The Student Body Spring 2016 by Student Body Magazine

the student body may 2016

m a g a z i n e

FACT or MYTH?

carb depletion = weight loss

How to pull the

most effective All nighter

plastic surgery culture Living under the knife in South Korea

cornell undergraduate healthcare publication

Table of Contents 2 3 5 7

THE BODY CLOCK

A WORLD DELIBERATELY HIDDEN FROM US HOW TO PULL AN ALL-NIGHTER (THE RIGHT WAY)

SINISTER SPICES

9 11 12 13

PLASTIC SURGERY CULTURE IN SOUTH KOREA

AGE OLD MYTH: CARB DEPLETION FOR WEIGHT LOSS

HACKING HAPPY CRISPR-CAS9: IS IT WORTH THE HYPE?

k c o l c y d o b e th

BY ESTHER CHEN

YOU HAVE ALWAYS HEARD

that you should aim for seven or eight hours of sleep every night. But did you know that not all eight hours are created equal? This is because your body follows the timing of an internal body clock that regulates the repair and cleansing cycle of the organs in your body. According to a blogger on Doctor Oz's webpage, "Timing your sleep is like timing an investment in the stock market - it doesn't matter how much you invest, it matters when you invest." As college students, it is easy for us to think that we can sleep at 3am and catch a few naps here and there throughout the day in between or after classes. During breaks when we have no classes, it is even easier to fall into the cycle of going to sleep at 4 or 5am after hours and hours of Netflix and wake up at 3pm. It still all adds up to a decent amount of sleep, right? Wrong. The best hour to be asleep by is 11pm. By 11pm, your body has already begun its regeneration cycle, or at least it is attempting to, whether or not you allow it. Between 10pm to 2am, melatonin production increases, eventually

peaking at a time that marks the point of deepest rest and the start of the internal cleansing process. Following the built-in body clock, 11pm to 1am is the restoration and cleansing period for the gallbladder trailed by the repair period for the liver from 1am to 3am, allowing toxins and waste to be processed and removed from the blood and body. The lung's scheduled cleansing time spans from 3am to 5am. Those with a cough may notice that coughing fits tend to occur during this time frame because the lungs are trying to heal and repair themselves. The large intestines takes its turn from 5am to 7am, which explains why it is most healthy to drink plenty of water and have daily bowel movements in the early morning. All of these night processes require sleep and rest in order perform and repair the body optimally. This is why sleeping at 3am and waking up at 11am is not comparable to sleeping at 11pm and waking up at 7am. By the time you go to bed at 3am, your body would have already gone through two different cleansing cycles, though you did not allow the cleansing to work effectively

and to its full capacity because your body was not resting like it was supposed to be. You may be wondering about the rest of the body clock that operates during the day. The stomach's repair hours are scheduled between 7am and 9am, the spleen's from 9am to 11am, the heart's from 11am to 1pm (70% of heart attacks occur during this time), the small intestine's from 1pm to 3pm, the bladder's from 3pm to 5pm, the kidney's from 5pm to 7pm, the pancreas' from 7pm to 9pm, and blood vessels and arteries' from 9pm to 11pm. All the cycles are connected. When one organ is being cleansed, its 12-hour complementary organ is at its lowest point in functionality. The body clock allows the various parts of the body to constantly repair, cleanse, and maintain itself daily. Disrupting this body clock by not sleeping in line with it prevents the body from fully restoring itself, which is why it is important to pay attention not only to how much we sleep, but when we sleep as well.

A World Deliberately Hidden From Us BY ELLA NONNI

here is a common misconception that obesity is a personal failing, a lack of personal responsibility. All efforts to combat the obesity epidemic have targeted the individual, attempting to motivate and educate people to lose weight. Policy makers talk of improving school lunches, businesses sponsor incentivizing weight loss programs for their employees, the USDA puts out a new “food pyramid” every couple of years, and pharmaceutical companies scramble to create the next weight loss drug. But obesity is a recent development in our long history as humans. In 1980, for example, there were zero recorded cases of Type II diabetes among adolescents, but in 2010, there were 57,638.

Between 1980 and 2000, fitness club memberships doubled, yet during the same period, obesity rates doubled as well. Clearly it is not a failing of personal responsibility. Radical changes in the way our food is made began with the first fast food restaurant, McDonalds, which catalyzed the shift from small, familyowned farms, to large factory farms and Consolidated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). The advancement of food science technology has allowed large corporations to dial in the exact amount of salt, sugar and fat in their products needed to keep us continually coming back for more. As Michael Moss, an investigative reporter for the New York Times, reflected in his article “The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food” — “It’s not just a matter of poor willpower on the part

of the consumer and a givethe- people-what-they-want attitude on the part of the food manufacturers. What I found, over four years of research and reporting, was a conscious effort — taking place in labs and marketing meetings and grocery-store aisles — to get people hooked on foods that are convenient and inexpensive,” according to Moss. America’s food companies hire teams of food scientists, marketing experts and psychologists (“product optimizers”), to discern the recipes for the most physically and psychologically addicting products. They study everything from “the body’s fragile controls on overeating, to the hidden power of some processed foods to make people feel hungrier still,” according to Moss. Phrases like “bliss point,” “sensory- specific satiety” and “mouth feel” are technical terms used by food scientists to describe how we sense and © The Student Body 2016

appreciate food—and how to get us to eat more of it. Take the Cheeto for example. It showcases a quality called “vanishing caloric density,” which refers to the food’s “uncanny ability to melt in the mouth,” according to Moss. When something melts in your mouth, “your brain thinks that there’s no calories in it... you can just keep eating it forever.” In Food, Inc., Michael Pollan continues to explain: The industry blames obesity on a crisis of personal responsibility. But when you’re engineering foods, you’re pressing our evolutionary buttons. The fact is we’re hard-wired to go for three tastes: salt, fat and sugar. These things are very rare in nature. Now sugar is available 24/7, in tremendous quantities; we’re eating hundreds of pounds of the stuff a year. In 1977, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) put out its first set of dietary guidelines in what was called the McGovern Report. It recommended we eat less saturated fat, fatty meats,

cholesterol and sugar. The overall message to the public was “eat less fat,” so in response, food companies

created “low fat” and “reduced fat” formulations of all of their products. The “healthier” formulations gave consumers a moral pass to eat more; however, most consumers failed to notice that the fat had been replaced by sugar. processed food industry who “have an interest in purchasing corn [and wheat and soy] below the cost of production.” The USDA that is telling us to limit the consumption of sugary drinks is the same organization that has supplied $8.1 billion in subsidies for corn-based sweeteners since 1995. “We’ve skewed our food system to the bad calories, and it’s not an accident. The reason that those calories are cheaper, is because those are the ones that are heavily subsidized.” Income level is now one of the biggest predictors of obesity. “Why is it that you can buy a double cheeseburger at McDonalds for 99 cents, and you can’t even get a head of broccoli for 99 cents?” Twothirds of the country is now overweight or obese (the numbers are higher among minorities), 75% of the nation’s healthcare costs are due to metabolic syndrome, and for the first time in world history, more people will die from the effects of obesity than from starvation. The food industry has us convinced it is just calories in and calories out, and that we need to exercise more, not change our food; but by following such advice, we are listening to the ones whose success depends on the expanding waistlines of their consumers.

“WHEN SOMETHING MELTS IN YOUR MOUTH, YOUR BRAIN THINKS THAT THERE’S NO CALORIES IN IT...” Of the 600,000 food items in America today, 80% of them contain added sugar. Indeed, between 1977 and 2000, Americans doubled their daily intake of sugar. Yoplait yogurt, for example, now has twice the amount of sugar per serving as Lucky Charms, “and yet, because of yogurt’s welltended image as a wholesome snack,” Yoplait has flown off the shelves, with annual revenue over $500 million. The USDA, which is responsible for our dietary health, is also responsible for the success of American agriculture, and it has done a better job at the latter. The US government continues to pay for farm subsidies that were started during the Great Depression, because of the intense lobbying and bargaining power of the

HOW TO PULL AN ALL-NIGHTER THE RIGHT WAY

BY Qiuwei Yang

t is common knowledge that pulling an allnighter has negative health benefits. The lack of sleep leads to lower test scores and grades among students. A study conducted by University at Buffalo in 2009 showed that people who get less than 6 hours of sleep a night are more likely to develop impaired fasting glucose, or pre-diabetes. However, due to busy schedules, heavy workloads, and looming deadlines, sometimes pulling an allnighter becomes an inevitable part of life. Luckily, there is a method to staying up that lets you be more productive so that losing sleep doesn’t have to be a constant issue. Before pulling an all-nighter, make sure your workspace is conducive to studying. According to Dr. Joëlle Adrien of INSERM in Paris, blue-tinted light, such as a blue-LED light or light from electronic devices, cor-

responds to greater alertness and will do more to keep you awake than yellow light. However, it is important to keep in mind that while blue light can boost alertness, memory, and cognition function, there is also increasing evidence that prolonged exposure may cause retinal damage or lead to pre-diabetes. Additionally, plan out your tasks for the night. Because cognitive ability diminishes as the night progresses, it is more effective to start with the work that is more mentally challenging and leave the more routine tasks or easier material for later on. Finally, maintaining a good sleeping routine can help the body cope with an all-nighter (although if the work has piled up so much that an all-nighter becomes necessary, it’s probably very likely that you’re already lacking some sleep).

mid-afternoon

If you have time, take a quick nap. According to Dr. Charles Czeisler of Harvard Medical School, taking a mid-afternoon nap will decrease the drop in performance that normally occurs after extended periods of work.

evening

Grab a meal rich in protein the evening before you plan to pull an all-nighter, since amino acids help keep you alert. Try to avoid a lot of carbohydrates, since they can make you feel tired and sleepy.

midnight

At this time, body temperature will begin to dip due to circadian rhythms. Instead of turning up the heat, which could make some people drowsy (and which some people aren’t able to do), it’s helpful to have a sweater or a fleece nearby to throw on. Chugging caffeinated beverages at this time might make you antsy and anxious, so it may be more helpful to grab a light, healthy snack, such as some nuts and seeds, yogurt, or fruits and vegetables. Additionally, exercise, such as going for a short walk or doing a few jumping jacks, can help you feel more awake and energized.

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“sometimes pulling an all-nighter becomes an inevitable part of life” early morning

If you haven’t grabbed a jacket by now, it might be beneficial to put one on, as our body temperature is at its lowest at around 3 to 4 am. If you have a couple hours to spare, take a quick 90-minute nap, which is enough time for your body to go through one full sleep cycle. It will help you get through the day post all-nighter.

sunrise

If you’re finished with your work and it’s not winter, take some time to head out and enjoy the sunrise, which is definitely a perk of being an early riser (or, alternatively, a late sleeper). Grab a light, high-protein, low-fat breakfast – think egg whites, beans, fat-free yogurt, and vegetables. If you have a morning exam, take some time to exercise and shower. It will definitely help wake you up.

post all-nighter

Go ahead and gorge yourself on carbohydrates after everything has been handed in and all the exams have been finished. If you have time during the day, taking a one to two hour nap will be more helpful in getting you back on your normal sleeping schedule than sleeping for the entire day.

And just like that, you’ve pulled an all-nighter (and hopefully finished everything that needed to get done)! Just don’t make a habit out of it.

Over seas and under knives:

Plastic Surgery Culture in South Korea By Etinosa Obanor

In the lovely United States, you can’t quite smell the privilege, but you certainly will be able to hear it. The hot topics range from Kim Kardashian’s next ovulation cycle to the latest celebrity Twitter beef. And in a nation that is so media-centered, public figures get raised onto a pedestal, for the general population to pick apart and compare

“The parents give it to them as a high school graduation gift” ourselves to. This phenomenon especially emerges in regards to aesthetics. All across the age spectrum, there is an ever-present desire for someone else’s features, whether that be Kylie Jenner’s lips or Serena Williams’ physique; Ryan Gosling’s jawline or Chris Hemsworth’s eyes. Luckily, there exists a quick fix for all of our beauty desires: plastic surgery. But if I were to ask how many people have parts about themselves

which they dislike, and then poll how many would be willing to undergo plastic surgery to change that thing, I’m sure the numbers were be staggeringly different. Further, if I were to walk around your average college campus and ask how many think their peers, professors, or family members had gone under the knife, the results would likely be rather low. Now spin the globe to South Korea. Known widely for their diverse cuisine and pop music, the country is increasingly becoming a must-see destination for foreigners. But the area where South Korea really stands out is its obsession with beauty—including the recent wave of surgical alterations to enhance this beauty. Back in America, cosmetic surgery to aesthetically enhance one’s appearance is often thought to be reserved for the wealthy. But in South Korea, the prices are much lower, making it fairly accessible to people of many socioeconomic tiers. But it’s not just the costs that make South Korea reign as the “plastic surgery capital of the world” (the New Yorker reported some measures placing the country with the highest rate of plastic surgery per capita in the world)—it’s the entire culture surrounding reconstructive surgery. I spoke with Clara Lee about this, who provided some insight about the culture of plastic surgery in South Korea. Clara is an undergraduate student at Cornell University, and has lived in both South Korea and the US, routinely traveling between the two countries. She has also been under the knife herself. Clara listed off accounts of many of her friends getting double-eyelid surgery, facelifts, nose jobs—all “casual” events. “A lot of people usually get it after graduating from high school. The parents give it to them as a high school graduation gift. I personally got it [surgery] right after high school too,” she reported. Even more interesting was the depth that this surgery culture reached, even penetrating multiple generations. “For me,” Clara disclosed, “my grandmother got double-eyelid [surgery], my mom got double-eyelid [surgery], so it was very prevalent in the family.” © The Student Body 2016

BEFORE

AFTER Case of double eyelid surgery

(image from ID hospital, Korean plastic surgery clinic)

Additionally, in South Korea, beauty is not only viewed to be a skin-deep aspect, but also as a health marker as well. “He [the surgeon] told me that I needed to get my double-eyelid surgery because of ‘medical reasons’,” Clara told me. “That because I had too much fat on my eyes, I would use a lot of my forehead muscles, so when I grow up I would get wrinkles.” With rhetoric like this, it’s no wonder that surgeons are able to turn out the number of customers—and profits— that they do. While it is cheaper than in the US, it still can cost thousands of dollars for a single procedure. When asked about why South Koreans are okay with paying such high prices just to undergo cosmetic surgery, she simply responded, “Korean people are willing to pay that price—because beauty is such a standardized measurement, and you have to fit into the norm of being beautiful and looking like a K-pop idol.” Another aspect that truly separates how physical insecurities manifest themselves in US and South Korean societies is the rise of movements to increase “self-love” in the west. Many body-positive campaigns have recently risen to prominence, with goals to encourage people to be comfortable in their own skin and, and to shun the idea of a single standard of beauty. But in a mono-racial country like South Korea, there seems to be a desire to converge to one set of ideal features. “In America, I’ve seen a lot of body-positive ads on the internet, and on Facebook,” Clara tells me. “But in Korea, I think the beauty [standard] is very set.” Double-eyelids, small, narrowed faces, big eyes, pale skin, very slim figure—these kinds of features are considered most appealing, and are what drive people by the thousands into plastic surgeon’s offices all throughout the capitol to achieve these looks. But despite having less stringent beauty standards, Clara believes that the western world does play a hand in some of the high beauty

standards in South Korean culture. “There’s a lot of westernization going on in Korea right now, so the standard of beauty has changed a lot. They think, ‘Oh, Scarlett Johansson is really beautiful, Blake Lively is really beautiful, rather than looking at an Asian star and being like, ‘Oh, she’s so beautiful’.” This kind of thinking results in an endless aspiration to achieve looks that are not natural to most Koreans, and in turn foments an ever-growing distaste for those features common to the unaltered population. For Clara, she sees this phenomenon as “contorted.” “I don’t think beauty should be objective, but it’s made objective by the social media,” she said with a hint of frustration in her voice. “The prevalence of plastic surgery in Korea is lowering the self-esteem of a lot of girls, because they feel pressure to get plastic surgery.” This pressure comes from the social and media emphasis on beauty, paired with the increasing rates of cosmetic procedures among Korean people, especially the youth. Although there

Korean celebrities

pre & post-surgery

YU IN-NA ACTRES

G ACTRESS

PARK MIN-YOUN

is no doubt that this plastic surgery obsession strengthens the economy, driving South Koreans to spend money on body-altering procedures and attracting tourists to do the same, it is worth questioning how far such a quest for beauty like this can go before its ugly consequences reveal themselves.

SHEDDING LIGHT ON

sexual assault AT COLLEGE CAMPUSES by Olivia S. Lee

very once in awhile, we wake up to the crime alert’s email reports of rape and sexual assault. We wonder to ourselves how it happened, and often think back on the similar stories of our friends’ friends that happened the other night. Nevertheless, the thought train doesn’t last long. We’re guilty of quickly moving on and going about our days, but those affected by some form of sexual assault carry their afflictions beyond their college lives. In early 2015, the Association of American Universities conducted the first Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct Survey at 27 universities in order to understand students’ attitudes and experiences regarding sexual assault or misconduct. Among those completing the survey were 3,906 Cornell students, 2,345 undergraduates and 1,561 graduates. According to the survey results, half of the Cornell respondents experienced sexual harassment, defined as behaviors that resulted in hostile work, social, or academic environments. In addition, 18% reported that they experienced nonconsensual sexual contact, such as vaginal penetration and sexual touching, without consent or by the use of coercion. However, only about 28% of the respondents knew where or how to file a

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report of sexual assault or misconduct. In response to this alarming campus issue, the Council on Sexual Violence Prevention was created by the Skorton Center for Health Initiatives. The Council, which consists of Cornell faculty and staff members, students, and other community leaders, works to increase support and develop prevention strategies, while providing services to those affected by sexual harassment and assault. The Cornell student body also took action and raised awareness of the issue by creating the Sexual Assault Awareness Week. During the week of April 11th, 2016, the 2nd Annual Sexual Assault Week presented lectures from guest speakers and opportunities to learn about Title IX, a piece of civil rights legislation that condemns sexual harassment and assault at educational institutions. We observed significant campus-wide efforts to increase preventative measures and educate students on available resources. However, this should not be the terminal point for our ambitious initiative. We must push ourselves further to make uncomfortable conversations more acceptable and foster an open, safe environment for both faculty and students. © The Student Body 2013 © The Student Body 2016

we are social creatures. Your body releases different chemicals when you’re around other people (and making the effort to be present with them) than it does when you’re by yourself watching Schindler’s List with a bag of chips in your bed or reading the same sentence out of your finance textbook six times. Your brain is wired to want to be around others for company, survival, and comfort. And when you feel like you’re doing something to help those

too much of your time and energy can wear you down and end up being detrimental to your health as you begin assuming responsibility for others’ happiness and ignoring your own well-being.. The way that you give to the world around you is about as customizable as how you write your signature. You can choose whether you want to spend money or time, or neither, or both. You can write your cousin a letter to thank him for rescuing you from that weird conversation at Thanksgiving or sign up to mentor a student at Ithaca Elementary. You can buy something on an online platform like Litographs, which is promoting literacy by donating a book to an underfunded community with each purchase. Do something that moves you, and before too long it’ll move you to feel better. We all want to get a little more out of life. In the cold, dark dungeon of prelim season (which, let’s be real, is the entire semester), most of us want to get a lot more out of life--not the least a little warmth. But trust me on this: the next time you need some sunshine, try pointing it in someone else’s direction. It’ll bounce back pretty quickly.

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ife can be tough. Cornell is notorious for dark days, long winters, and apocalypseinducing amounts of work. Plus, you forgot to call your parents to tell them that you couldn’t get a bus ticket to go home for break … and that you’d run out of BRBs on your meal plan. When you’re stressed and everyone around you feels the same, it can be hard to keep your spirits up. Feeling happy can start to feel like a luxury you just don’t have this week. Or this month. Luckily for us, we’re biologically built to be able to change all of that. Often feelings of depression and anxiety come from a negative, internal focus. It just so happens that turning your attention back to the people and the world around you has a pretty positive effect on your well-being. Studies have found that those who intentionally give time, money, or even thought to others experience a significant spike in their happiness that lasts for a pretty long time. In fact, even giving a little to others for a short period of time helps to improve our happiness. In a study, two different groups of subjects were given money and advised on how to spend it. Those who were asked to donate their money reported a significantly better mood across the board than those who were told to just keep it. This is partly because

Hacking Happy BY JESSIE WEBER around you, your brain recognizes that you’re contributing to a greater wellbeing than your own and wants to reward you for it. Don’t take my word for it, though—Psych 1101 will tell you the same thing by the end of the semester. There are just a few small catches — you have to believe that you’re actually making an impact on others (or at least trying to), otherwise there’s no biological incentive to feel good about what you’re doing. And it isn’t nearly as effective if you’re not giving of your own volition. Also, there’s a good amount of research to prove that you can, in all seriousness, overdo it. Devoting

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CRISPR -CAS9 What exactly is it, and is it worth the hype? BY HEEJIN CHEON Currently there is an in-

Other gene-editing tech-

undation of scientific papers

have recognized its potential to

nologies, such as zinc finger

and news articles on the feat

carry out efficient recognition

nucleases (ZFN) and transcrip-

achieved by CRISPR gene-

and site-specific cleavage of

tion activator-like effector

editing technology, as well as

DNA in the context of genome

nucleases (TALEN), have been

possible consequences and

editing. The original system has

used in the past, but the

failures that scientists have

been modified to increase its

CRISPR-Cas9 system allows for

seen so far to cure certain

effectiveness not only in genome

modification of two or more

diseases such as HIV . Just

editing, but also to function as

target genes, and is generally

what exactly is this astounding

a general DNA-binding complex

a cheaper and faster way for

CRISPR technology, and can it really leave a dent in human history? CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) is an RNA-mediated DNA targeting system that enables sensitive gene editing in a variety of organisms, including human embryos . It is 2,3

discovery, several scientists

“This will pose a problem for in vivo applications such as human embryo editing, as it will produce a genetic mosaic.”

scientists to induce sitespecific DNA cleavage5. However, CRISPR-Cas9 is not without caveats. It can still induce off-target DNA cleavage - that is, it can cleave DNA in unwanted areas - which might have tremendous consequences with respect to human embryo editing. Additionally, not all targeted cells

paired with a Cas9 protein that

that can serve as a transcrip-

will contain the desired DNA

serves as an endonuclease. It

tional activators. The modified

modifications, so scientists will

was originally derived from

system may also alter the activi-

have to go through rounds of

the ancient defense system of

ties of epigenetic enzymes that

selecting for the desired cells

bacteria and archaea against

regulate how and when a gene

that contain such modifica-

invading DNA elements such

of interest should be inhibited

tions6. This will pose a problem

as viruses. Since its original

or activated4.

for in vivo applications such © The Student Body 2015

CRISPR: CRISPR: clustered as human embryo editing, as it

diseases that were success-

will produce a genetic mosaic.

fully corrected using alternate

There were several attempts

gene editing technologies. For

to cure HIV-1 using CRISPR-

example, clinical scientists suc-

Cas9, but recent findings

cessfully corrected muscular

suggests that HIV-1 is not an

dystrophy in human cells using

easy creature to subdue . The

ZFN, and treated a one-year-

original approach was to equip

old girl with leukemia using

T cells (important in adaptive

TALEN9,10.

immunity) with CRISPR-Cas9

As with other genome-ed-

targeting specific sequences

iting techniques, CRISPR-Cas9

of the virus, so that they can

is under scrutiny by bioethi-

find and cripple the invader.

cists and scientists concerned

However, mutations arose in

about its potential for abuse11.

the virus itself that allowed it

As mentioned earlier, human

to evade identification by the

embryo editing is a major

CRISPR-Cas9 system. This dem-

concern and, unfortunately,

onstrates that CRISPR-Cas9

science progressed rapidly

is perhaps not the godly tool

prior to substantial discus-

that can cure all diseases that

sion on the issue. Nonetheless,

manifest.

we should be careful about

Was there any success with

entertaining any “slippery

CRISPR-Cas9 with any other

slope” arguments regarding

disease conditions? In brief,

the creation of designer babies

yes. Although the research with

and selection for desired genes

HIV does not seem promising,

in humans because the limits

there are a couple of leads in

of this technology are now

other disease sectors, such as

beginning to emerge.

Huntington’s disease8. However, there are also a series of

Clearly, CRISPR-Cas9 is an important tool that has distinct

clustered regularly regularly interspaced interspaced palindromic palindromic repeats repeats benefits compared to other genome editing techniques. Because of its ease of application, not only will it be utilized both for laboratory experimental purposes and treating diseases, but also in material and food production by manipulating biological circuits, as we have done with insulin4. However, we should be wary of its limits as well and not jump to conclusions about its potential applications to the extent that we inadvertently discourage thorough exploration of the technology. Every biological tool has its caveats, and none can solve every problem that we may have. Realizing both the benefits and limitations of CRISPR-Cas9 will serve us well in the long term.

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