ALARMING AIR QUALITY LEVELS IN LUCKNOW LUCKNOW CITY (DEC 2017)
SUMAIRA SIDDIQUI URBAN PLANNER CMMU
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
CITY
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : ALARMING AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : ALARMING AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : ALARMING AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW Lucknow had earned the dubious distinction of being the most polluted city in the country on November 14 and the second-most on November 15 with AQIs of 595 and 658, respectively. The lowest pollution in this month was on 20th Nov with the city's AQI being 238, listing it under 'poor' category. The AQI of Lucknow was 61 units more than that of New Delhi. While the AQI of national capital improved by 6 units, that of state capital worsened by rising 16 units.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
AIR QUALITY INDEX An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. The National Air Quality Index (AQI) was launched in New Delhi on 17th September 2014 under Swach Bharat Abhiyan.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW The pollution was of ‘Severe’ category that affects health of people. According to the AQI data r e l e a s e d b y C e n t r a l Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for 44 cities in India, Lucknow’s air was most polluted on 15th of Nov with PM 2.5 , Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides a s t h e p r o m i n e n t pollutant. The PM2.5 concentration in Lucknow was almost three times higher than the permissible limit
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW 2015
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW 2015
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
2016
LUCKNOW CITY
SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTANTS
1st Dec 2017
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTANTS
SOURCE OF PM2.5
SOURCE OF NO2
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW The graph is representing the average PM2.5 emission in 2015 in Lucknow. The estimate PM2.5 by WHO is 10 while that of Yearly National Standard is 40. And the emission growth is from 90 to 290 which is a sky scraping emission and hazardous to human health.
The data of the pie chart is shown as that on 5th June 2015. The pie chart is demonstrating the PM2.5 of different places of Lucknow URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
TEMPERATURE INVERSION : REASON FOR RISE IN POLLUTION LEVELS IN WINTERS This is a landlocked region, one does not have a coast and does not get the sea breeze. During winter additionally what happens is the Inversion. When the temperature dips, the wind becomes extremely calm and the height to which the wind rises also comes down. As a result what happens is that the air gets trapped very close to the ground level. When the wind also stops, you have the situation that whatever pollution you have in the city gets trapped and builds up. So this is something very typical of winter and something we know will always happen.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
MAJOR SOURCE FOR AIR POLLUTION
60%
From the city
40%
• • • • •
Rising Traffic congestion Road Dust Construction Dust Refuse burning DG sets
Beyond the city
• Emissions from Industries • Domestic biomass burning for cooking • Crop residue Burning
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
REASON OF AIR POLLUTION IN LUCKNOW
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW Rising Traffic Congestion : Over the past decades, the rapid growth in travel has increased traffic congestion,
especially in the major metropolitan areas which leads to significant increase in air pollutants. Current facilities have not kept pace with increased travel demands and private vehicles being mobile in nature pollutes the atmosphere to a larger extent. The gases emitted from the vehicles are Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide, Sulphur Dioxides,Suspended Particulate Matters, Hydrocarbons and Lead.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW Road Dust & Construction Dust: Construction work, be it on public projects or private, seems to be never
ending when it comes to Lucknow making the city dusty and exposing workers on the site and masses to respiratory ills. Dust kicked up by cars along vast and growing road network contributes between a third and 56% of the most harmful pollutants in the city’s atmosphere. The city’s Metro construction sites are also an outsized contributor to the foul air that some lung specialists warn is making Lucknow hazardous, particularly for children and the elderly. In Delhi, The National Green Tribunal announced a fine of Rs.50,000 on improper storage or transportation of construction material. In lucknow the fine is of Rs. 5000.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN LUCKNOW Rapid urbanization on the expenditure of greenery
One of the most important thing found is the increase of the deforestation rate in Lucknow to build the parks, malls and highways which has increased the rate of air pollutant in the atmosphere. The actual forest cover in Lucknow is about 115 square kilometers i.e., less than 5% of total area of Lucknow (2500 sq km) in 2015. It has been revealed that to build the Agra-Lucknow Greenfield Express Highways; more than 27000 tress had been axed. There is a large felling of tress along the Raebareli road to widened the roads to accommodate increasing number of vehicles. Felling of large trees with broad leaves for Metro construction/ widening of roads and other construction activities made it tough for the city to get cleaned by natural filters. 1999
2013
2016
2013
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
COMPARATIVE OF LANDUSE COVER
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
SATELLITE IMAGEOF LUCKNOW CITY 1999
https://landsatlook.usgs.gov URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
SATELLITE IMAGEOF LUCKNOW CITY 2013
https://landsatlook.usgs.gov URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
SATELLITE IMAGEOF LUCKNOW CITY 2016
https://landsatlook.usgs.gov URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTION PLAN
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
EMEGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Reduce Transport Emissions
• Increase in parking charges at all the government parking spaces (except in hospitals and other similar places) in entire city. Heavy penalties on any unauthorized parking. Free public transport based on buses and metros to discourage private vehicle use. • Congestion pricing for all private vehicles. Declare low emission zones (main commercial areas in the city) with no/priced entry for vehicles. Run only registered e-rickshaws/cycles/electric vehicles in the region. • Ban on entry/movement of all 10 year old vehicles (checks and penalties) in the city. Strict enforcement and heavy penalties on violation of speed limits and not having a valid PUC certificate in the city. Stringent traffic management (electronic/manual) with penalties to reduce congestion and time of travel. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
EMEGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Reduce Construction Dust
• Screen All the construction Site and shut down all the activities if required. • Vacuum cleaning of the roads. • Watering of the roads.
Reduce Refuse Burning
• Stop all landfill fires. • Heavy penalties on refuse burning , use of mobile technologies to detect and control. • Provide heated home shelters to the needy in winters Scheme of Shelter For Urban Homeless-national Billion bricks all weather tents in Delhi Urban Livelihood Mission Mentions : ‘Permanent shelters may be built of concrete or durable and weather proof alternate structures, with environmental friendly designs, rain water harvesting, solar heating / lighting facilities etc.’ URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
EMEGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Reduce Power Plant Emissions
• Stop power plants and ensure power from the central grids. • Ensure 24x7 power supply from other grids to prohibit the use of DG sets. Ban the use of DG sets except in emergencies like hospitals.
Reduce Crop Burning
• To avoid burning of agricultural r e s i d u e s , t h e S t a t e / C e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t s s h o u l d b u y t h e agricultural residue from the farmers in advance which can be later used for producing biochar or briquettes to be used as a direct energy source with controls. • Strict enforcement through heavy penalties on agricultural waste burning using satellite based tools detecting fires and mobile based applications in the city. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM -LONG TERM SOLUTIONS
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
AVOID
SHIFT
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
IMPROVE
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
Avoid • Rising Traffic Congestion • Dependability on private vehicles & Increasing ownership of private vehicles
Shift • Congestion pricing for all vehicles • Revenues generated should be used for enhancement of bus based public transport • Shift to electric modes/ bicycles
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
Improve • Intensification of sustainable public transport system
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
Avoid • Vehicular Emission
Shift
Improve
• Cleaner Alternative Fuels : CNG, Diesel retrofits, battery operated vehicles • Gradual phase out of old vehicles • Gradual restrictions on old inter-state buses entering the city
• Timely enforcement of vehicle emission norms in 2020 • Strengthening of PUC system of inspection and management using On-board diagnostics
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
Avoid • Burning of Agriculture residue
Shift
Improve
• Use of technologies to convert agricultural wastes into bio-char and briquettes • A sustainable business model the State/Central governments should buy the agricultural residue from the farmers
• Awareness regarding Air pollution & technologies for Converting of agricultural residue for producing biochar or briquettes
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
Avoid • Eliminate open burning
Shift
Improve
• Scientific management of refuse to recover landfill gases • Heavy penalties on refuse burning use to fund the studies and planning based on scientific evidences
• Landfill Conditions • Conditions of Night shelters /homeless • Awareness regarding refuse burning
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
Avoid
Shift
• Industries emissions
• Cleaner production technologies. • Emission trading scheme for industrial clusters • mandatory installation of tail-pipe controls for SO2 reduction in major coal consuming plants
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
Improve • Cleaner gaseous fuels for industries and other use
LUCKNOW CITY
MEDIUM – LONG TERM SOLUTION STRATEGY
Avoid • Urbanization at the cost of green cover
Shift • Preserve Density and shift to Mixed use • From decentralize planning to more centralized planning with mixed use
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
Improve • Encourage Mixed use wherever absent • Green covers • Use of terrace gardens and green wall
LUCKNOW CITY
REDUCE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
Reduce the resistance to change. Governments need to work towards reducing the resistance to change for the b e t t e r . T a k e a c t i o n s o n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n r o a d m a p . M a j o r awareness campaigns and sensitization to c u t d o w n p e r s o n a l e n e r g y u s e ; a p p r o p r i a t e b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e communication tools must be used.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: AIR POLLUTION
LUCKNOW CITY