CONDITION OF SLUMS
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
LUCKNOW CITY (Dec 2017)
SUMAIRA SIDDIQUI URBAN PLANNER CMMU
DRIVERS OF URBAN DEVLOPEMENT IN A CITY
CITY
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
DRIVERS OF URBAN DEVLOPEMENT IN A CITY
CITY
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : CONDITION OF SLUMS
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : CONDITION OF SLUMS
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CHALLENGE : CONDITION OF SLUMS Mehbullahpur Slum, Lucknow is mentioned in top 10 list of Major slums in the country. Lucknow’s population includes large numbers of poor people, many of who live in slums. 20000 persons living in 22 of the 460 slums in Lucknow city. Many people have migrated to Lucknow from the different part of the nearest district for daily wages.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SLUM POPULATION IN LUCKNOW
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SLUM POPULATION IN LUCKNOW(In Lakhs) 30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Total Slum
1981 9.47 2.85
1991 16.2 6.97
2001 21.85 3.75
2011 28.15 11 Source : Census Of India
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
EXCERPT FROM CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN-2006
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
COMPLEXITY IN DEFINITON OF SLUMS For the first time in Census 2001, slum areas were earmarked across the country, particularly, in cities and towns having population of 50,000 or above in 1991 Census. As per Census of India (2011), Slum is defined as ‘ as residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health. ’
Different Organizations and Slums has different definition for slums.. • UN-Habitat • National Sample Survey Organization • Census of India • World Bank • Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act • Rajiv Awas Yojna
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
TOTAL POPULATIONS & SLUM POPULATION OF LMC -1981 TO 2011 (IN LAKH) 1981
1991
2001
2011
Total Slum Total Slum Total Slum Total Slum population population population population population population population population Census
9.47
2.85
16.19
6.97
21.85
3.75*
28.15
10.97
SUDA @
-
-
-
-
21.85
11.00
28.15
-
DUDA #
-
-
-
-
21.85
6.70
28.15
7.83
Oxfam, Vigyan Foundation
-
-
-
-
21.85
10.18
28.15
11.0
* Based on the definition, estimates of slum population vary, so much so that the Census 2001 originally did not report any slums and then later revised its findings. # DUDA follows the definition as stated in the UP Slum Areas (Improvement & Clearance) Act 1962 @ SUDA/UNCHS do not follow this definition but define poverty in terms of vulnerability as does Oxfam
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
IDENTIFICATION OF SLUMS
Slums
Notified Slums
Recognized Slums
Identified Slums
All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’ may be considered as Notified Slums
All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State, Union territories A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o r L o c a l Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act may be considered as Recognized slums
A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually within adequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Such areas should be identified personally by the Charge Officer and also inspected by an officer nominated by Directorate of Census Operations. This fact must be duly recorded in the charge register. Such areas may be considered as Identified slums
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CLASIFICATION ON BASIS OF TENURE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
LUCKNOW SLUMS As per report of Oxfam in 2005, in the city there are total 787 poor settlements, authorized and unauthorized both. From the survey of Oxfam, it is also found that out of the total squatter settlements of the city about 65 percent are jhopadpatti or unauthorized slums are located in Cis-Gomati region and rest 35 percent are urban village located in trans- Gomti region. With the expansion of city into the surrounding regions peri-urban area has also developed in the city. In this area number of people live on illegally occupied land. They lack of civic amenities. Region-wise these settlements are divided into five regions East, West, North, South and central region.
Region East Number of Wards 10 Number of slum 67 clusters
West 13
North 20
South 18
Central 49
Total 110
87
147
168
318
787
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
LUCKNOW SLUMS(2005)
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
EAST REGION The East region of the city constitutes Indra nagar, Gomti nagar and Cinahat with total 67 slums, divided into 10 wards.
Region East Number of Wards 10 Number of slum 67 clusters
West 13
North 20
South 18
Central 49
Total 110
87
147
168
318
787
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
WEST REGION The West region covers Alamnagar, haidar ganj, Balaji and Rajaji Puram, having 87 slums colonies divided in 13 wards.
Region East Number of Wards 10 Number of slum 67 clusters
West 13
North 20
South 18
Central 49
Total 110
87
147
168
318
787
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NORTH REGION Third is North region, known as the old part of Lucknow city. In this r e g i o n A l i g a n j , Vikasnagar, Kursi road and Sitapur road are situated. This is the north end of the city divided into 20 wards with total 147 slum colonies.
Region East Number of Wards 10 Number of slum 67 clusters
West 13
North 20
South 18
Central 49
Total 110
87
147
168
318
787
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SOUTH REGION Alambagh, Amousi and Telibagh are southern region divided into 18 wards with 168 slum colonies.
Region East Number of Wards 10 Number of slum 67 clusters
West 13
North 20
South 18
Central 49
Total 110
87
147
168
318
787
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CENTRAL REGION Central region covers a major portion of the city such as Chawk, Aminabad and Charbagh. The central region constitutes highest number of 318 slums divided into 49 wards.
Region East Number of Wards 10 Number of slum 67 clusters
West 13
North 20
South 18
Central 49
Total 110
87
147
168
318
787
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
WHY DO SLUMS DEVELOP SLUMS POPULATION GROWTH
Push and pull of migration
Push factors: natural disasters or sustained ecological changes. Pull factors :better job prospects, education, health facilities, or freedom from restrictive social or cultural realities.
Low income from agriculture
agricultural sector highly dependent on weather. fertility sometimes low or declining, land holdings are small, farm debts are high, and many households have become landless. As a result, overall rural incomes are low.
Better job prospects
Urban migration as a survival strategy
u r b a n a r e a s o f f e r i n c r e a s e d j o b opportunities. Urban cultures are often less constrained than those in villages, cities also offer greater prospects of upward social mobility. Rural households split into several groups located in different places—rural areas, small towns, and big cities—in order to diversify their sources of income and be less vulnerable to economic downturns.
GOVERNANCE
Fail to recognize rights of urban poor
No response to quick urbanization
G o v e r n m e n t s o f t e n f a i l t o recognize the rights of the urban poor and incorporate them into u r b a n p l a n n i n g , t h e r e b y contributing to the growth of slum People are coming to cities far faster than the planning process can incorporate them. Often, they find their own land and b u i l d a s h a c k b e f o r e t h e government has a chance to learn of their existence.
Hostile approach toward providing urban services to poor
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
Gov believe that if they provide urban services to the p o o r , i t w i l l a t t r a c t urbanization and cause the slums to grow. The problem with this view is that very few people come to the city for water or services—they come looking for work.
LUCKNOW CITY
REASON FOR MIGRATION From the diagram it can be concluded that from both rural and urban regions majority of people migrated with their household. The people who migrated with households obviously come for better livelihood. The second main reason of migration is the search of employment. Thus, the main reason behind the migration of population from surrounding reason to the city is economic.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CONSEQUENCES OF SLUM • • • •
Unplanned urban growth environmental degradation Increased burden on existing infrastructure. The general problems which are the by-product of certain kind of urbanization characteristic of low income with • shortage of houses, • critical inadequacies in public utilities viz. Power, water, health facilities, sanitation, • deteriorating urban environment, • unemployment, • congestion, • acute poverty
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES WITH SLUM Based on survey of slums residents
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
LAND TENURE As per the Oxfam survey there are 4 categories in which the land tenure status of slums can be categorized. Of the 787 slum clusters identified in the survey, the sub categorization on the basis of land tenure is as follows: • 225 clusters are urban villages where there is security of tenure • 250 clusters are on hatho lands (lands which were given to the dwellers by the erstwhile nawabs against nominal rents). These are mostly seen in the Old City and Hazratganj areas • About 115 clusters are on railway land • About 195 clusters are on lands with multiple ownerships where residents are paying ‘someone’ a monthly rent to be allowed to stay
DUDA identifies 5 categories of land tenure status for slums. Of the total 530 slums, 79% are located on Niji Lands or ‘own land’. These are lands that had originally been handed out by the Nawabs and are today part of the Trust of the royal families.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
HOUSING The data illustrates that in 2005, out of total slum households 38.6 percent houses are pucca followed by 36.20 percent semi-pucca, 13.4 percent houses are kuccha and 9.8 percent are Jhopadi type. These slums dwellers house are made of temporary materials such as straw roofs, mud, earthen floors with cohabitation of various families in single rooms. It is observed that one room shared by six family members. Same room is also used for cooking, sleeping and living. Others 1%
Jhopadi 10% Pucca House 39%
Kutcha 13%
2005
Semi Pucca 37%
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
WATER SOURCE These are sources that are available to a household for water. Around 67 % of community members surveyed use public water taps while 12.8 % have their individual hand pump , 16.8 % use hand pump located at public place. Rest of members use protected & unprotected source for water.
60
48.7 38.8
40 20
2005
6.1
0 Individual tap Community Tap
Others
% of Slum Families
67 %
16.8 % 12.8 % URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
2013 LUCKNOW CITY
QUALITY OF WATER Vast majority of households using water from public tap. 14.93 % of respondent said taste is acceptable while 70.1 % said taste is not acceptable. 5.06 % said smell is acceptable While 5.6 % said non acceptable smell. While, 4.85 % said clear color of water. Thus majority of respondent said taste is not acceptable to them
70.1 %
Due to bad taste, smell and color, majority of users in city felt it was necessary to treat tap water and 45% of users boil water for purification. 83.5% of respondent have storage 14.93 % utensil for water which is covered. UNSAFE
SAFE
5.6 %
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
2013
LUCKNOW CITY
WATER SCARCITY Scarcity were defined as low or lack of water supply lasting five days or longer. 62.13 % respondent said they face scarcity of water in summers & 15.7 % said they face scarcity in monsoon season. At that time, they seem to rely more on protected wells and rainwater and even unprotected sources, including rivers, streams and dug-out wells, presumably because of the Cost implications of buying supplemental water. We can conclude that the problems posed in times of scarcity impose a cost; • either in amounts spent on water, • or in the time spent fetching water from outside the home URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
2013
LUCKNOW CITY
SUPPLY OF WATER AND TIME SPENT IN FETCHING WATER In normal times a large proportion of mains users reported getting water seven days a week. In scarcity times few tap users having consistent level of water supply, It was found 92 % of respondent get water less than 2 hours.
2013
As most of community members face scarcity of water in some months or get less than two hour supply while using public taps for water. So, they have to come out to carry water. But majority of walk about 1 kilo meter to carry water. This is a severe contravention of the Government norm, that ‘water should be available at a 50 m distance.’ Slum dwellers also said that in many cases, private individuals exploit them by selling water at high rates from private tube-wells. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
CARRIER OF WATER It is clear that women are shouldering the burden of water collection. Women from poor families are spending an hour or more a day fetching water in normal times, and even more in scarcity times, they are losing out on wage earning activities, get an education and also suffer from exhaustion. The data shows that the participation of men in water collection increases in scarcity times. It can be assumed that this also has an impact on the wageearning potential of households.
63.43 %
33.6 %
2013
About water collection , top problem households face is long queue. The data shows that that fetching water from outside sources is stressful, cumbersome and unpleasant. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES About 62 % of people in these slums defecate openly. Lack of space and resources like water and finances, and sometimes unwillingness to change habits has resulted poor demand for individual toilets. The majority of slum localities lack sewerage lines and those that exist are not adequate. Survey shows 24% of houses has Private pit type of toilet Under Swachh Bharat Mission, Lucknow aims to be Open Defecation Free till March 2018
Reason for majority of open defecation in these slums is because they do not have space in home to construct a toilet. Surprisingly , only 5 % reasoned lack of money for toilet lacking house. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
WASTE FROM TOILETS It was also seen that only 26% goes to sewer and 65% uses pit for waste disposal
76% percentage of respondents said they have experienced problems with sewerage. Problems that seemed to be the most prevalent were to mosquito breeding by poor sewerage. In terms of usage of public toilets only 18 % were satisfy with cleanliness of public toilets.
61%
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SLUMS CONNECTED TO CITY-WIDE TRUNK SEWERAGE SYSTEM
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
STORM WATER DRAINGE It was also reported that that the drainage system in unauthorized slums is poor. It is either absent or having kutcha drainage system. In authorized slums it is relatively better developed but suffers from poor maintenance. These drains are being blocked by solid waste and plastic packets etc. The Lucknow Nagar Nigam sweepers who come to clean the drains leave the cleared sullage piled on the side of the drain. The piles of sullage further reduce the limited space in the slum. In the slums these open drains are used by children for open defecation, adding to the pollution. Some slums are located near the outlet of storm water drains flowing into the River Gomti. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 72 % of household dispose their rubbish on road. While 22 % said, it is collected by Nagar Nigam. 6 % disposes it off nearby area. Many resort to burning and throwing(15 %) their rubbish in open areas and drains, with the accompanying environmental consequences. Cost of this service may be an issue. One of reason of not regular collection by Nagar Nigam is inability of respondents (74 %) to pay monthly.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
FREQUENCY OF GARBAGE COLLECTION
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
POOR HYGEINE LEVELS Many people living in these slums experience that they practice personal hygiene such as brushing teeth, hand washing , bathing the body although not as frequent as it is desired. From water & sanitation data it is clear that lack of resources, such as water, results in poor hygiene levels; Toilets cannot be washed and there is not enough water to shower in these slums. This experience was shared by participants in focused group discussion.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
POOR HYGEINE LEVELS The lack of basic services, visible and open sewers, the lack of pathways, the uncontrolled dumping of waste and polluted environments, result to unhealthy living and hazardous living conditions. Some Houses are built in locations which are not suitable for a human settlement; such as near waste disposal sites. Due to poor waste management & a poor drainage system along with poor infrastructure increase suffering of these slum dwellers.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SOLUTIONS
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SOLUTIONS • SHORT TERM SOLUTIONS • Re construction of the middle level slums in the same area with proper drainage system and water supply. Community toilets in selected slums. • In-situ integrated development of slums and basic services • Relocation of slums located in dangerous areas
LONG TERM SOLUTIONS • The objective should be to reduce the migration from rural areas • Providing the basic amenities and better opportunities in rural areas • Encouraging agricultural and small scale industries.
• EWS Housing • Night shelters for the destitute • Provision of basic amenities, medical and health care, education to eradicate poverty completely. URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
VARUOUS POLICIES FOR IMPRVEMENT OF SLUMS
Name of Policy
Year Launched
Urban Community Development Program Environmental Improvement Of Urban Slums (EIUS) and Slum Improvement Program (Sip)
1966 1972
Slum Upgradation Program
1974
Urban Basic Services for Poor National Slum Development Program Indira Awas Yojna Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) Valmiki Awas Yojna Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
1976 1996 1996 1997 2001 2005 2011
National Urban Livelihood Mission Having National Mission on Sustainable Habitat Smart City Initiative, Swacch Bharat Mission PMAY-Housing for All by 2022
2011
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
2014 2015 LUCKNOW CITY
SOLUTION IMPLEMNETING AGENCIES
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES IN U.P.
SUDA The State Urban Development Authority (SUDA) is the apex, policy making and monitoring agency for the development of slum areas in the state. SUDA provides overall guidance to the District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) for implementation of community development programs related to housing, water and sanitation for urban poor in Lucknow, with Community Development Societies (1350 in the State,) neighborhood committees (NHCs) (10009 in the state), neighborhood groups (100963 in state for awareness building and community participation. SUDA also executes various government schemes for urban renewal like • the Balmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana, • Integrated Urban Slum Sewerage Plan, • National Slum Development Program, • Golden Jubilee Urban Employment Scheme etc.
DUDA The District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) has been constituted to ensure effective execution of the SUDA undertakings in all the districts of the state. It is primarily responsible for works relating to community development in the respective districts of the state, which includes development of slum communities, construction of community toilets, assistance in construction of household toilets, creation of awareness etc. DUDA also works for the provision of sewers, tube-wells etc. in slum localities. It had initiated a five- year program in 2002 targeting “Slum Free Lucknow” by 2007. This program proposes to utilize funds from the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana, Integrated Urban Slum Sewerage Plan and National Slum Development Programm for improving basic services and housing and related infrastructure in the city slums.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
SLUM REHABILITATION STRATEGY The comprehensive upgrading program is relatively complex and time-consuming because it has more administrative requirements, implicates more stakeholders, and depends on greater community involvement. In order to achieve objectives an imperative slum rehabilitation strategy is necessary depending on the expected outcomes from the findings or analysis of existing slum situation of a city.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
WHY DO ALL SCHEMES PROVIDE LIMITED SOLUTION • Slum Improvement Schemes have been undertaken in our country for since long. However, the emphasis of these schemes has been on provision of basic civic amenities in urban slums and they are only a kind of ‘improvement of existing situation’ in nature. It should focus more on economic upliftment of the residents with more inclusive approach.
• Slum upgrading is not simply about water or drainage or housing. It is about putting into motion the economic, social, institutional and community activities that are needed to turn around downward trends in an area. These activities should be undertaken cooperatively among all parties involved—residents, community groups, businesses as well as local and national authorities if applicable. • There are many agencies and institutions responsible for service delivery in urban areas. Functional overlaps, and fusion of policy, regulatory and operational roles are common, which makes it difficult to hold institutions and individuals accountable. There is limited/no coordination between various agencies especially at the planning stage.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
WHY DO ALL SCHEMES PROVIDE LIMITED SOLUTION • Slum Rehabilitation Scheme fails as new housings are being provided in the faraway areas or city borders, which offer limited or no work . Thus people return to core areas of cities for near to their place of work.
• Local level institutions have limited autonomy given that they are heavily dependent on the state for financial support, and many management decisions are taken at state level. In order to attain development in slums a strong local administration is very essential. • Creation of focal centers for attraction in the form of satellite towns would serve to counteract the push from the rural to the already existing urban centers.
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
A RAY OF HOPE- GOOD PRACTICES
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI- BARAPULLAH NALA-2010
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – CLEARING GARBAGE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI- REMOVAL OF CONSTRUCTION RUBBLE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – CONNECTING HOUSEHOLDS TO SEWER
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – CONNECTING HOUSEHOLDS TO SEWER
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – PLANTATION DRIVE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – IMPROVING FACADE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – PUBLIC SPACE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – IMPROVED FAÇADE WITH PUBLIC SPACE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY
NIZAMUDDIN BASTI – IMPROVED FAÇADE WITH PUBLIC SPACE
URBAN PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES: CONDITION OF SLUMS
LUCKNOW CITY