Surin Tong 2018 MArch 1 SS Portfolio

PORTFOLIO

18 S/S

University of Hong Kong Surin Tong

Reviving Yuen Long Hui

18 S/S The University of Hong Kong Department of Architecture Holger Kehne Studio Dispersion Tong Ka Hei Surin Academic Portfolio

CONTENTS Reviving Yuen Long Hui

06

5 Senses /08

Preliminary Exercise

Site Visit /10 Mapping Yuen Long /12 Location Yuen Long Basic Information Land Use & Urban Density Circulation Pattern Cultural Dispersion

History of Yuen Long /18

Building Typology & Dynamics Development of Yuen Long Town & Changing Location of Yuen Long Hui

Flea Market Analysis /20 Flea Markets in Hong Kong Analysis of Selected Case Studies

Precedents& Concepts /26 Pattern Language Phrase Development Plan Business Model of Flea Markets Types of Activities in Flea Markets

Design /28

Phrase Development Design Sections Physical Models

Appendix /38

Mid-term Review Board Final Review Board

07

Individual Experience Derived From Architecture & Space The 5 senses of human was exploded as they can be derived from experience architecture and thus develop emotions and attachments towards a space and place

Sight

8

5 Senses

Noise

Smell Taste

Touch

9

Site Visit

Photos of the chosen site just next to the Yuen Long West Rail Station and in front of Narm Bin Wai

10

Site Visit

Surrounding landscape that makes the site dynamic

11

as Yuen Long Town and Tin Shui Wai. Two new towns have been developed with in this district. Yuen Long New Town was developed from the traditional market town of Yuen Long Town from the late 1970s. Tin Shui Wai New Town has devel

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once common in the district.

Yuen Long Location Developed in the Song Dynasty and started flourishing in the Ming Dynasty, Yuen Long is one of the oldest and earliest developed district of Hong Kong. Originally swamped with farmlands and fish ponds, Yuen Long now contains the youngest population of Hong Kong with more and more young families moving in to the nearby Kam Tin area. The 5-storey high shophouses developed in early 20th century, the single block residential towers developed in the 1960s together with the new high-rise 40-storey residential-commercial complex developed in recent years have created dynamics in the area and made Yuen Long one of a kind.

Yuen Long Planned in 1972 Started Construction 1974 Density | 4238 km sq Down Town Density | 53439 km sq

N North District

Tin Shui Wai Lau Fau Shan Yuen Long Town Centre Shap Pat Heung

Tin Shui Wai

Pat Heung

Hung Shui Kiu

Planned in 1987 Started Construction 1990 Down Town Density | 67906 km sq

Kam Tin Ping Shan Lam Tei Tai Tong

Shek Kong

Tai Po

Tuen Mun Town Centre Planned in 1965 Started Construction 1970 Density | 5812 km sq Down Town Density | 69711 km sq Tuen Mun San Hui Hong Kong Gold Coast Tuen Mun Town Centre

Tsuen Wan

Kwai Tsing Tsuen Wan

NEW TERRITORIES WEST

Mapping connectivity, accessibility, population and desnity in the NT West Area

Mapping connectivity, accessibility, population and density in the New Territories West Area

12

Mapping Yuen Long

Kwai Tsing

Yuen Long Basic Information While overcrowding and traffic congestion problems still persist in downtown Yuen Long, mainly along the Castle Peak Road, locals have now started to shift their daily routine of shopping and having entertainment from the streetscape to residential-commercial podiums near the Yuen Long West Rail Station built earlier this century.

Density | 4238 km sq Down Town Density | 53439 km sq

YUEN LONG DISTRICT

Down Town Popualation | 68502 Total Population | 614178

DEVELOPED SINCE THE MING DYNASTY Established in Late Ming Dynasty. The market for villagers to sell their crops, produce, daily necessities and etc was moved north to Yuen Long Kau Hui in Qing Dynasty. Shophouses, inns, houses and tempers with street sellers clustered along the streets and villages with walls are formed.

The market was later moved north to the area near the present day MTR station in1915. Yuen Long New Town was developed in mid-1970s.

OVERPOPULATION OVERCROWDING & CONGESTED CITY CENTRE

YOUNGEST POPULATION IN HONG KONG

Followed by Filipino, Indonesian and White 93% Speak Cantonese

95% CHINESE 78% PRIVATE HOUSING

TRANSPORT Light Rail, Bicycle, Bus, Rail, MiniBus, Private Cars

10.4% WORK IN YUEN LONG

32% of the populations age 20-40 with a median age of 38 Increasing number of young people living in Shap Pat Heung.

However, majority of the population is working outside the district .

60% MARRIED POPULATION

69% LABOUR FORCE

MEDIAN INCOME HKD$15000

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE 3.0

PROFILE OF YUEN LONG

Information including demographic, economic, household and housing characteristics that make Yuen Long special

Profile of Yuen Long including demographic, economic, household and housing characteristics

13

Land Use of Yuen Long

Legend Recreational Land Use

Institutional, Educational Land Use & Services

Residential Traditional Small Houses

Residential Shophouses

Residential Old Residential Blocks

Residential Recent Developments

Green ares & Open Space

Yuen Long is a town that is of mixed land use with different land use type developed in different periods in accordance with the socio-economic political conditions.

14

Mapping Yuen Long

Industrial Land Use

Commercial Land Use

Land Use & Urban Density

Legend Residential - Traditional Village Houses Residential - Shophouses & Single Block Buildings Residential - Residential Complex Industrial Land Use Recreational Land Use & Open Space Institutional land Use Commercial Land Use

Due to historical and socio-economic reasons, Yuen Long have quite a mix of different land uses in the same area

15

Circulation Pattern in relation to the District’s Development

Legend Major Pedestrian Circulation Interconnecting Pedestrian Streets Major Vehicular Circulation Interconnecting Vehicular Roads

A clear segragation between the pedestrian-oriented city centre area serving residential areas in the 60s and vehicular-oriented periphery serving the industrial town, new and traditional residential ares could be observed

16

Mapping Yuen Long

N

Cultural Dispersion in Yuen Long

CULTURAL HUB

CULTURAL HUB

CITY CENTRE

CITY CENTRE

CITY CENTRE

CITY CENTRE

The existing (left) distribution of cultural spots is in a rather linear pattern. It is hoped that through design intervention cultural disperion (right) could be developed, linking several seperated major existing cultural spots.

17

History of Yuen Long The long tradition of going to a “Hui 墟” (market) (趁墟) that has developed since 1669 (Ming Dynasty) for locals to sell local daily produce have long been forgotten. The shift in scale and location of the “Hui” from the extensive open space between Narm Bin Wai and Sai Bin Wai (Kau Hui 舊墟) in Ming Dynasty to Hop Yik Market in the Castle Peak Road in 1914, to the single-block Hop Yik Plaza in 1960s has perhaps signified the diminishing importance of going to a “Hui” today. While locals are now forced to consume monotonous overly-priced products that are found everywhere in Hong Kong, sellers and suppliers, often the same person in regards to farm produce, lack space to earn a living as rents are high.

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Pre 1840

1950s

1970s

2000s

Back in the Song Dynasty, the Tang Clan first settled in this plot of land and established their walled villages. More halls, temples, pagodas, ancestral halls, fishing villages were established in late Ming Dynasty as more villagers move to the area.

The colonization of Hong Kong has not massively transformed the district in early years even after the lease of NT to the British Government. However, the population boom in the post-war period caused more villages and houses to be built.

The government started to develop Yuen Long as a new town in 1970s. Designed as a compact city, shouphouses and buildings were packedly built in the city centre.

Land reclaimation took place in 1980s to provide more land for future developments.

As buildings in the city centre were mostly developed in the 60s and the problem of overcrowding is getting more and more serious, redevelopment started to took place along the periperhy of the downtown through massive residential and comemrcial developments aiming to regenerate the district.

BRIEF HISTORY OF YUEN LONG

Developed since the Song Dynasty, Yuen Long , formerly known as Un Long, has massively transformed from traditional villages, shophouses to massive residential developments we see today.

(Left) History of Yuen Long (Right middle) Building Typology & Dynamics (Right Top & Bottom) Development of Yuen Long Town and its relationship with the changing location of Yuen Long Hui

18

History of Yuen Long

YUEN LONG DOWNTOWN Mapping Different Land Use in the area

YUEN LONG DOWNTOWN Mapping Different Land Use in the area

Year 1669

Year 1960

YUEN LONG DOWNTOWN Mapping Different Land Use in the area

YUEN LONG DOWNTOWN Mapping Different Land Use in the area

Year 1915

Year 1970

YUEN LONG DOWNTOWN Mapping Different Land Use in the area

YUEN LONG DOWNTOWN Mapping Different Land Use in the area

Year 1950

Year 1980 19

Flea Markets & Outdoor Open-Air Markets in Hong Kong While traditional markets are now transformed to serving tourists are mainly clustered in the HK island and Yau Tsim Mong Area, an increasing number of weekend markets targeting locals could be found in different parts of NT and less populated parts of Kowloon Pennisula. Twilight markets targeting low income groups also exist illegally.

Tin Sau Bazaar Settlement //Outdoor // Permanent structure Developed by the govt & operated by the TWGH. Stalls rent to low income groups at $1000 per month. However the design and site location was largely being criticized.

Long Ping MTR Morning Market Linear // Illegal // Outdoor // F loor Mat & Chairs Developed along the Yuen Long Shan Pui River & the Long Ping MTR Station illegal by locals selling all kinds of things (mainly clothes, electronics and fruits and vegetables) as early as 5am to 7am.

Red Brick House in Kam Tin Building// In & Outdoor // Weekends & Holidays// Permanent structure Developed and operated by Kam Tin Villagers to provide villagers a place to buy and sell local produce and daily necessities. The market also have cafes and botiques inside an old industrial building.

2

Kam Sheung Road Flea Market Settlement // ln & Outdoor // Weekends & Holidays// Semi-Permanent structure Developed along the Kam Sheung Road MTR station that sells everything from clothes, handicrafts to street snacks. Plenty open space are provided

Sheung Shui Twilight Market Settlement // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure Operate from 6-10am by locals selling food stuff or farm produce.

Observations found that none of the owners sell identical produce as they comprimised beforehand

1

1

2

3 2

Tuen Mun Farmers’Market, Tuen Mun Settlement // l Outdoor Temporary structure

1 3

Lok On Pai Siu Lam Flea Market, Gold Coast Settlement // In & Outdoor // Weekends & Holidays// Semi-Permanent structure Developed in the 1980s, the original site overlooking the sea was much larger including a BBQ and a go cart venue. The area is now being redeveloped.

2

Yen Chow Street Hawker Bazaar, Sham Shui Po Settlement // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure A ramshackle market dedicated entirely to fabric and trims. It is covered in tarpaulins and striped canvas with narrow paths in the bazaar that caused poor ventilation.

However, it is closed in 2016 to make way for public housing developments.

Chop Alley, Sheung Wan Linear // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure A 400m long pedestrian only road with mroe than 20 vintage traditional stalls specializing in the production of chops out of jade , marble and more allowing visitors to highly customize according to their likings.

Cat Street (Upper Lascar Row), Sheung Wan Linear // Outdoor // Permanent structure

Flea Market Analysis

Sham Shui Po Twilight & Settlement

3

Operate between10pm-2am 5 homeless and elderly mainly se toys, clothings, electronics and floo

1

3

2

4

5

Jade Market Linear & Settlement// Indoor // Permanent structure

3 Handmade Hong Kong, Discovery Bay Settlement // legal // In & Outdoor // Weekends & Holidays// Semi-Permanent structure Selling crafts, gifts and all things handmade with organic food

6

3

4

Mapping connectivity, accessibility, population and density in the New Territories West Area 5

PMQ Settlement // Indoor // Permanent structure Transformed from an ex-Police Married Quaters the building organize pop-up shops markets and even exhibitions from time to time in the courtyard and house over 100 design studios, botiques and craftshop mostly owned by young local entrepreneurs.

20

ApLiu Street Linear & Settlement// Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure Located next to Sham Shui Po MTR station, the street have stalls, malls and shoppings mainly selling electronic gadgets and audio-visual equipment at a good bargain.

2

Mei Foo Farm Fest Settlement// Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure Located in the viaduct of Kwai Chung Road flyover, the YMCA managed farm fest is a weekend farmers’ market with local eco-farmers selling their produce.

D2 Place Settlement// Indoor // Permanent structure Transformed from a former industrial building, the D2 Place offer weekend and festival markets aiming to promote local culture and encourage young people to develop their own business. Different themes are set for every week so to ensure product diversity. Dogs are even allowed.

1

12

Star Ferry Pier Farmers’Market Settlement // Indoor //Temporary structure Conveniently located in the centre of the walkway that connects the ferry pier and the footbridge to ifc and central. Small market yet accessible especially for people living in outlying islands. Exhibitions are sometimes organized on sundays.

13

Li Yuen Streets East & Wes Linear // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent Narrow pedestrian lanes offer a v goods in Central and Sheungwan antiques, clothes, stamps, c

FLEA MARKETS & OUTDOOR OPEN

While traditional markets that are now transformed to serving tourists are mainly clustered in the HK island and Yau Tsim Mong Area, na increasing number of weekend markets targ

N 21

20

Tai Po Farmers’ Market Settlement // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure The largest farmers’ market in the city that sell Hong Kong grown organic vegetables

1 21

19

Tai Po Wet Market & Tai Po Market Settlement // In & Outdoor // Permanent structure Multipurpose complex with food stalls designed by the governemnt. It is famous for its good food and adjacent streets that formed the taipo hui where locals can purchase food and daily necessities.

18

20

Sai Kung Sunday Market Settlement // Indoor // Permanent structure Located in Hong Kong Academy, the sunday market was established in 2014 offering food to local handicrafts and housewares.

19

Midnight Flea Market t // Outdoor // illegal // mat & chairs 5-7am with refugees, elling used itesm from d coins laid out on the or to make ends meet.

Mong Kok Twilight Market Linear // Outdoor // illegal // boxes and mat Organized along Boundary Street with sellers mostly sell goldfish packed in a plastic bag filled with water and gas along with aquarium supply. It is usually operated from 5 to 7 am.

8

4

Kowloon City Market Settlement // In & Outdoor // Permanent structure Largest wetmarket in Hong Kong selling seafood and fruits from Asia.

Yet, the price of Kowloon City is higher than other local markets

Sai Kung Organic Farmer’s Market Settlement // Outdoor // Permanent structure A new weekly community event of offering certified organic fruit and vegetables from local farms, organic products and locally made goods and artisanal craft items along the Sai Kung Waterfront Promenade.

3 18

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17

3 7

4 5

3 4

6

8

8

9 10

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6

st, Central nt structure variety of n, selling chops etc

MA Po Po Community Farm ,Fan Ling Settlement // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure The largest farmers’ market in the city that sell Hong Kong grown organic vegetables

5 5 12

4

15 13

8

Temple Street Night Market Linear & Settlement// Outdoor // 6pm-11pm // Semi-Permanent structure Filled with dai paidongs, fortune tellers, authenti clothes and jewllery shops, the night market is the remaining night market in Hong Kong. Singing performances by the elderly can also be found

16 11

6 14

10

5 7

16 15 8

Stanley Market T-shaped // In & Outdoor //Semi-Permanent structure Grew out of Chek Chu Tsuen, it is a traditional old open-air market that has transformed into a major tourist attraction selling Hong Kong souvenirs and traditional Chineseclothings.

6

Yuen Po Street Bird Garden, Flower Market Linear // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure Highly picturesque market that sells flowers and birds. The bird garden in particular offers a glimps of the traditional culture of songbird keeping in the surroundings of a traditional Chinese garden selling exotic birds, crafted bamboo cages and procelain dishes.

Tong Choi Street, Fa Yuen Street, Sai Yeung Choi Street, Fa Yuen Street etc in Mong Kok Linear & Settlement // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure Located in dense Mong Kong, the markets provide a range of goods & food with a pedestrian-only zone that allow street performers to perform and people to interact

Hung Hom Twilight Market Linear // Outdoor // illegal // mat & chairs Operated from 3am to 6am, Hung Hom’s twilight market is located along Bulkeley Street with people mainly selling cltohes and daily necessities.

Tong Chong Street Market, Taikoo Place Settlement // Indoor //Temporary structure

Chun Yeung Street (Wet Market), North Pt Linear // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure

Jardine’s Crescent, CWB Linear // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure

Legend Markets mainly serving Low Income Group Markets mainly serving Locals

7

N-AIR MARKETS IN HONG KONG

14

Tai Yuen Street (Toy Street) Wan Chai Linear // Outdoor // Semi-Permanent structure

Markets mainly serving Tourists

geting locals could be found in different parts of new territories and less populated parts of the Kowloon Pennisula. Markets serving the poor also exist illegally as twilight markets.

5 21 8

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Flea Market Case Studies Aiming to bring back the market culture of Yuen Long and using the site as a testing ground to make a statement against the prevailing residential developments and infrastructures by recreating a “Hui�, the project site is situated in the open space south of Narm Bin Wai and Sai Bin Wai, west of the new Residential developments and east of the single residential blocks and shophouses. The project aims at involving the whole community at large, especially including the informal workforce of the city to create an informal mini inclusive city.

The urban market, which can also be interpreted as a city living room, will stimulate new affiliations and connections to the residents, to the urban fabric, and to its traditions, culture and history. Architecture here plays a role to bring dignity and give respect to the small fragmented pieces of land, which was once the dominant building type in the area, and mediate the mega-structure (the West Rail that runs above the site and the West Rail Station) that segregated different building types.

It aims at creating a sense of space and belonging amongst residents by bring back the street life and connection to the city which could also in turn solve the overcrowding problem in Yuen Long.

Tin Shui Wai Tin Sau Bazaar Operated by Tung Wah Group

Yuen Long Centre Long Ping MTR Station Flea Market Operated by Locals

Kam Sheung Road Red House Operated by Kam Tin Villagers

Kam Sheung Road Kam Sheung Road MTR Station Operated by Locals

Mapping the 4 flea markets that exist in Yuen Long district serving different income groups and different purposes. They were developed differently and in different patterns.

22

Flea Market Analysis

Tin Sau Bazaar, Yuen Long Tin Sau Bazaar is lcoated in Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long and is operated by a charity group Tung Wah Group. It was established in 2013 targeting local low income groups. However up till now, it has been deemed as a failure in providing jobs to vendors nor providing a good place to shop for residents nearby. An investigation was conducted to investigate its failures in an architectural perspective for instance its location, stall design, spatial arrangements, shading and ventilation, providance of open space, speciality and etc.

Highly inaccessible The Bazaar is far away from the MTR station and have to walkpass the nearby park to reach the only entrance (now added to 2)

2

High hence that surrounds the site A high metal-wired fence was set up to fence up the whole site that makes it unwelcoming. Moreover instead of facing public housing estates, the site is located at the back of it

Lack Special Elements that attract visitors The place seems more like a temporary undefined event space rather than a bazaar without any local or special features

3

Tin Yat Estate

4

Tin Sau Road Park

Tin S

au R

5

Standard Structure Composed of concrete and metal, the stalls are reasily available for dismantling lacking special features

oad

Tin Fu Court

6

4 types of typical configurations Allows flexibility but also imposed rigidity to the overall composition and design

1

7

Lack Open Space The large amount of beach umbrellas and shading devices not only make the place less spacious but also create an unwelcoming effeect to the unshaded open spaces

Problems caused by the design Poor ventilation, lacking shading devices and electrical supply, lacking central air conditioning that makes the site uncomfortable to visit

TIN SAU BAZAAR, TIN SHUI WAI, HONG KONG

Exploring the failures of the Tung Wah Group runned Tin Sau Bazaar that was established in 2013 base on architectural perspective for instance exploring its location & accessiblity, spatial arrangements, modular design, shading & ventilation, providance of open space, speciality and etc

Tin Sau bazaar, Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long

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Flea Market Case Studies

12.1 5.9

4.7

6.0

11.1

3.1 5.4

8.0 7.5

2.6

8.6

5.0

.0

22

.2

13

.0

10 .0

13

.6

13 0.5

(Left Top) Sham Shui Po Temporary Market (Left Bottom) Kam Tin Flea Market (Right Top) PMQ (Right Middle) Sheung Shui Twilight Market (Right Bottom) Yum Chau Street Hawker Bazaar

24

Flea Market Analysis

4.6

0.5 1.1

1.1 2.1

0.5

0.5

3.0

2.1

10.4

16.3 15.2

5.0

9.6

1.1

0.5

2.1

0.5

0.5

2.1

2.0

9.8

1.6

4.1

5.8

4.9

5.4

5.0

2.1 3.0

0.5

2.1

25

Pattern Language & Phrase Development Plan Given the repetitive nature and design of Hong Kong’s flea market, precedents and examples of these repetitive structures were examined and taken forward to develop a pattern language. More or less like an mechanism, rules and observations made from the case studies and precedents were obtained to mathematically develop for example dimensions of stalls, configurations of modules, open space per stalls, dimensions of open space and etc.

Phrase 5

Phrase 4

Phrase 3

Phrase 2

Phrase 1

Phrase 0

Phrase 5

(Left top) study of pattern language obtained from other building plans, drawings, crossword puzzle and etc (Right) Development of 6 phrases of the design plan based on the pattern language (Left Bottom) Final pattern language derived, which is also the final phrase development

26

Precedents & Concepts

Operation of Flea Market

Phrase 4

Phrase 5

Vertical expansion by having another storey of grids at 50mm height intervals

Cubes are being expanded horizontally to occupy adjacent spaces

Operation of the flea market was being further studied. A business model was created to predict how different groups of people, for instance retired people, young professionals and etc use different types of stalls and different types of space.

5 types of stalls were further examined while experimenting with different possible configurations of the modules to make it highly standardized but customized and flexible to vendors.

It is also useful to adapt to the changing vendor types that operate according to the activity of their target customers.

SoftGoods

HardGoods

0000 0

220

02

00

Lifestyle -S

20

00

oftgo ods Lifestyle - Hard goo ds Cooked Food Stal l Dry Fo od S tuff Servi ces

Cooked Food Stall

Performance

1800

0

040

Spac e Pocket Res t Are a Back of H ous Cycling P e a Green Sp th a Open Spa ce c Roofto e p

0600

Working House- Elderly Class wives

Dry Food Stuff

160

0

Kids Youth Young Family

00

08

00

14

100

0

Services

Profile of Yuen Long including demographic, economic, household and housing characteristics

27

1200

Design The phrase development pattern language plan were being put foward and developed into a phrased plan for the whole design, anticipating changes and growth in the future. While horizontal and vertical expansion is being expected to happen at different rates, the types of stalls and spaces serving evolving groups of people is also expected. In response to the ever-increasing population, different stories will also be added to cope with the over crowding problems and Yuen Long and to Phrase 0 make the installation more dynamic.

Modualr 250*250*250mm cube

Phrase 1

Phrase 2

Cubes arranged in a grid pattern in one storey

Levels of 50mm is introduced

Phrase 3

Phrase 4

Phrase 5

Voids between cubes are created to make space for open space and pocket rest areas

Vertical expansion by having another storey of grids at 50mm height intervals

Cubes are being expanded horizontally to occupy adjacent spaces

Mapping connectivity, accessibility, population and density in the New Territories West Area

28

Design

Phrase 5 15 levels of 50mm 3 Stories 4 Entrances Horizontal Expansion towards planter & Pedestrian Bridge

Phrase 4 15 levels of 50mm 3 Stories 4 Entrances Vertical Expansion towards open space adjacent to Narm Bin Wai

Phrase 3 10 levels of 50mm 2 Stories 4 Entrances Horizontal Expansion Develop along pedestrian road level

Phrase 2 10 levels of 50mm 2 Stories 4 Entrances Vertical Expansion to nearby planter of different levels

Phrase 1 5 levels of 50mm 1 Storey 4 Entrances Horizontal Expansion towards adjacent open sapce

Phrase 0 5 levels of 50mm 1 Storey 3 Entrances Axial Development based on the crowdiness and business of the site

29

Sections

2.5m

1.5m

0m -2.5m

Short Section facing Yuen Long West Rail Station

2.5m

Long Section facing Narm Bin Wai

30

Design

2.5m 0m -2.5m

31

Physical Models

Models exploring the relationship between space & void

32

Design

Models exploring the relationship between space & void

33

Physical Models

34

Design

35

Physical Models

Models exploring cubes at different heights with 500mm intervals

36

Design

Models exploring cubes at different heights with 500mm intervals

37

Mid-Term Review

13.03.2018

38

Appendix

Final Review

23.05.2018

39

TO BE CONTINUED University of Hong Kong Surin Tong

THE END

18 S/S