Bio-tech City

БИОТЕХНОЛОГИИ

БИОЛОГИЯ БЕЗ ГРАНИЦ: РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ ТЕЛА И ПРИРОДЫ

ИНСТИТУТ STRELKA

2015

BIO-TECH CITY

INSTITUTE

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTHCARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

БИОЛОГИЯ БЕЗ ГРАНИЦ Когда мы говорим о будущем, мы немедленно представляем себе футуристический город с беспилотными автомобилями, дронами и даже киборгами. Наряду с этими привычными обзразами, в качестве ключевых отраслей будущего ученые все чаще называют биотехнологии и инновации в области здравоохранения. Сегодня прогресс в развитии биотехнологий практически не заметен в повседневной жизни, а многие наработки в этой области, в том числе полученные нелегально, не продвигаются дальше лабораторных экспериментов. Тем не менее, в последнее десятилетие манипуляции на клеточном уровне не только становятся объектом пристального внимания инвесторов, но и поводом для жарких этических споров. Впервые у ученых появилась возможность успешно изменить генетический код живого организма и трансформировать его параметры, руководствуясь практическими соображениями и желаемым набором функций. В результате этих экспериментов зарождается индустрия совершенно иного порядка: век биотехнологий приходит на смену веку машин. Первые опыты по трансформации и совершенствованию человеческого организма начались много веков назад, и сегодня высокотехнологичные гаджеты вроде Googlе Glass позволяют преодолеть многие ограничения человеческого тела. Как логическое продолжение этого процесса, не так давно в Китае были опубликованы результаты генетических экспериментов над человеческими зародышами, запрещенных на Западе. Очевидно, что подобные вмешательства поднимают множество этических вопросов. Тем не менее, вслед за развитием новых технологий наши взгляды и воззрения также претерпевают изменения. Скажем, если раньше мы относились к людям с ограниченными возможностями скорее с состраданием и сочувствием, то в будущем люди с искуственными органами и конечностями могут превратиться в наших глазах в настоящих супергероев со сверхспособностями. Подобные манипуляции с живыми организмами с особой остротой поднимают, пожалуй, самый глобальный вопрос человечества — имеем ли мы право заниматься проектированием жизни? В данном проекте мы попробовали представить и оценить эффект, который развитие биотехнологий может оказать на здравоохранение. Проект создает техно-утопическое видение будущего, в котором здоровье становится основным продуктом потребления и источником новых типов городской инфраструктуры.

— Даша Пармонова, куратор проекта

1

BIO-TECH CITY When predictions about the future are made, we can easily imagine the city of the future — with driverless cars, drones and even cyborgs. The technologies which are provoking these changes in environment are automation, robotization, and so on.

Yet it is hard to imagine that biotechnology and innovative healthcare are also among those trends. The development of biotech and related sciences are the least visible in daily life. Often, the developments remain as experiments — sometimes illegal — in the laboratory. In the past decade, cell-level manipulations have been not only an area of investment, but also a territory of great debate. We are able to change the DNA structure of other living organisms, to transform them according our will, and through this we are creating totally new industries — the era of machines are changing to the era of biotechnology. But not only are our surroundings changing, we are also changing.

The transformation of the human body has already been launched, as we update or extend our abilities with help of digital gadgets, like Google glasses. Further, at the level of the human embryo, Chinese scientists recently published the results of experiments prohibited in Western countries. Those interventions are raising many ethical questions which we continue to discuss; meanwhile, our opinion is changing together with science and the development of new technologies. In the past we felt compassion or condolence for the people with disabilities, but in the future those people will be the first candidates to become super heroes with enhanced abilities. All this manipulation of living organisms is changing the attitude towards the main question: are we aloud to design life? The project done by the research group on Augmented Biology tries to imagine the influence of new technologies in the field of health care. The format of the project is utopia, where health is the future product, triggering new types of city infrastructure.

— Dasha Paramonova, tutor

2

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

3

The design of life is humanity’s next great mode of invention and transformation.

These new technologies are revolutionising healthcare in particular.

We show how Russia’s dysfunctional health provision will cede to health consumerism on the tide of ‘Augmented Biology’.

4

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Definition of the trend Society and its scientists are manipulating the biological functions of living systems with ever greater precision. Reinventing microorganisms, plants, animals, cells in vitro and the human body in vivo, mankind is designing life as never before.

A section of the human genome. Cheaper sequencing & analysis of DNA from embryonic cells, bacteria, viruses, cancerous cells etc. is behind our exploding knowledge of life.

5

DEFINITION OF THE TREND

This process is happening both on a molecular scale, as with the precision manipulation of DNA1, and on the scale of the human body, as with advances in human prostheses.

‘Augmented Biology’ (AB) is our umbrella term for a range of applied sciences2 designing life at different scales and underwritten by progress in biology as a data science. Of particular interest from a design perspective are two subtrends: əə

YNTHETIC BIOLOGY, often called ‘Genetic S Engineering 2.0’3, covers a spectrum of bioengineering techniques, from introducing tailored genes into organisms to synthesising simple life forms from scratch. Often the goal is to create microorganisms that themselves produce useful molecules.4 As a movement, SynBio aims to apply recognised engineering principles to the design of life, such as As a movement, Synthetic Biology the standardiaims to apply recognised engineer- sation of bioing principles to the design of life logical parts and predictive functional modelling. SynBio prophets speak of designing new organisms the same way you design a chair on CAD.

1

NA can be seen D as the instruction set, or ‘software’ of life

2

ynthetic biology, S biotechnology, bio-informatics, genomics, medical technology, body-transformation and others

3

Succeeding ‘Genetic Engineering 1.0’, a practice perceived as ‘ad hoc’, ‘less engineering than craft’

4

uch as medical S proteins (e.g. anti-malarial drug Artemisinin); high-value molecules (e.g. vanillin or saffron); bio-fuel (in modified algae); or bio-plastics

The standardisation of the screw-thread helped launch the industrial era. Some synthetic biologists argue that standardised biological parts will usher in the biological era in which fossil fuels are sidelined.

6

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

The Ebola virus up close. Can we standardise and predict the chaos of living systems at the level that matters?

7

DEFINITION OF THE TREND

8

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Shells of certain sea creatures are 30,000 times stronger than geological materials made of the same compounds. Could we harness nature’s tricks to make new and exciting materials?

Familiar face of the new bio-mode: a Brazilian plant processes sugar cane to supply bio-reactors.

Once idealistic SynBio firms such as Amaryis and Evolva are pivoting to create high-value molecules for the cosmetics industry.

9

DEFINITION OF THE TREND

əə

UMAN MODIFICATION is the design and H re-design of the human organism. The chimera1 of the future resulting from the proliferation of prostheses, wearables that track and correct, and biologiMankind’s understanding of cally-printed biology is growing, yet as it does we organ implants2 can be seen on realise how much we do not know page 9. Meanwhile, rapidly developing CRISPR technologies are stepping up the precision and affordability of human gene editing in both somatic (non-reproductive) and embryonic cells. In April 2015, a Chinese lab edited the latter, although the attempt to eradicate a gene responsible for a dangerous blood disease was a failure.

The Chinese experiment highlights the danger of the runaway train. Is the engineering approach to life safe? Mankind’s understanding of biology is growing3, yet as it does we realise how much we do not know4. Engineers routinely model and predict the functionality of things they do not fully understand5, however the chaos and mutation inside living cells makes modelling functions at the relevant level a tall order. The common sense answer is to assess the danger and uncertainty, and balance them against the benefits. If you are dying of cancer, you’ll give it a shot. The The ethical question is less ‘should libertarian approach, wherewe do it at all?’ and more ‘what by science ‘just uses are justified?’ gets on and does its thing’, can end up as science doing industry’s thing. The ethical question is less ‘should we do it at all?’6 and more ‘what uses are justified?’ There is an emptiness to the thought of life processes harnessed in industrial bio-vats to meet consumer demand for ‘more, faster, cheaper’.

1

hybrid creature A in Greek mythology; also an organ composed of tissues with different DNA

2

D-printing whole 3 organs is a long way off. However tissue grown from stem-cells is progressing fast

3

e can now W sequence the genome of a single cell; two years ago we could only sequence a representative genome aggregated from a population of cells

4

.g. we understand E very little about how gene expression is regulated or how cells grow

5

e do not fully W understand what happens when a wing keeps a plane in the air, but we can be sure that it will

6

he argument that T gene editing processes are intrinsically ‘unnatural’ is challenged by the fact that many current techniques are known to have occurred in nature; the absorption of genes from one species of bacteria by another was a crucial step in the evolution of life

10

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Growth of body modification (white) and GM (green) set to coincide in the era of Augmented Biology.

11

DEFINITION OF THE TREND

12

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

“What a chimera then is man! What a novelty! What a monster, what a chaos, what a contradiction, what a prodigy! Judge of all things, feeble earthworm, depository of truth, a sink of uncertainty and error, the glory and the shame of the universe.” Blaise Pascal

13

DEFINITION OF THE TREND

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY POTENTIAL

(Rob Carlson, www.synthesis.com / UK Technology Strategy Board / BI Intelligence Estimates) The exponential cheapening of synthesis has almost tracked the cheapening sequencing. Lab technologies are now at an exciting stage of translation to mass markets.

14

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Global Development AB technologies are ever more influential in healthcare, because they provide three things that align with the reform of healthcare systems worldwide. We first look at the pressures causing reform.

HEALTHCARE PROBLEM WORLDWIDE

Total health spending by the societies of developed countries has plateaued c. 11% of GDP.

This dynamic is forcing health payers around the world to correlate their spending more closely with good health outcomes1. Meanwhile, decision-making about therapy increasingly takes into account the wider cost to society of a given condition.

15

For example, the scheme in the UK to reimburse drugs providers depending on the effect of the drug: £40k for every ‘year of life gained’.

1

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Who’s deciding your treatment? Decisions are moving away from doctors, up the chain to organizations with society-wide remits (e.g. NICE in UK, or the international organization ISPOR).

The new treatment calculus favours: 1.

CUSTOMISATION, because less is spent on ineffective treatments1

2.

returning people to NORMAL LIVES (hence work and society)

3.

EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION, since the later treatment begins, the more it costs

1

5% of current 5 medicines (dominated by traditional chemical medicines) do not have the desired effect

2

he cause of a T disease

AB enables (1) and (2) directly, while (3) is part of the picture.

CUSTOMISATION Biopharmaceuticals (biologics) are drugs that use synthetically created variations of natural molecules. They are inherently more targeted than traditional medicines, because they are designed based on bio-informatic analysis of the pathogen2 in the genetic context of the patient, rather than by trial and error.

Greater efficacy and fewer side effects stand behind biopharmaceuticals’ projected growth.

(Deloitte, Global Life Science Sector Report, 2015)

16

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

The more we know about genes, the better we can design medicines to react to their specifics. Cancer medicines can now regulate how malfunctioning cells express their own DNA1. This dynamic explains why the genomic profiling company 23andme2 moved into medicine invention this year.

1

Astonishing HIV drugs use an artificial virus to insert personalised, synthetic DNA into affected cells, which then produce the requisite medicine themselves

2

wner of the O largest repository of genetic data in the world

Customised medicine exists in the context of Personalised Medicine with a big ‘M’ — a society-wide approach to health underpinned by big data.

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRICE TO RISE Smaller niches >> smaller markets >> higher price to pay back drug development cost More extensive clinical trials ($$$) required because drugs are more customised

17

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRICE TO DROP Wave of biosimilars (cheap copy-cat biologics) set to hit market & increase competition c.202016 ‘Rational design’ of drug molecule reduces clinical and pre-clinical trial pipeline: test 500 biologics vs.

10,000 traditional small molecules

16

4% of traditional 8 chemical medicine prescriptions are now filled with off-patent drugs

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Transgenic plants that produce biopharmaceuticals may also lower entry risks for medicine developers who need to make risky initial molecules. Plants are a fraction of the cost of stainless steel bio-reactors.

The US government invested $500m in plant pharming vaccine facilities after a DARPA-run 2013 experiment where tobacco plants grew 10m vaccines in 30 days. Eggs, the current method, take 5 months — too long.

Vaccines can now be stored and delivered in GM potatoes, reducing visits to clinics in the 3rd world.

It is not yet possible to grow a medical potato directly for consumption, due to dosage control issues, but‌

18

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

NORMAL LIVES Prostheses symbolise the inclusion of disabled people into society and the economy. 3D printing is set to reduce the cost of some prosthetics from $100,000 to under $1000, while materials and integration with the nervous system are improving.

Attitudes to prostheses are changing. International TV viewers of the Paralympics increased by 1bn in 2012. Mainstream pop-stars such as Viktoria Modesta are appearing with dazzling prosthetic limbs.

Medical devicAttitudes to prosthesis are es and wearchanging ables are also being used for real-time monitoring and management outside of hospitals, helping sufferers of long-term conditions lead normal lives1. Biologic, ‘disease modifying drugs’ do just that.

From stigmatization to selebration

19

1

I n the USA, 40% of people with one chronic condition now use technology to track their health indicators

RUSSIAN CONDITION

Russian Condition Russia’s state health system is unprepared for the rise in chronic disease. Health in Russia is also desperately unequal: often, if you can’t pay you won’t get access, whatever the law says.

The age-standardized number of years lost through early death or disability due to cardiovascular diseases by country. Meanwhile Russia has the highest standardized mortality rate for cardiovascular disease (deaths per population per year).

20

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Protests in Moscow in 2014 after 28 hospitals and polyclinics were closed. 90,000 staff were sacked over the year nationwide. Salaries have not been raised for workers left behind.

RUSSIAN NEEDS The Ministry of Health talks about ‘optimization’, yet continues to make cuts in real terms without addressing bad management1. Between 2005 and 2013, rural health facilities were reduced by 75% and local health clinics in cities by 65%.

As elsewhere, chronic disease is the biggest contributor to Russia’s poor mortality rate2. The best remedy would be to address root causes, yet Russia does not even have an established monitoring system for the risk factors associated with carBetween 2005 and 2013, rural diovascular diseases, health facilities were reduced by which take 57% of 75% and local health clinics in lives. Late diagnosis cities by 65%. is also a factor in high cancer mortality rates.

Meanwhile, the general inclusion of people with disabilities into society is appalling. 5% of disabled people have work in Russia, vs. 40% in Europe.

RUSSIAN OBSTACLES AB potentials could address Russian needs. Yet this will not be a Silicon Valley story.

21

1

he budget for T 2015-17 cuts healthcare and associated social services by 23%.

2

he likelihood of T dying between 15 and 60 for Russian men was 36.7% in 2010 — narrowly below South Sudan, at 37%.

RUSSIAN CONDITION

Leading Russian bio-informaticist Mikhail Gelfand, shared his pessimistic outlook. “Lysenko killed Russian biology and it never recovered,” he added.

əə

I NNOVATION: non-transparency, anti-competitive practices and poor property rights hinder innovation and its commercialization in Russia.

These cumulative elements of uncertainty make investment especially unattractive in bio-tech, a risky area which can take 10–15 years to pay back. The government is thus the only big investor. State initiatives to nurture innovation exist, but are often Poor logistics is one reason for the ill-considered.

For example, almost total absence of wet-labs, the governwhich cannot wait six months for a ment partnersample to pass through customs. ship scheme intended to encourage early investment does not, because it is unfair and too bureaucratic1. Poor logistics is one reason for the almost total absence of wetlabs, which cannot wait six months for a sample to pass through customs. AB now requires slick interdisciplinary cooperation and the logistics to support it. əə

1

Specifically, it obligates the company receiving investment to buy through the state procurement framework and gives the government disproportionate ownership of any resultant IP.

EALTHCARE: the medical profession is resistant H to change, in particular to collaboration with the bio-informatics sector. This is linked to the dete-

22

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Dinastiya was one of the principle sources of support for young scientific researchers in Russia. In May 2015, the fund was labeled a ‘foreign agent’ and closed in response by its benefactor Dmitry Zimin.

rioration of medical education since Soviet times.

The latest medical papers are published in English, which the majority of professional medics cannot read. əə

23

ULTURE: there is widespread negligence of perC sonal health, epitomised in the phrase ‘It’ll pass on its own!’ A low level of medical awareness1 and low trust in state doctors’ diagnoses compounds this.

Russia’s occult business (including healing) was estimated at $30bn for 2014.

1

RUSSIAN TRAJECTORIES

Russian Trajectories Both individuals and more value-sensitive private healthcare will exploit AB potentials for better outcomes at lower overall cost.

Thus Russia will see a positive shift from health provision to health consumerism.

Moreover, AB technologies can be developed at home.

HEALTHCARE The Ministry of Health’s Zdorovie strategy, which includes the reintroduction of compulsory check-ups (dispanserizatsia) for early diagnosis and risk-profiling, sounds wise but is poorly implemented1. Poor management (e.g. sacking or overloading the most capable doctors) will condemn the state system to a slow death; some official statements make this sound intentional.

Meanwhile the private sector, inclined to deploy AB methods for customization and early diagnosis, is growing2.

As access worsens, the less well-off will become more proactive towards their own health. Russians frequently visit the pharmacy — often in cases that merit visiting

1

Mass falsifications were exposed by gazeta.ru in 2013.

2

I n 1995, 24% of health provision was paid privately; in 2011, this was 40%.

24

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

One of three health pamphlets placed by different private medicine distributors in the hall of Moscow apartment block. This issue covers healthcare reform and focuses on chronic disease sufferers, asking ‘where can people who need regular treatment turn?’. The answer: to DIY physiotherapy equipment sold by the publisher.

the doctor1 — and buy 72% of their medicines privately2.

In a world of customised drugs, this cultural specific will become an advantage.

1

here is one pharT macy for every 2,000 people in Russia, vs for every 4,500 in UK or for every 9,000 in US. Dietary supplements (preventative drugs) are now 15% of the drug market.

2

uropean governE ments reimburse 60-75% of drug spend.

3

ussia’s 3D R Bio-printing Solutions announced the first ever 3D printed thyroid gland. W.E.A.S. Robotics make cutting edge prosthesis in St. Petersburg, PLAPROVA is an international scheme for growing medicines in plants with Russian participation. The previous military bio-war lab Vector is a leader in immunology.

INNOVATION Thanks to a strong mathematical base, the Russian bio-informatics industry is among the best in the world and its professors are frequently cited in research literature. Some see bio-informatics as a mere service industry for experimental biology abroad (‘the real deal’). Yet virtually no medical innovation today is made without this analysis. Creation of a domestic wet-lab industry would provide the internal demand needed for Russian bio-informatics to flower. The opening (tba in July) of a biotechnologies workspace and educational hub in central Moscow is one initiative to consolidate innovation and talent. Such a hub could lobby for alterations to weak legislation. A sprinkling of exciting companies gives hope, and garners publicity3. With incremental improvements to regulations, which there have been alongside the bad news, progress can be made.

In pharma, the political situation may help in an unintended way. Russia, seeking national medicine security, 25

RUSSIAN TRAJECTORIES

has set an ambitious agenda to bring drug manufacture home1, banning imported drugs for the hospital sector.

Many foreign companies, Creation of a domestic wet-lab industry would provide the internal loath to abandemand needed for Russian bio-in- don a growing market, are formatics to flower. moving production to Russia and partnering with Russian companies to achieve domestic status.2 This brings expertise.

Technologies can be imported, but the presence of AB innovation in Russia will coax healthcare in the direction of data-science, slowly dissolving conservatism in the medical profession.

1

he ‘Pharma2020’ T and ‘Strategies of Innovational Development 2020’ schemes aim for 50% of overall medicine production and 90% of strategic medicine production to be domestic by 2020.

2

.g. in April the E Russo-American joint venture NovaMedica opened a large plant for insulin production in Kaluga.

The presence of AB innovation in Russia will coax healthcare in the direction of data-science, slowly dissolving conservatism in the medical profession.

Geek Picnic Festival, Moscow. June, 2015. Theme: ‘Man-Machine’. ‘Cyborgs’ (people with prostheses) trod the stage as stars and were received as such by record crowds.

26

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

HEALTH MALLS AB health consumerism will replace health provision for reasons of cost.

The state healthcare system will not allow itself to disappear and will begin to marshal the private sector and the health internet, a powerful political resource.

AB health consumer products will be distributed in state-sponsored centralized malls, uniting AB analysis, production and retail under a single roof. Another reason for locating the new national priority in malls is their importance as social spaces, especially in winter.

27

RUSSIAN TRAJECTORIES

The Babylon Health Mall in Ekaterinburg will become the flagship mall outside of Moscow due to local bio-informatics.

28

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Trajectories and intuitions for Russia’s health future.

29

RUSSIAN TRAJECTORIES

30

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Future Settlement 24th June 2065. Ekaterinburg. Day in the life of Viktoria, 73

Today I woke to a gentle pink glow from my tattoo. When I first got it, the glow freaked me out. You felt 100% — the symptoms hadn’t hit yet — so it was weird to get med-food recommendations. But soon it was my best friend, even when it glowed dark red (for serious threats).

I got used to never feeling ill, never having flu. It’s fantastic for being on form at work; in fact, if you want a serious job these days you have to get a health tattoo. The official company ones can be neat, but the private ones are much sexier. Depends what insurance you can afford.

For those who can...!

I sat up in bed and opened my personal interface in the air with my thumb and forefinger, quickly checked my airmails, then opened my HART health passport (connected to the tattoo, that’s HART as well). ‘Recommendations for a long day! Stress levels detected — three med-berries, one HART potato. De-stress make-up — prescribed.’

Well, I wasn’t feeling stressed… but HART knows best!

31

FUTURE SETTLEMENT

My brother got a super-customized tattoo, because he has cancer. Cancer is a way of life now, not an ‘illness’ — it’s very common.

32

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

HART lets you get stressed — that’s healthy — but it always interrupts, makes sure it doesn’t go on too long.

Checking my health passport isn’t as addictive as it used to be. It’s a passive thing now — I just relax, unless my tattoo glows.

I decided to go to the Babylon Mall for the med-food and make-up after work. I could visit during the working day, because I opted to sync my HART to the work database (I suspect the State share it all with your employer anyway). But there’s the Enhanced Games at Babylon tonight, and it’s going to be stunning. I bought my prosthetic leg at last year’s Games, and it already looks out of date! Trends are coming back to organic this year, judging by the modified jellyfish Sophia has for healing cuts. She gets access to all the latest AB through her job at Babylon Pharming Labs. Andrei works in the data-centre and he looks so drab. Bio-informatics was impressive twenty years ago, Andrei! Now they shove it down your throat in school. Still, state jobs pay the best.

I must avoid Andrei tonight. He’s been earning extra money harvesting warts for the donor agency and keeps asking me out to that swish living food restaurant. It’s beautifully done, but it makes me uneasy. I’d much rather stay healthy without spending a fortune and cook up some HART potatoes at home.

33

FUTURE SETTLEMENT

Me with anti-stress make-up! Microbial moss to fight sad thoughts :)

34

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

Sophia cut herself very badly, and they gave her a special transgenic frog-spawn to heal it.

35

FUTURE SETTLEMENT

It peels off automatically after a few hours, then you eat it — it’s a customized boost for your microbiome.

36

EXPERTS

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY DIRECTORS Anastasia Smirnova, David Erixon TUTOR Dasha Paramonova STUDENTS Varvara Nazarova, architect and urban planner, Ekaterinburg; Thomas Clark, linguist, London; Egor Orlov, speculative architect, Moscow EXTERNAL EXPERTS Mikhail Gelfand, vice director for science at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor at the Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics at the Moscow State University; Mikhail Burtsev, PhD in physical and mathematical sciences, Director of the Laboratory of Neurointellect and Neuromorphic systems at the ‘Kurchatov Institute ‘National Research Centre ; Pavel Fedorov, Partner at Future Biotech school, Regional Manager Russia, Balkans and CIS at EVER Neuro Pharma; Daria Parkhomenko, Founding Director/Curator at LABORATORIA Art&Science Space; Darya Makarova, CRA at Cromos Pharma, applicant for PhD degree of Biological Sciences at the Federal Government Agency Gerontological Research and Clinical Center; Professor Julian K-C. Ma, Director, Institute for Infection and Immunity; Professor Ed Rybicki, Director, Biopharming Research Unit, Academic Liaison, Research Portal Project, University of Cape Town; Dr. Lia Ali, Psychiatrist at NHS Maudley, tutor at the King’s Health Partner’s IMPARTS project (UK); Anna Shmelkova, PhD applicant, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Ivan Konstantinov, Director at Visual Science; Yura Stefanov, Science consultant at Visual Science, Scientist at the Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences; Ronald Bailey, AUTH, 37

Liberation Biology, science correspondent at Reason Magazine; Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg, applicant PhD by practice, The Dream of Better at Royal College of Art, MA at Royal College of Art, Design Fellow on Synthetic Aesthetics international project, lead AUTH, Investigating Synthetic Biology’s Designs on Nature; Marco Poletto, Co-founder ecoLogicStudio (London)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

KEY RESOURCES FOR THE RESEARCH BURTON, M. (2006) The Race (art project), RCA..

CARLSON, R.H. (2011) Biology is Technology: The Promise, Peril and New Business of Engineering Life, Harvard University Press.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013), Commission Staff Working Document/Use of -omics technologies in the development of personalised medicine, http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/ latest_news/2013-10_personalised_medicine_ en.pdf

CASE-LO, C. (2014) Zmapp and the ‘Growing’ Future of Plant-Made Medicines, Healthline, http://www.healthline.com/health-news/ zmapp-and-plant-made-medicines-082614#5.

FEDOROV, P. (2014), Osnovnye trendy i perspektivy napravleniya innovatsionnogo razvitiya v biomeditsinskikh tekhnologiyax, not publically available.

CHURCH, G., REGIS, E. (2012) Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves, Basic Books.

FERRY, D. (2015), The Promises and Perils of Synthetic Biology, Newsweek, http://www. newsweek.com/2015/03/20/promises-and-perils-synthetic-biology-312849.html

COLLINS J.J., EWEN CAMERON, D., BASHOR, J. (2014) A brief history of synthetic biology, Nature Reviews|Microbiology, VOLUME 12 |MAY 2014, Macmillan.

CONGDON, A., Assorted art projects, inc.

BIOLOGICAL ATELIER : AW 2082 ‘BIO NOUVEAU’ COLLECTION, Data Hungry Skin, Grow Your Own, projects with Nissan, Microsoft.

CYRANOSKI, D., REARDON, S. (2015), Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos, Nature, http://www.nature.com/ news/chinese-scientists-genetically-modify-human-embryos-1.17378 DELOITTE, 2015 Global life sciences outlook (2014) DELOITTE, Development trends and practical aspects of the Russian pharmaceutical industry – 2014 (2014) EPPLE, N., GROZOVSKY, B., APTEKAR, P. (2015), Russian Health Care Is Dying a Slow Death, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/russian-health-care-is-dying-a-slowdeath/519253.html EUROBIOFORUM (live resource), Forum for research funders and performers in Personalised Medicine, http://www.eurobioforum.eu/

GELFAND, M. (2015), Closing Dynasty Will Damage Russia, The Moscow Times, http:// www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/closing-dynasty-will-damage-russia/522397.html GINSBERG, D.A., CALVERT J., SCHYFTER, P., ELFICK, A. AND ENDY, D. (2014), Synthetic Aesthetics: Investigating Synthetic Biology’s Designs on Nature, MIT Press.

HERPER, M. (2015), IBM Announces Deals With Apple, Johnson And Johnson, And Medtronic In Bid To Transform Health Care, Forbes (Pharma and Healthcare), http://www.forbes.com/sites/ matthewherper/2015/04/13/ibm-announces-deals-with-apple-johnson-johnson-andmedtronic-in-bid-to-transform-health-care/ HERPER, M. (2015), In Big Shift, 23andMe Will Invent Drugs Using Customer Data, Forbes (Pharma and Healthcare), http://www.forbes. com/sites/matthewherper/2015/03/12/23andme-enters-the-drug-business-just-as-applechanges-it/ KASLOW, D. (2014), A new era for malaria treatment, Path, http://www.path.org/ blog/2014/08/ssart-malaria-treatment/ KIM, M. (2014), Living food (video), RCA, https://vimeo.com/69242107 38

AUGMENTED BIOLOGY: A NEW MODE FOR HEALTH CARE AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT

KORZHOVA, V. (2013), “Omiki” — epokha bol’shoi biologii, biomolecula.ru/content/1387 KUZMIN D., KUKUSHKIN Y. (2013), Global’nye trendy v biofarmatsevticheskix tekhnologiyax, RVC KUZNETZOV, E. (2015), Tsivilizatsia zavtra, Kot Shrodingera, kot.sh/statya/104/civilizaciya-zavtra LEON, D. (2014), The challenge of cardiovascular disease in Russia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, http://www.arcticfrontiers. com/downloads/arctic-frontiers-2014/conference-presentations-3/friday-24-january-2014/ part-i-live-work-and-stay-healthy-in-the-arctic3/589-01-david-leon/file MILLMAN, J. (2015), The coming revolution in much cheaper life-saving drugs, The Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/01/16/the-coming-revolutionin-much-cheaper-life-saving-drugs.

NELSON, R. (2014), Cancer Deaths in Russia Greatly Exceed Those in US and Europe, http:// www.medscape.com/viewarticle/824151.

OLSON, P. (2014), Wearable tech is plugging into health insurance, Forbes (Tech), http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/06/19/wearable-tech-health-insurance/ PESCE, M. (2014), Doctor Watson will see you now, The Drum, http://www.abc.net.au/ news/2014-06-05/pesce-doctor-watson-willsee-you-now/5496574 PETRUKHIN, I., LUNINA, E., (2012), Cardiovascular disease risk factors and mortality in Russia: challenges and barriers, Public Health Reviews, 2012, http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/upload/pdf_files/10/00_Petrukhin.pdf URNOV, F. (2014), Znaki sud’by, geneticheskii test, Interview Russia, http://www.interviewrussia.ru/life/znaki-sudby-geneticheskiy-test

39

VENTER, J.C. (2013), Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life, Viking Penguin.

WELTERS, G., Behind the Silence, http://www. gordonwelters.com/portfolio/photography/behind-the-silence/ WILSON CENTER (ongoing), SynBioProject, assorted reports, www.synbioproject.org/publications/ YOUNG, S. (2015), Genome Surgery, MIT Technology Review, http://www.technologyreview. com/review/524451/genome-surgery/#comments ZAVYALOVA, V. (2014), Genetic mass market grows fast in Russia, RBTH, http://rbth.com/ science_and_tech/2014/09/12/genetic_mass_ market_grows_fast_in_russia_39743.html

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, we would like to thank our tutor Dasha Paramonova for sharing our excitement about the Augmented Biology project and for the long hours she dedicated to helping us improve our work. It was a great experience working with her. We are grateful to the tutors of other groups – Brendan McGetrick, Nicholas Moore and Kuba Snopek – for consulting with us despite their many other commitments and for their perspective-changing advice.

We were newcomers to a complex topic, and would have remained lost without the patience of our external experts.

Simplifying and explaining complex issues. Especially generous with their time were Ivan and Yura from Visual Science, Mikhail Gelfand and his former pupil Pavel Fedorov, and Daria Parkhomenko who showed us around her LABORATORIA Art&Science Space and infected us with enthusiasm for science-art – sadly towards the end of our project.

Thank you to the many friends whose brains we picked for biology and computer science expertise.

Our Augmented Biology photoshoot for the Future Settlement section would not have been possible without our make-up artist, Veronika Mironova, our photographer Ivan Erofeev, and our patient models Sofia Minasyan, Natasha Shavkunova and Alexei Karlinsky.

Finally, we were inspired by the mission of Viktoria Modesta to transform attitudes to disability and by the work of Daisy Ginsberg, Lucy McRae and Bart Hess, whose explorations of the future are at once attempts to influence it.

40