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Research & Reviews : Journal of Computational Biology
Contents
1. New Information Hiding Algorithms for Images Based on AES Cryptography Mehdi Darbandi
1
2. Floristic Composition and Structure of Tara Gedam Dry Afromontane Forest, South Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia Eyasu Mekonnen, Eyayu Mola
12
3. Statistical Comparison of Delta Band in Two Different Mental States Using MINITAB Tool for Feature Identification Kiran R. Trivedi, Rajesh A. Thakker
22
4. A Study of Demographic Pattern of Burn Cases Manoj K. Singha
28
5. A Study on Community Awareness Programme and Diabetes Care in Primary Care Setting Pradip K Thakuria, Manoj K Baishya
31
Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology ISSN: 2319-3433(online), ISSN: 2349-3720(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
New Information Hiding Algorithms for Images Based on AES Cryptography Mehdi Darbandi* Department of Electrical Engineering, New York International University of Technology and Management, New York Abstract
Filtering of image content, compressing the content aware image and video applications of color balancing can advantage from automatic skin detection in the images. Biometric characteristic used for usage skin tone images region steganography. Here significant information is implanted within the skin image region which will provide an outstanding data hiding secure location. For this detection of skin tone is required to be performed. Various information hiding steps can be used through image cropping. Image cropping better security than information hiding without cropping the complete image, so works of crop region as a key at decoding region. AES cryptography algorithm is used to convert secret data into an unreadable form previously embedding; which gives a strong backbone for information security. Steganography is the hiding skill the data exists in various mediums of transmission to attain secret communication. It doesn’t restore cryptography, but quite boost the security applying its abstruse feature. In this paper represent extensive security for skin tone detection authentication purpose using AES and steganography encryption/ cryptography, image compressing techniques, encoding and decoding, decryption. Keywords: Cryptography, AES, image compression
INTRODUCTION
When you are talking to a person, you usually look at his face; the expression of a person’s face performs the most significant role when communicating with the various people. Because of its uniqueness, face is also the highest significant and efficient characteristics for a person identifying. Therefore, recognition of face has become famous applications in the computer vision field [1]. With the present main attacks of terrorist in the civil world, there have progressively substantial benefits in intelligent surveillance cameras growth that can be automatically recognized. Because of such indeterminate period of times, somebody are beginning to the seek computer systems support to aid in the process of ID and faces position in everyday scenes [2]. Faces images vary significantly depending on lightning, pose, occlusion, facial identity and expression. Transforms of color must apply to deal with each residual variation in distinguishing colors of face skin.
Detection of the face is concerned with discovering whether or not exists a face in a provide image; if present the face, it returns the location of the image and size of the face. This is the first level of any completely automatic system that analyzes data contained in the faces (e.g., identity, expression, gender, age, race, and pose). The advance of computer technology in recent years has facilitated the development of real-time vision modules that can interact with humans. Examples abound, mainly in human computer interaction and biometric, as the data contained in faces required to be systems analyzed to react accordingly. Faces first required to be registered and located to ease the further process to facial features detect correctly for applications, such as digital cosmetics [3]. Often, systems of face recognition work through using a face detector to face locate, and then in a separate recognition algorithm to face identify. There are several problems that have arisen when it comes to steganalysis. Stegnalysis it is a
RRJoCB (2016) 1-11 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology ISSN: 2319-3433(online), ISSN: 2349-3720(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Floristic Composition and Structure of Tara Gedam Dry Afromontane Forest, South Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia 1
Eyasu Mekonnen1,*, Eyayu Mola2
Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Ethiopia 2 Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
Abstract
The study was carried out in Tara Gedam dry afromontane forest, South Gondar Zone, North West Ethiopia with the objectives of assessing the floristic composition and vegetation structure of woody plant species. Systematically forty five quadrats (20 m x 20 m) were laid along transect lines. Data on species abundance, diameter at breast height (DBH), height and number of individuals per species were recorded from each quadrat. Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Sorensen’s similarity coefficient were used. Basal area and phyto geographical comparison was also made. The regeneration status of the forest was assessed by using the number and distribution of seedlings and saplings species. Species were prioritized for conservation using importance value index, population structure and regeneration status. In this study, 107 vascular plant species, representing 86 genera and 56 families are present in the forest. Of these 56 families, fabaceae had the highest number of species (11) followed by moraceae (6 species), euphorbiaceae (5 species) and rubiaceae (4 species). The collected woody plant species were composed of 37.5 % trees, 28.8% shrubs, 21.2% tree/shrubs, 10.6 % lianas, 0.96% grass and 0.96% epiphyte. Of these, eight species are endemic. The Shannon-Weiner diversity and evenness were 4.19 and 0.91, respectively, indicating that the diversity and evenness of woody species is relatively high. The most dominant tree species with the highest importance values were Schefflera abyssinica, Olea europea susp. cuspidata, Albizia gummifera, Carisa spinarum, Acacia abyssinica, Teclia nobilis, and ficus vasta. The density and total basal area of the forest were 2444 stems/ ha and 93.9 m2/ ha. The phytogeographical comparison revealed that Tara Gedam forest is related to dry afromontane forest. Based on the result of the study, detailed ethanobotanical studies, further studies on all plant species diversity, environmental factors, land use management, soil seed bank and seed physiology are recommended. Keywords/phrases: Diameter at breast height, dry afromontane forest, floristic composition, woody plant species, sustainable use
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia has a highly diversified topography, accommodate different types of vegetation (IBC, 2007) [1]. The flora resource is the fifth largest in tropical Africa (Mulugeta Lemenih and Demel Teketaye, 2006; EMA, 1987) [2, 3]. Despite their importance to the economic, social and environmental welfare, the forest cover of Ethiopia has been diminishing over times due to an ever increasing demand of human beings for different purposes (Feyera Senbeta and Demel Teketay, 2002) [4]. The high lands of Ethiopia have been subjected to intensive land use changes due to high human population pressures; the soil and
other biological resources are extensively used and resulted in the decline of productivity (Eyayu Molla et al. 2010; Girma Mengesha, 2005) [5, 6]. South Gondar Administrative Zone (SGAZ) is one of the degraded and eroded areas in the Amhara National Regional State, where the study area is found (Alemayehu Wassie, 2007) [7]. Tara Gedam forest is facing the same de-vegetation problem as other forests of the country.
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology ISSN: 2319-3433(online), ISSN: 2349-3720(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Statistical Comparison of Delta Band in Two Different Mental States Using MINITAB Tool for Feature Identification Kiran R. Trivedi1,*, Rajesh A. Thakker2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
2
Abstract
Brainwave is unique in its pattern for every individual wherein its spectral components and power show variations with the varying mental states. Ongoing attempt to recognize activity inside the brain has led an integrated research to an unprecedented level. Spectral range of brainwaves vary from 0 Hz to 60 Hz with the amplitude normally between 0.5 µV and 100 µV. Delta waves range from 0.1 Hz to 3 Hz of the whole spectrum generated by the brain and correspond to the deep and dreamless mental state. Brainwaves captured during any mental state comprises of every band while only one band dominates during its corresponding mental state in terms of amplitude and frequency. Research hereby attempts for statistical comparison of Delta band obtained during two different mental states pertaining to normal (thinking nothing in particular) and active (doing mental activity of adding the consecutive integers). For capturing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, B3 band EEG sensor (Neurosky Product) has been used wherein the readings are recorded by connecting the sensor with the mobile application EEGID (Recording interval-10 msec and sampling frequency-512 Hz) through Bluetooth. Subjects chosen were of the age group 20–30 years for the experiment and were made to sit alone in a room separately for efficient recording. Hypothesis test named 2-sample standard deviation was applied on two groups of data corresponding to each state. Difference in standard deviations generated among both the states with a cutoff range was the result. This mathematical difference value can be used as a base to devise devices that can recognize various mental states. Keywords: MINITAB, EEG samples, EEGID, α-level, p-value
INTRODUCTION
Brain being the most complex organ offers the biggest challenge to allow its usage as an information source to drive any device or machine. Brain–computer interface or Brain– machine interface has become an important area of interdisciplinary research wherein the science of Robotics, Electronics, Neuroscience and Computers get blended. For this technology to get exploited at its brim, the mental states need to be studied and analyzed well enough as output of Brain changes with these states. Brainwave, normally termed as Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, is an electrical activity measured by metal electrodes attached to the scalp and its spectrum is categorized as Delta, Theta, Beta, Alpha and Gamma band [1]. One or the other band contributes maximum in the total EEG power during a particular mental state [2]. Delta band shows its significance when a
person is in deep sleep or an unconscious state. In an attempt to differentiate two states, delta band is recorded and statistically analyzed. Here, a noninvasive method was used to record EEG signals for two mental states using a single channel B3 band Brainwave sensor connected to Mobile application EEGID that saves the EEG readings in .CSV (comma separated values) format which thus can aid for offline processing. For statistical comparison of Delta band, the readings must be analyzed using hypothesis test available in MINITAB. A single channel EEG headset placed on forehead as per 10–20 standardized system is shown in Figure 1.
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology ISSN: 2319-3433(online), ISSN: 2349-3720(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Study of Demographic Pattern of Burn Cases Manoj K. Singha*
Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India
Abstract
Burns are one of the severe traumas that an individual can suffer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), injuries related to burn is a global public problem mainly in low and middle income countries. The present study was undertaken to find the demographic patterns of death due to burn in Barpeta District, Assam, India. This study included all the deaths due to burn reported in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital (FAAMCH), Barpeta, Assam, India for autopsy during the year 2014. A total of 36 (out of total autopsy 514) deaths due to burn were studied and majority of the cases were found to be female. Shock was found to be the most common cause of death and most common age group involved was 21–30 years. Keywords: Barpeta, burn, autopsy, shock, demographic patterns
INTRODUCTION
Burns are injuries produced by the application of dry heat such as flame, radiant heat or some heated solid substance such as metal or glass, to the surface of the body. Burn is one of the major causes of death in all medicolegal cases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 10 lakh people in India are moderately or severely burnt every year. Each year 300000 people die from flame or firerelated burn injuries. Suicide by fire/ selfimmolation rate is very high in India, i.e., 9122 (6.9%) in the year 2014. Out of this, male fatalities were 3545 and female were 5576; men to female ratio were 1:1.6. Burn of married women in India is a major concern for the Government, law enforcing bodies, the judiciary, the police and medicolegal experts all over the country. The etiological factors of death due to burn vary in different communities in this area; also various sociocultural factors such as dowry death etc. come into play.
observation, results were drawn and discussed and compared with other relevant literature.
RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
Out of total 514 postmortems conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine, FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam, India during the study period 2014, 36 (7%) were burn deaths.
14
male
36
total 0
10
20
30
40
Fig. 1: Incidence of Burn Cases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Burn cases brought for medicolegal autopsies in the Department of Forensic Medicine, FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam, India in the year 2014 were considered for the present study. Out of total 514 autopsy cases, 36 deaths were due to burn. Data were collected during the autopsy from police, accompanying persons, medical record and postmortem findings. Decomposed bodies were excluded from the study. On the basis of analysis and
22
female
In the study female predominance 22 (61.1%) was seen in burn deaths and as compared to males 14 (38.9%) (Figure 1). Male female ratio was 1:1.611.
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Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology ISSN: 2319-3433(online), ISSN: 2349-3720(print) Volume 5, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Study on Community Awareness Programme and Diabetes Care in Primary Care Setting 1
Pradip K. Thakuria1, Manoj K. Baishya2,*
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India 2 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Tezpur Medical College, Tezpur, Assam, India
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease that cost dearly, in terms of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes seems to be the most common chronic disorder in routine clinical practice. Inspite of the fact that diabetes involves almost all systems of the body, there seems to be great lapses in its management. In a busy schedule in rural Assam primary care physicians hardly get enough time to explain the various issues related to diabetes management. Lack of education, poverty, fear and guilt and associated myths with the disease seems to be the contributing factors in treatment non- compliance. Community awareness programme about the illness, information and medication, and emotional support all these factor seems to play a major role in comprehensive diabetes care. The present study was a rural healthcare base study to analyse the impact of glycaemic control and treatment outcome based upon community awareness programme, psycho education and counselling; results of which showed that this has a positive impact on treatment outcome. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, counselling, psycho education, community awareness programme, primary care
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome which is usually characterised by permanent, absolute or relative lack of pancreatic hormone insulin [1]. About 2–6% of population suffers from the condition which is heterogeneous in aetiology and clinical manifestation [2]. The epidemic of diabetes imposes an enormous ongoing health burden on healthcare worldwide. The number of people affected with diabetes in India is estimated to be 40 million, in addition to another 40 million Indian would fall in pre-diabetes category. In routine clinical practice, diabetes seems to be the most common chronic disorder in spite of the fact that diabetes involves all systems of the body, there seems to be great lapses in its management. In a busy schedule in rural Assam, primary care physicians hardly get enough time to explain the various issues related to diabetes management. Lack of education, poverty, fear and myth associated with diabetes are the contributing factors in treatment no compliance and complications. To overcome these hurdles, in the current study, we proposed to conduct community awareness
programme once in a month using the following tools: 1. Health messages on diabetic care published in local vernacular language. 2. Engaging local youth (graduates in science discipline) to deliver health massages using primary school buildings and black board on holidays. 3. Once in a month outreach programme in rural areas, and screening of diabetes with glucometer. 4. Discussing the issue of prediabetes, metabolic syndrome or individual who are vulnerable to diabetes. 5. Encouraging rural masses to deliver the same massages to the community and motivating them to attend diabetes outreach programme. The challenge for the clinician is not only explaining the treatment, but also motivating the patient to live with treatment and to cope with the diagnosis [3].
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