into green material for application in automobile and construction industries is a prime concern among the current researchers. The fly ash, red mud, palm oil fuel ash (POFA), palm oil clinker (POC), rice husks, coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse are some of the example of waste materials which have potential to be utilized as a reinforced material for making composite materials. These materials may be useful in construction and automobile industries for making low cost products. The many researchers have successfully utilized different waste materials as partial reinforcement in composite materials for various applications. The environment friendly, energy efficient and cost-effective alternative materials produced from solid wastes will exhibit a good market potential to fulfill people’s needs in rural and urban areas also [5]. The fly ash is a byproduct and waste materials of thermal power plant and has potential to utilize as cheap reinforcement material for making low cost composites and concurrently enhancing the property of the materials [6]. In this article the usability of fly
JoPC (2016) 27-34 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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ISSN: 2321-2810(online), ISSN: 2321-8525(print) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Tensile and Impact Properties of Jute/Glass and Jute/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Arun Kumar D.T., Kaushik V. Prasad*, Raghavendra Rao P.S. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Kanakapura, Ramanagara, Karnataka, India Abstract
Composites have created a niche in the world market today as they provide a stiff, strong and lightweight material. Two types of composites polypropylene/jute/glass fiber and polypropylene/jute/carbon fibers were prepared by varying the percentages of jute, glass and carbon fibers, respectively. A proportion of 35:5, 30:10, 25:15 and 20:20 were maintained between jute and other reinforcing fiber (glass or carbon) in polypropylene matrix. Tensile and impact test specimens were prepared using injection moulding. Tensile test shows that average young’s modulus increases for both composites with increase in fiber content. However, carbon fiber based composites show slightly higher Young’s modulus compared to glass fiber based composites. The average tensile strength drops when the proportion of glass and carbon fibers is 5 percent and then increases with fiber content. Impact strength decreases with increase in glass and carbon fiber content in both the composites. Keywords: Composites, glass fibers, carbon fibers, polypropylene, jute fibers, mechanical properties, injection moulding, tensile properties, impact properties
INTRODUCTION
Composite materials today have created a niche in the world market as they provide stiff strong lightweight materials with high corrosion and fatigue resistance [1]. The art of preparing composites using jute, kenaf, hemp, sisal, pineapple fibers etc. have received a worldwide attention due to their excellent specific properties. Jute is a regenerative crop that is available abundantly in tropical countries. It is a self–composite bio polymer having low density and high strength making it suitable for reinforcement in thermoplastic materials [2]. Natural fibers are popular as it can be used as an alternative to synthetic fibers to reduce the cost of composites [3]. However, natural fiber based thermoplastics are lower in strength compared to thermoplastics. Integrating small amounts of synthetic fibers with the natural fibers in the thermoplastics can make it more suitable for technical applications [4]. Fiber–matrix adhesion studies between jute and polypropylene (PP) under fatigue and impact loadings show that dynamic modulus was lowered by 40 and 30% for composites with poor and good adhesion, respectively after five impacts [5]. Substitution
of jute instead of cordenka in polypropylene increased the stiffness and heat distortion temperature while impact strength decreases with increase in jute fraction [6]. Verma et al. observed that jute fabric treated with titaniate treatment retained better mechanical properties in humid environment [7]. Khan et al. in their studies show that much of the mechanical properties of jute/PP were lost after soil degradation test compared to E-glass/PP composites [8]. It has been observed by the review of literature, several works have been carried to understand the behavior of jute fiber/pp or glass fiber/pp. However, very scarce amount of works are present which reports the studies on jute/glass/pp or jute/carbon/pp based composites. Hence the present work deals with studies of mechanical properties of these above mentioned composites.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Materials Commercially available homopolymer propylene (PP), Reliance REPOL H200MA was used as matrix material for studies; it was made available in form of pellets. It has a melt
JoPC (2016) 35-39 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Polymer & Composites
ISSN: 2321-2810(online), ISSN: 2321-8525(print) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Characterization and Gamma Irradiated MA-EMA Copolymer by ESR and FTIR Techniques 1
B. Sanjeeva Rao1,*, N. Srinivasa Rao2, B. Suresh Babu3, M. Papi Reddy4
Department of Physics, Government Degree College, Mulugu, Warangal District, Telangana, India Department of Physics, JVR Government College, Sathupally, Khammam District, Telangana, India 3 Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya Degree College, Hanumakonda, Telangana, India 4 Department of Physics, Trinity Degree College, Peddapally, Telangana, India
2
Abstract
Gamma irradiation effect of methacrylamide-ethyl methacrylate (MA-EMA) copolymer has been investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. The ESR spectrum observed for gamma irradiated MA-EMA copolymer has shown resolved hyperfine (hf) pattern at lower temperatures (77K) while at higher temperatures the spectrum is appeared to be broadened. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of pure and gamma irradiated MA-EMA copolymer have been recorded for the copolymer irradiated to different radiation doses to ascertain chemical changes induced by gamma irradiation. The variation in intensity of 3420, 1660, 1250, 1160 and 1020 cm-1 absorption bands is observed, which are attributed cleavage of ester, amide groups on irradiation. Keywords: Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), Infrared (IR), Spectroscopy, Gamma irradiation, MA-EMA copolymer, radiation
INTRODUCTION
Although various types of polymer materials are widely available, synthesis and characterization of new materials is still needed to meet various scientific and technological applications. Polyacrylates and acrylarmide polymers and its copolymers find applications in industry as well as science [1]. Homopolymer of methacrylamide is known to crosslink; while ethylmethacrylate homopolymer is reported to degrade under the influence of high energy radiation [2]. Thus, it is interesting to note the degradation characteristics of copolymer with methacrylamide and ethylmethacrylate as comonomers. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is a useful tool in identifying the radical species formed on irradiation of polymers [3]. Infrared spectroscopy, together with ESR technique has been successfully used to probe radiation induced changes in polymers and copolymers [4]. In the present studies the authors have made an attempt to characterize gamma irradiation effects in MA-EMA copolymer by ESR and FTIR techniques have been
employed to study radiation effects in MAEMA copolymer.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Synthesis and characterization of methacrylamide–ethylmethacrylate MA-EMA copolymer has been described by Sreenivasulu [5]. ESR spectra of irradiated copolymer have been recorded on a GEOL spectrometer operating at X-band frequencies and 100 KHz modulation. Infrared (FTIR) spectra of pure and gamma irradiated MA-EMA copolymer has been recorded on PERKIN-ELMER 283 model spectrometer and intensities of various absorption bands are noted. Potassium Bromide (KBr)-MA-EMA copolymer pellets have been used for IR measurements. Gamma Irradiations were carried out with a cobalt 60, gamma source at a dose rate of 0.2 M.rad/h in air at room temperature (RT).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ESR spectrum of Gamma Irradiated MA-EMA copolymer at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT) is as shown in Figure 1; whereas the spectrum recorded at RT as shown in Figure 2.
JoPC (2016) 40-44 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Polymer & Composites
ISSN: 2321-2810(online), ISSN: 2321-8525(print) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Optical and Microstructural Changes in 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein Doped PVA 1
2
Renuka Sali1, L.R. Naik1,*, Mohan S.2
Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Karnataka, Vijayapur, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The effect of 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein dye on microstructural and optical properties of a Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have been studied by using FTIR and UV-Visible absorption techniques. FTIR spectral result shows the possible interaction between the dye and PVA. The UV-Visible spectra shows three absorption bands (around 227nm, 310nm and 450nm) and from the observed optical band edges in the UV-Visible spectra, three optical band gaps and three activation energies for the doped PVA were estimated. The variation of optical band gap and activation energies with different dopant concentration indicates the existence of additional levels in the doped samples which reflects the modification in the microstructure of the polymer composite. Fluorescence emission band around 515nm was observed for 493nm excitation. These results are discussed based on charge transfer complex (CTC) formation. Increase in decay time of dye doped PVA matrix increases with the increasing concentration of 5(6) CF was observed. Keywords: Dye, PVA, optical parameters, microstructure and lifetime decay
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, dye doped polymer materials are attractive for many researchers because of their various kinds of optical and fluorescence properties [1]. The effect of molecular structure and motion of polymer matrices on the photochemical and photophysical processes of doped chromophores have different modes of applications like optoelectronics, optical data storage media and photonics, etc. [2]. Polymer Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been studied extensively and different studies have shown that the doping affects its property, which depends on the interaction between the dopant and the polymer. In view of this, the present work is carried out to understand the effect of 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein (5(6)CF) dye chromophore doping on the optical and microstructural properties of PVA using optical and lifetime decay measurements [3, 4].
EXPERIMENTAL
The polymer PVA used in this work was obtained in powder form from M/s. s.d. fineChem. Ltd, Mumbai and the 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein dye was obtained from Aldrich chemical co, USA. The 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein doped PVA films were prepared by solution casting method using distilled water. The FTIR spectra were
recorded by using NICOLET FTIR-6700 spectrometer. UV-Vis study was performed using SHIMADZU (UV-1601) spectrometer in the wavelength range between 195 nm and 700nm. The fluorescence spectral measurements were done by using Hitachi F7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer. The fluorescence decays were collected by a fast photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu, model H5773) detector. The fluorescence decays were analysed using Vinci multi-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy software.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION FTIR Studies FTIR measurements were carried out to investigate the nature of chemical effect caused by doping and is used to identify the various functional groups present in the polymeric matrix. FTIR spectra of pure and 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein doped PVA films are shown in Figure 1 and the peak assignments are given in the Table 1.
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