Trends in Electrical Engineering vol 6 issue 3

(TEE)

ISSN 2249-4774 (Online) ISSN 2321-4260 (Print)

Trends in Electrical Engineering SJIF: 4.135

September– December 2016

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Trends in Electrical Engineering

Contents

1. Investigation of Electric Spring for LVRT Capability Improvement of Fixed Speed Induction Generator based Wind Farm Dinesh Pipalava, Chetan Kotwal

1

2. Safety System Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh Ayesha Siddika Anika, M. Tanseer Ali

11

3. Employing Sweep Frequency Response Analysis for Diagnosing Condition of Power Transformer Maulik Haraniya, Prachi Upreti, Sameer Patel, Chirag Parekh, Ankit Shah Patel

26

4. Economic Efficient Dispatch Solution with Pollution Control Technique Using Genetic Algorithm Preeti Gupta

32

5. Application of Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Multiobjective Optimal Design of Distribution Transformer H.D. Mehta, Rajesh Patel

44

6. Navigation System for Robots Using Passive RFID with Wireless Feature Changing on ARM7 (LPC2148) Platform Asha Gaikwad, Nikita Satpute, Prachi Jeevane, Ganesh Lohote

58

7. A Study of Cycloconverter Gating Sequence and Control Strategy for Various Conversion Topology Jahid Khan Tuhin, Md. Foyez Ahmed, Tahmid Shahriar, Rupak Kanti Dhar

67

8. Multi-Attribute Based Optimal Location of Renewable Energy Sources in Deregulated Power Sector Digambar Singh, Yog Raj Sood

78

9. Reactive Power Pricing Technique in A Competitive Market S. K. Gupta, Ratneshwaram Krishnam, Diksha Gupta

89

Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Investigation of Electric Spring for LVRT Capability Improvement of Fixed Speed Induction Generator based Wind Farm Dinesh Pipalava1,2,*, Chetan Kotwal3

1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

2

Abstract

This paper investigates the ability of electric spring (ES) for the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability improvement of fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) based wind farm (WF). With increased renewable energy integration, new grid codes are declared by various power system grid operators in order to maintain system stability. LVRT capability is the prime and most difficult requirement of these new grid codes. FSIG based WFs are largely installed but it does not have LVRT capability. Various FACTS devices like static-varcompensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), etc. are being suggested to make it LVRT capable. ES is the emerging smart grid technology which can compensate active and reactive power so as to address the instability problems of frequency and voltage in microgrids. The ES is coming up as a good alternate to STATCOM, but so far it has not been tried, especially for improving LVRT capability of WF. In this paper, MATLAB simulation is carried out to investigate the ability of ES for improving LVRT capability of FSIG based WF. Simulation result shows that ES performs well and seems as an alternate to FACTS devices.

Keywords: Electric spring (ES), low voltage ride through (LVRT), fixed speed induction generator (FSIG), wind farm (WF)

INTRODUCTION

Due to environment concern and effect of climate change, different countries throughout the world are encouraging renewable sources of electrical power generation. Wind power generation is the most popular renewable source, with significant development in the last decade. Large-scale penetration of WF and other intermittent renewable energy sources have a great effect on power system operation and control. So, new grid codes are set by different power system operators throughout the world to ensure satisfactory and reliable operation of the power system. LVRT is the most important and difficult requirement of these new grid codes [1, 2].

According to LVRT requirement, the plant must stay connected for specified duration of time during grid disturbance instead of tripping. LVRT requirement of different

TEE (2016) 1-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved

power system operators is slightly different based on their power system dynamic characteristics [3]. According to the US grid codes stated by the federal energy regulatory commission (FERC): “If the voltage does not fall below the minimum voltage indicated by the solid line in Figure 1 and returns to 90% of the nominal voltage within 3 sec after the beginning of the voltage drop, the plant must stay online” [4]. Thus, LVRT is basically the voltage sag characteristics in relation of time profile, depth and duration to be withstood by a power plant without tripping off [5].

FSIG based WF have been popular and largely installed in early days due to its well-known advantages like rugged construction, low maintenance, asynchronous operation and low cost [6]. In FSIG based WF, the stator terminals are directly connected to a power system network.

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Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Safety System Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh Ayesha Siddika Anika*, M. Tanseer Ali Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract

In this paper, the safety system and safeguards of the model VVER-1000, which is a Gen-III pressurized water reactor, designed by ROASTAM and chosen to be implemented in Bangladesh, will be analyzed. Several predefined major faults have been set to demonstrate the performance in preventing the release of harmful radiation. From simulation results, it has been observed that for moderator dilution, the malfunction is neutralized within 115 sec, for turbine trip, the malfunction is neutralized within 115 sec, for loss of AC power, the malfunction is neutralized within 53 sec, for loss of coolant accident (Cold Leg), the malfunction is neutralized within 76 sec, for loss of coolant accident (Hot Leg), the malfunction is neutralized within 53 sec, for steam turbine break inside the containment, the malfunction is neutralized within 78 sec and for steam turbine break outside the containment, the malfunction is neutralized within 110 sec.

Keywords: Safeguards, VVER-1000, ROASTAM, malfunction, neutralized

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh is moving towards industrialization, and with proper background, this can increase the national GDP. Whereas the industrialization can increase the GDP, this involves immense power supply without any interruption. In addition to that, Bangladesh is a rapidly growing country in respect of economy as well as population. Still 50% or more of the total population does not have access to electricity. Those who have electricity are not receiving uninterrupted supply due to power shortage [1].

As Bangladesh is a developing country and as a part of the government’s economic policies and goals to achieve its vision 2021 and 2041 to be a higher middle income and a frontranking developed nation respectively. As Bangladesh has limited energy resources and due to limited open landscape, wind and solar energy cannot contribute significantly.

Hence, Bangladesh desperately needs nuclear energy as a safe, environmentally benign and economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of the country [2].

In order to meet the increasing demand of electricity of the country, Bangladesh is going to introduce a nuclear power plant in co-

operation with the state atomic energy corporation (ROSATOM) of Russian federation. This proposed 2,000 MW power plant at Ruppur will go into operation by 2022 and will be first nuclear power plant in Bangladesh [2]. VVER-1000, which is a GenIII pressurized water reactor designed by ROASTAM, has been chosen for our country considering the capacity of the national grid, emergency shutdown system and radiation exposure impacts and lastly this model is operating in 15 countries around the world for last 25 years successfully [1]. This power generation process is very cost effective. The government assumes to sell the electricity at 3 taka per unit which is very cheap. With successful completion of this project, Bangladesh will be able to meet the necessity in all perspectives.

The implementation of nuclear power plant involves several factors like appropriate nuclear infrastructure, geo-environmental condition, nuclear energy with regard to safety, security and safeguards etc. In this

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Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Employing Sweep Frequency Response Analysis for Diagnosing Condition of Power Transformer Maulik Haraniya1,*, Prachi Upreti1, Sameer Patel1, Chirag Parekh2, Ankit Shah Patel1 1

Department of Electrical Engineering, G.H. Patel College of Engineering, Anand, Gujarat, India 2 Plant Coordinator, Atlanta Electricals Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Gujarat, India

Abstract

The power transformer being very expensive plays a tectonic role in power system. Reliability is apogee in power system. Any failure fringing power transformer may lead to substantial monetary loss depending on how much duration it is out of service. On-line monitoring and prognosis of power transformer helps the associated delegate to take decision on subject of maintenance, replacement or continuity of its operation. From accessible vivid methods for condition monitoring of power transformer, the potent key tool for diagnosing the verdure of the transformer and determining propitious condition for service is Sweep Frequency Response Analysis. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) helps to detect different abnormalities residing inside transformer without detanking it. In these paper, we have discussed prosecution of SFRA, principle governing SFRA, its facets, detection of faults by SFRA, various frequency response obtained by SFRA tests and rules for repeatability.

Keywords: Power transformer, condition monitoring, frequency response, SFRA

INTRODUCTION

Reliability is the liability of a device or system conducting its function satisfactorily, for the duration of time deliberated, under the given operating conditions. Power system reliability is increasingly a center of focus to the power industry and society at large. Failure in any part of the system like power transformer can cause interruptions of supply to end users.

This may lead to huge monetary loss depending on how much duration it is out of service. Hence, for uninterrupted supply and prime requirement of reliability, condition monitoring has become an incumbent task.

One of the power full, reliable, low cost and efficacious methods for condition monitoring of power transformer is sweep frequency analysis. It is a tool for diagnosing the health of the transformer and its pertinence for service. With the help of sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) we can look over the aberrations inside transformer without detanking it. SFRA provides us with information related to core deformation, open circuit short circuit turns, residual magnetism, deformation within main transformer winding, axial shift of winding, bulk winding moment relative to each other, partial winding collapse,

faulty grounding of cores and broken clamping structure [1].

PROSECUTION OF SFRA

Sweep frequency response analysis is carried out by injecting a low voltage signal of variable frequency into terminal of a transformers winding and measuring the response signal on another terminal as depicted in Figure 1 [2] and Figure 2 [3, 4]. By terminals, we mean bushings. The SFRA test requires a 3-lead approach, with the leads providing signal, reference and test. This approach means that the signal injected into the test winding is measured to provide a reference, which is then assimilate or compared with the signal, which emerges at the far end of the winding and is measured by the test lead [5]. The output signal can be viewed on spectral analyzer or Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer, a device to measure frequency response.

PRINCIPLE GOVERNING SFRA

The muster of core-and-winding of power transformers are formed with convoluted

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Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Economic Efficient Dispatch Solution with Pollution Control Technique Using Genetic Algorithm Preeti Gupta* Department of Electrical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India Abstract

In this paper, an attempt has been made to create a hybrid power system with the available sources of energy to generate power in most efficient, economical, emission-less and in a sustainable way. It is a continuation of the research article published in Trends in Electrical Engineering, 2016, volume 6, issue 1, 10–16p. It is important to utilize the renewable sources of power generation since the global power demand is increasing very rapidly along with the environmental pollution. It is high time to swap the thermal generators with renewable sources, i.e. reduce the burden on thermal power plants and utilize the other means of power.

India has the potential of becoming an independent pollution free power producer. In this paper, Modelling of a Renewable System with Solar and Wind power generations have been made using Simulink. Power generated in renewable system is utilised and then Combined Economic Efficient Emission Dispatch is performed before and after combining a solar-wind system to thermal power system using Genetic Algorithm and burdens have been reduced. In this way, an initiation can be done to swap the primary power generation (thermal) with secondary power systems (renewable).

Keywords: CEEED, renewable, constraints, solar, wind, simulink, optimization, cost, genetic algorithm

INTRODUCTION

India is the fourth largest consumer in the world of Coal, crude Oil and Natural Gas, after USA, China and Russia. Coal contributes over half of India’s primary commercial energy. Coal deposits are mainly confined to eastern and south central parts of the country.

The states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra account for more than 99% of the total coal reserves in the country. Though the share of renewable energy is gradually expected to increase in the coming years, coal is likely to remain India’s most important source of energy for the coming decades. After nationalization of coal mines in 1973, coal production improved significantly. However, in spite of this increase, there is continued shortage of coal and hence imports have been increasing briskly in the last few years. Similarly, though coal mining was opened to captive mining in the early 1990s, here too, production has been well short of expectations [1, 7]. Per capita consumption of electricity of China is 3493 kWh, Brazil is 2286 kWh and US is 11919 kWh, whereas per capita consumption in India

is just 879 kWh. The demand for energy in India is expected to grow rapidly in view of the GDP growth and rapid urbanization.

Renewable energy resources like solar and wind offer clean and economically competitive alternatives to conventional power generation where high wind speed and high solar radiation are available. For meeting the energy demand, PV wind hybrid power generating systems can be beneficial in enhancing the economic and environmental sustainability of renewable energy systems. Growing public concerns over global warming as an impending outcome of greenhouse gas emissions initiated by energy resources based on fossil fuels have encouraged to study cleaner energy options, like PV, biomass, wind, and micro hydro systems for several applications. Thus switching to renewable resources will aid in growing demand and saving in cost of generation represents a

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Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Application of Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Multiobjective Optimal Design of Distribution Transformer H.D. Mehta1,*, Rajesh Patel2

1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, HJD Institute of Technical Education and Research, Kera, Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Abstract

In today’s competitive environment, transformer manufacturers are faced with the exigent task of yielding optimum performance at lowest cost. Considering the aspect of energy shortage and increase in its cost, the complexity of achieving the optimal balance between transformer manufacturing costs and transformer performance is a herculean task, demanding great amount of attempts to reach satisfactory results. To cater with the problem of minimizing transformer losses and cost simultaneously, this paper deals with multiobjective optimization of distribution transformer using binary coded nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The design procedure takes into account three objectives: active part cost, no-load losses and load losses of a distribution transformer. Elitist nondominated sorting and crowding distance are used to obtain pareto optimal solutions. Results indicate the potential of NSGA-II in maintaining diversity among solutions. To enable the decision maker (DM) to make a choice between different pareto-optimal solutions, TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) technique is then suggested for obtaining best compromise solution among nondominated solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on 100 kVA distribution transformer.

Keywords: Multiobjective optimal transformer design, Pareto-optimal solutions, NSGA-II, TOPSIS

INTRODUCTION

Transformer design optimization (TDO) is a herculean task in which design engineers are faced with the difficult task of maximizing the efficiency, while keeping manufacturing costs low. Transformer manufacturers also need to computerize their design as it results in substantial saving of design man hours. The first computerised transformer design was made in 1955 [1]. Amoiralis et al. developed a user friendly transformer design software package, while Jabr minimized the total mass of the transformer using geometric programming [2, 3]. Transformer design optimization using multiple design methodology was demonstrated in reference [4], which considered four objectives: total owning cost, total mass, total losses and cost of materials while constraints were imposed on excitation current, no-load losses, total

losses, percentage impedance and efficiency.

However, in last decade, evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence techniques have become popular for transformer design optimization as they are less likely to get trapped in local optima. Genetic Algorithms (GA’s) have been employed in references [5,6] for minimization of transformer construction and operating cost, while GA’s combined with finite element were dealt in references [7,8] for transformer cost minimization problem.

Hybrid optimal design of a distribution transformer was presented in reference [9] which combined 2-D finite element, genetic algorithm and a deterministic algorithm to find the final solution. Optimal transformer design based on total owning cost using simple genetic algorithm was demonstrated in reference [10], which adopted penalty function approach to process objective function with

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Trends in Electrical Engineering

ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Navigation System for Robots Using Passive RFID with Wireless Feature Changing on ARM7 (LPC2148) Platform Asha Gaikwad*, Nikita Satpute, Prachi Jeevane, Ganesh Lohote Department of Electrical Engineering, G.H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is well known for being easy to use and the features possessed. Mostly it is used for security or authentication purpose as each RFID contains a unique identification code. This unique identification feature can also be used in different ways. The study of other RFID techniques will be helpful for better service and security. The navigation system for robots using RFID is proposed in this paper. The movements of the bots completely depend on the RFID tags which are to be scanned. In addition to this, another feature of changing the duties, which are assigned to the particular RFID’s identification, is also added.

Keywords: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), LPC2148, RFID tags, CC2500 tranreceiver

INTRODUCTION

Now-a-days there is lot of identification techniques or technologies present, such as ibutton, which consists of 64-bit unique identification number coded inside a microchip and it is enclosed inside a stainless steel can. It is very small and portable. This durable and permanent container can be used to carry up-to-date information with a person or object anywhere they go. This device can be virtually placed anywhere because it is rough enough to withstand harsh environments. The limitation of i-button is that it is not wireless.

Without physical connection, it does not work at all. Another technique is biometric system; biometric is the analysis of people’s behavioural and physical characteristics.

The technology is mainly used for identifying and controlling individuals under close observation. In this, there are various classes such as retina identification, finger print etc., which can be used as a unique identification.

But these identification systems have some limitations and that are same as limitations of i-button. It also requires physical connection.

Biometric system is also not a wireless system.

So, that’s the reason we have taken RFID

system [1]. The main advantage of RFID is of two types i.e. active RFID and passive RFID. But, we are here using the passive RFID tags, as we just required an identification code.

Apart from this, RFID can be detected at 5– 10 cm distance from the receiver module which is the main advantage we are going to use it [2].

In this paper, we are discussing about the RFID based navigation system, so, let’s discuss about the functionality of this system [3]. In this, we are mounting a RFID module under the robot’s chassis which will read the RFID passive tags from the floor wherever we are placing them, but the only thing is that all the cards must be in sink so as to detect and perform or follow the navigation task as per the functionality assigned to the cards, e.g. firstly place a forward card just to give a start to robot, so, it starts moving forward, then put a right card exactly in the path of the robot, so as soon as the next card is detected, as it is assigned for right movement, it first moves 900 right and then again starts moving forward [4].

Then put a left card, it will similarly do the functionality as right, it’s just that it will move

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A Study of Cycloconverter Gating Sequence and Control Strategy for Various Conversion Topology Jahid Khan Tuhin*, Md. Foyez Ahmed, Tahmid Shahriar, Rupak Kanti Dhar Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Leading University, Sylhet, Bangladesh Abstract

This paper presents the topology of direct conversion of AC-AC with step down frequency operation. Due to the higher order harmonics, AC conversion always faces difficulty and complex calculation, which affects the output response. Precise controlling and harmonics reduction is much easier using frequency control strategy. In this regards cycloconverter has drawn higher attention in terms of frequency conversion. In this paper, an approach for designing of single phase and three phase cycloconverter is reported. The gating sequence has been designed for desired frequency conversion. Again, the performance of the designed converters is evaluated using Matlab/Simulink software for different types of loads. The rotor speed of induction motor (IM) is observed here as a dynamic AC load. The complete description of the models for the frequency conversion is provided and simulation results for resistive, inductive and motor validate the developed strategy.

Keywords: Cycloconverter, frequency conversion, firing angle, induction motor, harmonics

INTRODUCTION

Induction motor is most preferable AC machine among all other machines in industrial applications due to its low cost and precise control. Several researchers have conducted their research on AC drive and machine control. As a result, rotor current, stator flux and supply voltage control based speed control of IM is well established.

However, nowadays frequency based speed control is more preferable due to its simplicity and accurate controlling. Since, rotor speed of an induction machine is dependent on the stator pole and supply frequency, so cycloconverter is an AC-AC converter introduced to control the speed varying the frequency.

A cycloconverter is a direct-frequency changer that converts AC power at one frequency to AC power at another frequency by AC-AC conversion, without an intermediate conversion link [1–3]. In 1930s, phasecontrolled cycloconverters with gridcontrolled mercury-arc rectifiers were used in Germany to convert 3Φ 50 Hz power to 1Φ 2 163 Hz power for railway traction using universal motors; but the fundamental guideline of this converter was conceived and

patented by Hazeltine in 1926 to construct an alternating voltage wave of lower frequency from successive voltage waves of a higher frequency multiphase AC supply by a switching arrangement [4, 5]. In the late 1950s, after the development of thyristors, the first new cycloconverter application was used in the variable-speed, constant-frequency supply systems for aircraft [6, 7]. Nowadays, cycloconverter are well suited for high-power and low-speed applications, such as reversing rolling mills [8], icebreakers [9], gearless cement mills, mine hoists, ore grinding mills, Scherbius drives, ships drives etc. [10].

Various aspects of the cycloconverter theory and practice were discussed by McMurry [11], Gyugyi and Pelly [12] and Pelly [13] in the 1970s.

This paper, proposes a simple control strategy for speed control of single and three phase IM using cycloconverter. For implementation it used solid state semiconductor devices like as IGBT, MOSFET and SCR as switching element, but IGBT is used mostly for better applications [14, 15]. However, IGBT performance has been taken in consideration in this paper. As it is known that squirrel cage

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ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Multi-Attribute Based Optimal Location of Renewable Energy Sources in Deregulated Power Sector Digambar Singh*, Yog Raj Sood Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India Abstract

Integration of renewable energy into power grid has great importance for the electrical power system. Several methods have been developed to determine the optimal location of renewable energy sources in the power system based on technical and economical aspects. In the present paper, the optimum location of renewable energy sources has been determined by considering social benefit, power loss and pollutant emission. A prominent optimization technique, primaldual interior point method (PDIPM) has been applied for maximizing the social benefit. A multi-attribute approach has been used for optimal location of renewable energy generators by considering various factors like minimizing power loss, and pollutant emission.

Furthermore, the availability of renewal sources like solar and wind has also been considered in this paper for optimal location of renewable generators. This approach is validated on IEEE-5 and IEEE-30 bus systems.

Keywords: Social benefit, pollutant emission, power losses, optimal location of RESs

INTRODUCTION

The renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are the substitute of fossil fuel based power generation. With significant enhancement in technology, the generating cost of electrical power from RESs has been declining for the past few years. Therefore, RESs are expected to bridge the gap between the generation and demand of electrical energy in near future to a considerable extent.

Moreover, the efficiency of the electrical power system can be improved by the optimal location of the renewable energy generators (REGs). Alberto et al. analyzed the optimal use of RESs and energy storage system (ESS) and a multi-period alternating current optimal power flow (AC-OPF) has been implemented [1].

An optimal placement and sizing of the storage supporting transmission and distribution network has been described by Motalleb et al. by using complex-valued neural networks (CVNN) and time domain power flow (TDPF) [2]. Similarly, to minimize the losses, an algorithm for optimal placement of REGs in the presence of dispatchable generation using traditional Big

Bang-Big crunch method is explained by Abdelaziz et al. [3]. Cheng et al. explains a case study of Wang-an Island energy demands and potential of RESs for optimal integration of RESs simulated using the energy PLAN model [4].

However, some research works have not considered the deregulated model of power system [1–4]. Singh et al. proposed a technique for optimal location of RESs using mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) method considering loadability where losses and cost have been explained [5].

In the work of Keane and Malley, a new methodology is developed using linear programming to obtain the optimal allocation of embedded generation [6]. Geev et al. proposes the step controlled primal-dual interior point method to maximize the SB for optimal placement of RESs [7].

Naveen et al. has considered SB according to the maximum rating of wind energy generator at every bus [8]. However, in some papers, minimization of pollutant emission has not been considered [5–8]. Optimal placement of REGs for profit maximization, enhancement in

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ISSN: 2249-4774(online), ISSN: 2321-4260(print) Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Reactive Power Pricing Technique in A Competitive Market 1, 2

S. K. Gupta,1,*, Ratneshwaram Krishnam2, Diksha Gupta3

Department of Electrical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India 3 Department of Computer Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

Abstract

For maintaining voltages of each bus within specific range, proper reactive power support is mandatory. Reactive power is considered as an ancillary service in the restructured electricity market, hence it is price based service and controlled by ISO. Here, a modified optimal power flow (OPF) optimization method is proposed over the bids received from Gencos and to maintain the system security and stability subject to the constraints imposed by different limits such as thermal limits, voltage limits and stability limits. The modified OPF model is used to ensure the system security and the expected payment function (EPF) of generators is considered to develop a bidding framework. Total payment function (TPF) based OPF is taken to clear the pay-as-bid (PAB) market. In the present work, a 24 bus RTS network is used for analysis and demonstration of the results. The system security is preserved even in the worst contingency state.

Keywords: Reactive power pricing, pay-as-bid, ancillary services, contingency analysis, reliability test system, GAMS, reactive power procurement, payment function

INTRODUCTION

In the early 1990s, with the deregulation of the industry, the soaring researchers began to look more seriously at pricing both, real and reactive power in an economically efficient way. The new vehemence on markets for electricity created a new focus on reactive power pricing in the literature: the questions arising were; whether it was important? How it should be done? What would be the resulting prices? The eminent researchers Baughman and Siddiqi presented an early argument that due to the physics of real and reactive power being so closely tied, simultaneous pricing of real and reactive power would be important for the development of electricity markets and that in the presence of voltage constraints, reactive power prices can be extremely high [1]. In 1993, Hogan claimed that because they do not include the effect of reactive power, DC load models are insufficient in determining the real power prices of systems with voltage constraints, and that the price of reactive power is not negligible and does not have a simplistic relationship to real power [2].

Hogan argued that electricity market needs explicitly to include prices for reactive power.

This argument was opposed in 1994 by Kahn and Baldick, who proved that Hogan’s example system was artificially constrained, that one of the generators was not allowed to produce more reactive power when the test system was re-dispatched in a more efficient way, the price of reactive power (in the presence of voltage constraints) dropped again to the fraction of the real power price [3]. It was concluded that with appropriate centralized planning, the cost of providing enough reactive power to a system is negligible, and this need for centralized planning was required for regional transmission groups. After the debate of eminent researchers Hogan-Kahn-Baldick, it was accepted that reactive power management has to be adapted in this new restructured era.

Now in addition to the effecting grid security, reactive power and voltage control also played a part in determining market efficiency [4].

Most of the research that follows focusing on alternative ways to manage and dispatch

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