जनताको साहित्य

hgtfsf] ;flxTo jif{ $^, c° !@, r}t÷j}zfv @)&^÷)&&

uLt P;cf/ ;Dkfbg÷k|sfzg g]kfn qmflGtsf/L ;f+:s[lts ;+3 s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt

krf; jif{ ;ª\3if{df h'6o\ f}“ uf}/j;fy krf;f}“ jif{ qmflGtkydf lx8\5f}“ ;fy–;fy .

sDKo'6/ l;l4 l8hfOg 8]:s6k ;le{; kmf]g ^^!(!)&

e'ms]gf}“ slxNo} ;fdGt;fd', e'mSb}gf}“ sbflk nq]gf}“ lj:tf/jfbL ;fd', nqGgf}“ sbflk .

d'b|0f l;l4u0f]z ckm;]6 k|; ] kmf]g ^^!$&(# d"No M ¿= %)÷– o; c°sf] k|sfzgsf] nflu ljz]if cfly{s ;xof]u ug{] egkf j8f g+= $ sf ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt tyf v]nk|d ] L ldqx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ ¤

zq' x'g\ xfd|f, b]zleq zf]ifs / ;fdGt hf/L 5 xfd|f] o'uf}b“ l] vsf] juL{o le8Gt . dhb'/–ls;fg of] b]zsf] qmflGtsf] d"ncfwf/ tf]85 \ f}“ Pslbg cjZo p;sf] k'h “ Lsf] Psflwsf/ . g]kfnL qmflGtsf] cfjfh xf] hgtfsf] k|hftGq sfdbf/ hgtfsf] nIo g} ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq .

k|sfzs 1

;DkfbsLo

;flxTo ljrf/sf] k|rf/ dfWod xf]

o; b[li6sf]0fn] ;flxlTos kq–klqsf, cGo ;fKtflxs, ;fdlos jf ;lrq kqklqsf, ;dfrf/ kqx¿, /]l8of], l6eL, cgnfOg cflb ;a} k|rf/sf dfWod x'g\ . t/, k'h“ LjfbL Joj:yf / ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmx¿n] h;/L k|sl[ tn] lbPsf] e"ld, 3fd–kfgL, ;d'b| / cfsfz jf cGtl/IfnfO{ ;d]t lghL ug]{ b'ik|of; ub}5 { g\ . To:tf k|jl[ Q / P]g–sfg'gsf] lj/f]wdf 5nkmn / lrGtg cfjZos 5 . klZrdL k|rf/ dfWodx¿df -OG6/g]6x¿df_ k':ts jf cGo cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ /fv]sf x'G5g\ / >f]tf jf kf7sx¿n] tL cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ sfuhdf 5fkL cWoog u5{g\ . t/, ;fd|fHojfbL jf k'h“ LjfbL tL cWoog ;fdu|Lsf dflns egfp“bfx¿n] rfx]df tL kf7s, >f]tf jf cWoog ug]x{ ¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] b]zsf] P]gcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o k|x/Ldfkm{t d'2f rnfpg] / tL b]zsf] P]g–sfg'gcg';f/ b08–hl/jfgf ug{;Sg] 5g\ . o:tf w]/} sfg'gx¿ ;+/f cd]l/sfn] agfPsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ;+/f cd]l/sfn] cfÇgf gful/sx¿ jf lghL sDkgLx¿n] ljb]zL gful/sx¿sf] ‘lghL ;]gf’ agfpg ;S5g\ / tL ‘lghL ;]gf’ sf hjfgx¿sf] tnj, Hofnf, cGo ;x'lnot / k]G;gaf/] cd]l/sL ;/sf/ lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5}g . o;af/] g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;r]t kfg's { f] ;§f ltgLx¿sf Ph]G6 -bnfn_ dfkm{t g]kfnL o'jfx¿nfO{ tL lghL cd]l/sL ;]gfdf k7fOPsf] s'/f To;a]nf g]kfnL hgtfn] yfxf kfP . O/fssf] o'4df s]xL g]kfnL ‘ef8f’ sf l;kfxLx¿ kqmfp k/] / dfl/P . ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] Tof] sfg'g g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfGg'kg]{ k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] ;+;b\n] kfl/t u/]sf] hfgsf/L 5}g . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tL u}/sfg'gL 9·n] ljb]zL ;]gfsf] kIf lnP/ n8]sf ‘l;kfxLx¿’ sf] kIfdf af]Ng' :jod\ u}/sfg'gL jf ck/fwnfO{ :jLsfg'{ ;/x x'g5 ] . o:tf 36gf g]kfnL sfª\u;]| sf] ;/sf/sf] a]nfdf ePsf x'g\ . z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|wfgdGqL sfndf Pl;ofnL b]z ckmuflg:tfgdf xdnf ug{ cd]l/sL cfqmfds ;]gfsf] n8fs' xjfOhxfhnfO{ g]kfndf t]n eg]{ cg'dlt lbPsf] lyof], h;sf] lj/f]wsf] cfjfh g]kfnsf] ;+;b\df ;'lgPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] zf;gdf a:g] s]xL /fhgLlts bnx¿df Jofks b[li6sf]0f gePsf] x'b“ f jf ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmsf bnfnx¿sf] kIfdf nfUg] x'b“ f, yfxf kfP/ jf yfxf gkfO{ g]kfnL hgtf cGt/f{li6«o P]g–sfg'gn] cfkm}nfO{ af“lwg :jLsf/]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0f xf]– OG6/g]6df /flvPsf s]xL ;flxTo j ;fdu|L sfuhdf ‘8fpg nf]8’ ubf{ jf 5fKbf s'g} lbg s;}nfO{ d'2f rnfpg'k¥of] eg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljb]zL Ph]G6x¿n] xftdf lnO{ d'2f rnfpg], dfkmL dufpg], t;f{pg] / b08–hl/jfgf u/fpg ;Sg]5g\ . o;sf/0f g]kfnL ;flxTon] g]kfnL hgtf / ;flxTosf] :jtGqtfnfO{ hf]ufpg jf ljb]zL ;flxTonfO{ g]kfnL b[li6sf]0fn] cfnf]rgf, lj/f]w / lgGbf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg g]kfnL n]vs, slj, snfsf/ / lrGtsx¿ uDeL/ x'g / o;af/] ;r]t x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . sf]le8–!( jf sf/f]gf efO/;af/] ‘cGwsf/sf cf“vfx¿’ gfdsf] Ps pkGof; ;g\ !(*! df 5flkPsf] lyof] – ¿;sf] ‘uf]sL{’ ;x/af/], ;f]leot ;ª\3 ;g\ !(() lt/ lj36g ePkl5 / rLgsf] y]g cfg dg rf]sdf ePsf] k'h“ LjfbL pkb|jsf] bdgkl5 To; n]vsn] ;f]leot ;ª\3sf] 7fp“df rLg / ‘uf]sL{’ sf] 7fp“df ‘pxfg’ egL em08} @)–@% jif{ cufl8 g} ;+zf]lwt / k|sflzt To; pkGof;af/] cfnf]rgfTds cWoog cfjZos 5 . csf]{ zAbdf ;+;f/sf ;a} /fd|f] ;flxTosf] cWoog u/f}“ / g/fd|f] / k|ltlqmofjfbL ;flxTosf] v08g / lgGbf u/f}“ .

2

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k|fl1s JolQmnfO{ k/ /fv]/ em08fd'lg a:g]nfO{ dfq :yfg lbP/ ;dfhjfb cfpFbg} sf= gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ -/f]lxt_ g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf sf= ;flxlTos If]q h'g ?kdf ljsl;t x'gk' g]{ xf] gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ -/f]lxt_ ;“u ;flxTo, snf tyf To; ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . @)!#÷!$ ;fnlt/sf] ;d;fdlos ljifodf ul/Psf] ;Djfbsf] ;Dkflbt c+z t'ngf ubf{ To; ultdf clxn] g]kfnL ;flxTo cufl8 oxf“ k|:t't 5 . ‘zdL’ ;flxlTos dfl;sdf k|sflzt of] a9]sf] nfUb}g . ;Djfb ;fdfGo ;Dkfbgsf ;fy k|:t't 5 M • ;flxTodf oxf“nfO{ xl/axfb'/ >]i7sf gfdn] • /fhgLlts If]qsf] w/f]x/sf ;fy} ;flxlTos klg lrGg] ul/G5 . ;flxTo n]vgsf] k|]/0ffsf] kmf“6sf] klg oxf“ Ps x:tfIf/ x'g'x'G5 . oxf“n] ;|f]t s]nfO{ dfGg'x'G5 < s'g ljifoj:t'n] ;flxTo ;dsfnLg g] k fnL ;flxTonfO{ s;/L n]vgdf tfGof] < ljBfyL{ s fndf @)!#–!$ ;fnlt/ x/] s lgofNg'ePsf] 5 < 3

• Ps lgi7fjfg\ g] t fsf ?kdf :yflkt oxf“ n ]

;Ktfxdf x' g ] ;flxTo uf] i 7Lx¿df Zofdk| ; fbhL, cfgGbb]j e§hLx¿ cfpg'x'GYof] / tf/fgfy zdf{n] Ps k' : tsaf/] ug' { e Psf] cfnf] r gfdf ljleGg ;flxlTos uf] i 7Lx¿df rrf{ / 5nkmn eP .

To;}sfndf uf]ljGbk|;fb nf]xgL / OZj/ a/fnsf] aLrdf cfnf]rgf / k|Tofnf]rgfx¿sf] l;nl;nfn] cfnf]rgf–;dfnf]rgfsf] If]qdf gof“ cfofd yk]sf] lyof] . uf] l jGb e§hLsf] kfl/hftsf] ‘lzl/ifsf] km"n’ af/] ‘lzl/ifsf] km"n jf sfuhsf] km"n’ n] klg ;flxTo / cfnf]rgfsf] kmf“6df gof“ t/ª\u NofPsf] lyof] . ToxL ;do lakL sf]O/fnfsf] ‘tLg 3'DtL’ sf] cfnf]rgfn] klg uf]ljGb e§n] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ x]g]{ gof“ b[li6 k|bfg ug'{eof] . t/ cfh g]kfnL ;flxTo, cfnf]rgf / ;dfnf]rgfdf To:tf] pmhf{, pT;'stf / cleofg b]lvGg .

;flxTo / /fhgLltsf] ;DaGwnfO{ s;/L lng'ePsf] 5 < h'g b]zsf] efiff / ;flxTon] ult lnPsf] x'G5 tt\tt\ b]zdf /fhg}lts cfGbf]ng, ;ª\3if{ / qmflGtnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . ;zQm cleJolQmn] /fhg}lts l;4fGtnfO{ rds lbPsf] x'G5 . a]nfotL k'h “ LjfbL qmflGt, cd]l/sL :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng, k|mfG;]nL /fHo qmflGt, hd{gL / ?;L ;dfhjfbL qmflGt cflbsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ tL b]zsf ;flxTosf] /fhgLltdf dgUo k|efjsf] cg'ej u5'{ . z]S;kLo/sf] ‘h'lno; l;h/’ sf] pTyfg / ktg h:t} hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] ;dfg :t/, cfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0fsf] sdLsf sf/0f, ;Qfaf6 kmflnPsf ju{ emg\ ;zQm ?kn] cfkm\gf] u'ds ] f] ‘:ju{’ kmsf{pg cfqmds x'g] tyf cg]s hfnem]n jf s'6Lntf b]vfpg] pbfx/0fn] a]nfotsf qmfdj]n, k|mfG;df Hofsf]laG; / lu/f]lG8;x¿sf] le8Gtn] g]kf]lnognfO{ ;d|f6 3f]if0ff ug',{ hd{gLdf /f]hf nSh]Dju{sf] xTof / ;f]leot ;ª\3df :tflngsf] k|z;+ f / lj/f]wsf pbfx/0fx¿af6 ;flxTo / /fhgLltsf] cGt/3'ngnfO{ k|i6 kf5{ . tL qmflGtx¿df /fhg}lts g]tfx¿sf efif0f / gf/fx¿df ;d]t ;flxTosf k|efjx¿ ;'lgG5g\ / g]tfx¿sf] /rgfx¿df klg oqtq k9\g kfOG5 . /fdfo0f / dxfef/tsf kfqx¿n] klg ;flxTo / /fhgLltnfO{ Ps} l;Ssfsf] b'O6{ f kf6f;/L bz{g u/fPsf 5g\ .

• clxn] To:tf] g'x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf < w]/} jif{;Dd ‘?k/]vf’ n] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ hLjGttf lb+b} lyof] eg] ‘dw'ks{’ n] ;flxTo k|sfzgsf] cf}krfl/stf k"/f ub}{ /x\of] . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg / ;femf k| s fzg ;Qfd' v L / ;+ : yfut emd] n fdf ?dln/x\of] .

• oxf“nfO{ dgkg]{ ;flxTosf/sf] gfd lng'k¥of] eg] s;sf] gfd lng'x'G5 / lsg < efiff / ;/ntf Pjd\ hLjg;“u ;DalGwt ljifosf] sf/0f d x[borGb|l;+x k|wfgnfO{ ;DemG5' . klqsfdf 5flkPsf syfx¿af/] ;DejtM ‘dw'ks{’ df 5flkPsf ‘olt’ / ‘sfnL / ;]tL gbL’ clxn] klg emnemnL ;DemG5' . tL syfx¿n] g]kfn af]ns ] f] cg'ej uy]{+ . t/ n]vs la;]{+ .

To:t} ‘cfsfzdf tf/fx¿ 56k6fO/x]sf lyP’, ‘kxf8sf] em/gf / ;d'bs | f] 5fn’ dnfO{ dg kg]{ syf x'g\ – /d]z lasnsf] . ‘a'4+ z/0f+ uR5fdL / ;+3+ z/0f+ uR5fdL’ / ‘ho b]z / g/]z’ zLif{ssf syfx¿, t/ syfsf/sf] gfd ofb /x]g .

• t/ g] k fnL /fhgLlt clxn] h;/L wldln+ b } 5, To;nfO{ ;ª\ n f] agfpg g] k fnL ;| i 6fx¿n] s:tf l;h{gf l;lh{t ul/lbP x'GYof] eGg] oxf“nfO{ nfU5 < Tof] sfnv08nfO{ clxn]sf] kl/j]z;“u hf]8\g'k¥of] eg] s;/L hf]8\g'x'G5 < jt{dfg ;Qf;Lg bnx¿ d'vn] ‘;dfhjfbL’ / ‘sDo'lg:6’ eg] klg Jojxf/df k'“hLjfbL g} x'g\ . sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ l;4fGt / gLltx¿af6 lzlIft gu/L 7]Ssfk§f lbg], sfnfahf/L, u'08fubL{ / xTof–lx+;f u/] klg 5'6 lbg] 4

?kfGt/0fsf nflu eGbf klg kb / k| l ti7fsf nflu bf} l 8G5g\ elgG5 lg < zf;s bnx¿sf] lglDt of] s'/f ;To xf], lsgeg] “ LjfbL bnx¿ ;+;f/sf ;a} sfu sfnf x'G5g\ eg] h:t} k'h / k'h “ LjfbL zf;sx¿ k|ltlqmofjfbL / hglj/f]wL g} x'G5g\ . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg / ;femf k|sfzgn] oyf]lrt ljsf; ug{ g;Sg' g} To;sf] rl/q k|ultzLn geO{ cultzLn x'g' xf] . zf;sx¿nfO{ hgtf Odfgbf/ / ;r]t ePsf] dg kb}g{ a? ltgLx¿ ‘hL–xh'/Lx¿’ dfq} dg k/fp“5g\, cfnf]rsx¿nfO{ lj/f]wL ;DemG5g\ . ljb]zL efiffx¿sf] k|ultzLn ;flxTo g]kfnL efiffdf / g]kfnL efiffsf k|ultzLn ;flxTonfO{ ljb]zL efiffdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . %)–^) jif{ cl3 ePh:t} clxn] sfd eO/x]sf] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . o;af/] kb / k};fsf] lglDt bf}8g\ x] ¿ eGbf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pGglt / k|lti7fsf] lglDt si6;fWo sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] vf“rf] 5 .

/ cof]Uo JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ kbdf axfnL u/L ;a} k|sf/sf d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t Wj:t ub}5{ g\ . cfhsf] 8f]h/ / l6«k/ cft+s, clgoldt qm;/ pBf]u, sfnf] ;"rLsf 7]sb] f/L, e|i6frf/L, s/f]8 s/f]8 /sd lnP/ ;f+;b Pjd\ cGo kbx¿df dgf]gLt ug]h { :tf sfdx¿ ;Qfdf a;]sf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿s} tkm{af6 eO/x]sf] huhfx]/ 5 . kIfkft / clgoldttf g ;dfhjfb xf] g t ;fDojfb . g]kfnL sf+u;]| , Pdfn]– Pdfcf]jfbL -g]skf_ / ;Qfdf hfg] / cfpg] t/fO{sf hldgbf/ / t:s/x¿af6 ;dly{t bn / g]tfx¿sf] clgoldttf, lgjf{rgdf b]vfOPsf cfrf/;+lxtf / P]g– sfg'g pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿ tL ;a} kfv08L rl/qnfO{ a9fjf lbg] ;|ft] x¿ x'g\ eGbf km/s gknf{ . ;flxTon] o:tf ;a} gsf/fTds u'df:tf / kfqx¿nfO{ 5\of:g] / lgM:jfy{ ?kn] b]z Pjd\ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ bn / /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / sfo{nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug'{ g} ;flxTon] oyfy{sf] kIf lnPsf] / ;dfhsf] ;'Gb/ kIfsf] ;dy{g u/]sf] ;flat x'g]5 . ;g\ @))@ / @)!@ df g]kfnL sf+u;]| sf] ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] OG8f] Kofl;lkms ;}Go /0fgLlt cGt/utsf] u7aGwgsf] klxnf] kfOnf ‘ldn]lgod Rofn]gh skf]/{ z ] g’ nfO{ @)!( df g]skfsf] ;/sf/sf k//fi6«dGqLn] jflz+6gdf uP/ x:tfIf/ ug'{ ;/sf/ / k|dv ' k|ltkIf ‘Pp6} 8\of+usf d'nf x'g’\ eGg] pvfgnfO{ k|i6 u¥of] . b]z / hgtfsf] cwf]ultlt/ n}hfg] zf;s bnx¿ cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb / ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] u'df:tfsf] ;b:o aGg' k|ultzLntf geO{ k|ltufdL / o'4lkkf;' Pjd\ ljWj+zsf/L cfqmd0fx¿sf] u7aGwg eGb} lgGbf / lj/f]w ug'{ ;flxTosf] cfhsf] wd{ xf] . s] /fdfo0f / dxfef/tdf ;flxTonfO{ /fhgLltaf6 cnu /fv]sf] eGg ldN5 < o;sf/0f ;flxTon] ;fd|fHojfbL o'4 / cfqmd0fsf] lj/f]w tyf cfqmfGt, zflGtlk|o / Gofok|d] Lx¿sf] kIf lng' kb{5 .

• g] k fnsf k| f l1s ;+ : yf / k| f 1x¿df h' g ljrng b]lvG5, o:tf] lsg ePsf] xf]nf < k|wfgdGqL jf kbdf a:g]x¿ cfkm"nfO{ ;j{1 7fGg'eGbf b]zdf ePsf ljljw ljifosf k|f1x¿ / ljåt ;d'bfox¿nfO{ cfdlGqt u/L 5nkmn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . cfkm\gf] dflg; xf]Og ‘/fd|f’] / of]Uo dflg; vf]Hg] xf] . z/L/sf] lglDt bfn–eft dfq} xf]Og kf}li6s tTj klg cfjZos ePh:t} ljZj ;flxTosf pTs[i6 /rgfsf] cg'jfb g]kfnL efiffdf cfjZos 5 . z]S;lko/n] afns[i0f ;dnfO{ k|l] /t u/]sf] lyPg / < ?;L / lrlgof“ ;flxTo klg g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ul/Psf lyP .

• nf] s tGqdf /fhgLlts bnnfO{ d] ? b08sf

?kdf lnOG5 . lognfO{ hLjGt /fVg] sfd eg]sf] af}l4s ju{sf] xf] t/ g]kfnsf bnx¿n] k|fl1s JolQmTjeGbf klg ljz] i fu/L cfkm\ g f] em08fd' l g a:g] x ¿nfO{ g} :yfg lbG5g\ . ljZjljBfnosf • jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf] :t/ b'/fj:yfnfO{ oxf“n] s;/L lng'ePsf] 5 < ;flxTon] g]tfx¿ pTkfbg u5{ eg] g]tfx¿n] v:s]sf] xf] < k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf/x¿ ;dfh 5

;flxTonfO{ cufl8 a9\g 3R3Rofp“5g\ . To;sf] lglDt g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno, k'/ftTj ljefu cflb ;a} kIfsf] ;fd"lxs lrGtg kmnbfoL x'G5 . ;a} gLltsf] /fhf /fhgLlt xf] eg] /fhg]tfx¿sf u'?x¿ ‘cfrfo{x¿’ x'G5g\ . /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{ ‘lrGtgsf] rf}tf/L’ lrGtsx¿n] u5{g\ . slt b]zsf /fhg]tfx¿sf] efif0f / k|jrg tL b]zsf ly+s6\of° ‘gj/Tgx¿’n] n]V5g\ .

elgG5 – Ps kN6g ;]gfn] ug{ g;Sg] sfd Ps s'6gLlt1n] ug{ ;S5 . of]Uo o'jfx¿ ;a} ljb]zdf k};f sdfpg k7fpg] cleefjsx¿ cfh 5f]/f5f]/L gkms]/{ k5'tfp“b}5g\ .

• oxf“ n ] eg] h:t} ljutb] l v jt{ d fg;Ddsf ljleGg /fhb"tnfO{ cfkm\gf cg'ejsf] s' 6 gLlts 8fo/L k| s fzg u/f} + eg] / cfu| x ul/of] t/ ;kmn ePg lsg o:tf] ePsf] xf] n f < k|wfgdGqL, k//fi6«dGqL / k//fi6« dGqfnosf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ o;af/] ;f]Rg;Dd klg dg k/fp“bg} g\ . k//fi6«;DaGwL ;+;bLo ;ldltn] o;af/] Ps k|:tfj klg kfl/t ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .

• s] ;| i 6f xl/axfb' / /fhgLltdf ePsf oL ljs[ l t / lj;ª\ u ltnfO{ lrg{ ;flxTos pkxf/ lnP/ kf7sdfem cfp“b} x'g'x'G5 < 36gfx¿sf] >[ªv \ nfsf /rgfeGbf l;4fGt / ljrf/n] leh]sf] / lgb]l{ zt ;flxTosf] kIfdf 5' . To:t} ;flxTon] hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]5 { eG7fG5' . ;dodf ;flxlTos pkxf/ lnP/ kf7sdfem pkl:yt x'g5 ] '.

• clxn] d'n'sdf nueu b'O{ ltxfOsf] ;/sf/

• o;sf] dtna /fhgLltnfO{ ;ª\ n f] agfpg] 5 . t/ hgtfn] ;f] r ] h :t} sfd x' g ;s] s f] s[lt lnP/ rf“8} cfp“b} x''g'x'G5 < 5}g . g]kfn 6«i6sf] hUufx¿df ljjflbt lg0f{ox¿ lgZro klg d}nf] n'uf ;kmf ug{ ;+Unf] kfgL ePsf 5g\ . o:tf 36gf qmdn] g] k fnsf] cfjZos ePh:t} wldnf] /fhgLltnfO{ s~rg kfg{ /fhgLltsf] eljio s:tf] b] V g' x ' G 5 < b'O–{ ltxfO dfq xf]Og ;sf/fTds ;f]r gePsf] qmflGtsf/L l;4fGt / ljrf/sf] vf“rf] x'G5 .

Ps} dtsf] ;+;bsf] ;/sf/ ag] klg kl/0ffd t • l5d] s L ef/t;“ u sf] h' g ;Ldf ljjfb 5, gsf/fTds g} x'g]5 . k'“hLklt / Jofkf/Ln] cf–cfkm\gf] o;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ s:tf] s' 6 gLlts kxn gfkmf x] g '{ :jfefljs xf] . :jfyL{ / ljb]zLd'vL cfjZos b] V g' x ' G 5 M ;fy} g] k fnsf] k//fi6« ;Nnfxsf/x¿n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] eGbf ljb]zsf] lxt gLlt s:tf] eOlbP k6s—k6s g]kfnLn] b'Mv, x]/]sf]df s] cfZro{ < ;/sf/ xf“Sg] JolQmx¿ ;'wg]| g\ eg] b]zn] cfheGbf kL8f / emd]nf v]Kg kb}{gYof] < efiff / ljifoj:t'df :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ePsf ef]ln / ef]lneGbf k;L{ 7"nf] xG8/ vfg]af/] s'g} z+sf zf;s / s' 6 g} l ts JolQmTjx¿sf] vf“ r f] 5 . gu/] x'G5 . To;}n] eGg] ul/G5 – t]n s] x]g,{' t]nsf] wf/ xLgtfaf]waf6 lgln{Kt tyf cx+sf/af6 g5f]Psf /fhg]tf x]g,{' ‘5f]/f] s] x]g{' 5f]/f]sf] ;fy x]g{' .’ tof/ ug{ ca xfdLn] cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf 5f]/f– 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts 1fg lbPg eg] xfd|f] b]z} g/xg] • o;sf] dtna /fhgLlt1x¿n] ;do–;dodf x'“bf /fhgLltzf:q, bz{g zf:q, e"uf]n, Oltxf; / cfkm\ g f] ;dLIff / kl/l:yltsf] d" N of°g ug{ cy{zf:qsf] lzIff lbg] ljBfno / ljZjljBfnodf egf{ g;s]sf]n] o:tf 36gfqmdx¿ ePsf x'g\ < ug{ n}hfg pT;flxt ug'k{ g]{ b]V5' . cjZo .

6

• clxn] b]zdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ g]tfx¿sf]

dfu]/ cfkm\gf] nfh 5f]lkGg eGg] uLt t ;a}n] ;'gs ] } ljj]sdf 9Ssg nfUg'sf] sf/0fn] xf] eg]/ eGg xf] lg . duGt] k|jl[ Qn] :jfledfgsf] efjgf sdhf]/ agfp“5 . ldN5 < dfly klg eg]“ – ;Qfdf a:b}df sf]xL ;j{1 • clxn] x/]s If]qdf g]t[Tj ljsf;df h'g ¥xf; x'“b}g, ;fy} ;·t u'gfsf] kmnsf] kl/0ffd t xfdLn] cfO/x] s f] 5, kf6L{ / g] t fx¿n] cfkm\ g f] ef]Ug}k5{ . nIdLsf] jfxg pNn' xf] eg] ;/:jtLsf] jfxg pQ/flwsf/L ;dod} :yflkt ug{ g;Sg' / u/] /fhx+; . ;Qfdf a:g]sf] ;+ut Jofkf/L / gfkmfvf]/x¿ klg u0f]z jf xg'dfg k|j[lQsf cfwf/df ug'{nfO{ dfq} ePkl5 pNn'n] h:t} ;Qf;Lgx¿n] lbp“;} cf“vfn] s] eGg'x'G5 < cb"/blz{tf . lhDd]jf/LxLgtf . b]Vb}gg\ . t/ /fhx+;n] b"w / kfgL ld;fp“bf b'wdfq} lnG5 . Tof] ljj]s xf] . /fd|f] / g/fd|f,] c;n / v/fa 5'6o\ fpg] ljj]s gePkl5 lj/fdx¿ x'g] g} 5g\ .

• o;sf] dtna hgtfn] klg g] t f / g] t fsf ultljlwnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofn] / ;xL af6f] d f • ;fj{ h lgs kbdf al;;s] k l5 kbLo bfloTj nufpg k|]l/t gug'{sf] sf/0fn] klg xfd|f] b]zsf] lgjf{ x ug' { k g] { x' G 5 . hgtfsf ck] I ff ;Daf] w g /fhgLlt wldlnPsf] xf] < cfkm"nfO{ hgtf / ;+;b\kl| t pQ/bfoL g;Demg' ug'{kg]{ xf] t/ zf/Ll/s ?kdf c:j:y x'“bf klg / kf6L{ g]tfx¿sf] Wofg g} kbdf k'u/] cfkm\gf] gftfuf]tf kb g5f8\g] k|j[lQnfO{ s] eGg'x'G5 < ;DejtM jt{dfg l:yltaf/] Wofg lb+bf bnnfO{ / cfp/]–afp/]x¿sf] ;–;fgf lxt dfq} ;f]Rg', t/ 7"nf] agfpg] WofpGgn] kf6L{ g]tf / sfo{stf{nfO{ Jojl:yt gLltaf/] Wofg glbg' g]tT[ jsf] lj/fd xf] eg] hgtf / sfo{stf{n] g]tfx¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] lxtdf dfq} k|l] /t ug{' / of]Uo agfpg EofPsf] b]lvPg . vf]6k"0f{ k|j[lQ xf] . kbsf] nf]n'ktf / k};fk|ltsf] • o;sf] dtna ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fs} qmddf ljb]zLsf] k|fyldstfsf] kl/0ffd o:t} x'G5 – cDdn ;]jgn] cdnsf] dft nfu]h:t} xf] . hgtf / sfo{stf{ of]Uo / Odfgbf/ k|efj a9L b]lvof] eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] < ljb]zLn] cfkm\gf] lxtdf / sdhf]/ kIfnfO{ geP;Dd of]Uo / Odfgbf/ g]tf klg tof/ x'b“ g} . cfkm\gf] cf}n+ fdf grfpg vf]Hg' gf}nf] ljifo xf]Og, Oltxf;df o:tf 36gfx¿ hxf“–txf“ kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg agfp“bf ljb]z • xfdLn] oL ;+jfb ul//x“bf /fhgLlt1 lah'S5]+ / hf“b,} ljb]zL ldqx¿sf] tfl/kmdf km:b} b]zsf] lglDt ;flxTosf/ xl/axfb' / sf] s' / f klg u/f} “ . d} n ] gldNg] ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿ :jLsf/ u/] – zf;s Pp6f syf k9\bf xl/zrGb|sf syfdf /f]lxt kfqsf bnx¿n] . o;sf/0f ;+ljwfgdf g]dlskfn] &! j6f af/]df k9]sf] lyP“ . t]h]Zj/afa' Uj+un] klg /f]lxt eg]sf] /f]O/x]sf / s/fO/x]sf ls;fg / dhb'/ a'b“ fdf c;xdlt btf{ u/]sf] lyof] . kl/jf/sf] dd{nfO{ af]Sg ;Sg] kfq eg]/ ;'gfpg'ePsf] • elgG5 lg, g] k fndf :jfledfgsf] /fhgLlt lyof] . o;df tf/tDo s] /x]5 < kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf Pp6f pkgfd 9Nof] < ljb]zL bnx¿;“u /sd lnP/ lgjf{rgdf vr{ /fVg'kg]{ l:ylt lyof], k|ltalGwt /fhg}lts bndf . u/]sf] Jofks k|rf/ x'b“ f klg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+oGq df}g a}7sn] ‘s?0ff’ sf] k|ltssf] ?kdf ‘/f]lxt’ nfO{ lnPsf] lyof] . bz{s aGg' la8Dagfsf] ljifo xf] .

7

sf g]tfsf ?kdf klg lrlgg'xG' 5, oxf“n] lkmtnf] 5, lsg xf]nf < • ls;fg s;fgsf o;sf] cy{ ;d:ofnfO{ leq}b]lv cfTd;ft ug'{eGbf lrQ a'emfpg dfq} ‘cg'e"t’ u/]sf] x'G5 jf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tNnf] 7fp“af6 sd d'Nof°g ubf{sf] kl/0ffd xf]nf .

cfkm" / ls;fgx¿nfO{ s;/L lgofNg'x'G5 < d Ps ls;fg sfo{stf{ x'“ . b]zdf cToGt ax'dt hgtf ls;fg ePsf] x'b“ f ls;fg ;d:of ;dfwfg geO{ b]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ePsf] x'“b}g . ls;fg hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ gp7L g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . o; cy{df ls;fg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgnfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ ;dembf/L /fVb} cfPsf] 5' . ;To klg ToxL xf] . o;sf/0f ;flxTosf] d'n kfq klg ;sf/fTds ;f]r ePsf ls;fg sfo{stf{ agfpg'kg]{ d]/f] lhls/ xf] .

• ;+ l jwfg hf/L x' g ' k " j { xfd| f ] Pp6f ;d" x n] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfnfO{ e]6\bf ;+ljwfg hf/L gu/L ePsf] 5}g, ef/tsf] bafa hf/L gug{df 5 . cf]nL, k|r08 / d klg hf/L ug] { kIfdf 5} g f} + . Pp6f ;+ ; b gePsf] b] z n] ;ft ;ft j6f k|bz ] ;ef s;/L y]Ug ;S5 < t/ d hf/L u/] / } 5f8\ 5 ' eGg' e Psf] lyof] . o;sf] k5fl8 s] lyof] xf]nf < g]kfnnfO{ bafa lbg] zlQm s]Gb| Pp6f dfq} xf]Og, ef/tdfq xf]Og klZrdL b]zx¿sf] klg k|efj g]kfndf k|an 5 .

• ljZjsf pbfx/0f x]bf{ Ps b'O{ k6s sfo{sf/L

kbdf a;] k l5 ;Nnfxsf/ / ;du| ljZj dfgj ;dfhsf] ;]jfdf nfu]sf x'G5g\ t/ xfd|f] b]zdf kb g5f8\g] / 3/emu8f u/]/ a:g] k|j[lQ lsg ePsf] xf]nf < ‘gkfpg]n] kfof] af]qmf ;d]t vfof]’ eGg] pvfg oxf“ rl/tfy{ x'G5 . b]Vg]nfO{ nfh ¤ • /fhgLlts hLjgsf qmddf d'n'ssf lbj+ut jf xfn hLljt g]tfx¿;“u oxf“sf] s:tf] ;DaGw • eGgfn] g]tfx¿;“u cg'ej x'g] ePsf]n] pgLx¿n] / ;Demgf 5 < cjsfz lnOxfNg' x'b“ g} eGg vf]Hg'eof] < ;fdfGo ?kn] ;a};u“ cf}krfl/s ;DaGw 5 . of]Uo / cg'ejL 7fp“df sRrf / c?sf] k|efjdf &–* bnsf] a}7s afn'jf6f/df x'g] x'“bf k|wfgdGqL k/]sf ‘o'jf /ut’ sf] gfddf hf] kfof] To;nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ kb lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;“u cGo g]tfx¿sf] h:t} d]/f] klg lnP/ cg]s sf08 ePsf 5g\ . nfp8f, kf;kf]6,{ ;'8fg /fd|f] / ;dfg ;DaGw lyof] . sf08 cflb – o'jf g]tfx¿ kbdf a;]s} a]nfsf sf08 x'g\ .

• cGTodf, gof“ k':tfnfO{ ;flxTodf nfUg oxf“n] • g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;flxlTos klqsfsf nflu s:tf] ;Gb]z lbg'x'G5 <

/fHon] s:tf] ;xof] u jf kxn ug' { k 5{ eGg] tNnf] sIffb]lv g} xfd|f] efiff / ;flxTosf] 7fGg'x'G5 < kf7\oqmd /fVg' cfjZos 5 . dflyNnf] sIffdf s'g} klqsfsf] :t/, cfsf/–k|sf/ / lhNnf–lhNnfdf Ps ljb]zL efiffnfO{ klg clgjfo{ ljifosf] ?kdf ;d]t kx'r“ sf] cfwf/df ;xof]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . /fv]df gof“ k':tfnfO{ ljb]zL ;flxTo, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cWoog / cWofkg u/fpg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng]5 .

• g]tfx¿;“u s'/fsfgL ubf{ ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|};“u cg'e"t u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ sfof{Gjog kIf ;f¥x} 8

sljtf

slj bfdf]b/ ;'jfnsf b'O{ sljtf ;do

z/b ;do

;do ;w}“ l;wf cfˆg} lnudf bu'5,{ afx|kl5 Ps, Pskl5 b'O{ Û

z/bsf] 3dfOnf] 3fdsf] laxfgL Û ‘nf} dnfO{ l6Kg'’ eg]/ ‰ofn;Dd} cfP/ km'ns ] f] nfn'kft]nfO{, ‰ofns} cb];fdf, lglj{rf/, Ps6Ss lgofln/x]“, /uth:tf] /ftf], nfn'kft] kftx¿nfO{ Û

xtf/ t Û dfG5]x¿ u5{g,\ lbgnfO{ /ft, /ftnfO{ lbg u/]/, ;dosf] ;'O/f]nfO{ gt{sLem}“ grfP/, ;dosf] anafx' aG5g\ Û, t/ Û ;do Û v'nn ' ,' v'nn ' ' aU5, h;/L vf]nfaLr ple/xFbf, kfO{tnfd'lgsf] afn'jf v'nn ' ' v'nn ' ' aU5.

dfx'/Lx¿, e'ge'gfp“b}, Ao:t 5g\, dx agfpg, s]z/ l6Kb}.

;do 5]Sg] 5]saf/ st} 5}g.

cf]xf] Û cf]xf] Û tL sfnflgnf lem+ufx¿, lsg rxf/L /x]5g\, nfn'kft] dfly Û

;do Û v'nn ' ,' v'nn ' ' alu/xG5. v'nn ' ' v'nn ' ' alu/xg]] afn'jfdfly ple/xg] dfG5]nfO{, cfkm" wl;/x]sf] 1fg x'bF g } .

s] lem+ufn] klg dx agfpFG5 <

9

sljtf

c:yfoL lzlj/af6 slj xl/x/ ltldlN;gf 3fd ;b}{ ;b}{ l6gsf] 5fgf]df cfOk'U5 / zLtsf] yf]kf ag]/ cf]5\ofgdf v:5 cf]5\ofg t ;'sfpFnf ef]ln of] NofkmNofkmL leh]sf] d'6'nfO{ slxn] ;'sfpg] xf]nf <

slxn] lxpFsf] cfuf] od/fhs} b"t eP/ o;kfln t of] ztfAbLs} vt/gfs hf8f] nlDs/x]sf] 5 l6gsf] 5fgf] / kfnsf] cf]5\ofgd'lg vtg/gfs sfn eP/

c:yfoL lzlj/leq cgy{ x'G5 cr]n ksfpFb} u/]sf] /f]6L tfjfaf6 x/fpF5 / dGqfnodf k'u]/ uf8Lsf] kfª\u|f] aG5 e'6\b} u/]sf ds}sf bfgf xfF8Laf6 pl5l6G5g\ / ;+;b ejgdf k'u]/ lah'nLsf] u'n'k aG5g\ .

sfn ag]/ k;]sf] of] lgb{oL hf8f]n] csfndf dfl//x]5 d]/f] b]zsf] lgbf{]if eljionfO{ c:yfoL lzlj/sf] Pp6f s'gfdf ylnPsL 5] gjk|;'tf ljlgtf kx/L csf]{ s'gfdf d[To'nfO{ s'/]/ al;/x]sf 5g\ jxQ/ jlif{of /fds'df/L yfkf, afpGg jlif{of lbndfof nfdf / y'k|}y'k|} nfnfafnfx¿ Û

jiff{df slxn] kfgL / af9L l55{ slxn] ;k{ l5/]/ yfª\gfdf lanfpF5 ;k{sf] 8;fOeGbf of] ef]s / lr;f]sf] 8;fO slt w]/} ljiffn' Û

l7s o;}a]nf s'lx/f]sf] w'nf] p8fpFb} x]lnsf]K6/df cfOk'U5 of] b]zsf] ;/sf/

gkTofP glhs} cfP/ x]g'{xf];\ dnfO{ ev{/} lr;f]sf] 8;fOn] b'w] gfgL u'dfPsL ljlgtf kx/L x'F d t';f/f]n] /ut hd]/ cfdf u'dfPsf] /f]zgnfn s'dfn x'F .

lj:kmfl/t clg w'ldn w'ldn gogn] lrxfO/x]5g\ j:tLel/sf kLl8tx¿ / bªbf; kb}{ elg/x]5g\ – ……nf} g eujfg Û of] ;/sf/ / sfnsf] cg'xf/ lsg p:t} b]lvPsf] <ÚÚ

k6s k6s c:yfoL lzlj/leq l55{g\ slxn] t';f/f]sf] cfFwL

10

sljtf

lnlDkofw'/f, d]/L cfdf Û -dxfsfnLsf] aofg_

;'/z ] kl/of/ 3/uf]7 n'6g\ ] rfn xf] kfl/sf ldrfxf zf;ssf], lapFemfO b]pm . cfdf, cDa/ u'?ªx¿ dsxfF …;'uf}nL ;lGwÚ ufpg cfpF5g\ gf}nf g]kfnL ;Gtfg ltdL, d / xfdL a]lrg'sf] lj/f]wdf gf/f nufpF5g\ . ltgsf] u'/fF; ufnfdf d ;'gf}nf] eljio b]V5', afa'cfdf / 5f]/f5f]/L a]rL bf}/f;'?jfn l;pg] zf;sx¿ v]lbPsf] b[Zo b]V5', s'6L, gfaL / u'~hL 3'Db} g]kfnL ;Gtfg xfF;s ] f] b]V5', xfd|f] ;ª\nf] kfgL lkPsf emndNn ufpF ;x/ b]V5', t/fO{sf] km/flsnf] kmfF6df tLg afnL nfO/x]sf xfd|f eLdbQx¿ b]V5' . xf], gf}nf] g]kfnL ;Gtfgsf] u'/fF; ufnfdf d ;'gf}nf] eljio b]V5' . cfdf, zf;sx¿sf] n]gb]gdf cfFvf gltlNdnfpm wtL{h:tf hgtf ;fIfL 5g\ ltdL d]/L cfdf xf} . @)&^ dª\l;/ a'6jn, ?kGb]xL

cfdf, zf;sx¿sf] n]gb]gdf cfFvf gltlNdnfpm wtL{ ;fIfL l5g\ ltdL d]/L cfdf xf} . ltdL dfq xf]Og oxfF cfwf a]lrPsL 5' d klg a]lrPsf 5g\ sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL g]kfnL r]nL a]lrPsf 5g\ ;:tf HofdL / xnL agL k/b]zd} 5g\ 5f]/fx¿ klg . cfdf, g]kfnL zf;snfO{ ha dxf/fh aGg dg nfU5 ;:tf]df laqmL x'G5, :jfledfg kxf8L 5f]/fsf] ;tLTj lxdfnL 5f]/Lsf] lnnfdLdf /flvG5, kfngstf{ pBf]ux¿ hLjgwf/f gbL alxgLx¿ pj{/f hdLg hggLx¿ . cfdf, ;'gs ] L 5' ltd|f] 5ftLdf uf]v–{] a'6 ahfl/Fb5 } cfh, ltgLx¿nfO{ elgb]pm, ltg} …jL/ uf]vf{Ú x'g\ ltgLx¿ h;nfO{ zf;sx¿n] >L # d's6' ;Fu ;f6]sf lyP ;Qfdf /f0ff–k|t] /x];Dd Dofb xf] ltgsf], ;DemfO b]pm afcfdf;Fu ;Gtfg le8fP/ 11

:d[lt

cWoIf sf= /f]lxtsf] ;+:d/0fsf s]xL k[i7 -g]dlskfsf cWoIf sf= gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ -/f]lxt_ sf] ;+:d/0fsf s]xL k[i7 oxf“ k|:t't 5g\ . ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt eO;s]sf oL ;ª\lIfKt ;+:d/0ffTds n]vx¿ x'g\ –;+=_ k|wfgdGqL rfp Pg–nfOsf] ;f}xfb{k0" f{ Jojxf/ ;g\ !(%(–^) df d Pl;ofnL clk|msL o'jf tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jf:Yo lgjf;df lyP“ . k]Olrª\sf] @) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/lt/ kftfr' eGg] 7fp“df :jf:Yo lgjf; lyof] . :jf:Yo lgjf; a;]sf] @–$ dlxgf kl5 k]Olrª\sf] kfs{ / cGo P]ltxfl;s ;ª\ux| fnox¿df 3'dfpg nluof] . %–^ dlxgf kl5 cGo ;ef ;df/f]xx¿df ;d]t ;xefuL u/fOP“ .

To;a]nf rLgdf Pl;ofnL / clk|msL 7"nf / ;fgf b]zsf /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLx¿sf] e|d0f eO/xGYof] . cltlyx¿sf :jfut ;df/f] x / /fqLef]hx¿df d klg ;xefuL x'Gy]“ . tL ;df/f]xx¿ w]/} h;f] hgk|ltlglw ;ef ejgd} x'Gy] . ;of}“ ;xefuL x'g] tL ;df/f]xx¿df cf–cfˆgf] :yfg gfd;lxt lglZrt 6]an ' sf] aGbf]a:t ul/Psf] x'GYof] . d a:g] 6]j'ndf ;w}“ rLg–g]kfn d}qL ;ª\3sf Ps kfsf] lrlgof“ ldq x'Gy] . ;fy} lrlsT;s / bf]efif] klg x'Gy] . ljb]zL kfx'gf / lrlgof“ g]tfx¿sf] cf}krfl/s efif0f kl5 lrlgof“ k|wfgdGqL rfp Pg nfO{ ljleGg 6]j'ndf k'uL ;xefuLx¿;“u enfs';f/L ug'{x'GYof] . d ;w}“ g]kfnL kf]zfs efbufp“n] sfnf] 6f]kL nufPsf] x'Gy]“ . k|wfgdGqL rfp Pg nfO{ x/]s k6s xfdL a;]sf] :yfgdf k'Ug'x'GYof] / d]/f] :jf:Yoaf/] lrlsT;sx¿;“u ;f]Wg'x'GYof] / bf]efif]n] dnfO{ cg'jfb uy] { . k| w fgdGqL rfp–Pg nfO{ n ] d] / f] zL3|

:jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ;fy} 3/af6 lr¶Lkq cfpg] gcfpg] ljifo / dftf–lktfaf/] klg ;f]wk'5 ug'{x'GYof] . g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL lj=lk=sf]O/fnfsf] :jfut ;df/f]xsf] lbg cf}krfl/s ;df/f]x kl5sf] e]63f6df lj=lk= sf]O/fnfnfO{ :jf:Yo lgjf;df ;fyLx¿n] e]63f6sf nflu cfu|x ubf{ pxf“n] rfp Pg–nfO{nfO{ cfk"m ljBfyL{x¿;“u e]6\g rfx]sf] atfpg'eof] . rfp– Pg nfO{n] cfˆgf ;xof]uLnfO{ sfo{qmd ldnfpg eGg'eof] . clxn] %(–^) jif{kl5 d k|=d= rfp Pg–nfO{sf] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfk|ltsf] ;b\efj ;lDem/xG5' . To;a]nf d @) jif{sf] lyP“ . :jf:Yo nfekl5 g]kfn kms{“] . kl5 ;df/f]xx¿df Pp6} 6]a'ndf a/f]a/ e]63f6 x'g] kfsf] lrlgof“ ldqnfO{ g]kfndf klxnf] /fhb"tsf] ?kdf e]6 eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof]–ælrGg' eof] <Æ æc“ d}n] lrg“,] dxfdlxdnfO{ xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf :jfut 5Æ – d}n] eg]“ . æxfdL k'/fgf ldq xf}Æ“ pxf“n] eGg'eof] . d}n] eg]–“ æcjZo, g]kfnL / lrlgof“ hgtf k'/fgf / c;n ldq xf}“ .Æ o'jfj:yfsf] lrlgof“ a;fO{, lrlgof“ hgtf / g]tfx¿sf] g]kfnk|ltsf] ;f}xfb{tf / pxf“x¿sf] g]kfn e|d0fx¿sf] ;Demgf cfhklg dnfO{ tfhf nflu/x]sf] 5 . lrlgof“ gflkt ldq;“u :jf:Yo lgjf;df Ps hgf ljBfyL{sf] skfn sf6\g Ps 306fsf] kf; lbOGYof] . d skfn sf6\g 12

7Ls ;dodf k'Ubf gflkt ldq Pshgf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ labf lbO{ r'/f]6 vfO/x]sf lyP . r'/f]6 vf“bf;Dd k'/fgf] rLgdf pgsf] :yfgaf/] d}n] ;f]w“] – æqmflGteGbf klxn] tkfO{+ s] ug'x{ G' Yof]<Æ æ d Ps hldgbf/ lyP“,Æ– pgn] hjfkm lbP . ætkfO{s + f] v]tdf ca s;n] sfd u5{ <Æ æ;a} v]t ls;fgx¿nfO{ af“8“] .Æ ælsg <Æ d}n] k|Zg u/]“ . æe"ld ;'wf/df, v]t hf]Tg] ls;fgn] kfp“5Æ ætkfO{n + ] lsg cfkm\gf] v]t hf]Tg'ePg <Æ æd cfkm\gf] v]t hf]Tg ;lSbgy]“ . d}n] oxL k]zf /f]h“] .Æ pgL;“usf] s'/fsfgL cg';f/ cfˆgf] gof“ k]zfaf6 pgL ;Gt'i6 lyP . ;/sf/af6 sd{rf/L ;/x tnj kfp“y] .

/ ;–;fgf dlGb/ jf :df/sx¿ Ifdtf cg';f/sf] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbg' plrt x'G5 . :yfgLo lgsfo / k|bz ] n] g;Sg] ;a} d7–dlGb/ / ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿sf] dd{t ;Def/ / k'gM lgdf{0f s]Gb|n] a]xf]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . t/ ef}uf]lns lx;fan] clxn];Ddsf] l:ylt x]bf{ s]Gb| jf k'/ftTj ljefu / u'7Ln] @) k|ltzt dfq sfd ug{ ;s]sf] x'b“ f :yfgLo lgsfo / k|bz ] nfO{ ;d]t lhDdf lbOg' Jofjxfl/s x'g] b]lvG5 . kqsfl/tf / n]vgdf d]/f] em'sfp k~rfotsfndf lzIf0f k]zf :jtGq ljrf/ /fVg] JolQmx¿sf] lglDt ;'/lIft k]zfsf] ¿kdf lnOGYof] . ;a}h;f] ljBfnox¿ ;/sf/L lyP / Ps b'O{ ljBfno cfhsf] efiffdf lghL jf cw{;/sf/L lyP . o;sf/0f kqsfl/tf / n]vg k]zfdf d}n] cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t ug]{ ljrf/ u/]“ . eQmk'/df To;a]nf dfWolds ljBfnox¿df uf]/vfkq / xfnva/h:tf Ps – b'O{ j6f klqsf lgoldt cfp“y] . To;a]nf lzIfsx¿;d]t kq–klqsfdf labf, /fzLkmn of xf:o– Joª\Uosf :tDe x]y{] . Psfw lzIfsx¿ b]z–ljb]zsf ;dfrf/, ;/sf/L ;"rgfx¿ / lr7Lkq :tDe x]y{] . lghL ljBfnox¿sf o'jf lzIfsx¿dfq} l6sfl6Kk0fL uy{] / cGo kqklqsf x]y{] . uf}/ a:bf kqklqsf x]g{] afgL a;]sf] lyof] . af} l 4s ljsf; d08n -rf] 5 ] “ s f] k' : tsfno_ / gf;dgfl:yt hgHof]lt k':tsfnodf b]zL / ljb]zL b}lgs tyf cGo kqklqsf x]g{] b}lgsLn] cfk\mgf] em'sfj / hgtfnfO{ ;+;f/sf] jf:tljs l:yltaf/] ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ tyf ;r]t u/fpg kqsfl/tfsf] 7"nf] xft x'g] ;Dem]“ . ToxL ;dembf/Lsf] sf/0f ;fKtflxs ;dLIffsf] kml;lsjf jf /~hgf l;g]df xnsf] blIf0f klZrd s'gfsf] sfof{nodf k'u“] . t'ngfTds¿kn] df]6f] rZdf nufPsf ;Dkfbs dbgdl0fhLn] xKtfsf] Pp6f n]v ahf/efpaf/] jf cGo ljifodf n]Vg eGg'eof] .

To;a]nf eQmk'/df ls;fg sfo{stf{x¿sf] df]lxofgL xs hf]ufpg], afnL a'emfP/ ekf{O ls;fgnfO{

dlGb/ / ljxf/sf] jGbf]a:t :jf:Yo lgjf;df a:bf ;do–;dodf lgjf;af6 labf lnP/ rLgsf ljleGg k|fGtsf dlGb/ / ljxf/x¿sf] e|d0f ubf{ ;a} 7fp“ ;f¥x} ;kmf b]lvGy] . wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] cfpg] dflg;x¿ ;f¥x} sd b]Vy]“ . t/ 3'Dg / a'‰g cfpg] dflg;x¿ a9L b]lvGy] .

Toxf“ ;]jf ug{] k"hf/L jf leIf'x¿;“usf] s'/fsfgLdf @–$ j6f k|Zg u/]“ . of] dlGb/ / ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f s;n] u/]sf] < o;sf] hUuf jf u'7L s] eof] < ca oxf“sf] vr{ / dd{t–;Def/ s;n] u5{ < k"hf/L jf leIf'sf] aGbf]a:t s;/L x'G5 < oL ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ ;a}af6 Pp6} lsl;dsf] cfp“Yof] . of] k|frLg d7dlGb/ / ljxf/ xf] . qmflGtkl5 o;sf] k'gM lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . o; dlGb/sf] k'gM lgdf{0f k|wfgdGqL rfp Pg–nfO{sf] lgb]z { gdf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] hUuf e" l d;' w f/sf] a] n f hf] t fxf ls;fgx¿df ljt/0f eof] . To;kl5 ;a} cfjZos vr{ ;/sf/n] u5{ . k"hf/L / leIf'x¿sf] aGbf]j:t klg ;/sf/af6} x'G5 . rLgsf oL ;a} aGbf]j:tx¿ h:t} g]kfnsf d7 dlGb/x¿sf] aGbf]j:t klg ;/sf/af6 x'gk' g]{ xf] . ;ª\3 /fHosf] aGbf]j:t eO;s]sf] x'“bf dWod:t/sf] d7dlGb/sf] aGbf]j:t k|bz ] sf] /]vb]vdf 13

lbnfpg] cleofg, afnL–sf6\ g ] cfGbf] n g / e|i6frf/lj/f]wL ultljlwx¿ lg/Gt/ rNb} lyP . To:tf ;dfrf/x¿ gof“ ;fyLx¿dfkm{t 306f3/lg/sf] ‘dft[el" d’ ;fKtflxsdf k7fpg] u/]“ . /~hgf l;g]df xns} k"jL{ nfddf ‘gof“ ;dfh’ ;fKtflxssf] sfof{no lyof] . kz'kltb]j kf08] ;Dkfbs / afn d'sG' bb]j kf08] ;x– ;Dkfbs lyP . t/, dnfO{ pxf“x¿sf] /fhg}lts k[i7e"ld yfxf lyPg . tL klqsfdf rLgsf af/]df nfdf – nfdf n]vx¿ 5flkGy] . w]/h } ;f] rLgsf] s[lif, pBf]u, lzIff cflbaf/] g]kfnL cg'jfb 5flkGYof] . To;df d klg g]kfn – rLg d}qL ;DaGw / ;fd|fHojfblj/f]wL n]v tyf ;dfrf/x¿ k7fp“y]“ . t/, sfof{nodf slxNo} kz'kltb]j kf08];“u e]6 ePg . ‘dft[el" d’ k|; ] df d ‘leotgfd kl/ro’ zLif{ssf] ;fgf] k'l:tsf 5kfpg uPsf] lyP“ . k'l:tsfdf :jfefljs lx;fan] e"ldsfdf leotgfdL hgtfsf] ;dy{g / cd]l/sL cfqmd0fsf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . eQmk'/df To;a]nf ufO{hfqf, u7]d'·n -uf7fdf]ur/]_ h:tf hfqfdf cd]l/sL /fi6«kltx¿k|lt Joª\Uo ul/Psf k|x;gx¿ klg b]vfOGy] / To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ bafpg k|x/L ultljlwx¿ a9\b} lyP . ToxL l;nl;nfdf ;xc~rnfwLz / To;a]nfsf k//fi6« ;lrjn] ldq/fi6« cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«kltsf] gfd g} ls6]/ cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] x'“bf k'l:tsf :jLs[lt gx'g] egL hkmt u/] . em08} Ps–b'O{ jif{kl5 @)@$ ;fndf ‘rLg– e|d0f’ 5kfpg dft[el" d k|; ] k'u“] . k':ts tof/ eof], Tof] k':ts klg :jLs[t ePg / hkmt u/L hnfOlbPsf] s'/f ;'g]“ . sfsf dbgs[i0f xf8fn] ‘ltdLn] klqsf rnfpg] xf] eg] k|; ] / sfuh ;/sf/af6} cfp“5, Pp6f ;fKtflxs rnfpg'’ eg] . dnfO{ ;/sf/L ;xof]udf klqsf rnfpg] OR5f nfu]g .

To;}a]nf eQmk'/df Pskl5 csf]{ ls;fg cfGbf]ngn] lg/Gt/tf kfof], d klg eQmk'/ gu/sf] * jf8{af6 lgjf{lrt ;b:o lyP“ . d]o/ -k|wfg k~r_ / ;fyLx¿ sfof{nod} kqmfpdf k/] . ;fyLx¿sf] lg0f{on] d e"ldut eP“ . ;fyLx¿ 5'6k] l5 d k'gM cWoognfO{

rfn" /fVg rfxGy]“ . t/, Pshgf 5'6Y\ of] / b'Oh { gf gof“ ;fyL kqmfp ky{] . of] qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] / d]/f] cWoog rfn" /fVg] tyf kqsfl/tf jf n]vgL k]zfsf] ;kgf Ps /fhgLlts sfo{stf{sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft eof] . e"ldutsfndf ;fyLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts¿kn] ;r]t kfg{ Ps u]:g/ -lnyf] d]lzg_ sf] aGbf]a:t u/L ‘nfn emG8f’ gfdsf] @–$ k[i7sf] klqsf k|sfzg ug{ pT;flxt u/]“ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ‘ljBfyL{ a'nl] 6g’ k|sfzg u/fO{ ‘clvn’ sf] ‘:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog’ af/]sf] b[li6sf]0fsf] ;}4flGts¿kn] v08g z'? eof] . To;a]nf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ?;L / lrlgof“ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf ;}4flGts ;ª\3if{kl5 ‘ljBfyL{ km]8/];g’ lgliqmo eof] / cd]l/sL ;dy{gdf ‘k|mL jN8{’ sf] z}nLn] ‘k|mL :6'8G] 6 o'lgog’ -:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog_ sf] l;nl;nf b]lvof] . To;a]nf kf6gaf6 Ps u'Kt klqsf ‘hg;ª\3if{’ lnyf] u/L k|sflzt x'GYof] . ef/t k|jf;sf] ;'?df d}lynL efiffdf Ps k|ultzLn a'nl] 6g k|sflzt ug{] ;f]r lyof] . t/, b/e·f lhNnfs} s]xL ;flxTosf/ ;fyLx¿;“usf] ;Nnfxdf ‘cfwf/’ eGg] * k[i7sf] lxGbL a'nl] 6g ;'? ul/of] .

To;n] ef/tsf s]xL If]q / g]kfnsf] t/fO{df kl/jt{gjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] k|rf/sf] sfd u¥of] . @–$ dlxgfd} ef/tLo u'Ktr/ ljefun] g]kfnsf] t/fO{af6} yfxf kfO{ cUgL k'ik, 808jL /f]8s \ f] 7]ufgf kQf nufP/ k|; ] nfO{ wDsL lbof] / ‘cfwf/’ a'nl] 6g aGb eof] . cUgL k'ik k6gfdf csf{] klqsfdf k'u] . s]xL lbgkl5 ‘;dfrf/–;Gb]z’ lxGbLd} k|sflzt ul/of] . ljxf/sf gS;njfbL xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f yfxf kfP/ ;Dks{df cfP . ltgLx¿;“u xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f d]n vfPg . ltgLx¿ xfdLnfO{ / tTsfnLg ‘emfkf u'6’ nfO{ ‘;dfg b"/L’ df /fVg rfxGy], xfdLn] Pp6f b]zdf Pp6fdfq ‘sDo'lg:6’ kf6L{ /xG5 t/ ljb]zL x:tIf]k pko'Qm gePsf] atfPkl5 Tof] s'/f cufl8 a9]g . To;} l;nl;nfdf ‘;dfrf/ – ;Gb]z’ klg s]xL c° 5flkPkl5 k|; ] n] 5fKg dfg]g, ef/tLo ldqx¿ klg kl5 x6] . kfls:tfgdf e'§f]sf] xTofkl5 sf7df8f“}df 14

ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng cufl8 a9\of] / b/e·fdf ‘w'j| tf/f’ eGg] gof“ lxGbL a'nl] 6g ;fyL cjw]zsf] ;xof]udf ;'? eof] . g]kfndf jfdkGyL cfGbf]ng klg cufl8 a9\of], hgdt;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff eof], k~rfotL ;/sf/n] /fhgLlts JolQmx¿sf] kqmfp cfb]z lkmtf{ lnof] / cfddfkmLsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . ‘hgtfsf] ;flxTo’ ^ c°;Dd ef/td} k|sflzt eof] / xfdL sf7df8f“} k'Uof}“ . sf7df8f}d“ f ;a} sDo'lg:6 elgg] bnx¿sf] klqsf k|sflzt x'GYof] t/ g]dlskfnfO{ :jLs[lt lbOPg .

ToxL ljifonfO{ lnP/ Pshgf ;fyLn] /fhfsf] ;lrj;“u kIfkft ePsf] Joxf]/f /fVbf pgn] eg]5g\, ælbNnLeGbf k]lsª w]/} 6f9f 5 .Æ xfdLn] ‘cfwf/’ gfdsf] Pp6f ;fKtflxs a'nl] 6g k|sflzt u¥of},“ kf6gsf] Ps k|; ] af6 . k|; ] jfnfn] eGg ;'? u¥of], ævfnL e]/L, s0ff{nLsf] dfq ;dfrf/ 5flkG5, c~rnfwLz sfof{non] xfdL;“u ;f]wk'5 ub{5 } .Æ cg]s k6ssf] r]tfjgLkl5 7Ls Ps jif{df ‘cfwf/’ aGb eof] . ag]kfsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;xof]un] xfdLn] ‘;fsf/’ rnfpg ;'? u¥of}“ . 7Ls Ps jif{kl5 gfd jfnfn] klqsf aGb ug{] hgfp lbof] . ‘;fsf/’ klg aGb eof] . @)%)÷%! df ‘;fKtflxs >lds’ n] btf{ kfof] / @^ jif{bl] v nuftf/ k|sflzt x'“b5 } . To:t} ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs @)%%–%^ ;fndf btf{ eof] . @! jif{bl] v lg/Gt/ rfn" 5 . To;kl5sf xfd| f ;fyLx¿sf] kqsfl/tfsf ultljlwaf/] ;a} ;fyLx¿ cjut x'gx' G' 5 .

lhNnfdf lzIfs ag]/ gof“ k':tf tof/ ug{ nfUg'eof] . hgtf, lxdfn, lxdfn ;Gb]z -;fKtflxs_, /fi6« k'sf/ / g]sfsf] d'vkq ‘g]kfn k'sf/’ sf] agf/; / sf7df8f}d+ f pxf“n] ;x;Dkfbs, ;~rfns ;ldlt, cfhLjg ;b:o / ;Dkfbssf] ¿kdf sfd ug'e{ of] .

-lxdfn, ;fKtflxs, !–& ;fpg @)&$_ lg/Gt/ sfd ug{ rfxg' x'g] t/ cfTd–k|z; + faf6 6f9f / st{JonfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'xg' ] /fdxl/ hf]zLn] b'O6{ f sljtf ;ª\ux| , g]kfnsf] gf]eD] a/ qmflGt, @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng M ljZjsf] cf“vL em\ofnaf6, ctLtsf s]xL ;Demgfx¿, cfTdsyf tyf g]kfnL sfª\u; |] / c“Wof/f]af6 pHofnf]lt/ -@)&!_ sf ;fy} Ps cg'jfb ;flxTo / s]xL afn lj1fg kl/roh:tf kf7\ok':ts;d]t n]Vg'eof] . pxf“n] /fhgLltdf cfkm" k|sfzdf cfpg] afx]s ;a} sfd ug'e{ of] . g]kfnsf slt Odfgbf/ /fhgLlts g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿df ljrf/sf] :ki6tfsf] cefj b]lvGYof], To;df hf]zLhL klg ckjfb x'gx' G' g . ef/tdf a;]/ /f0fflj/f]wL ;ª\3if{df nfu]sf Ps k':tf ufGwLjfb / ;dfhjfbL lrGtgaf6 k|efljt eP eg] bf];|f] k':tf ‘ufGwLjfbsf] zj k/LIff’, ‘ufGwL / pgsf jfb’ / ‘j}1flgs ;dfhjfb’sf k|jt{s ag] . k'/fgf] k':tfdf ;}4flGts / /fhg} l ts :ki6tfsf] cefj pxf“ x ¿sf kl5Nnf cleJolQmx¿af6 yfxf x'G5 . af/Daf/ g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ;/sf/df uof], v';fdbL / lrKnf] 3:g] slt sfo{stf{ dGqL, /fhb"t / cg]s kbx¿df k'u] t/ ltgLx¿af6 b]z / hgtfsf] oyf]lrt ;]jf ePsf] cg'el" t ul/Pg . hLjgsf] cGtlt/ hf]zLhLn] k|:6 ug'e{ of] –‘;a} k};fs} k5fl8 bf}l8Psf 5g\ . d]/f] lstfasf nflu ;do lbg] km';b{ s;nfO{ 5 / < Û’ -g]kfn ;fKtflxs, * ;fpg @)&$_ t/ pxf“nfO{ yfxf ePg – g]x¿sf] cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] ‘k':tssf] ljdf]rg k|d ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] s;/L ug{ ;Sy] Û hLjge/ t/fO{sf] lglDt cfGbf]ng ug'e{ of], t/ pxf“s} 3/df cfuf] nfUof] t/ u[xdGqL l;6f}nfn] jf:t} u/]gg\ . ;fob oL ;a} b]v/] pxf“nfO{

/fdxl/ hf]zLsf] ;Demgfdf Û @))& ;fneGbf klxn] g} k"0f{axfb'/ Pd=P= / c¿;“u ldn]/ snsQfdf cª\uh ]| Ldf klqsf k|sflzt u/L /f0fflj/f]wL ;ª\3if{df nfu]sf /fdxl/ hf]zL @( c;f/ @)&$ df laTg'eof] . $ hgj/L !(@* df ;nf{xLsf] ;b/d' s fd dnª\ u jfdf hGdg' e Psf hf] z Ln] ljBfyL{sfnb]lv g} g]kfn /fli6«o sfª\u; ]| / g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| df /xL /f0fflj/f]wL ;ª\3if{df lg/Gt/ nfUg'eof] . cª\uh ]| L ;flxTodf ;g\ !(%& df Pd=P= ug'e{ of] / cg]s cfGbf]ng ;ª\3if{ Pjd\ h]nhLjg latfp“b} pxf“ cfkm\g} 15

slxn]sfxL+ kZrftfk x'b“ f] xf] / ‘sGkm];g’ n]Vg'eof] Û ;fob k|sflzt ePsf] 5}g . ‘clxn] sfª\u|];df h'emf¿kg g} ePg, k};f / kfj/sf] Kofbfdfq ag]’] ‘=== cfkm\gf] /f]ueGbf sfª\u; ]| df nfu]sf] /f]u’ af/] lrlGtt x'gx' G' Yof] hf]zL . ;f]rs ] f] / ;Dem]sf] eGbf km/s kl/0ffdn] pxf“sf] cf“vfdf kfgL el/g' :jfefljs xf] . lgM :jfy{ ¿kdf b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]x{ ¿sf] oxL cg'ej 5 . ]| jf Pdfn] / hgtfdf klg cfnf]rgfTds g]kfnL sfª\u; b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; / ;"Id ¿kn] cWoog ug]{ k/Dk/f eOlbPsf] eP ;fob To;f] gx'“bf] xf] . pxf“n] lzIffdGqL 5f]8g\ e' of] / ;+:s[lt dGqL x'ge' of], sf/0f lyof] – lzIff clwsf/L, lzIfs / cGo lgo'lQm x'gx] ¿;“u pxf“n] /sd p7fpg ;Sg'ePg Û oL ;a}n] lgi7f / ;/ntfeGbf ;}4flGts ;ª\3if{zLntf cfjZos ePsf] :ki6 5 . xf] t ‘;f]emf] x'g' eg]sf] a]as'km x'g' xf], h;n] klg 7U5g\ dfq} Û’ Ps k|mfG;]nL egfO 5 – ‘cft° ljgfsf] ;xof]u d"vt{ f xf] / ;xof]u ljgfsf] cft° 8s}tL xf] .’ o:tf] oyfy{ hLjgaf6 hf]zLhL dfly x'gx' G' Yof] . pxf“nfO{ Odfgbf/ g]kfnLx¿n] ;lDem/xg]5g\ – pxf“sf] g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| ;“u km/s dt /fv]/ klg Û

x'b“ f aNnedl0f bfxfnsf] af/]klg ;Demgf x'GYof] . @)$% ;fnsf] eQmk'/ sf08sf] l;nl;nfdf xfdL h]ndf x'b“ f aNnedl0f bfxfnsf] ofb cfof] / xfd|f ;flxTox¿ pxf“;Dd ;fyLx¿n] k'¥ofpg'eof] . h]naf6 5'6]kl5 bfxfnhL;“u a/f]a/ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 x'GYof] . Ps k6s rLgdf klg pxf“;“u e]6 eof] . g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf] Pp6f sfo{qmdsf] l;nl;nfdf lj/f6gu/ a;fO{d+ f afns[i0f kf]v/]nsf] ofb cfof] . ;fyL g/]Gb| x'dfufO{; + “u kf]v/]nhL e]6g\ ] sfo{qmd /fVg] ljrf/ /fv]+ . g/]Gb|hLn] kmf]g gDa/ lbg'eof] / d}n] ;Dks{ /fv],“ afns[i0fhL v';L eP/ g/]Gb|hLsxf“ cfkm} cfpg] atfpg'eof] / Ps l5gkl5 Ps7]nL cfkm\gf k':tsx¿ lnP/ k'Ug'eof] . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;flxToaf/] afns[i0fhLsf] k|ultzLn ;flxTo / sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngaf/] e}/x]sf] ;}4flGts kIfw/tf stf xf] eGg]af/] lh1f;f /fv]“ . cfkm\gf] agf/; a;fO“s} a]nf g]kfnsf Ps rlr{t / tTsfnLg d'Vo g]tfaf6 g]kfnsf] /fli6«o efiff g} lxGbL efiff x' g ' k 5{ eGg] ;' g ] k l5 g] k fnsf] sDo' l g:6 cfGbf]ngk|lt lj/Qm eP/ /fhLgfdf lbPsf] atfpg'eof] . cfkm" efiff / ;flxTod} ;dlk{t e};s]sf] x'b“ f g]kfn sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf ;}4flGts ;ª\3if{df nfu]/ kf/ gkfpg] b]Vg' eof] / jfd–/fhgLltdf kl5 kms{/] klg x]g'{ ePg, Tof] e]63f6af/] ;lDem/xGy]“ . t/ crfgs afns[i0f kf]v/]nsf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] ;dfrf/n] d / xfd|f ;fyLx¿nfO{ :tAw kf¥of] . g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo dfkm{t pxf“n] ug'e{ Psf] ;]jfsf sf/0f g]kfnL ;r]t hgtfn] afns[i0f kf]v/]n Ps k|ultzLn ;flxTosf/sf] ?kdf ;lDem/xg] 5g\ .

;flxTosf/ afns[i0f kf]v/]nsf] ;Demgf ;flxTosf/ afns[i0f kf]v/]nnfO{ d}n] pxf“sf] ;flxlTos /rgfx¿af6 Ps k|ultzLn JolQmTjsf] ?kdf @)!(–@) ;fn cufl8b]lv g} yfxf kfp“b} cfPsf] lyP“ . afns[i0f kf]v/]nhL;“u d]/f] klxnf] kl/ro sf7df8f}d“ f g]kfn–?; d}qL ;ª\3df ePsf] lyof] . efiffs} ;DaGwdf Ps cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgLsf] a]nf g]kfn–?; d}qL ;ª\3sf cWoIf s[i0fk|;fb e08f/Ln] kl/ro u/fO{ lbg'ePsf] lyof] . ljleGg gfp“df pxf“sf /rgfx¿ k9]sf] lyP“, t/ n]vs afns[i0f kf]v/]n x'gx' G' 5 eGg] yfxf lyPg . s'/fsfgLdf g]kfndf g]kfnefiff, tfdfª, g]kfnL, ef]hk'/L / cGo ljb]zL efiff / k|ultzLn ;flxToaf/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . afns[i0f kf]v/]nhLsf /rgfx¿sf] ;Demgf

d]/f] cf“vfdf ljof]uLhL jl/i7 kqsf/ tyf ;Dkfbs ;dfhsf cWoIf uf]ljGb ljof]uLhL;“u d]/f] k|ToIf ;DaGw @)@@÷@# ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . d pxf“sf] ;fKtflxs ‘dft[el" d’ sf] Ps kf7s lyP“ . ‘dft[el" d’ sf] cGt/f{li6«o 36gfaf/]sf] b[li6sf]0f / ljZn]if0f cGo ;fKtflxssf] t'ngfdf k|ultzLn lyof] .

16

leotgfd o'4sf] ;do lyof] . g]kfnL o'jf– ljBfyL{x¿df leotgfdsf] kl/ro / o'4sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' d}n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo ;Dem]“ . o;sf/0f pxf“sf] k|; ] df ‘leotgfd Ps kl/ro’ eGg] k'l:tsf 5kfpg] l;nl;nfdf d dft[el" d k|; ] k'us ] f] lyP“ . k'l:tsfsf] u'?skL ljof]uLhLnfO{ b]vfP“ . pxf“n] k'l:tsfsf] cfsf/, kfgf / cIf/sf] af/]df klg ;f]Wg' eof] . d k':ts 5kfOdf gf}nf] dflg; x'b“ f pxf“s} ;Nnfx dfu]“ / ;f]cg';f/ 5fKg] / k|k' m cfkm}n] x]g{] atfP“ . x'g t u'?skLsf] cIf/, z'4fz'4L / cGo w]/} s'/fdf sdL– sdhf]/Lx¿ lyP . pxf“n] Ps u|fxsnfO{ cK7]/f] x'g] s'g} jfSo jf Jojxf/ k|s6 ug'{ ePg . k|k' m x]bf{ klg w]/} q'6Lx¿ eP . pxf“n] h:tfsf] t:t} 5kfpg' eof] . em08} @*÷@( k]hsf] Ps xhf/ -!,)))_ k|ltsf] ?=#)).– hlt nfUof] . d}n] k};f a'emfP“ t/ c~rnflwz sfof{non] k'l:tsfnfO{ k|sfzg ug]{ :jLs[lt lbPg / s]xL lbg kl5 k'l:tsf ;a} c~rnflwzn] k|];af6} p7fP/ nu]sf] yfxf kfP“ .

To; 36gfsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 d}n] ‘rLg e|d0f’ 5kfpg pxf“;u“ e]6“] . klxn] h:t} k':tssf] cfsf/–k|sf/af/] 5nkmn eof] / sDkf]h ;'? eof] . Ps–8]9 dlxgfdf k':ts 5flkof] . @@% k[i7 hltsf] k':ts tof/ eof] . Ps xhf/ k|ltsf] ?=!*)).– kg]{ pxf“n] atfpg' eof] . k~rfotL ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 Pp6f klqsf rnfpg Pp6f k|; ] lbg] clg dfq} k':tsnfO{ :jLs[lt lbg] s'/f cfPsf] lyof], Tof] k|:tfj :jLsf/ ePg . s]xL lbgkl5 yfxf eof] – ‘rLg e|d0f’ klg c~rnflwz sfof{nosf dflg;x¿n] k|; ] af6} p7fP/ nu], ;DejtM k':ts hnfOof] . t/ uf]ljGb ljof]uLhLn] k':tssf] /sdaf/] kl5 slxNo} s'/f p7fpg' ePg . tL 36gfx¿ kl5 ljof]uLhL;“u d]/f] a/f]a/ e]63f6 x'GYof] / ;fdfGo s'/fsfgL eOg} /xGYof] . kl5 d sf/fuf/, e"ldut / ef/tdf k|jf;df uP“ . g]kfn kms]k{ l5 pxf“;u“ sf] d]/f] ;DaGw ;bf em}“ Ps}gf;sf] /x\of] . klxnf] e]63f6df pxf“sf] ;/ntf d}n] h:tf] kfP“, pxf“;“usf] clGtd e]6;Dd klg Pp6} /x\of] .

pxf“n] slxNo} cfkm\gf] ljrf/af6 k|efj kfg]{ jf nfdf nfdf s'/f ug]{ ug'{ ePg . pxf“ cfkm" 5f]6f] af]Ng' x'GYof] / c?sf] s'/f ;'Gg'xG' Yof] . ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd pxf“nfO{ d}n] ToxL ;/n / ldqjt b]v,“] cfkm"eGbf sd pd]/sf] JolQmnfO{ ;d]t pxf“ ;dfgtf / ;Ddfgsf] Jojxf/ ug'{ x'GYof] . pxf“af6 s;}dfly s6' jrg k|of]u uPsf] / c?k|lt zq'jt\ cleJolQm lbg' ePsf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . cfkm\gf] c;xdlt / c:jLs[lt pxf“ lzi6tf / ljgd|tfk"js { g} /fVg' x'GYof] . d pxf“nfO{ ;';:+ s[t g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] k|tLssf] ?kdf lng] u5'{ .

Jofks ?kdf x]bf{ d pxf“nfO{ Ps ;Gt'lnt / :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ePsf] jl/i7 kqsf/sf] ?kdf lnG5' . pQ]hgf km}nfpg], clZnn syf / t:jL/ 5fKg] tyf em"7f ;dfrf/x¿ k|sflzt u/]/ b·f–km;fb drfpg] h:tf kLtkqsfl/tfeGbf pxf“ ;bf w]/} dfly /xg' eof] . o; cy{df g]kfnsf] kqsfl/tf hutdf pxf“sf] of]ubfg ;f¥x} ;sf/fTds, hfgsf/Ld"ns / ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ 5 . cg'jfb / cfnf]rgfsf k|v/ JolQmTj uf]ljGb e§ ;dfnf]rs uf]ljGb e§ aLkL sf]O/fnfsf] ‘tLg 3'DtL’ sf] cfnf]rgf / kfl/hftsf] rlr{t pkGof; ‘lzl/ifsf] km"n’ sf] cfnf]rgfaf6 k|sfzdf cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . @)@#÷@$ ;fndf d]/f] ‘rLg ofqf’ k':tssf] e"ldsfsf lglDt d g]kfn–rLg d}qL ;ª\3sf cWoIf k"0f{axfb'/ PdP / /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fgsf ;b:o l;l4r/0f >]i7sxf“ k'us ] f] lyP“ . pxf“x¿s} ;Nnfxadf]lhd d klxnf]k6s uf]ljGb e§ / g]kfn–rLg d}qL ;ª\3sf ;b:o Zofdk|;fbhLsxf“ k'us ] f] lyP“ . cWoIf k"0f{axfb'/ PdPn] ‘b'O{ zAb’ n]lvlbg'eof] / slj l;l4r/0f >]i7n] e"ldsf n]lvlbg'eof] . ;dfnf]rs uf]ljGb e§n] dGtJo n]lvlbg'eof] / ;flxTosf/ Zofdk|;fbn] kl/ro n]lvlbg'eof] . a/f]a/ d pxf“x¿;“usf] e]63f6 / s'/fsfgLnfO{ ;Demg] u5'{ . g]kfn–rLg d}qL ;ª\3sf] gof“ ;8sl:yt sfof{nodf Psk6s cWoIf k"0f{axfb'/ PdP / sljj/ 17

/fd|f] g]kfnL z}nLdf cg'jfb ug'e{ Psf] clxn] klg dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 . dnfO{ kl5 yfxf eof] – pxf“ Pshgf /fd|f] cg'jfbs klg x'gx' G' 5 . ;fy}, pxf“ Ps :ki6 jQmf / b]zsf] Ps k|ultzLn ;flxTosf/ x'gx' G' 5 . uf]ljGb e§hLn] rlr{t hLjgL n]vs g/]Gb| k|;fO{+n] n]Vg'ePsf] ‘/f]lxtsf] cfs[lt’ k':tsdf ‘/fhgLlt, ;flxTo / ;ª\3if{sf] syf’ zLif{ssf] Ps cToGt ;Gt'lnt kl/ro n]v]/ dnfO{ klg pxf“nfO{ ;w}“ ;lDem/xg] u'g nufpg'ePsf] 5 . pxf“k|lt d]/f] ;fb/ ;Demgf ¤

l;l4r/0f >]i7 a:g'ePsf] lyof] . d k'us ] f] Ps}l5gdf uf]ljGb e§hL klg cfO{kU' g'eof] . s'/fsfgLsf l;nl;nfdf uf]ljGb e§hLn] slj s]bf/dfg Jolyt g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fgsf] s' n klt aGg' e Psf] d f l;l4r/0fhL;“ u lh1f;f /fVg'eof] . Psl5g ;f]r]/ l;l4r/0fhLn] eGg'eof], ælxhf];Dd /fhf g} s'nklt ePsf] ;+:yfdf Pshgf gful/ssf] 5f]/f] k'Ug' :jfutof]Uo ljifo xf] .Æ hfkfgL kqsf/x¿nfO{ eQmk'/df Ps :jfut sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . hfkfgL kqsf/x¿n] cª\u|h ] Ldf lbPsf] dGtJonfO{ uf]ljGb e§n] cToGt

;Daf]wg …ns8fpg]Ú dg'jfnfO{ P;hL uug cfkm} bª\u 5 x/fpg kfP/ cfkm} gLnf] gedf hn lgd{n–r~rn cfÇg} ulx/fOdf, cfÇg} nodf ¤ dg'jf ¤ ltdL ns8fpgdf 5“bf lsg hLjg rf/}lt/ d':s'/fpg yfNof] < dg'jf ¤ laGtL 5 d]/f] ;f]r x} oxL ‘ns8fpg’ s} df}sfdf ;[li6sf] d's6' ltdLg} xf} ls c¿ sf]xL < ;jf]T{ s[i6 k|f0fL ltdLg} xf} ls c¿ sf]xL < dg'jf ¤ laGtL 5 d]/f] sf]/f]gfb]lv ltdL cftª\lst eO/x“bf sf]/f]gf;“u eofgs o'4 nl8/x“bf c¿ s;}sf] lgldQ ltdL sf]/f]gf gaGg] k|tL1f u/ ¤ cfh} u/ x}, h?/ u/ x} ¤ ;bfsf] lglDt k[YjL ‘ns8fpg’ gx'b“ } u/ x} ¤ r}t !%, @)&^

dg'jf ¤ Pp6f s'/f cfh ;f]wF" x} s'an] fsf] k|Zg geGg" ‘v'lrª\’ sbflk g7fGg" . ltdL ‘ns8fpg’ df 5f} t/ lxhf]eGbf cfh lsg rf/}lt/ xl/ofnL a9\bf] 5 < lsg Ps Ps kft xl/of xl/of 5g\ < lsg ;w}e“ Gbf cfh ?vx¿ km'lt{nf 5g\ < lsg ;w}e“ Gbf cfh af]6lj?jf t]lhnf 5g\ < ltdL ‘ns8fpg’ df 5f} t/ ;w}e“ Gbf cfh lsg km"nx¿ :jR5Gbtfsf] ;f; km]b}{ 5g\ < lsg km"nx¿ ;'/Iffsf] ce"tk"j{ cg'el" t ub{} 5g\ < lsg km"nx¿df pT;fx, pd· a9\bf] 5 < ltdL ‘ns8fpg’ df 5f} t/ slxNo} gePh:t} cfh lxdr'nL km';b{ lgsfn]/ xf“:b} 5 cfÇg} w"gdf r/fr'?ª\uL uLt ufO/x]5g\ pGd'Qm cfjfhdf xfjf :jR5tf, gjk|f0f k|jfx ub{} 5 tLa| j]udf 18

;flxTo / qmflGt g]kfndf klg Pp6} ;d'bfosf dflg; dfq} /fHosf] sfo{sf/L e"ldsfdf lsg x'G5g\ < pQ/ pxL cfp“5 . ax'dtsf] andf cNk;ª\VosnfO{ k]n/] hf“bf eofjx glthf cfOnfU5 eGg] alnof] kf7 OlG8of ljG; lk|m8daf6 lng ;lsG5 . d}n] %)–^) k6s k9]sf] lstfa sDo'lg:6 d]lgkm]:6f] g} xf] oBlk ;'?df hfgL–ghfgL k9]“ . t/ pd]/;“u} ufDeLo{ a9]kl5 cy{ut JofkstfnfO{ af]w u/]“ . sltkon] oxL s[lt k9\gs} nflu hd{gL efiff;d]t

ef/t kQf nfu]kl5 k'“hLjfbsf] ljsf; eof] .’ oxL s'/f a'‰g klg sf]nDa;n] cd]l/sf kQf nufp“bfsf ofqf–syf k9\g' k5{ . lxGb':tfg vf]Hg lx“8] klg cd]l/sf k'u]sf sf]nDa;af/] d}n] sDtLdf b'O{ k':ts k9]“ . sDo'lg:6 d]lgkm]:6f]sf] klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf ‘dfgj ;dfhsf] Oltxf; ju{–;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf;’ egL n]lvPsf] lyof] . t/ cg';Gwfgaf6 v'Nof]– sf]nDa; xfO6L k'Ubf /fHo g} lyPg . ju{ljxLg ;dfhdf ju{–;ª\3if{ x'g] s'/} ePg .

To;}n] lnlvt Oltxf;k"js { f] cflbd ;fDojfbL ;dfhdf

l;s]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{sfndf qmflGt syf 7fg]/ k9\g yfn]sf] o; lstfasf] cg'jfbdf d"n efiffsf] ld7f; eTs]sf] xf]nf t/ d"nefj ar]sf] 5 . dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf; rrf{ ubf{ dhb'/, ;j{xf/f, k'“hLklt ju{ / ;dfhjfbL ljrf/ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . tTsfnLg o'/f]ksf nflu tL ljrf/ :jfefljs} lyP xf]nfg\ t/ g]kfndf To:tf ju{sf] ljsf;} ePsf] lyPg . clxn] a'‰5'– sDo'lg:6 3f]if0ffkqsf x/]s k+lQmdf Pp6f–Pp6f k':ts 5 . Toxf“ elgPsf] 5, ‘cd]l/sf /

ju{–;ª\3if{ lyPg eg]/ kl/dfh{g ul/of] . o;df cy{zf:q, bz{g zf:qnufot ljifo k|:t't ub}{ ;'b"/ eljionfO{ ;d]t dfu{bz{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;flxlTos :jfbsf] of] k':tsdf elgPsf] 5, ‘dhb'/x¿sf] kf6L{ / xslxt lj?4 s'g} kf6L{ vf]lng] 5}g .’ t/ g]kfnsf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿ kl/jt{g / qmflGteGbf ;Qfsf] WofpGgdf x'G5g\ . hjfx/nfn g]x¿sf] klxnf] dlGqd08nsf lzIffdGqL df}nfgf ca'n snfd cfhfbsf] OlG8of ljG; lk|m8dn] 19

lsgls cGoeGbf ?; lk5l8Psf] lyof] . tof/L / cg'ejlagf rfxgfn] dfq} qmflGtsf] ;kgf k"/f gx'gd] } hf]8 b]lvG5, n]lggsf] . of] ;fgf] lstfan] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿n] dhb'/– ls;fgsf] efjgfsf] s;/L ;]jf ug]{ eGg] ;fª\u7lgs tf}/tl/sf l;sfp“5 . g]kfnsf 7"nf elgPsf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] z}nLnfO{ n]lggsf] cf“vfn] x]bf{ cfsfz–hldgsf] km/s b]lvG5 . lstfa af]N5, ‘7"nf s'/f ug{'eGbf k|ltlqmofjfbL ;ª\3;+:yfdf uP/ hgtfsf] ;]jf u/ . o:tf] ufx|f] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gf} eg] ltdL sDo'lg:6 x'g} ;Sb} g f} .’ jf]N;]lesx¿ j]Zofno / e§Ldf ;d]t 3';/] dlxnf / ul/ax¿nfO{ qmflGtsf nflu tof/ u/fp“y] . ga'em]/} k'h“ LjfbL r+un' df km;]sf hgtfnfO{ d'lQm lbg' c;nL sDo'lg:6sf] st{Jo xf] eGg] wf/0ff n]lggsf] b]lvG5 . ?;L ;flxTo k9\bf nfU5– ;flxTo sdhf]/ ePsf] b]zdf qmflGt klg ufx|} xf]nf ls ¤ k|:t'lt M u'?ª ;'zfGt ;fef/ M g]kfn ;fKtflxs

lxGb':tfg / kfls:tfgsf] ljefhgsf] cGto{ vf]N5 . !$ jif{sf] pd]/d} pb{" klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs /lx;s]sf k|ltefzfnL cfhfb OlG8og g];gn s+u;]| sf cWoIf klg eP . Tolta]nf clnslt dfq} nrs eOlbPsf] eP Tof] ljefhg gx'g] ts{ /fVg] logn] g]x¿, ufGwLx¿nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofPsf 5g\ . cfkm"n] /fh ug{ gkfPkl5 lxGb':tfg 6'lqmcf];\ eGg] ;f]Ry], c+uh]| x¿ . d'l:nd If]qnfO{ rf/ j6f agfpg] tfsf cfhfbn] c;xdlt hgfP, ‘o;n] d'l:nd lnunfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .’ t/ pgsf] s'/f ;'gj' fO ePg . cfhfb ef/tLo :jtGqtf kIfkftL lyP . va/bf/L ubf{ub}{ klg lxGb' k'h“ Lklt ju{sf] k|efjdf ufGwL, g]x¿ / ;/bf/ k6]nx¿ k/] . cGTodf, ef/tdf cfÇgf] slxNo} lxt gx'g] 7fg]/ d'l:ndx¿n] 5'§} kfls:tfg vf]h] . To;a]nfb]lvsf] åGåsf] b'vfO cfhko{Gt 5“b} 5 . lzi6 efiffdf n]lvPsf] o; lstfanfO{ ef/t– kfs ljefhgsf] ;dLIff eg] x'G5 . yf]/} n]v tyf k':ts k9\g kfOg] oL n]vs k|fl1s nfU5g\ t/ k|Zg plAhG5– o:tf k|ltefzfnL JolQm lsg cufl8 cfpg ;s]gg\ < ufGwLsf k':ts cfWoflTdsx¿n] w]/} k9] eg] g]x¿sf lstfa c+u|]hL l;Sg]x¿n] klg k9] . t/, cfhfbnfO{ d'l:nd ePs} sf/0f a]jf:tf ul/of] . g]kfndf klg Pp6} ;d'bfosf dflg; dfq} /fHosf] sfo{sf/L e"ldsfdf lsg x'G5g\ < pQ/ pxL cfp“5 . ax'dtsf] andf cNk;ª\VosnfO{ k]n/] hf“bf eofjx glthf cfOnfU5 eGg] alnof] kf7 OlG8of ljG; lk|m8daf6 lng ;lsG5 . kf6L{ ;/sf/df cfO;s]kl5 n]lggn] n]vs ] f] lstfa n]Ç6–ljª M sDo'lgHd Pg OgÇofG6fOn l8;c8{/df pu|jfbL lrGtgdfly uxg ljZn]if0f 5 . n]lgg;“u o'/f]kn] L sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf cg'ej / cWoog lyP . ‘jf]N;]les qmflGt’ ug]{ nx/ 5fP klg kl/l:ylt km/s lyP . k':tsdf pNn]v 5, ‘?;L kf6L{;u“ dfq} o:tf] cg'ej 5, hf] o'/f]ksf cGo kf6L{;u“ 5}g .’ hf/x¿n] b]z lgsfnf ubf{ ltt/lat/ eP/ cg]s b]zsf dhb'/– ls;fg cfGbf]ng;“u hf]l8Psf ?;Lx¿ Psfw jif{df uf]Ko a}7s–;dLIff uy]{ . ;a} o'/f]kn] L b]zsf] cg'ej ;+Zn]if0faf6 ;g\ !(!& sf] qmflGt x'b“ f s;}n] kTofPsf] lyPg . ?;leq / aflx/ qmflGtnfO{ ;Gb]x ul/GYof]

uhn slj af;'bj] clwsf/L 3/ cfp“bf s'l6g]sf] syf n]v ;fyL af6f]el/ n'l6g]sf] syf n]v ;fyL /x/ xf]nf sx/ xf]nf k/ k/ hfg dbxf]; /x/ eGbf sx/ n]v ;fyL df6f] cd[t 3/ cd[t d'Unfgaf6 lkmbf{ df6f] 6]Sbf r'l6g]sf] syf n]v ;fyL df6f] Kof/f] u'8“ Kof/f] To} ;Dem]/ cfP“ cfp“bf slt nf7f] vfP“ ugL n]v ;fyL ufp“ zx/ of}6} uLt ufO/f’sf] ;'gL e'/{ p8L 3/ cfp“bf s] ef] n]v ;fyL

20

;dLIff

‘5]p nfu]/’ n] lrgfPsf x[borGb|l;+x ;Lt' g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pGgogdf x[borGb|l;+x k|wfgsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] huhfx]/ 5 . ‘Ps lrxfg’, ‘:jf:gLdfG5]’ pkGof;n] pgsf] cf}kGofl;s sf}zn b]vfp“5 . ‘efg'eQmM Ps ;dLIff’, ‘s]xL g]kfnL sljtf / p;sf k|ltlglw slj’, ‘s]xL g]kfnL gf6s’ n] pgsf] ;dfnf]rs JolQmTj phfu/ u5{ . ‘u+ufnfnsf] lrQf’, ‘pgL b]jtf x'g’\ , ‘5]p nfu]/’ h:tf s[ltn] k|wfgsf] gf6s ;DaGwL km/flsnf] 1fg tyf ulx/f] v'aLl;t kl/lrt u/fp“5 . ‘h“u' f’, ‘ckm;f];’ n] ;|i6f k|wfgsf] ;'Gb/ tyf ;/n n]vgz}nL;“u ;fIffTsf/ u/fp“5 . ;flxTosf/ x[borGb|n] gf6s;DaGwL cfk\mgf] uDeL/ ljrf/ ‘5]p nfu]/’ sf] e"ldsfdf cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ . k':tssf] e"ldsf v08df Psf°Lsf] kl/efiff, j:t', tGq, kfq, efiff, ;Gb]z, /·d~r, ;·Lt cflbaf/] lj:t[t 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . gf6saf/] cfkm\gf] cledt pgL o;/L /fV5g\ – ‘gf6sn] lzlyn jftf{, uGyg s'/f / ;fwf/0f 36gfaf6 Psbd} aRg'k5{ . k|efjzfnLtf, efjfTdstf / r'6l\ snf]kgfn] kl/k"0f{ x'g' g} gf6ssf] ;hLjtf xf] . egfOdf j]u 5}g, l;h{gfdf ;f}Gbo{ 5}g / efjdf dfld{stf 5}g eg] To; gf6sdf Hofg x'“bg} .’ ;flxTosf/ k|wfg gf6sdf lgaGwsf] h:tf] ljrf/ kl/kSjtf, sxfgLsf] h:tf] syf sf}tx' n, sljtfsf]

h:tf] dfld{s, ;fª\sl] ts / ;'Gb/ efjlrq0f, ;dfnf] r gfsf] h:tf] lttf]ld7f] plQm, lgikIftf / lgle{stf x'gk' g]{ wf/0ff /fV5g\ . gf6ssf] k|efj / k|sl[ taf/] pgL ;/n efiffdf cfkm\gf] egfO k|:6 zAbdf o;/L /fV5g\ – ‘Psf°Lsf] syfj:t' ;'?b]lv g} k|efjk"0f{ 9·df PsfPs x'/L p7] h:t} p7]sf] x'gk' 5{ . x'/L p7]/ ;fDo x'“bf h:tf] dflg;x¿sf] dgf] h utdf Psrf]6L lrdf]l6Psf] x'G5, To:t} Psf°L gf6s klg p;sf] cGtkl5 dfgj x[bodf 5f]P/, s'Ts'TofP/, lrdf]6/] ;g;gL km}nfpg] x'gk' 5{ .’ ;flxTosf/ k|wfg ;hLj eP/ /·d~rdf ptfg{ ;lsg] ;/; 36gf jf efjlrqsf] gfd g} gf6s x'g] ts{ u5{g\ . pgL o;/L k|:6ofp“5g\ –‘k|To]s jfSo / zAbdf ;hLjtf eP/ efjf]bu\ f/ 5g\ / b[ZofTds eP/ snfTds ;Totf klg 5g\ eg] pko'Q{ m ;a} s'/f gf6s x'g ;S5g\ .’ ‘sLlt{k/' sf] o'4df’, ‘u+ufnfnsf] lrQf’, ‘d?e"ldsf n]vs’ h:tf pgsf gf6s g]kfnL gf6s If]qsf cg'kd gd"gf -df:6/lk;_ dfGg ;lsG5 . x[borGb|sf] ‘5]p nfu]/’ ;/n tyf ;ª\lIfKt k|sl[ tsf af¥x j6f gf6sx¿sf] ;ª\ux| xf] . ;Dk"0f{ gf6s lj=;+= @))@ b]lv @))^ ;fnleq n]lvPsf x'g\ . oL gf6sn] tTsfnLg ;fdflhs kl/j]z, hLjgz}nL, ;f+:s[lts :t/, lrGtgsf] If]q tyf z}nL k|:t't ub{5 .

21

x/]s gf6sn] ;fdflhs hLjgsf] oyfy{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . gf/L kfqsf] ;zQm e" l dsf / ljb| f ] x L r] t n] cf]tk|ft] x'g' pgsf] gf6ssf] ljz]iftf xf] . ;fwf/0f kfq, ;/n syfgs tyf ;Gb]zd"ns cGTo gf6ssf] csf]{ ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . x/]s gf6sn] tTsfnLg efiffz} n L, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, zf]if0fsf tj/–tl/sf, n}l·s tyf ;fdflhs e]befjsf] ;hLj lrq pbf·f] kf/]sf] 5 .

‘5]p nfu]/’ o; ;ª\ux| sf] zLif{ gf6s xf] . cGo gf6sdf em}“ o;df klg sd dfq kfqsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ gf6ssf/ k|wfgsf] gf6\o ljz]iftf dfGg ;lsG5 . o; gf6sdf ;fdfGo ljifoj:t' lnOPsf] 5 . k|x/L sf7df8f}“sf] ;8sdf a6'jfx¿nfO{ 5]p nfu]/ lx“8g\ ] sfObf l;sfO /xG5 . ToxL qmddf cfOk/]sf em}–emd]nf, c;dembf/L tyf lgod pNnª\3g / e|i6 cfr/0fsf 36gfn] cfw'lgs ;x/L hLjgsf] piffsfnLg cj:yfsf] lrq;d]t k|:t't ub{5 . xf:oJoª\Uosf] k|of]un] gf6s yk /f]df~rsf/L ag]sf] cg'et" x'G5 . gf6sn] uDeL/ ljifoj:t' g;d]6] klg gful/s efjgfsf] ljsf;af/] ;Gb]z lbPsf] / k|x/L k|zf;gsf sdL– sdhf]/Laf/] ;°]t u/]sf] 5 . ‘lgToaxfb'/’ gf6sn] ;xl/of dWod juL{o kl/jf/sf] bogLo l:yltsf] Pp6f t:jL/ k|:t't ub{5 . lgToaxfb'/nfO{ b/af/af6 af]nfj6 cfp“5 . hfg nfUbf nfpgsf] lglDt em'qf] h'Qf afx]s km]nf kb}{g . lgToaxfb'/ lgs} cK7]/f]df k5{ . 5f]/f]n] ev{/} lsg]/ NofPsf] h'Qf lbg cfgfsfgL u5{ . h'Qf nfpg] k|;· ;“u;“u} kfl/jfl/s a]dn ] / dgl:ylt dd{:kzL{ 9·df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ‘lxhf]cfh ul/aLdfly dfofn' efj s;}sf] x'b“ g} =========== .’, ‘=================== ul/an] OHhtsf] cfzf /fVg' 7Ls klg 5}g .’ h:tf cleJolQmn] gf6snfO{ uDeL/ df]8tkm{ nfG5 / sf?l0fs lrqn] ;a}nfO{ ;f]Rg afWo kf5{ . ‘la/fdL’ gf6sn] cf}ifwf]krf/ ;d]t ug{ gkfP/

Hofg u'dfpg'kbf{sf] cfqmf]z k|:t't ub{5 . o;n] ;dfhsf] 8/nfUbf] l:ylt / Tof] kl/l:yltn] hGdfPsf] ljb|fx] L efjgf tyf abnfsf] ;f]r k]z u/]sf] 5 . gf6ssf la/fdL o;/L c;x\o kL8fsf ;fy cfqmf]z kf]V5g\– ‘d}n] af“Rg kfp“lbg eg] vf]O{ v's/' L lbgf];,\ d ;+;f/nfO{ klg af“Rg lbGg“, – ;a}nfO{ sf6]/ 6'qmf6'qmf kfl/lbG5' . dnfO{ cf}ifwL u/L glbg] 8fS6/, j}Bx¿nfO{ klg sf6\5', cf]vtL pwf/f] glbg] k;n]x¿nfO{ klg sf6\5' / ’ k'/fgf] ;dfh eTsfP/ gof“ ;dfhsf] hu a;fNg cfjZos ePsf] efjgf ‘la/fdL’ o;/L kf]V5g\– ‘========= of] ;+;f/ l;l4Pkl5, clg rf“8} csf]{ gof“ ;+;f/ aGnfg\ . Tof] ;+;f/df ;a}n] af“lr/xg kfp“nfg\ ;a}n] k|d] ul//xg kfp“nfg\ ;a}n] xf“l;/xg kfp“nfg\ .’ Pp6f ul/a la/fdL o'jsn] cf]sn]sf cfuf]h:tf zAbn] ;dfhdf JofKt c;dfgtf / To;n] x'sf{O/fv]sf] ljb|fx] r]tsf] t:jL/ cufl8 /fV5 . ‘>Ld}of“sf] Ooln{ª’ n] Pp6f vfGbfgL kl/jf/ t/ ;doqmd;“u} ul/aLsf] l;sf/ eO;s]sf] kl/jf/sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f ;ª\s6df kbf{sf] b'Mv–kL8f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . bz}+ dgfpg ;d]t wf}–wf} k/]sf] kl/l:yltsf] bofnfUbf] lrq0fn] hf]–s;}sf] dg b|ljt t'Nofp“5 . s]xL ubf{ lg st}af6 C0f;d]t kfpg g;s]kl5 clGtddf 5f]/L >Ld}of“sf] Ooln{ª aGws /fv]/ eP klg OHht yfDg] lg0f{o eO/x“bfsf] l:yltn] s;sf] dg gb'Vnf < uxel/ cf“;' u/L Ooln{ª km'sfn]/ cfdfsf] xftdf ;'lDk“b} >Ld}of“ elG5g\ – ‘lz/aGbL, kfph"x¿ klg ;a} o;} u/L lnOaS:of], ca of] Ooln{ª Ps hf]/ klg gePkl5 a'Rrf] sfgn] l6sf hfg] <’ ‘o;kfnL l6sf klg hfGg d Û’ ‘ljdnfs' d f/L’ gf6sdf lzIfflj/f] w L hldgbf/sf] ;fdGtL lrGtgz}nL / To;lj?4 lzIff u|x0fsf] lglDt ljdnfs'df/Ln] u/]sf] ;ª\3if{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . :jf:gLdfG5]n] s7k'tnL aGg :jLsf/ gug]{ pb\3f]if 22

OHhtk|lt b]vfPsf] rf;f] cleJoQm ul/Psf] 5 . gf]s/ ‘;]t’] n] x]kfO ;xg c:jLsf/ ub}{ eG5g\ – ‘;'Aaf afh], dnfO{ labf lbgf];\, vfg gkf’/ dg{ k/] tfklg d xh'/sf] gf]s/L ug{ rfxGg“ /’ csf]{ k|;·df pgL eG5g\ –‘====== gf]s/} eP klg d]/f] klg t OHht 5 .’ o;/L x[borGb|sf gf6sdf ;fwf/0f kfqx¿n] cfkm\gf] :jfledfg hf]ufpg u/]sf] sl7g ;ª\3if{, gf/Ln] cfkm\gf] c:dLtf hf]ufpg rfn]sf zlQmzfnL kfOnf, zf;sk|lt kf]lvPsf] cfqmf]z cflb af]wuDo tj/df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

‘8fS6/’ gf6sn] Ps s7f]/, ul/alj/f]wL tyf b|Joe"t 8fS6/sf] syf atfp“5 . clu|d k};f glt/L lj/fdL x]g{ ghfg] 8fS6/sf] s7f]/ lg0f{osf] sf/0f lj/fdLsf] d[To' x'g k'U5 . To;kl5 8fS6/ af]nfpg cfPsf] zª\s/nfn >LdtLsf] d[To'sf] va/n] cfqmfds x'g k'U5g\ . pgdf cfqmf]zsf] Hjfnf blGsG5 – ‘======= wgsf e"t, wgsf] lgldQ af“lr/xg] t“ b|Jolkzfr 8fS6/nfO{ gdf/Lsg d hfGg“ .’ o; ;ª\ux| sf] clGtd gf6s ‘klxnf] kf]Osf] >f4’ df dlxnf clwsf/sf] jsfnt ub}{ dlxnf;“u cGtlg{lxt zlQm / ;RrfO lrGg cfjZos x'g] ljrf/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . gf/Lkfqx¿sf] ;zQm cfjfh tyf clwsf/ r]t, bLglxgx¿sf] ljb|f]xL :j/n] tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfhn] af]ss ] f] kl/jt{gsf] ;kgfsf] ;ª\st] ub{5 . ;fdGtL Joj:yflj?4sf] ladlt tyf r/d\ c;Gt'li6 x/]s gf6sdf e]l6G5 / kl/jt{gsf] cfx\jfg ul/Psf] ;'lgG5 . gf6ssf/ k|wfg tTsfnLg cf8Da/L ;dfhsf] lr/kmf/ ug{ ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . cfheGbf ;ft b;s cufl8 n]lvPsf oL gf6ssf] ;fGble{stfdf cfh klg s'g} sdL cfPsf] b]lv+b}g . g]kfnL ;flxTodf gf6s ljwfsf] ljsf;sf] gfnLa]nL a'‰g klg cWoog ug}k{ g]{ k':ts xf] – ‘5]p nfu]/’ . ‘5]p nfu]/’ dfkm{t ;flxTosf/ k|wfgn] g]kfnL gf6\o–kmf“6 km/flsnf] kf/]sf 5g\ . 5f]6f] hLjg af“r/] ;flxTosf ljljw If]qdf snd rnfO{ ct'ngLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;|i6f x[borGb|l;+x k|wfgnfO{ ;flxlTos If]qn] ;bf ;lDem/xg]5 .

ub}{ ljdnfs'df/L rsf]{ :j/df elG5g\ – ‘======== dL7f]–dL7f] vfg, /fd|f–] /fd|f] nfpg / uxgfsf] lgldQ dg]{ cfOdfO{ klg tkfO{+ oy]i6 kfpg'xf]nf . t/ ljdnfaf6 o:tf] /5\ofg] cfzf gug'x{ f]nf, klta|tf–wd{ oxL xf] eg] ljdnf gs{ hfg klg tof/ 5 .’ ‘d hfGg’ gf6sn] klg ;zQm gf/L cfjfh k|ltWjlgt ub{5 . gf/LnfO{ s;}sf] bf; 7fGg' unt eGb} k'GdfOrf cfqmf]z kf]lV5g\ – ‘s] cfOdfO{nfO{ h·naf6 ;dfP/ NofPsf] hGt' ;Dem]sf] <’ ljwjf alg;s]sL t/ bf];f| ] ljjfxsf] t/v/df /x]sL k'GdfOrf r08L¿k wf/0f ub}{ sfgdf nfO/fv]s ] f 6'sLx¿ lemSb} km\ofn]/ lrRofp“l5g\ – ‘nf} dnfO{ :jf:gL agfP“ eGg] t]/f] ;]vL o;}df g xf] / b'O6f 5';L 6'sL lbP/ csf{dfly To;} x'sd' rnfpg vf]Hg] xf]Og < s] :jf:gL dflg; l;Q} cfPsf x'g\ / s;}sf] k'tnL ag]/ lx“85 \ g\ <’ ‘lqkf;fsf b'O{ v]nf8L’ n] ;dfhdf JofKt e]befj, a]lylt / ljs[ltaf/] atfp“5 . h'jf–tf; v]Ng] afgLn] sof}“ kl/jf/sf] lahf]u eO/x]sf] oyfy{ lrq0f o; gf6sdf 5 . ‘;tLzsf] /x/’ o; ;ª\u|xsf] cln k[ys z}nLdf n]lvPsf] gf6s xf] . o; gf6sn] cln a9L cfZro{ , pT;' s tf tyf sf} t ' x ntf hufp“ 5 t/ 36gfqmdsf cfZro{hgs 9·df ljsf; x'G5 / km/s df]8df k'U5 . ljk'nfnfO{ pgsf] >Ldfg\ lalt;s]sf] atfOG5 / k'gM ljjfxsf] k|:tfj pgsf] cfdfn] /flV5g\ . t/ pgL dflGbgg\ . cs:dft\ >Ldfg\ Ps km/s o'jssf] e]ifdf cfOk'U5g\ . t/ ljk'nfn] To;sf] s'g} kQf] kfp“b}gg\ . To; o'jsn] ljjfxsf] k|:tfj /fV5g\ . hjh{:tL ug{ vf]h]kl5 ljk'nfn] ljif vfP/ d/]sf] clego ul5{g\ . To;kl5 Tof] o'jsn] cfkm\gf] jf:tljs klxrfg v'nfp“5g\ . ljk'nfn]] klg ljif vfO;s]sf x'b“ g} g\ t/ cfk\mg} >Ldfg\n] To:tf] cgfjZos z°f u/L k/LIff lnPsf]df rsf]{ cfqmf]z kf]lV5g\ . o; gf6sdf ljwjf ljjfxsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fOPsf] cfefif x'G5 . ‘tLg p/G7]pnf’ xf:ok|wfg gf6s xf] . xhfdsf] k;ndf skfn s6fpg] qmddf 36]sf] ;fdfGo 36gfnfO{ xf:o /; lb“b} gf6s cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .

‘Tof] hfg ;s]g’ gf6sdf Ps gf]s/n] cfkm\gf] 23

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Pp6f ;fy{s e]6 gL/h njh" gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ ;flxlTos ba'x¿df af/Daf/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;dfnf]rgf ;flxTosf] v8]/L k/]sf]df lrGtf JoQm ug'x{ G' 5 . ‘n]vsn] gb]vs ] f] s'/f ;dfnf]rsn] b]vfPsf] x'G5 . lrqsf/n] l;;fsndaf6 s;}sf] kf]66«] sf]bf{ cln p7]sf] b]vfpg' kg]{ 7fp“df s]xL w;f{x¿ sf]/h ] :t} ;dfnf]rgfn] ;flxTosf] p7]sf] kIf phfu/ ug]{ sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . ;dfnf]rgf ;flxTon] n]vgdf kl/kSjtf Nofp“5 . cfhsn ;dfnf]rgfsf] gfddf rfKn';L 3:g] sfd a9\tf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .’ o;/L ;dfnf]rgf ;flxTosf] dxTjnfO{ hf]8 lb“b} ubf{ pxf“n] g5'6fO{ lng] Pp6f gfd xf]–uf]ljGbk|;fb nf]xgL . ‘@)!@–!# ;fnb]lv O{Zj/ a/fn / uf]ljGbk|;fb nf]xgLaLr x'g] ;flxlTos ax; jf zf:qfy{ ;}4flGts x'GYof] . s[i0frGb|l;+ k|wfg / tf/fgfy zdf{aLr x'g] ;flxlTos 5nkmn klg lgs} ljrf/ pQ]hs lyP .

Tolta]nf pxf“x¿sf tL nfdf–nfdf ax; / 5nkmn k9]/ gof“ ;flxTo cg'/fuLx¿ ;flxTo n]vgdf clek|l] /t x'Gy] . tL x:tLx¿sf ax; k':tsfsf/sf] ¿kdf 5fKg kfP clxn] s f gof“ k' : tfnfO{ g] k fnL ;flxTosf] ;dfnf]rgf s]–s:tf lyP egL kl/ro x'g] lyof] .’ pxf“ a/f]a/ eGg] ug'x{ G' Yof] . ‘;femf k|sfzg / k|1f k|lti7fgn] o:tf] sfddf Wofg lbPg . efujG8fn] Toxf“ o:tf uDeL/ ljifodf Wofg lbg] sf] < xfdLn] g} s]xL ug{ ;s] k'/fgf] k':tfsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ / gof“ k':tfsf] nflu l;Sg] ;fdu|L tof/ x'g] lyof] .’ ;flxTok|]dLx¿;“u cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s e]6df lah'S5]n “ ] g5'6fO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg] ljrf/ x'g\– oL .

pxf“n] oL ljrf/x¿ ;femf k|sfzg / k|1f k|lti7fgsf 3'Dg] s';L{df a:g] dxfg'efjx¿s} cl3 klg w]/} k6s JoQm ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 cyjf pxf“sf o:tf ljrf/ ;'g]/ ;xdltdf 6fpsf xNnfpg]x¿ klg w]/} hgf clxn] tL s';L{df k'u]sf 5g\ . t/ kf6L{sf] ;b:otf b]vfP/ kbdf k'u]sfx¿n] Oltxf;sf o:tf uDeL/ / dxTjsf ljifonfO{ ;lhn} a'em\g] s'/f klg ePg . ;fob oxL s'/fn] lah'S5]“nfO{ nfdf] ;dob]lv dgdf st} 3f]lr/x]sf] x'“bf] xf] . ljz]iftM nf]xgLh:t} ljutdf s'g} ;do b]z / ;dfhsf] nflu ct'ngLo of]ubfg u/]sf s]xL JolQmTjx¿sf] u'lgnf] ;Ddfg x''g'cl3 g} pxf“x¿nfO{ u'dfpg' k/]sf] kL8fn] pxf“sf] dgdf Oltxf;sf To:tf JolQmTjx¿sf] ;Demgf cem uf9f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . uf]ljGb nf]xgL;“u e]6]/ pxf“n] ljutdf n]Vg'ePsf cd"No gLlwsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu lah'S5]n “ fO{ cGt/dgn] 3R3rfO/x]sf] x'gk' b{5 . uPsf] c;f/ # ut] z'qmaf/sf] lbg lah'S5]“ To;} sf/0f em08} aL; jif{kl5 vf]hL vf]hL nf]xgLsf] lgjf; 36\6s ] n ' f]df 3/ k'Ug'eof] . nf]xgL ;fob lah'S5]s “ f] cfudgsf] k|tLIffdf x'gx' G' Yof] . u]6 vf]ns ] f] cfjfh ;'lgg] lalQs} pxf“ dflyNnf] tNnfaf6 tn emg'e{ of] . aflx/ lg:s]/ lah'S5]s “ f] :jfut ug'e{ of] . cfTdLo :jfut lyof] Tof] hxf“ cf}krfl/stfsf] s'g} hnk lyPg . nf]xgLsf] cf“vfdf lah'S5]s “ f] cfudgsf] u'xo\ a'em\g] xtf/f] b]lvGYof] . sfg sd ;'Gg] ePsf]n] nf]xgL a:g'ePsf] ;f]kmfsf] glhs a:g'eof], lah'S5]“ . ;]t} km'ns ] f] bf/L / skfnsf] dfemdf sfnf] k|md] sf] 24

r:dfleqsf cf“vfx¿df r9\bf] pd]/sf] ysfgeGbf pT;'stf el/Psf] lyof] . nf]xgLsf] pT;'stf ;dg ug{ lah'S5]n “ ] rsf]{ :j/df cfkm" cfpg'sf] k|of]hgaf/] af]Ng yfNg'eof] .

To;} dl;gf] pxf“sf] :j/ 7"nf] agfP/ klg slt g} 7"nf] x'g] xf] / < Û nf]xgLn] Tolt k|:6 a'em\ge' Pg ;fob . eGg'eof], ‘cln cln a'em]“ .’ cflv/df n]v/] lbg'k¥of] . nf]xgL kfls:tfgsf nflu g]kfnsf /fhb"t klg eP/ hfg'eof] . t/ pxf“ /fhb"t ag]/dfq a:g'ePg . a¿ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ kfls:tfg s] xf] / Toxf“sf] ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltaf/] cd"No cg'ej klg af]s]/ cfpg'eof] . cvaf/sf kfgfsf kfgf 5flkg] pxf“sf ljleGg ofqf j[QfGth:t} ld> hf“bfsf] lgofqf k9\g plQa]nf lah'S5]“ cfkm\gf ldqx¿;“u /fli6«o k':tsfno k'Ug'x'GYof] . ‘pxf“sf] ofqf j[QfGt n]Vg] z}nL km/s vfnsf] 5 . cfhef]lnsf ofqf ;flxTodf oxf“ uP“, o;f] u/]“ cflbdf ;Lldt ePsf] kfp“5f}“ . t/ uf]/vfkqdf 5flkg] @–# k]h pxf“sf lgofqfdf To; 7fp“sf e"uf]n, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, hgtfsf cfgLafgL / hLjgk4ltaf/] ;d]t rrf{ ug'x{ G' 5 . To;n] ubf{ ofqf ;flxTo k9\bf Tof] 7fp“sf] ljifodf w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg] u5f}{ .’

Tolta]nfsf gfdL klqsfx¿ lyP–wtL{, k|ult, ?k/]vf cflb . tL klqsfx¿n] nf]xgLsf ;flxTox¿ k| s flzt uy] { . ;dfnf] r gfx¿ 5flkGy] . tL ;dfnf]rgfx¿ g]kfnL ;flxTosf nflu lgb]z { g ePsf] lah'S5]“sf] wf/0ff 5 . tfTsfnLg ;dodf nf] x gL dfS;{ j fbL ;flxToaf/] n]Vg] yf]/d} Wo] kg'x{ G' Yof] . pxf“n] ‘of] xf] ;f]leot ?;’, ‘sfd/]8 hfg] xf]Og <’ -syf;ª\ux| _, ‘g]tT[ jsf] ef]s’ -syf;ª\ux| _, ‘cfhsf] rLg’ / ‘lrgL hg;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf;’ cflb k':ts n]v/] tfTsfnLg ljZj kl/l:ylt / sDo'lg:6 aGbf]a:taf/] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ a'emfpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug'e{ of] . ‘dflg;n] ;w}e“ l/ of]ubfg ug{ g;Snf, of]ubfg eg]sf] PskN6 ug]{ xf] .’ nf]xgLn] tfTsfnLg ;dodf

ug'e{ Psf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ lah'S5]“n] eGg'eof] .

‘PskN6 b/af/df a}7ssf] nflu af]nfOof] . d bf}/f–;'¿jfn nufP/ ghfg] kIfdf . pxf“;“u s] ug'{knf{ egL ;Nnfx dfu]“ . pxf“n] n'uf dxTjk"0f{ xf] ls Toxf“ uP/ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ /fVg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ egL k|ltk|Zg ug'{eof] . pxf“sf] ;Nnfx kfPkl5 d b/af/df bf}/f ;'¿jfn nufP/ uPsf] lyP“ .’ nf]xgL;“usf] e]6 / ljutsf] :d/0faf6 pT;flxt aGb} lah' S 5] “ n ] ;'gfpg'eof] . nf]xgLsf k'/fgf /rgfx¿ TolQ ;'/lIft 5}gg\ . pxf“sf sfG5f 5f]/f slkn nf]xgLn] eP hlt k'/fgf sfuhft Pp6f afs;df y'kfg'e{ Psf] 5 . pxf“sf s]xL k'/fgf sfuhft cfgGbb]j e6\6n] nfg'ePsf] 5 eg] k|1f k|lti7fgsf ;"o{ ;'jb] Ln] klg s]xL k'/fgf ;°ng nUg'ePsf] 5 . xfn} k|1fn] eg] nf]xgLsf] Pp6f s[lt k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . e]6df nf]xgLn] lgs} sd af]Ng'eof] . ;fob pxf“sf] sfgsf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f klg pxf“n] w]/} s'/f k|:6 a'em\ge' Pg / To;sf/0f sddfq af]Ng'eof] . t/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfsf] cefjsf] ljifodf s]xL jfSox¿ eg] u'lgnf] af]Ng'eof] . ‘vf]O cfhef]ln o:tf 5nkmn g} x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\ .’ ** jif{sf] l/6fo{8 nfOkm . t/ cfh;Dd s'g} cf}iflw vfg' k/]sf] 5}g . hyfefjL vfgf vfg' x'Gg . laxfg %M#) ah];Dddf lap“emg'x'G5 . sf]7fd} s]xL zf/Ll/s Jofofd ug'x{ G' 5 . aQL eP 6LeLdf ;dfrf/ x]gx{' G' 5 . To;kl5 3/s} cf“ugdf !%–#) ldg]6 xNsf lx“8\gx' G' 5 . lrof lkpg'xG' 5 . lbgsf] Psrf]l6 lrof lkpg'xG' 5 . cvaf/x¿ x]gx{' G' 5 . s]xL s];|f s]/f jf s]xL bfgf ;'Gtnf vfg'xG' 5 . e]h vfgf pxf“sf] /f]hfO xf] . lbp“;f] !! ah]bl] v ! ah];Dd lgbfpg'xG' 5 . lbp“;f] c¿ s]xL vfg'xG' g . ;f“em %M#)–^M)) ;Dddf vfgf vfO;Sg'xG' 5 . o;/L hLjgrof{ lalt/x]sf] 5 l;4x:t ;dfnf]rs uf]ljGbk|;fb nf]xgLsf] . w]/} dflg;x¿ lah'S5]; “ u“ s'/fsfgL ubf{ cyjf pxf“sf] ljifodf s'/f ub}{ g5'6fOg] Pp6f ljifo xf]– 25

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@)$% ;fnsf] eQmk'/ sf08 . nf]xgL;“u of] k6ssf] e]6df lah'S5]n “ fO{ klg cfh;Dd yfxf gePsf] Pp6f k|;ª\u ;fj{hlgs eof] . lah'S5]“nufot tfTsfnLg g]dls;+sf ;of}“ g]tf–sfo{stf{x¿ em"6f cf/f]kdf k~rfotL /fHo:t/sf] bdgsf] sf]kefhgdf kg'e{ Psf] lyof] . t/ lah'S5]“sf] ljifodf /fd|f] hfgsf/L ePsf / glhssf] kl/ro ePsf nf]xgLnfO{ pxf“x¿dfly cGofo ePsf]df s'g} ;Gb]x lyPg . To;sf/0f pxf“ tfTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfg l;+xnfO{ e]6g\ k|d lgjf; k'Ug'eof] . l;+xsf] efG5f;Dd k'Ug;Sg] dflg; x'gx' G' Yof], nf]xgL . pxf“n] /f]lxtx¿nfO{ b'Mv lbPsf] / cfkm} sfo{kflnsf k|dv ' eP/ ‘kmf;L b]’sf] gf/f nufPsf] ljifodf l;+xnfO{ eGg'eP5 . hjfkmdf dl/rdfgn] eg]5g\, ‘d ;Nofgh:tf] 7fp“sf] ls;fgsf] 5f]/f] cfh k|wfgdGqL ePsf] 5' . dnfO{ d]/f] kbsf] dfof t nfU5 lg . d /f]lxtnfO{ ‘kmf;L b’] eg]/ glx“8] d}n] of] kb sxf“ hf]ufpg ;s'n “ f / < oxL“ t slt b/af/sf dflg;x¿ d]/f] lgu/fgL /fVg otf–ptf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .’ of] ;Djfbsf] ;dodf uf]ljGb nf]xgLsf sfG5f 5f]/f slkn klg ToxL“ x'gx' G' Yof] . cfhef]ln slkn cfkm\gf a'afsf ljleGg kIfx¿af/] cfkm\gf] ;+:d/0f n]Vg] tof/L ub}{ x'gx' “'bf]/x]5 .

5nkmns} aLr lrof cfOk'Uof] . lrof Nofpg' x'g] nf]xgLsL a'xf/Ln] lah'S5]“nfO{ k'/fgf kl/lrtsf] ¿kdf Jojxf/ ubf{ ljutsf] cfTdLo ;DaGwn] k'gMhLjg kfPsf] cfef; eof] . hdfgf km];a'ssf] 5–labfaf/L x'g aflx/ lg:s“b} ubf{ slknsL >LdtLn] t:jL/ lvRg k| : tfj ug' { e of] . jiff} {+kl5 kfx'gf nfu]sf lah'S5]n “ ] x'Gg eGg] s'/} lyPg . nf]xgL kl/jf/–afh]bl] v gflt;Ddsf] t:jL/ lvr]kl5 Pp6f ;fy{s e]6n] lj>fd lnof] . t/ Pp6f k|lta4tfsf ;fy–rf“8} uf]ljGb nf]xgLsf cd"No gLlwx¿sf] ;°ng u/L k|sfzg ub}{hfg] .

zAbM ;'/G] b|/fh, ;+uLtM ;'nf]rgf, :j/M ;'nf]rgf, dlgiff, c~hgf, cflzif, ljk'n xfdLn] em08f p“rf] kf¥of}“ gof“ qmflGtsf] lgdf{0f u¥of}“ ;femf ;·7g sfdbf/ ju{sf] xfdLn] bLk gof“ afNof}“ cf:yf lgi7fsf] xfdLn] aLh gof“ 5¥of}“ ljrf/ bz{gsf] xfdLn] /f“sf] afn]/ 5f8\of}“ c“Wof/f] a:tLdf ;ª\3if{sf] w'gL hufof}“ ;x/ ahf/df ;Gb]z lbof}“ ls;fg ;ª\3if{sf] blIf0f d}bfgdf lju'n km'Sof}“ hfu/0fsf] lxdfn kxf8df xfdLn] zL/ 7f8f] kf¥of}“ dhb'/ ls;fgsf] b[9 eO{ lx8\of}“ s7Lg af6f] ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] xfdL n8\5f},“ nl8/xG5f},“ xf/ dfGb}gf}“ qmflGtsf] ljho pT;j cjZo dgfp“5f}+ . g]dlskfsf] ;ftf}“ dxflwj]zg -c;f]h #–^ ut], )&^_ sf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf k|:t't :jfut uLt

uhn a'b+ /fgf df6f] g} xf] w"nf] aG5 df6f] km]l/ lxnf] x'G5 df6f]nfO{ df6} x'g sxfF kf] ;lhnf] x'G5 . ufF7L s'/f] vf]n] x'GYof] ;d'bn | ] cfsf;n] kL8f lsg rsf]{ x'G5 rf]6 lsg gLnf] x'G5 . ult oxL lgolt xf] k/LIff / k|ltIffsf] kSs} k|ltkmn ldN5 clnslt l9nf] x'G5 . o:tf] oxfF ePs} 5 :jfyL{ eGg ;lsFbg} a]nf x]/L cfFvf klg cf]efgf] / lunf] x'G5 . clukl5 la;]{ klg ;lDemlbG5g\ b'lgofFn] v8]/Ldf a"FbnfO{ x'g' /dfOnf] x'G5 . e}/xjf 26

Oltxf;sf] k[i7

dfcf] T;] t'ª / r] Uj]ef/faLrsf] s'/fsfgL cWoIf M k|ltlglwd08nsf ;b:ox¿ c? s'g s'g b]zdf hlGdg' ePsf] xf] <

ldltM gf]eD] a/ !(, ;g\ !(^) ;doM ;f“em $M@) b]lv ^M#) ah];Dd :yfgM emf]ªgfgxfOsf] l5ªr]g xn

r] M -/fld/f] kmgf{G8f]_ dfN8f]gf]8f -OSj]8/sf] qmflGtsf/L ;dfhjfbL kf6L{sf dxf;lrj_ OSj]8l/ofnL x'gx' G' 5 .

-cy{zf:qL cNafg_ nftf:t] lrnLsf x'g'x'G5 . d ch]l{ G6gfsf] x'“ . af“sL c? ;a} So'jfsf x'gx' G' 5 . xfdLdWo] s]xL So'jfdf ghGd]sf] eP tfklg xfdL So'jfdf hGd]sf] xf]Og eg]/ So'jfnL hgtfn] xfd|f] lrQ b'vfpg' ePsf] 5}g . jf:tjdf xfdL So'jfnL qmflGtsf] /Iff u5f}+{ . lkm8]n -Sof:6«f_] n] ;a} Nofl6g cd]l/sLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug'x{ G' 5 .

;xefuLx¿ M So' j fnL kIfaf6– k|ltlglwd08nsf k|dv ' tyf /fli6«o ljsf; a}ªs \ sf k|dv ' cg]:6f{] r] Uj]ef/f / k|ltlglwd08nsf c? ;a} ;b:ox¿ lrlgof“ kIfaf6–rfcf] Pg nfO{, ln ;]gg] , luPg kfcf], z]g lrcfg, nL lkª efiff cg'jfb M sfP tf]ªSjf / No' l;lnofª /]s8{/ M Rofª rfO{

cWoIf M tkfO{x+ ¿ cGt/f{li6«jfbL x'gx' G' 5 . cWoIf dfcf] T;] t'ªM So'jfnL k|ltlglwd08nnfO{ :jfut 5 . r] M Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf cGt/f{li6«jfbLx¿ . cg]:{ 6f] r] Uj]ef/f M cWoIf dfcf];u“ o;/L ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ cj;/ kfpg' xfd|f] nflu 7"nf] v'zLsf] ljifo xf] . xfd|f] ;ª\3if{sf qmddf xfdLn] ;w}+ cWoIf dfcf]k|lt ulx/f] >4f JoQm u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdL So'jfsf] ;/sf/L k|ltlglwd08n xf}+ t/ hGdsf] cfwf/df xfdL rf/j6f km/s–km/s /fi6«sf 5f}+ .

cWoIf M Pl;ofnL hgtf, clk|msL hgtf / ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhjfbL df]rf{ tkfO+x{ ¿sf] ;dy{gdf 5g\ . uPsf] jif{ tkfO{n] s]xL Pl;ofnL b]zx¿sf] e|d0f ug'e{ of] lg, -xf]Og /_ < r] M s]xL b]zx¿ h:t} ef/t,l;ofd -yfONof08_, OG8f]gl] ;of, adf{, hfkfg / kfls:tfg .

cWoIf M tkfO{ ch]l{ G6gfsf] x'gx' G' 5 . cWoIf M rLgafx]s Pl;ofsf ;a} k|dv ' b]zx¿df k'lu;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 tkfO+{ .

r] M hGd ch]l{ G6gfdf .

27

cWoIf M ls;fg / dhb'/ afx]s tkfO{x+ ¿ sf] ;“u ldNg'ePsf] 5 <

r] M ToxL eP/ clxn] d oxf“ rLgdf 5' . cWoIf M tkfO+n { fO{ :jfut 5 . r] M uPsf] ;fn d So'jfaf6 aflx/ lg:s“bf xfd|f] cfGtl/s kl/l:ylt cem} :yL/ eO;s]sf] lyPg .

To;sf/0f xfdLn] aflx/L ljZj;“u Jojxf/ ubf{ ;hu x'gk' g]{ cj:yf lyof] . t/ cfh kl/l:ylt ab\lnPsf] 5 . cfh So'jfsf] 3/]n' cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 / xfdL bl/nf] eP/ pleg] ePsf 5f}+ .

r] M xfd|f] ;/sf/n] dhb'/ ls;fgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . xfd|f] b]zdf cem} klg dWo k"“hLklt ju{ 5 . pgLx¿ xfdL;“u /fd|f] ;DaGw /fV5g\ / ;xsfo{ u5{g\ . cWoIf M s] Toxf“ /fli6«o k"h “ Lklt ju{ 5}g <

cWoIf M cfhsf] cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt cl3Nnf] jif{sf] r] M /fli6«o k"“hLkltx¿ d'VotM cfoftstf{x¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿sf :jfy{ ;fd|fHojfbLx¿;“u uf“l;Psf] 5 . t'ngfdf ;'lw|Psf] 5 .

To;sf/0f pgLx¿ xfd|f] lj/f]wdf 5g\ . -ToxL eP/_ r] M l;ª\uf] b]z ;•l7t ePsf 5f}+ t/ ;fd|fHojfbLx¿ pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] cfly{s / /fhgLlts b'j} lx;fadf x/]s lbg xfd|f] aLr ljefhgsf] sfdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . l;Wofpg] sfd u¥of}+ .

28

cWoIf M pgLx¿ t bnfn k"“hLklt ju{ eP . 5g\ . xfdLn] ltgnfO{ /fli6«os/0f u/]gf}+ lsgeg] pgLx¿n] -pgLx¿nfO{_ /fli6«o k'“hLklt ju{ dfGg'ePg . xfd|f 3/]n' / j}bl] zs gLltx¿ dfGg tof/ eP . cWoIf M s]xL ;dosf] nflu sfo{gLlts ?kdf s]xL r] M s]xL dflg;x¿ k"0f{ ?kdf ;fd|fHojfbdf lge{/ ;fd|fHojfbL sDkgLx¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{ ;xg ug{ /xg] ub{5g\ . ;fd|fHojfbn] pgLx¿nfO{ k'“hL, k|ljlw, ;lsG5 . xfdL sxf“ klg s]xL ;fd|fHojfbL sDkgLx¿ Kof6]G6 / ahf/ lbPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ a:g t cfkm\g} 5g\ oxf“ . b]zdf a:5g\ t/ pgLx¿sf] :jfy{ ;fd|fHojfb;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lrgL Jofkf/Lx¿ . k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M h:t} PrP;aL;L cWoIf M lrgL Jofkf/Lx¿ .

-xªsª P08 ;fª\3fO{ a}ªl\ sª skf]/{ z ] g_ . To;sf] pkl:ylt k|tLsfTds dfq lyof] . r] M pgLx¿ lyP . t/ clxn] t ;a} lrgLsf] Jofkf/L /fli6«os/0f eO;s]sf] 5 . r] M So'jfdf Sofgf8]nL a}ªs \ x¿ oxf“sf] PrP;aL;L h:t} x'g\ . cWoIf M tkfO{x+ ¿n] d'ntM ;a} ;+/f cd]l/sL k'h “ LnfO{ clwu|x0f ug'e{ of] . cWoIf M tkfO+{x¿n] ax'dt dhb'/ ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;·l7t ug'k{ b{5 . r] M d'ntM xf]Og, ;a} g} . kSs} klg s]xL k'“hL “ Lkltx¿dWo]af6 s]xL dflg;x¿ xfd|f] lj?4 clwu|x0faf6 pDs] . t/ To;sf] cy{ xfdLn] Tof] k'“hL r] M k'h uP / zq'sf] df]rf{df ;fd]n eP . klg clwu|x0f ug{ grfx]sf] eg] xf]Og . + f zq' cWoIf M tkfO{x+ ¿n] clwu|x0fsf] Ifltk"lt{ klg lbg'eof] cWoIf M tkfO{x+ ¿sf] lj/f]wdf hfg]x¿ tkfO{s x'g\ . k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ bafP/ tkfO{x+ ¿n] dxfg ls < sfd ug'e{ Psf] 5 . r] M olb s'g} lrgL sf/vfgfn] clwu|x0fcl3 xfdL;“u { g\ . #) nfveGbf a9L 6g lrgL lsg]sf] v08df xfdLn] r] M k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿n] cfqmfds ultljlw ub}5 lsg]sf] lrgLsf] d"Nosf] % b]lv @% k|ltzt;Dd Ifltk"lt{ -pbfx/0fsf] nflu_ slxn] s fxL pgLx¿n] s] x L lbPsf 5f}+ . So'jfsf] cj:yf yfxf gePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ 6fk'x¿dfly sAhf hdfpg] ub{5g\ . t/ rf“8} pgLx¿nfO{ of] gLltleq lgxLt lj/f]wfef; a'em\g ufx«f] dx;'; x'g5 ] . Toxf“af6 wkfOg]5 . lrGtf dfGg' kg]{ s'/f s]xL 5}g . xfdLn] ltgLx¿sf g]tfx¿nfO{ kqmfp u/]nuQ} uf]nL cWoIf M tkfO{x¿n] k|ltjif{ $& sfafn}l/of -So'jfsf] xfg]/ l;Wofpg] u/]sf 5f}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ kf/f:o'6af6 xsdf ## Ps8 e"ld_ b/n] Ps k|ltzt Jofhb/df xftxltof/ pknAw u/fO“b} 5 . ;a} ;+/f cd]l/sfaf6 . k'h “ L / gfkmf lkmtf{ ug'e{ Psf] egL klqsfdf n]lvPsf] cWoIf M tkfO{x+ ¿n] s]xL cd]l/sLx¿nfO{ klg kqmfp lyof] lg . ug'e{ of] lg xf]Og < r] M xfdL;“u #) nfveGbf a9L 6g lrgL lsGg] sDkgLn] dfq Ifltk"lt{ kfp“5g\ . c? s'g} ;'ljwf jf Ifltk"lt{ r] M pgLx¿ rf“8} yfs] / pgLx¿nfO{ uf]nL xfgL xTof 5}g . t'ngfTds ?kdf cln 7"nf b'O{ j6f a}ªs \ x¿ ul/of] .

29

rfcf] Pg nfO{ M cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] To;sf] lj/f]w u¥of] / tkfO+x{ ¿n] To;sf] k|ltsf/ ug'e{ of] . cWoIf M tkfO+x{ ¿ b[9lgZroL x'gx' G' 5 . clGtd ;do;Dd b[ 9 /xg' x f] n f . of] qmflGtk| l tsf] cfzf xf] / ;fd|fHojfbLx¿ cfkm} 7"nf] ;ª\s6df km:g]5g\ . t/ cfkm\ g f] c8fgdf l6Sg g;s] / ;Demf} t f u/] ;fd|fHojfbLx¿n] tkfO+; { u“ Jojxf/ ug{ ;lhnf] dfGg]5g\ .

k'“hLklt ju{sf] dg lhTgsf] nflu /fd|f] x'g5 ] . rLgdf ljhokZrft Rofª sfO{ ;]ssf Jofkf/ / klxn] hd{gL, O6fnL / hfkfgsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf, kl5 Rofªsf] :jfldTjdf NofOPsf ;DklQ /fli6«os/0f ul/of] . h;n] s'n cf}Bf]lus k“h ' LdWo] /fHosf] k'h “ L *) k|ltzt;Dd k'¥ofpg ;kmn eof] . /fli6«o k'“hLklt ju{sf] xftdf s'n cf}Bf]lus k'h “ Lsf] @) k|ltzt dfq eP klg pgLx¿n] !) nfveGbf a9L dhb'/x¿nfO{ /f]huf/ lbP / ;du| Jofkfl/s ;~hfn pgLx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf lyof] . of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ xfdLnfO{ ;ft jif{ nfUof] . xfdLn] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] cfzfdf pgLx¿nfO{ /f]huf/, dtflwsf/, lghL–;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg / z]o/ laqmL aGbf]a:t u¥of}+ . of] Psfsf/ ul/Psf] ;dfwfgn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 agfof] / ljb]zdf t'ngfTds ?kdf /fd|f] k|efj kf¥of] . of] ;dfwfgaf6 Pl;ofnL k'h “ Lkltx¿ k"0f{tM v'zL t ePgg\ t/ pgLx¿nfO{ Pstfa4 agfpg of] :jLsfo{ pkfo ePsf] / z]o/ laqmLsf] gLltsf] k|of]u ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnP . zx/L 3/]n' If]q / dWod k'“hLkltx¿sf] ;d:of ;fdgf ul/of] . o;sf] lglDt ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodnfO{ klg k|of]u ul/of] .

r] M xfd|f] qmflGtsf] klxnf] r/0fdf lkm8]nn] ;fj{hlgs cfjf;sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sf k|:tfj ug'e{ of] . ;/sf/n] ;a} hgtfsf] nflu 3/ agfOlbg] lhDdf lnof] . xfdLn] 7"nf 3/sf dflnsx¿sf ;DklQ sAhfdf lnof}+ / hgtfnfO{ af“l8lbof}+ . ;fgf 3/sf dflnsx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ cfkm};“u /fv] . cWoIf M clg < r] M clxn] xfdL qmflGtsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf k'us ] f 5f}+ . cyf{t\ xfdL dflg;n] dflg;dfly ug]{ zf]if0f cGTo ug]{ r/0fdf k'us ] f 5f}+ . 3/]n' / cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:yltsf] ;fk]Ifdf xfdL xfd|f] zf;g alnof] agfpg]lt/ nfu]sf 5f}+ . cfh lgs} hh{/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] clzIff / a]/f]huf/LnfO{ lgd'n { g ug],{ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / e"ld;'wf/sf yk sfo{qmd nfu' ug{l] t/ xfdL cl3 a9]sf 5f}“ .

r] M xfdLn] rLgnufot c? ;dfhjfbL b]zx¿sf cg'ejaf6 l;Sg h?/L 5 . k“h ' Lklt ju{ ljb]zdf ghfpmg\ egL xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg, /f]huf/ / k};f lbof}“ . xfdLn] k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ Hofnf lbof}+ .

P]ltxfl;s ?kdf xfdLsxf“ 3/]n' pBf]u lyPg . cWoIf M lgs} /fd|f] . tkfO+x{ ¿n] Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf To;sf/0f xfdLn] Tof] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'k{ /]g . xfdLn] k|efj kfg'e{ Psf] 5 / To;sf] k|efj Pl;of / clk|msf;Dd sfd gkfPsf ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t agfof}“ / km}lnPsf] 5 . tkfO+x{ ¿n] /fd|f] sfd u/];Dd pgLx¿ To;jfkt xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ sfd lbof}“ . tkfO{x+ ¿af6 k|efljt /xg]5g\ . cWoIf M ;+/f cd]l/sf So'jfdf /fli6«o k'h “ Lklt ju{sf] ljsf; ePsf] rfx“bg} . hfkfg, sf]l/of / rLgs} pQ/k"j{ r] M ljz]iftM Nofl6g cd]l/sf .

-d~r'l/of_, k|mfG; / leotgfdsf] ;Gbe{df klg ToxL cWoIfM Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf dWod k'h “ Lklt / /fli6«o xf] . pgLx¿n] :yfgLo dflg;x¿nfO{ 7"nf pBf]ux¿ k'“hLkltx¿ ;dfhjfbb]lv 8/fPsf 5g\ . lglZrt rnfpg g} lb+bg} g\ . ;dofjlw;Dd xfdL ;fdflhs ;'wf/df bf}l8xfNg' x'Gg . o;f] ubf{ Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf ;fgf k'h “ Lklt / /fli6«o r] M of] k|lqmofn] Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf ePsf] 36gfsf] 30

ememNsf] lbG5 . ;fdGtjfbL zlQmnfO{ Wj:t agfpg ;fd|fHojfbn] /fli6«o k'h “ Lklt ju{nfO{ ljsf; x'g lbg] ub{5 . /fli6«o k'“hLklt ju{n] lgs} w]/} cfoft s/sf] dfu klg ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ pgLx¿ /fli6«o lxtsf] kIfdf pleg] ub}g{ g\ . jf:tjdf pgLx¿sf] :jfy{ ;fd|fHojfb;“u ldn]sf] x'G5 .

xfl;n u/]sf lyof}+ . ;fd|fHojfbLx¿n] xfdLdfly bdg ug{ s'g} zlQm s]lGb|t u/]sf] lyPg . pgLx¿ ljho xfl;n u/]kZrft lkm8]nn] cflv/df pgLx¿;“u} C0f lng xft km}nfpg] ;f]rs ] f lyP . cfkm";u“ ;xsfo{ ug]{ pgLx¿sf] ck]Iff lyof] . t/ c? Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿df qmflGtsf] ;'?cft ubf{ To:tf vt/fsf] ;fdg ug'k{ g]{ x'GYof] . h:t} pbfx/0fsf] nflu Ujf6]dfnf . cfkm\gf cWoIf dfcf] M d] / f] Pp6f k| Z g 5 . k' “ h Lut hn;]gf k|of]u u/]/ ;+/f cd]l/sfn] Toxf“ x:tIf]k u¥of] . lx;faaf6 s] a| f lhnsf] O:kft sf/vfgf ;+ / f cd]l/sf;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 < cWoIf M tL Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿sf cFGtl/s kl/l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} leGgtf 5g\ t < r] M a|flhnsf k|dv ' wft' sf/vfgfx¿ cd]l/sL k'h “ Ln] :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] . r] M /fhgLlts leGgtfx¿ 5g\ . t/ ;fdflhs ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ oL ;a} b]zx¿nfO{ dfq b'O{ jf tLg 7"nf rfcf] Pg nfO{ M cd]l/sL k'h “ L slt k|ltzt 5 < k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tLg j6f b]zx¿df a|flhnn] jflif{s ?kdf !^ nfv O:kft pTkfbg ug]{ ;} l gs ;ª\ 3 if{ rfn" 5–kf/fUj] , lgsf/fu' c f / Ujf6]dfnf . u/]sf] 5 . r] M a|flhnsf sf/vfgfx¿df ;du|df cd]l/sL k'h “ L slt 5, Tof] t Tolt :ki6 5}g . t/ k|fljlws ?kdf Tof] k"0f{¿kdf cd]l/sfdf lge{/ 5 . a|flhn w]/} 7"nf] b]z xf] t/ Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf c? b]zx¿ / a|flhnaLr tflTjs ?kdf s'g} cGt/ 5}g .

cWoIf M ;+/f cd]l/sfn] ca cfkm\gf] ;+uLgsf] tL/ Ujf6]dfnf / lgsf/fu'cflt/ ;f]em\ofPsf] 5 .

cWoIf M d]/f] csf]{ klg k|Zg 5 . ;'?df So'jfnL e"ld6]sb] l] v ljho xfl;n ubf{;Dd tkfO+x+{ ¿nfO{ b'O{ jif{sf] ;dofjlw nfUof] . tkfO+{x¿n] ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;·l7t ug'e{ of] / ljho xfl;n ug'e{ of] . s] Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf c? b]zx¿df ToxL tl/sfaf6 sfd ug{ ;Dej 5 <

cWoIf M d}n] eg]h:t} k]?df ax'dt dflg;nfO{ hldgsf] cfjZostf 5 . sf]nf]lDaofdf klg ToxL xf] .

r] M sf]nf]lDaof / k]?df hgtfsf] dxfg\ qmflGtsf] pbo x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

r] M k]?sf] ;Gbe{ /f]rs 5 . Toxf“ hlxNo} klg cflbd ;fDojfbsf] k/Dk/f 5 . :k]lgofnLx¿n] cfkm\gf] zf;gsf] qmddf ;fdGtjfb / bf; Joj:yf NofPsf x'g\ . t/ Toxf“ To;aLr klg cflbd ;fDojfbsf] cj;fg ePg . a? Tof] Joj:yf cem} klg sfod 5 . s'Hsf]df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] r'gfj lhTof] . r'gfjdf sDo'lg:6 ljhosf] nflu of] ;ª\3if{ hftLo ;ª\3if{;u“ hf]l8Psf] 5 . k]?df w]/} cflbjf;L hgtf a:5g\ t/ uf]/f, d]lT;hf]; cflbjf;Lx¿n] dfq hldgdfly xs kfPsf 5g\ / hldgbf/ ag]sf 5g\ .

r] M of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm Ps} lsl;daf6 lbg ;ls+bg} . jf:tjdf tkfO{; + u“ xfd|f] t'ngfdf w]/} cg'ej / ulx/f] ljj]s 5 . c? Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf So'jfdf qmflGt ug{ lgs} sl7gfO ;fdgf ug{k' ¥of] . t/ ToxfF Pp6f cg' s " n sf] jftfj/0f eg] lyof] . ;fd|fHojfbLx¿sf] pk]Iffsf] kmfObf p7fP/ xfdLn] ljho 31

cWoIf M :yfgLo hgtfsf] hg;ª\Vof () nfvb]lv cWoIf M s] So'jfsf] c? Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿;“u Ps s/f]8 5 . hals :k]lgofnLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof s'6gLlts ;DaGw 5 < bz xhf/dfq 5 . r] M w]/} b]zx¿ Ps csf{;u“ h'ws ] f 5g\ / So'jf;“u r] M of] tYofª\s clt/~hgfk"0f{ x'g ;S5 . k]?df ! ;DaGw tf]8s ] f 5g\ . xfO6L, bf]ldlgsg u0f/fHo / s/f]8 @) nfv hg;ª\Vof 5 . tLdWo] ! s/f]8 Ujf6]dfnf o:tf b]zsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . sf]nf]lDaof, Pn cflbjf;Lx¿ 5g\ eg] @) nfv hgtf uf]/f 5g\ . ;fNef8f]/ / xf]G8'/;n] So'jfnL /fhb'tnfO{ cof]Uo 3f]if0ff u/] . a|flhnn] klg lagf sf/0f So'jfnL cWoIf M k]?sf] cj:yf / blIf0f clk|msfsf] cj:yf /fhb'tnfO{ lgsfnf u¥of] . p:t} /x]5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf #) nfvdfq a]nfotLx¿ /x]5g\ . rfcf] Pg nfO{ M hDdfhDdL ;ft j6f b]zx¿ eP . rfcf] Pg nfO{ M #) nfv a]nfotL, !) nfv 8r, !) nfv ldl;Psf, *) nfv sfnf / % nfv cflbaf;Lx¿ 5g\ . sfnf / cflbaf;Lx¿sf] cj:yf ;aeGbf uPu'hs ]| f] cj:yf 5 . uf]/fx¿nfO{ dfq dtflwsf/sf] aGbf]a:t 5 .

cWoIf M To;f] eP So'jfsf] Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf clwsf+z b]zx¿;“u s'6gLlts ;DaGw 5 . Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf !( j6f b]zx¿dWo] & j6fn] ;DaGe /fv]gg\ . af“sL /x] !@ j6f .

r] M k]?df cem} klg bf; k|yf 5 . ;fdfGo?kd} r] M ;'?sf tLg j6f–xfO6L, bf]ldlgsg u0f/fHo / e"ldjfkt dflg;sf] lsga]r x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

Ujf6]dfnfsf] So'jf;“u ;DaGw lyPg . sf]nlDaof, Pn ;fNef8f]/, xf]G8'/; / a|flhndf So'jfsf s'6gLlts k|ltlglw 5g\ . t/ So'jfnL /fhb't g} 5}g . So'jfnLx¿ rfcf] Pg nfO{ M ljutdf ltAatdf h:t} . a|flhndf hfg' eg]sf] tyfslyt kmnfd] kbf{sf] csf]l{ t/ r] M tL lk5l8Psf 7fp“x¿df /}yfg]x¿;“u k};f 5}g . hfg' h:t} xf] . ha s]xL s'/f a]Rg' kbf{ laqm]tfn] t/fh'sf] Pp6f knfdf a]Rg /fv]sf] ;fdfg / csf]{ knfdf tfdfsf cWoIf M Ujf6]dfnf / lgsf/fu'cfsf o'4sf] k|sl[ t l;Ssf /fv]/ tf}lng] ub{5g\ . sfuhsf] d'bf| k|of]u s:tf] xf] < s] ltgLx¿ hgtfsf o'4x¿ x'g\ < ub{g} g\ pgLx¿ . r] M o;sf] d oxL xf] eGg] hjfkm lbg ;lQmg . cWoIf M sf]nf]lDaofsf] cj:yf s]xL km/s 5 lg dnfO{ kf/]sf] k|efjsf cfwf/df Ujf6]dfnfsf] n8fO{+ xf]Og / < hgtfsf] o'4 xf] eg] lgsf/fu'cfsf] n8fO+{ ;fdfGo k| s f/sf] xf] . tL b] z x¿ So' j faf6 6f9f 5g\ . r] M sf]nf]lDaofdf ;fdGtjfb sdhf]/ 5 . t/ Toxf“ To;sf/0f Toxf“sf n8fO+{x¿sf] k|sf/af/] s'g} wf/0ff Sofylnsx¿sf] alnof] pkl:ylt 5 . Toxf“sf ;fdGt 5}g . d}n] ev{/ eg]sf] hjfkm dfq cfTdut hjfkm / Sofylns rr{x¿ ;+/f cd]l/sf;“u ldn]sf 5g\ . xf] .

Toxf“sf cflbjf;Lx¿ u/La 5g\ t/ pgLx¿ bf; eg] xf]Ogg\ . sf]nf]lDaofdf u'l/Nnf zlQmx¿ lyP t/ cWoIf M Ujf6]dfnfdf h] eO/x]sf] 5, s] Tof] Hofsf]e cfhef]ln pgLx¿n] n8\g 5f]l8;s] . cj]G{ h u'Hdfg;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 < 32

r] M d rLgsf] nflu lg:sg] avtdf d}n] of] ;Gbe{df bafpg] sfd eof] . pQ/L cleofgsf] qmddf To;f] cj]G{ hsf] 3f]if0ff x]g{] df}sf kfP“ . Toxf“sf qmflGt nf]slk|o ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@$ b]lv !(@& ;Ddsf] bf];|f] k|sf/sf] x'g;S5 . r/0fdf o'4l;jfo s]xL ePg . xfdLnfO{ hfg s'g} klg af6f] /flvPg . tkfO+{x¿nfO{ h;/L afl6:6fn] cWoIf M clxn] cj]G{ h So'jfdf 5g\ < s'g} klg 7fp“ 5f]8s ] f lyPgg\, a? hgtf dfg]{ sfddfq ul//x\of] . aGb's af]s]/ n8\g'afx]s c? s'g} ljsNk r] M xf], pgL So'jfdf 5g\ .

5}g eGg] s'/f Rofª sfO{ z]sn] xfdLnfO{ l;sfP . h;/L So' j fnL hgtfnfO{ afl6:6fn] Tof] s' / f cWoIf M pgL rLg / ;f]leot ;ª\3 klg cfPsf l;sfPsf lyP, lrlgof“ hgtfnfO{ klg Rofª sfO{ 5g\ . /fd|f] dfG5] x'g\ pgL . z]sn] l;sfP . xfdLnfO{ s;/L n8\g] eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg g t xfdL n8\g] tof/Ld} lyof}“ . k|wfgdGqL / r] M d pgnfO{ ljZjf; u5'{ . ljutdf pgn] uNtLx¿ d t a'l4hLjL lyof}+ . pxf“ -cWoIf dfcf]n] pkk|wfgdGqL u/] . t/ pgL cl8u, cl3 a9\g] vfnsf / ljZjf;of]Uo nL ;]gg] nfO{ ;ª\st] ub}{ x'gx' G' Yof]_ t dhb'/ x'gx' G' Yof] .

5g\ . t/ xfdL;“u af“sL csf]{ ljsNk g} s] lyof] / < Rofª -cWoIf dfcf] n ] k| l tlglwd08nsf ;a} sfO{ z]s xfdLnfO{ dfg{ rfxGy] . ;b:ox¿nfO{ /fqLef]hdf cfdGq0f u/] . Toxf“ klg -cWoIf dfcf]n] So'jfnL hgtfsf] qmflGtsf] s'/fsfgL eg] rfn' /x\of] ._ ;kmntfsf] nflu / k|ltlglwd08nsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf ub}{ lunf; p7fP/ 6f]:6 k|:tfj r] M rLg / So'jfaLr b'O{ j6f s'/fx¿ emG8} emG8} p:t} ug'{x'G5 ._ 5g\ . of] s'/fn] dnfO{ lgs} k|efljt agfPsf] 5 . tkfO+x{ ¿ ha qmflGt ub}{ x'gx' G' Yof], Rofª sfO{ ;]sn] cWoIf dfcf] M Psrf]6L o'4sf] ;'?cft ePkZrft\ tkfO{x+ ¿dfly u/]sf] xdnfnfO{ ‘3]/fdf kf/ / bafpm’ Tof] sDtLdf bz jif{ rNg] ub{5 . xfdLn] cfwf/ If]q t eg]/ JofVof ug'e{ of] . oL b'j} zAbx¿ k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿n] agfof}+ t/ xfdLaf6 blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbL uNtLx¿ xfd|fl] t/ klg k|of]u u/] . pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] /0fgLlt eP . ha xfdL cltjfdkGyL gLltdf em'sfj /fVg yfNof},+ kl/0ffdtM xfdLn] cfwf/ If]qx¿ u'dfp“b} uof}+ . pxL /x]5 . clg xfdL cGoq hfg afWo eof}+ . nfdf] cleofg cWoIf dfcf] M xfd|f] z/L/df ha s'g} aflxl/of tTj To;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] . tL uNtLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ l;sfof] . k|j]z u5{, ;]tf] /Qmsf]ifn] To;nfO{ 3]g]{ u5{ / bafpg] d"ntM xfdLn] b'O{ j6f uNtL u¥of}–+ Pp6f jfdkGyL / ub{5 . Rofª sfO{ z]sn] xfdLnfO{ JofS6]l/ofnfO{ csf]{ blIfkGyL uNtL . ltg} uNtLaf6 xfdLn] kf7 l;Sof}+ . h:t} Jojxf/ u¥of] / vQd ug{ vf]Hof] . xfdLn] @@ ha hfkfgn] rLglj?4 xdnf ;'? u¥of], xfdLn] jif{;Dd pgLlj?4 ljleGg lsl;daf6 n8\of}+ . b'O{ Rofª sfO{ z]s;“u df]rf{ u¥of}+ . To:tf] sfnv08 k6s xfd|f] ;xsfo{ eof] / b'O{ k6s xfd|f] lju|x eof] . tkfO+x{ ¿sf] Oltxf;;“u ldNb}g . :jfefljs ?kdf To;n] w]/} nfdf] ;do lnof] . klxnf] k6ssf] ;xsfo{df blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbLx¿sf kl5 r] M wGo xfd|f] Oltxf;df Tof] 36gf 5}g . nfu]/ uNtL u¥of}+ . kf6L{leq blIf0fkGyL ;d"xsf] pbo eof] . kl/0ffdtM Rofª sfO{ z]sn] kf6L{leq cWoIf dfcf] M afl6:6f;“u df]rf{aGbL ug]{ tkfO+x{ ¿sf] v]Ng] df}sf kfof], ;fDojfbsf] lj/f]w eof] / o'4dfkm{t ;Gbe{df ;Defjgf g} lyPg lg .

33

r] M afl6:6fsf] cd]l/sLx¿;“u s'g} åGå lyPg .

clxn] #% jif{sf] x'gx' G' 5 . pxf“ xfdLdWo] ;aeGbf kfsf] x'gx' G' 5 .

cWoIf dfcf] M Rofª sfO z]s a]nfot / ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] s's'/ g} lyP . hfkfgn] ha rLgdfly sAhf hdfof], Rofª sfO{ z]snfO{ dfGo ePg . cf7 jif{ nfdf] t];f| ] r/0f -!(#&–$%_df xfdLn] hfkfglj?4 n8\g Rofª sfO{ z]s;“u ;xsfo{ u¥of}+ . Tof] ;xsfo{ /fd|f] vfnsf] lyPg lsgeg] Rofª sfO{ z]sn] bnfn k'“hLklt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf lyP . pgL a]nfot / ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] bnfn ag]sf lyP . rf}yf] r/0fdf hfkfg eflu;s]kZrft Rofª sfO{ z]sn] xfdLdfly xdnf u¥of] . Ps jif{ t xfdLn] p;sf] k|lt/f]wdf latfpg'k¥of] . To;kl5 xfdL cfqmfds aGof}+ / ;f9] tLg jif{;Dd p;nfO{ k/fhLt ug{ nfUof] . ;g\ !($( df xfdLn] ;du| ljho xfl;n u¥of}+ . Rofª sfO{ z]s tfOjfg efUof] . xfd|f] xftaf6 tfOjfg 6fk' /x]g .

cWoIf dfcf] M ljutdf xfdLn] o'4sf] d}bfgdf ;ª\3if{ u¥of}“ . cfhef]ln xfdL lgdf{0fdf ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf 5f}“ . sdf08/ O8\8L ;'gf]n M qmflGtsf] /Iff ul//xg'ePsf] 5 .

r] M So'jf / rLgaLr csf]{ Pp6f s'/f klg ldN5 . ;g\ !($% df ePsf] So'jfnL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] dxflwj]zgdf k|:t't ;d;fdlos k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5M s]xL ;xl/of dflg;x¿ ufp“ eg]kl5 gfs v'DRofp“5g\ . xfd|f] ;ª\3if{ b'O{ efudf ljeflht 5 . klxnf] kxf8L If]qdf 5fkfdf/ o'4 rnfpg'kb{5 / csf]{lt/ ;x/df x8\tfnx¿ ug'k{ b{5 . zx/df x8\tfnx¿ ul//x]sf zlQmx¿n] kxf8L k|wfgdGqL rfcf] PgnfO{ M tkfO+x{ ¿sf] klg Jo'gf] If]qdf 5fkfdf/ o'4 ul//x]sfx¿nfO{ pk]Iff ug]{ sfd 6fk' -b cfON; ckm kfOg_ 5 lg . afl6:6f of] 6fk' eO/x\of] . t/ cGtdf zx/L ljb|fx] sf kIfw/x¿ c;kmn 5f]8/] klg gefUbf ;Dd t pgLx¿n] To;dfly sAhf eP . hdfPsf lyP . k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M w]/} ldNbf]hN' bf] . cWoIf dfcf] M To;dfly sAhf hdfpg' lgs} /fd|f] cWoIf dfcf] M a]sfdsf zlQmx¿af6 kmfObf lng xf] . vf]Hg' b':;fx;jfb xf] . ha pgLx¿n] ufp“x¿df Wofg r] M t/ km]l/ klg cd]l/sfn] xdnf ug]{ vt/f eg] lbg c;kmn x'G5g\, zx/sf hgtfnfO{ ls;fgx¿;“u /lx/x]sf] 5 .

Pstfa4 x'g TolQ ;lhnf] x'g] ub{g} .

k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M cd]l/sLx¿n] b cfON; k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M cS6f]a/ % sf] tkfO{s + f] ckm kfOG;df xdnf ug]{ k|of; u/]sf lyP . n]v kl9;s]kZrft dfq d]/f] lbdfudf of] s'/f v'Nof] .

-cS6f]a/ % sf] n]v r] Uj]ef/fn] So'jfnL ljrf/wf/fsf] cWoIf dfcf] M To;sf] cy{ cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb cWoog u/L n]Vg'ePsf] n]v xf] / e]bf{ cf]lnleof] gfdsf] xfd|f] ;femf b'Zdg xf] . ;fy} ;+;f/sf hgtfsf] ;femf klqsfdf of] n]v k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] ._ d}n] Tof] b'Zdg . tkfO+{ t lgs} o'jf b]lvg'xG' 5 . n]vsf p4/0fx¿ k9]sf] 5' / To;df p7fOPsf ljifox¿ cWoog u/]sf] 5' . tkfO{n + fO{ t a'l4hLjL dfGg'kb{5 . r] M tkfO+n { ] qmflGt ;'? ubf{ d]h/ ;'gf]nafx]s xfdL c? t sf]xL klg hGd]sf klg lyPgf}+ . d]h/ ;'gf]n r] M d a'l4hLjL eGg ;lsg] txdf k'lu;s]sf] 5}g .

34

cWoIf dfcf]M tkfO+{ t n]vs x'gx' G' 5 . d}n] klg Tof] n]vsf c+zx¿ k9]sf] 5' / d tkfO{s + f ljrf/x¿;“u w]/} w]/} ;xdt 5' . Tof] n]vn] ;du| Nofl6g cd]l/sfnfO{ k|efljt agfpg ;Sb5 .

r] M dfcf]sf /rgfx¿df n]lvPsf ljrf/ lkm8]n Sof:6«fn ] ] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] kfpg'eof] . ;'?df a? d} n ] Tof] dxTjnfO{ klxNofpg ;s] s f] lyOg“ . o'4aGbLx¿nfO{ cflTds Jojxf/ ug],{ pgLx¿sf 3fp, rf]6k6s pkrf/ ug]{ / lkmtf{ k7fpg] ljrf/ . xfdLn] k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M tkfO{n + ] Tof] n]vsf] k"/f of] ljrf/ xfd|f] ;ª\3if{sf] qmddf Jojxf/df Nofof}+ / k|lt Nofpg'ePsf] 5 < ;f“Rr} lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] cg'ej u¥of}+ . r] M d tkfO{n + fO{ To;sf] k|lt pknAw u/fpg] k|of; cWoIf dfcf] M zq' ;]gfnfO{ ljeflht ug]{ of] pkfo ug]{5' . xf] . cWoIf dfcf] M Tof] n]vdf tkfO{+n] d"ntM tLgj6f l;4fGt cl3 ;fg' { e Psf] 5 . hgtfn] k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿nfO{ k/fhLt ug{ ;S5g\ . To;sf] nflu qmflGtsf] ;a} kl/l:ylt kl/kSj agfpg hgtfn] pko'Qm ;do s'g{ h?/L 5}g . t];|f] l;4fGt s] xf] <

r] M of] Jojxf/nfO{ xfdLn] kl5 dfq Jojxf/df Nofof}+ .

To;cl3 t o'4aGbLx¿sf] xfdL h'Qf / n'uf km'sfNg nufp“Yof}+ lsgeg] xfd|f n8fs'x¿;“u h'Qf / n'ufsf] cefj lyof] . t/ kl5 lkm8]nn] xfdLnfO{ To;f] gug{ lgb]z { g lbg'eof] .

-cWoIf dfcf]n] cfkm\gf] lunf; p7fpg'eof] / lkm8]nsf] ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf ub}{ 6f]:6 k|:tfj r] M t];f| ] l;4fGt Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] ;Gbe{df k|dv ' /fVg'eof] ._ sfo{ef/ u|fdL0f e]udf cfwfl/t /xg]5 . r] M 5fkfdf/ o'4sf] ;dodf dflg;x¿ /fd|f; ] u“ vfg k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{M qmflGtnfO{ u|fdL0f ;d]t ;Sb}gy] . xfdLnfO{ af}l4s vfgfsf] klg cefj e"efu;“u hf]8\g lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lyof] . xfdLn] s]xL k9\g klg ;Sb}gYof}+ .

r] M xfdL klg of] a'“bfdf lgs} cl8u /x\of}+ .

k|wfgdGqL rfcf] PgnfO{ M ha cWoIf dfcf] 5fkfdf/ o'4 n8\b} x'gx' G' Yof], pxf“ kqklqsf Nofpg k|fozM k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M s]xL Nofl6g cd]l/sL dfG5] k7fpg'xG' Yof] . ;fyLx¿ ls;fgx¿sf] e"ldsf TolQ dxTjk"0f{ dfGb}gg\ . tkfO{x+ ¿n] of] a'b“ fdf tkfO{x+ ¿ :ki6 x'ge' of] / ;kmn cWoIf dfcf] M kqklqsfnfO{ ;" r gfsf] ?kdf x'ge' of] . lrlgof“ qmflGtsf] ;Gbe{df klg To:t} eof] . lng'kb{5 . zq'sf cvaf/x¿n] k|fozM zq'sf sfdaf/] w]/} dflg;x¿n] ls;fgx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] pk]Iff u/] t/ ;"rgf r'xfpg] ub{5 . tL cfkm}df Pp6f ;|ft] x'g\ . cWoIf dfcf]n] ToxL a'“bfdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . xfdLn] s]xL xhf/ dflg;x¿sf] ;fy lnP/ qmflGtsf] yfngL u¥of}+ . To;kl5 xfd|f] kmf}hsf] cfsf/ bz cWoIf dfcf] M xfdLnfO{ ;x/df k:g glbP/ zq'n] g} xhf/sf] eof] . kl5 t tLg nfvsf] kmf}h aGof] . ToxL xfdLnfO{ of] /0fgLlt l;sfPsf x'g\ . Rofª sfO{ z]s laGb"df xfdLn] s]xL jfdkGyL uNtLx¿ u¥of}+ . nfdf] hgtf dfg{ rfxGYof] . To;cj:yfdf tkfO+n { ] s] g} kf] lx+8fO{kl5 tLg nfvsf] kmf}h klRr; xhf/df v'lDrof] . zq' xfdL;“u sd dfq 8/fpg yfNof] . hfkfgn] rLg ug{ ;Sg'xG' Yof] / < 35

sAhf ubf{ xfdLn] Rofª sfO{ z]s;“u ;xsfo{ ug{ rfx\of}+ . xfd|f] ;ª\Vof sd ePsfn] pm xfdL;“u 8/fPg . clg pm xfdL;“u ;xsfo{ ug{ tof/ aGof] . Rofª sfO{ z]ssf] OR5f hfkfgnfO{ nufP/ xfdLnfO{ l;Wofpg] . t/ hfkfglj/f]wL n8fO{s + f] qmddf xfdL b'O{ xhf/af6 bz nfvsf] ;ª\Vofdf k'Uof}+ . To;f] xf]nf eg]/ Rofª sfO{ z]sn] ck]Iff u/]sf] klg lyPg . hfkfgn] cfTd;dk{0f u/]kl5 Rofª sfO{ z]ssf rfln; nfv ;]gfn] xfdLdfly xdnf ug{ yfNof], xfdL;“u hDdf bz nfv ;]gf lyof] . cfwf/ If]qdf bz s/f]8 hg;ª\Vof lyof] . ;f9] tLg jif{sf] cGt/fndf xfdLn] Rofª sfO{ z]snfO{ k/fhLt u¥of}+ . Tof] cjlwsf] o'4 eg] 5fkfdf/ o'4 lyPg . Tof] 7"nf] cfsf/sf] n8fO{+ lyof] . tkfO+s { f] n]vdf pNn]v ePh:t} ljdfg, tf]k, 6\ofª\sx¿ ;a}n] s'g} n5f/kf6f] nufpg ;s]gg\ . Rofª sfO{ z]s;“u tL ;a} xltof/ lyP t/ xfdL;“u tL s'g} klg xftxltof/ lyPgg\ . kl5 dfq xfdLn] s]xL tf]kx¿ sAhfdf lnPsf lyof}+ .

eof}+, xfdL ;a} lgs} xlif{t eof}+ . t/ lkm8]nn] Tof] 6\ofª\s cGoq nfg rfxg'eof] . d a]v'; eP“ . d afh'sf -6\ofª\ssf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ 5f]6f] b'/L df/s xltof/_ sf] ;6\6fdf dfq Tof] 6\ofª\s lbg tof/ eP“ . cWoIf dfcf] M x/]s lbg cfsfzdf ljdfgx¿ nuftf/ pl8/x]sf x'Gy] t/ pgLx¿ d'l:snn] s;}nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg ;Sy] . ;a} n8fs'x¿ xl/of] /ª\usf] klx/gdf x'Gy] . xl/of] /ª\usf] klx/gn] s;}sf] klg ?kdf kl/jt{g b]lv“b}gYof] . tkfO+{x¿ ;a} ;}lgs kf]zfsdf x'g'x'GYof] < tkfO{x¿ ;a} l;kfxL x'g'x'GYof] < r] Uj]ef/f M /f]8U« o'h -;xfos ljb]z dGqL_ TolQa]nf xfdL;“u} x'g'x'Gy]g . pxf“ sf/fuf/df nl8/xg'ePsf] lyof] . cWoIf dfcf] M -/f]8U« o'hnfO{ ;+st] ub}_{ tkfO+{ t lgs} slnnf] b]lvg'xG' 5 t .

k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M clGtd ;dodf t /f]8U« o'h M @% jif{sf] eP“ . xfdLn] 6\ofª\sx¿ klg sAhf u¥of}+ . cWoIf dfcf] M xfdLn] ljz]if u/L tf]kx¿ sAhf cWoIf dfcf] M -df]/f / ;'gf]nnfO{ ;+st] ub}_{ tkfO{x+ ¿ u¥of}+ . kmntM xfdL tf]k rnfpg] ;}lgsx¿sf] l8lehg ;]gfdf x'gx' G' Yof] < g} agfpg ;kmn eof}+ . tf]k la|u]8x¿ cyjf tf]k /]lhd]G6x¿ agfof}+ . tL ;a} cd]l/sL xltof/x¿ lyP . r] Uj]ef/f M df]/fsf] lktfhL o'4sf] d}bfgdf uf]nL nflu ;lxb aGg'ePsf] lyof] . ;'gf]nsf] z/L/sf] ^ k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M a]Olhª klg d'Qm eP j6f cª\udf tLg k6s rf]6 nfUof] . d cfkm} klg b'O{ kZrft xfdLn] k/]8 cfof]hgf u¥of}+ . Toxf“ k|bz{g k6s 3fOt] ePsf] eP“ . /f]8U« o'hnfO{ sf/fuf/df lgs} ul/Psf ;a} xltof/ cd]l/sL lyP . Tolt a]nf;Dd oftgf lbOof] . ;'?df t xfdL lgs} yf]/} dflg;dfq cd]l/sLx¿ kmls{;s]sf lyPgg\ . Tof] k/]8] cjnf]sg lyof}+ . lkm8]n cfkm} cfkm\gf] aGb'sn] n8\gx' G' Yof] . xfdL ug{ cd]l/sL b'tfjf;sf clwsf/L / ;}lgs ;xr/L hDdfhDdL afx« hgf dflg; lyof}+ . klg ;xefuL lyP . cWoIf M tkfO+x{ ¿ c:;L hgf x'gx' G' Yof] lg xf]Og / < r] Uj]ef/f M o'4df xf]ldPsf ;'?sf] ;dodf d}n] g]t[Tj u/]sf n8fs'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof d'lZsnn] Pp6f Uj]ef/f M Tof] ;ª\Vof qmdzM 36\b} uof] . cGtdf t sDkgL lyof] . ha xfdLn] 6\ofª\s sAhf ug{ ;kmn hDdf afx« hgf af“sL eof}+ .

36

cWoIf M ltg} afx« hgf aLp ag] . tkfO+s { f] 7fp“sf] ul/;s]sf 5g\ . tL ;a} kf“r} hgf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] tfkqmd lgs} /fd|f] x'gk' 5{ . ljrf/ Ps csf]; { “u lgtfGt leGg 5 . sf]xL afl6:6fsf] lj/f]w u5{g\ eg] sf]xL w]/–} yf]/} afl6:6f h:t} Jojxf/ Uj]ef/f M So'jfsf] pQ/lt/ @@ l8u|L 5 . ug]{ u5{g\ . cWoIf M tkfO+x{ ¿sf] e"ld klg t cAan /x]5 lg .

cWoIf dfcf] M pgLx¿ afl6:6f x]/L s]xL klg xf]Og . afl6:6f cfhef]ln slt jif{sf eP <

Uj]ef/f M So'jfsf] ;a} e"ld v]tLof]Uo 5 . anf}6] If]qdf gl/jnsf ?vx¿sf] v]tL x'g;S5 . t/ kxf8lt/ r] Uj]ef/f M ^) jif{sf eP .

To;sf] v]tL lgs} ufx«f] 5 . cWoIf dfcf] M xfd|f Rofª sfO{ z]s cfhef]ln &$ cWoIf M To;f] eP tkfO+s { f] b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof sDtLdf jif{sf eP . a]Olhª kms{g pgL lbglbg} cg]s rfn # s/f]8;Dd a9\g ;S5 . rfln/x]sf 5g\ . r] Uj]ef/f M OG8f]gl] ;ofsf] hfef 6fk'df dfq % s/f]8 df]/f M tL tLg} hgf pDd]bjf/x¿ kf6L{sf g]tfx¿ x'g\ . hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] gfd yfxf 5 / pgLx¿ klg hgf a:g] u5{g\ . lbglbg} So'jf kms{g cg]s rfnafhL /Rg] u5{g\ . cWoIf M xfdLn] Rofª sfO{ z]snfO{ wGojfb lbP h:t} tkfO{+x¿n] klg hg/n ?a]g kmfNu'lG;cf] r] Uj]ef/f M xfdLn] ljho xfl;n u/]sf] rf/–kf“r lbg afl6:6fnfO{ wGojfb lbg'k5{ . Rofª sfO{ z]sn] dfG5] kl5 dWo cd]l/sfaf6 So'jfsf] nflu cfP . pgLx¿ df/]/ xfdLnfO{ /fd|f] kf7 l;sfP . afl6:6fnfO{ ckb:y ug]{ eGb} cfPsf lyP . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] qmflGtdf ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] cNa6f]{ df]/f lal;/f M xfdL klg afl6:6f k|lt cfef/L s'/f hfgsf/L klg ePg .

5f}+ lsgeg] pgn] w]/} hgtfnfO{ xfd|f] kIfdf ws]Ng] sfd u/] . cWoIf dfcf] M dWo cd]l/sfdf w]/} b]zx¿ 5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/df 8f]ldlgsg u0f/fHo ljZjf;of]Uo 5 lsgeg] cWoIf M xfd|f] csf]{ klg lzIfs 5 . Tof] xf]– Toxf“sf hgtf /fkm]n lncf]lgbf; q'lhNnf] df]lngflj?4 ;fd|fHojfb . ;fd|fHojfb xfd|f] nfdf] ;dosf] lzIfs Ps eP/ n8]sf lyP . xf] . ;aeGbf /fd|f] lzIfs t cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb xf] . tkfO+x{ ¿sf] klg b'O{ lzIfs 5g\–afl6:6f / cd]l/sL r] Uj]ef/f M Tof] eGg ufx«f] 5 . q'lhNnf] Nofl6g ;fd| f Hojfb . dnfO{ hfgsf/L eP;Dd afl6:6f cd]l/sfsf lgs} kl/kSj tfgfzfx x'g\ . cd]l/sLx¿ cfhef]ln cd]l/sfdf 5g\ . s] pgL k'g/fudgsf] s'/f ;a} ltgnfO{ w'nf] r6fpg] ljrf/df 5g\ . ;f]lr/x]sf 5g\ < cWoIf M cd]l/sLx¿ q'lhNnf]nfO{ dgk/fp“bg} g\ < Uj]ef/f M afl6:6fsf ;dy{sx¿ cfhef]ln % j6f u'6df ljeflht ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;a} u'6af6 Uj]ef/f M ;a} pgsf] lj/f]wdf 5g\ To;sf/0f pgnfO{ hDdfhDdL % hgf /fi6«klt kbsf pDd]bjf/ 3f]if0ff kmfNg'kb{5 .

37

k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M blIf0f leotgfdL g]tf gf] lbGx lbod / blIf0f sf]l/ofnL g]tf l;ª\dg l/nfO{ h:t} .

sf7df8f}s F f] hjfkm g;nf

cWoIf dfcf] M gf] lbGx lbod t cfh ;aeGbf kL8fdf 5g\ .

ef] dnfO{ dfq a9\tf ufnL gug{" hfqf d]/f] g} sfn aGnf d}n] s;/L a'‰g] < clgsnlt lkpFbf b]z} u'Dg] d}n] s;/L hfGg] < ef] dnfO{ Oltxf; w]/} g3f]sfpg" h] x'g' lyof] e}’uf] h] g'xg' lyof] e}‘uf] dnfO{ ljutsf] lj/x g;Demfpg" Û clxn] klg g d}n] s;/L a'‰g] < 3/HjfO“x¿sf] kf6L{ xf]nf 3/HjfO“x¿n] kf6L{ xf“Snf Û clnslt dnfO{ bof nfUof] rKkndf lx“8g\ n ] fO{ Gofgf] h'Qf lbP“ Vofpg]–:ofp6]nfO{ vfgf lbP“ clgbf–a]3/]nfO{ jf; lbP“ d}n] s;/L a'‰g], d]/} pl7jf; x'g] < dLt–3f6 km]l/ bf]xf]l/g] < lap“lemg d}n] klg sf]l;; u/]s} lyP“ ljrf/ clnslt af]Sg vf]hs ] } lyP“ ;·7gsf] hu t xfn]s} lyP“ af/Daf/ af“b/x¿sf] xdnf x'b“ f hf]ufpg d}n] s]xL ;lsg“ ;f}Gbo{, ;'uGw s]xL af“sL /x]g Û t;y{, cfh ‘s'df/L’ sf7df8f}“ vf]Hg' a]sf/ cfh ‘s'?k’ sf7df8f}“ eGg]nfO{ g} lwSsf/ Û )^%÷)^÷@&

k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M bnfnsf] hLjg Tolt ;lhnf] x'g] ub}g{ . cWoIf dfcf] M cd]l/sLx¿ clxn] Rofª sfO{ z]snfO{ dg k/fp“b}gg\ . xfdL pgsf k|z+;s ag]sf 5f}+ . ztk|ltzt cd]l/sf kIfw/x¿ Rofª sfO{ z]seGbf v/fa x'g\ lsgeg] Rofª sfO{ z]s (( k|ltzt dfq cd]l/sfsf] bnfn xf] . pgL km]l/ klg cfkm\gf] k|efj hf]ufpg rfxG5g\ . k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M of] åGåjfb xf] . sdf08/ O8\8L ;'gf]n M dnfO{ nfU5 tkfO+x{ ¿ km]l/ klg Rofª sfO{ z]ssf] cfzf ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . cWoIf dfcf] M olb pgn] cd]l/sf;“u cfkm\gf] ;DaGw tf]8s ] f] cj:yfdf xfdL pgnfO{ ;/sf/df :yfg lbg tof/ 5f}+ . k|wfgdGqL rfcf] Pg nfO{ M pgn] tfOjfgnfO{ ;“u} Nofpg ;s] t emg} /fd|f] eof] . ;|f]tM International History Disclassified ;fef/ M >lds ;fKtflxs

>lds ;fKtflxs / dhb'/ b}lgs lgoldt cWoog u/f}“ .

38

sf7df8f}s F f] j}ej Û lqmlirgf lxhf]sf ;a} :ofnx¿ Ajf“;f eP/ /fhwfgL k;], lbp“;} n'6g\ nfu]– l;+xb/af/b]lv x/ gbL / vf]nfsf lsgf/x¿ Û

d]/f] j}ej / d]/f] ;f}Gbo{ lxhf] xf]Og cl:t cl:t g} t'lxPsf] lyof] ha d]/f] afudtL / lji0f'dtL xg'dGt] / dgf]x/fsf km/flsnf lsgf/fdf ufp“ / lhNnfsf 7"nf–7fn' / hfnL–km6fxfn] 8]/f hdfP / cltqmd0f u/] .

j}ej s] yfxf < ;f}Gbo{ s] yfxf Û hgtfsf] ;DklQ cfkm\gf] ug{ kfP k'Uof] Û lgwf/sf] ;fgf] rGbgsf] l6sf] /ftf] eO{ nfdf eP ck/fw klg a9\b} uof] .

tL rfgr'g] xf]Ogg\ ltgLx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf cfp/]–afp/] /fhwfgL cf];f/], rf]/L, xTof / lx+;fnfO{ leœofP kmf]x/ / c/fhstf NofP sf7df8f}s + f] j}ej / ;f}Gbo{df u|x0f nfUof] Û

k'/fgf Ajf“;fx¿ s] sd ck/fwsf cg'ej klxnf 5“b} lyof]–uf]vf{nL uNnfjfn, Dofgkfj/ sDkgL vf]Nb} ah]6 kfl/t ax'dtn] P]g g} agfpg' k/]g – l5b| ;+;bsf] krf; nfv xf/fxf/Ldf o'jf ljb]z k'u] – 3/v]t a]rL ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿ km:6fP g]kfn ;'/lIft o'jf cfGbf]ngaf6 b]z lgsfnf, o'jf a]rlavg e"sDkeGbf klxn] g} /fhwfgL aGof] s'¿k t'lxof]– j}ej / ;f}Gbo{ d]/f] Û

k|hftGq cfof] /], k~rfotsf] 7fp“df lhNnf / ufp“sf s'/f}6x] ¿ k;] gof“ ef]sf :ofnx¿ pkTosf k;] afudtL / lji0f'dtLsf lsgf/fdf gof“ gof“ dxn v8f u/] ‘ufp“sf 7ux¿ /fhwfgL k;]’ ufp“ / lhNnfdf xNnf rNof] . u0ftGq cfof] /], /ftf] n'uf nufPsf 39

Ps hF8o \ fxfsf] nnsf/ ldhnf lgn{Hh eO{ cfh cfk\mgf] b'i6–dlt b]vfp“b5 } .

Ps gof“ h“8o\ fxf d]/} cf“ugdf pk|mL pk|mL nnsfb}5 { dnfO{ cfh . d'vdf cfP hlt af]Nb}5– ‘P ef/]e/' ] P vk{g] P Hofk" P dhb'/] ======= cfOh\ l;+un eP l;+un ls t“ r}6,\ ls d r}6\ Û’ ‘t}n + ] ljZjljBfno /fVg lbOg;\ t}n + ] ‘l6o'’, ‘s]o’' eufO;\ cfh /fhwfgL, /+uzfnf layf]ln;\ Û’

To;}sf af}–afh]n] sof}s “ f] hjfgL n'6y] ] h]ndf ;8fpg vf]hy] ] lx6n/sfnLg oftgf lbPy] j:tL qfxL qfxL kf/]y] xfd|f] hdLg vf];y] ] xfd|f] afnL n'6y] ] o'4aGbLt'No Jojxf/ u/]y] tL xfdLnfO{ bf; ;DemGy] h]n–g]n, aGb"s b]vfO{ xfd|f] kl;gf r':y] xfd|f] /ut lkp“y] .

xf], Tof] h“8o\ fxf ufnL, nf~5gf a;f{pb“ } nnsfb}5 { dnfO{ cfh d]/} cf“ugdf pk|mL pk|mL . yfxf 5}g s;n] lbof] hGd, sk"/wf/f b/af/n] lbof] ls sd{ Û To;}u/L nnsf/]y] p;sf lktfn] To;}u/L nnsf/]y] p;sf xh'/a'afn], cfh of] gflt h“8o\ fxf d;“u lgx"“ vf]Hb}5 dnfO{ pQ]hgfdf Nofpg vf]Hb}5 .

ToxL b'i6 s'nsf] b'i6 ;Gtfg Tof] w"t{ Ajf“;f] Tof] gflt h“8o\ fxf ‘ss{nf] sf6\g t/jf/ rflxGg dhb'/] t;f{pg lgx"“ rflx+bg} ’ eGb}5 . p;sf] af} To;} u/L ysf{pg cfp“y] p;sf] afh] To;} u/L wDsfpg cfp“y] Û Tof] d'Nofxf dGqL aGg rfxG5 ;fob v'a ljsf;k|d] L eG5 cfk}mnfO{ ljsf;lj/f]wL b]V5 hDd} c¿nfO{ af/, l8:sf], Sofl;gf]df k'uL k'uL ljsf;sf] gS;f sf]5{ ;fob

‘Ajf“;f] / e]8f’ syfsf] Ajf“;f]em} + wldNofP/ cfk}mn] kfgL bf]if dnfO{ lb“b5 } bf]if d]/f] lktf–k"vf{nfO{ lb“b5 } 40

uhn

7]sb] f/L, 7ubf/LnfO{ pm axfb'/L atfp“5 sldzgdf lx:;]bf/LnfO{ axfb'/L ;DemG5 ck/fwnfO{ clwsf/ 7fG5 u'08fnfO{ u'0fL dfG5 t:s/nfO{ k'/:sf/ lbG5 .

s[i0fs'df/ j}B, ag]kf, sfe|] Pd;L;L g]kfn leq l5/fpg' x'Gg ;fj{ef}d b]zsf] lz/ lu/fpg' x'Gg

Tof] h“8o\ fxf of] h'gLdf k]ml/ dGqL aG5' eG5 dGqL gagL db}{ dlb{g eG5 xf], dnfO{ pTkft ufnL ubf{ub}{ p;sf afh]n] ‘alS;;’ kfPy] p;sf af}n] ‘tyf:t'’ kfPy] cfh of] h“8o\ fxf 8an k|df]zgsf] rSs/df 5 k|es ' f] ;]jfdf nLg 5 d;“u To;} To;} lgx"“ vf]H5 d]/} cf“ugdf dnfO{ nnsfb}5 { .

8n/sf] nf]e b]vfP/ nf]Eofp“bd} f, a]km\jf“s c;n l5d]sL lr9fpg' x'Gg ;f]emf l;wf hgtf s;}sf C0fL xf]Ogg\ gvfPsf] C0f a]sf/ lt/fpg' x'Gg . l5d]sL rLg 3]//] lgzfgf agfpg, zflGt e"lddf xltof/ le/fpg' x'Gg . ;bf c;+nUg gLlt c“ufNg] g]kfnn], cfkm\gf] bfloTj / st{Jo la/fpg' x'Gg .

cflv/, pkb|ofxf pkb|ofxf g xf] h“8o\ fxf h“8o\ fxf g xf] p;nfO{ ljrf/ afn dtna p;nfO{ l;4fGt, jfb;“u s] ;/f]sf/ < p;nfO{ lzIff, snf–;+:s[lt 5' dtnj< p;nfO{ r]tgf, lrGtg, cfGbf]ng ;a} ehg Û bz{g, kl/jt{g eGg' g} sldzg clg n]gb]g Û

uhn cfsfz dfgGw/, ag]kf lj:tf/jfbn] g]kfnL e"ld cfkm"lt/ ;f/]s} xf] . g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lhp“b} d/]tN' o kf/]s} xf] .

‘Ajf“;f] / e]8f’ syfsf] Ajf“;f]em+} Tof] gof“ pkb|ofxf wldNofP/ cfk}mn] kfgL bf]if dnfO{ lb“b5 } bf]if d]/f] lktf–k"vf{nfO{ lb“b5 } lgn{Hh eO{ cfh cfk\mgf] b'i6–dlt b]vfp“b5 } , d]/} cf“ugdf dnfO{ nnsfb}5 { Û @)&% d+l;/ !) ut]

7"nf] bfh'sf] wfs /jfkm bfbflu/L b]vfP/, g]kfnL e"lddf ef/tLo ;]gf emf/]s} xf] . ;fj{ef}d /fi6«sf] dfGotfnfO{ r'gf}lt lb“b,} xfd|f] &@ :yfgdf lj:tf/jfbL ;f“9] gf/]s} xf] . lj:tf/jfbLsf gofF gS;fn] ah| k|xf/ u/]kl5, bnfn zf;sx¿sf d'vdf a'hf] df/]s} xf] .

41

lrgf/L

ljNx]d j]6l\ nË / Ol6g sfa]6 ljNx]d j]6\lnË (Whilhelm Weitling) hd{lgofnL klxnf] sfNklgs ;fDojfbL ljrf/sf ;zQm k|rf/s lyP . pgsf] hGd % cS6f]j/ !*)* df hd{gLsf] pQ/–k"j{ k|l;ofdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf a'af Ps k|mfG;]nL clkm;/ lyP eg] cfdf Ps hd]l{ gofnL u[lx0fL lyOg\ . pgsf a'afsf] gfd lqmlZrog j]6lnË / cfdfsf] gfd u'lnod hf]l/hg xf] . ltgLx¿sf] ljjfx cf}krfl/s geO{ dfofk|Lltaf6 cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] . ul/aLd} x's]{sf] x'gfn] ljNx]d j]6\lnËsf] k9fO :yfgLo Ps k|fylds ljBfnodf ePsf] lyof] . !@ jif{sf] pd]/df pgn] :yfgLo Ps k':tsfnodf :jcWoog u/L lqmlZrofnL wd{uG| y afOansf] /fd|f] cWoog u/] . pgn] a'afaf6 k|mfG;]nL efiff l;s] eg] cfdfaf6 hd{lgofnL efiff l;s] . kl5 pgn] cª\uh ]| L / O6flnofnL efiff klg l;s] . ;fg} pd]/df pgn] n'uf l;pg] sfd l;s], To;df Ps k|sf/n] bIftf xfl;n u/] . cfkm\gf] ;Lk;“u} pgL hd{gLsf ljleGg k|bz ] x¿df k'u] . To;a]nf hd{gL w]/} efudf ljeflht lyof] . ;g\ !*#) df pgL hd{gLsf] lnlKhu (Lipzig) gu/df k'u] . @@ jif{df o'jf ;Ëtaf6 pgn] Toxf“ /fhgLltaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ kfP, ;fy} Joª\UofTds sljtf klg n]Vg l;s] . !*#@ df pgL lnlKhu glhs} 8«; ] 8]g (Dresden) gu/ k'u,] ToxL“af6 pgdf gof“ gof“ 7fp“df 3'Dg] / l;Sg] :jefjsf] ljsf; eof] .

;g\ !*#$ df pgL l5d]sL b]z cli6«ofsf] /fhwfgL leogf k'u] . @^ jif{sf ljNx]d j]6\lnËn] l;nfO;“u ;DalGwt gof“ ;Lk / dlxnfx¿sf] n'ufdf a'§f xfNg], km"nx¿sf] sfrf]l{ k a'Gg] snf l;s] . /fhgLlts ultljlwdf ;fd]n To;a]nf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts¿kn] hd{gLeGbf l5d]sL b]z k|mfG; cufl8 lyof] . @( jif{sf

ljNx]d j]6l\ nË 42

j]6l\ nË ;g\ !*#& df k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/; k'u] .

Toxf“ pgL rf/ jif{ a;] tyf km\ol' /P, /f]j6{ cf]jg / Sofj] -!&**–!*^%_ sf /rgfx¿sf] cWoog u/] . pgL k|mfG;]nL kl/jt{gjfbL /fhgLltdf ;ª\nUg eP . hd{gLsf k|jf;Lx¿n] k|mfG;df ‘JoËo ;ª\3’ eGg] Ps ;Ë7g vf]ns ] f lyP . To; ;Ë7gdf hd{gLsf ;j{xf/f dhb'/x¿ / sfnLu9x¿ a9L lyP . To; ;Ë7gsf zfvfx¿ hd{gL, k|mfG;, :jL6\h/Nof08, xË]/L, a]nfot / :Sof08]leofnL b]zx¿df klg lyP . j]6l\ nË !*#& df To; ;·7gsf ;b:o eP . To;a]nf pgL @( jif{sf lyP / k|mfG;df pgn] afa]km / Anfª\sLjfbL ;Ë7gx¿;“u klg ;DaGw /fv] . j]6lnË ljljw k|sf/sf ;dfhjfbL / ;fDojfbL ljrf/x¿sf] cWoog / qmfOZr]nL wd{sf] ;fDojfb :yfkgf ug]{ w'gdf klg nfu] . k|mfG; cfkm} ;dfhjfbsf] hGde"ld / /fhg}lts le8Gtsf] b]z x'b“ f $) xhf/ ljleGg ;dfhjfbL ljrf/sf zlQm hDdf u/L crfgs ef}lts zlQmaf6} ;fDojfb :yfkgf ug]{ / ;fdflhs d]nldnfkaf6 ;dfh ;~rfng ug]{ pgL of]hgf agfp“y] .

pNn]v u/]sf] x'“bf ^ dlxgfsf] h]n ;hfo ;'gfOof] .

To;kl5 % jif{;Dd :jL6\h/Nof08 cfpg gkfpg] u/L k|lzof g} kmsf{OP . s]xL ;dokl5 pgL xfdju{ (Hamburg) df a;] tyf ToxLaf6 pgL a]nfot, a|; ' N] ; / cd]l/sf uP . !*$$ df sfn{ dfS;{n] hd{g dhb'/x¿nfO{ ‘k|efj kfg]{ klxnf] ;flxTo’ egL To; k':tsnfO{ ;Dem]sf lyP . dfS;{ n ] To; k' : tsnfO{ ;} 4 flGts / bfz{lgs¿kn] lnPsf lyP . ToxL ;dodf a]nfotL dhb'/x¿ x/]s ljifonfO{ cfly{s¿kaf6 x]y{] eg] k|mfG;]nL dhb'/x¿ ljifo j:t'nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / /fhg}lts¿kn] x]y]{ . j]6l\ nËsf] ‘kfkLx¿nfO{ lzIff’dfkm{t ;dfhdf O;fO{ wd{af6 ;fDojfbdf k'Ug] ;Gb]z lbg rfxGy] / hd{gLdf !*$* df qmflGt x'b“ f pgL Toxf“ ;fDojfbsf] k|rf/df nfu] . t/ qmflGtdf To;sf] s'g} k|efj k/]g / pgL cd]l/sf k'u/] k|rf/ sfo{df nfu] . qmfOZr]nL wd{kl| tsf] b[li6sf]0f O;fO{ wd{nfO{ j]6\lnË bdg, ckJooL / pkjf;sf] wd{ xf] O g a? :jtGqtf, lzi6tf / dgf]/~hgsf] wd{ dfGy] . qmfOi6nfO{ pgL :jtGqtfsf eljiojQmf dfGy] . O;fO{ wd{ dfGg]x¿nfO{ rf]/nfO{ ;hfo lbg] clwsf/ x'Gg lsgeg] ha;Dd rf]/Lsf] cl:tTj /xG5 ta;Dd qmfOZr]nL wd{nfO{ xfdLn] cg'z/0f u/]sf] x'g5 ] g} egL dfGy] . j]6l\ nË ‘Gofo ;ª\3’ df ;f¥x} ;lqmo lyP / Psk|sf/n] pgL To;sf Ps x:tL g} lyP . ;g\ !*$^– $& sf] ;dodf pgL #* jif{sf lyP . ‘Gofo ;ª\3’ df pgL !) jif{;Dd ;lqmo /x] . ‘Gofo ;ª\3’ Ps k|sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lg:6 ;ª\3 eO;s]sf] lyof] . dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ; klg To;df ;fd]n eP . k|mfG;]nL ;/sf/dfly kl;{ofnL ;/sf/sf] bafasf] sf/0f dfS;{ a|; ' N] ; k'u] .

‘Gofo ;ª\3’ sf] a}7sdf dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] j]6lnËsf] t'?Gt} ef}lts zlQmsf] k|of]u u/L ;fDojfb nfu" ug]{ / qmfOZr]nL wd{cg';f/sf] ‘:ju{’ v8f ug]h { :tf

k':tsx¿sf] k|sfzg ;g\ !*#* df pgn] ‘dfgj hflt’ nfO{ gof“ lsl;dsf] ;dfhdf ;Ël7t ug]{ sNkgf ub}{ Ps k':ts n]v] . To; k':tsnfO{ xË]l/ofnL efiff / cGo efiffx¿df ;d] t cg' j fb u/L k| r f/ u/] . !*$! df pgL :jL6\h/Nof08sf] h]ge] f / cGo SofG6gsf ;x/x¿df klg k|rf/ ub}l{ yP . ;g\ !*$# df pgL h'l/rdf k'uL ‘d]nldnfk / :jtGqtfsf] ;'lglZrttf’ sf] zLif{sdf ;fDojfbL l;4fGtsf] k|rf/ Pjd\ k|sfzgx¿ ug{ nfu] . pgdf o'jf hf]z lyof] . ;g\ !*$% df ‘kfkLx¿nfO{ lzIff’ zLif{ssf] k':tsdfnf g} n]v]/ pgn] :jL6\h/Nof08df pw'd dRrfP . :jL; clwsf/Lx¿af6 pgL kqmfp ul/P . pgLdfly qmflGtsf/L pQ]hgf km}nfPsf] / O{Zj/sf] lgGbf u/]sf] d'2f rnfOof] . pgn] To; k':tsdf lh;;qmfOi6 Ps sDo'lg:6 / Ps cj}w ;Gtfg egL 43

cJofjxfl/s / lkmtnf] ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0fsf] v08g u/] . To; ;}4flGts ;ª\3if{df dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] k'“hLjfbL Joj:yflj?4sf] ;ª\3if{ bL3{sfnLg x'g], k|hftflGqs qmflGtsf] dxTj, ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] lglDt ;j{xf/f ju{sf] sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostfsf] ts{ cflb j]6l\ nËsf] lglDt gof“ hfgsf/L lyof] . sfn{ dfS;{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;' J ojl:yt ?kn] vfl/Psf / ;'lNemPsf l;4fGtsf/ lyP eg] j]6l\ nË :jcWoogaf6 cufl8 a9]sf / k]zfn] Ps ;"rLsf/af6 p7]sf pT;fxL JolQm lyP . ;g\ !*$* df dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;sf] tkm{af6 tof/ ePsf] ‘sDo'lg:6 3f]if0ffkq’ 5fk]kl5 j]6l\ nË a]nfotaf6 ;+/f cd]l/sf -Go"of]s_{ uP . cd]l/sfdf j]6l\ n·sf] ;lqmotf ;g\ !*%) df j] 6 \ l nËn] cd] l /sfdf ;fDojfbsf] kIfdf Ps dfl;s klqsfsf] k|sfzg ;'? u/] . jif{sf] cGt;Dddf To; klqsfsf] u|fxs / kf7s $ xhf/ k'Uof] . cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] pQ/f4{df pgn] cfkm\gf] ultljlw k|fljlws / vuf]nzf:qLo cWoogdf nufP . l;pg] snsf] ljsf;df pgn] ( j6f cfkm\gf] ‘:jclwsf/’ jf k]6G] 6 /fO6 k|fKt u/] . tLdWo] bf]xf]/f] l;nfO, 6f“ssf] Kjfn / sfrf]k{ L eg]{ cflb x'g\ . ;g\ !*%% df $& jif{sf] pd]/df j]6l\ nËn] Go"of]sd{ f Ps hd{g cfk|jf;L 8f]/f]lrof sf/f]nfOg h'O; 6f]O/;“u ljjfx u/] . pgL Toxf“ ;"rLsf/sf] oGq lgdf{0fdf Jo:t x'gs ' f ;fy} Ps ljZj efiffsf] ljsf;df nfu] . cd]l/sfs} nf]cf (Lowa) df hd{g–cd]l/sL j:tLdf Ps sDo'gsf] k|of]ufTds :yfkgfdf pgL ;xefuL eP . @& hgj/L !*&! df pgL ^# jif{sf] pd]/df Go"of]s{ dxfgu/df lat] . pgsL kTgL / ^ hgf 5f]/f5f]/L lyP . @& hgj/L !*&! sf] Go"of]s{ 6fOD;n] pgsf] d[To'sf] ;dfrf/ lb+bf pgsf] qmflGtsf/L ljrf/, o'/f]ksf] sDo'lg:6 ultljlwaf/] df}g a:of] . !*$* df pgL

k]l/;sf] qmflGtdf kms]s { f] / !*$( df k'gM cd]l/sf uPsf] af/] pNn]v ePg . To;a]nf pgL $! jif{sf lyP . j]6l\ n·sf] JolQmTj j]6\lnË Ps cfsif{s JolQm, qmflGtsf/L rl/qsf lgbf]i{ f JolQmTj, Ps ul/a dhb'/ k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf e|d0fzLn ;"rLsf/ lyP . pgL hgtf;“u 3lgi6 ;DaGw /fVg], ;'?sf jif{x¿df afOansf] ;fDojfbaf6 k|l] /t, hLjge/ ;lqmo / lbgsf] !@ 306f sfd ug]{ sd{lgi7 JolQm lyP . pgsf] k':tsdf cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] Oltxf;, lghL ;DklQ, wg / juL{o cGt/lj/f]w, of]hgf, ;+ljwfg, sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf qmflGtsf/L vfsf / ;fd'bflos k|oTgx¿ pNn]v 5g\ . e|i6 k' / f] l xtx¿sf] cfnf] r gf, zlQmsf] b' ? kof] u , dhb'/x¿dfly zf]if0f, c?dfly zf;g ug]{ xf]Og a? ;]jf ug]{ xf], ;fDojfbaf/] kl/is[t b[li6sf]0f pgsf /rgfx¿df kfOG5 . k|mfG;]nL if8\oGqsf/L ;ª\3if{af6 dhb'/x¿ slxn] ljNx]d j]6\ln·sf] ‘d]nldnfk / ;'lglZrttf’ sf] ;fDojfbtkm{ 9NsGy], slxn] P6]g sfj]sf] sNkgfjfbL ‘zflGtk"0f{ ;fDojfb’ tkm{ 9NsGy] . ;g\ !*(( df Anf°LjfbLx¿sf] k/fhokl5 dhb'/x¿ sfj]sf] k|efjdf uP . pgLx¿ ;fDojfbL a:tLx¿ a;fNg / ‘;'v / :jtGqtfsf 6fk'x¿’ agfpg rfxGy] . ;g\ !*$@ df ljNx]d j]6l\ n·sf] ‘d]nldnfk / :jtGqtfsf] ;'lglZrttf’ k|sflzt eof] . dhb'/x¿n] To; k':ts gkmf6'~h]n k9\y] . dfS;{n] j]6\ln·sf] k':tsnfO{ ‘hd{g dhb'/x¿sf] clåtLo Pjd\ ;fgbf/ ;flxlTos yfngL’ eGg'ePsf] lyof] . j]6\lnË hd{gLsf dhb'/x¿sf] r]tgfnfO{ lap“emfpg rfxGy] . pgL zf]ifs / zf]liftx¿sf] aLrdf slxn] d]n x'Gg eGg]af/] hf]8 lbGy] . j]6\ln·n] ju{Ro"t ePsf, ;aeGbf a9L l/;fPsf, bl/b|, ;j{xf/f, duGt] cyf{t\ x'Nofxfx¿sf] @)–$) xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;]gf agfpg] / dflnsx¿sf]

44

lj?4 u'l/Nnf o'4 ;'? ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf lyP . of]hgfsf] nIo ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf lyof] . pgL n'Rrf, nkm·f, n'6fxf tyf ;a} k|sf/sf v/fa tTjx¿nfO{ ;d]t k|of]u ug{ rfxGy] . :jefjtM Tof] of]hgfnfO{ Gofo ;ª\3sf g]tfx¿af6 c:jLsf/ ul/of] . j]6l\ nËsf] sNkgfjfbL b[li6sf]0fn] hd{gLsf] dhb'/ cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofp“b} lyof] / a|;N] ; ;ldltn] em08} cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} To; b[li6sf]0fsf] lj?4 ;zQm ;ª\3if{ ub}{ lyof] . ;'?df dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] j]6\lnËnfO{ pgsf] b[li6sf]0fdf /x]sf] sNkgfjfb / ;fDojfbsf] wfld{s ;Dk|bfofTds JofVof ug]{ k|jl[ Qaf6 d'Qm ug{ ;lsg] cfzf ug'x{ G' Yof] . pxf“x¿n] j]6l\ n•nfO{ a|;N] ; af]nfpg'eof] / 5nkmn ;ldltdf /fVg'eof] t/ j]6l\ nËn] /fhgLlts ;ª\3if{df ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 eGg] ljifonfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] . pgn] ljb|fx] sf] ;dy{g ug{ 5f]8g] g\, pgL qmflGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx¿sf] lj/f]w uy]{ .

Pª\u]N;sf] efiffdf ;fDojfbnfO{ j]6\lnËn] qmflGtsf/L lj1fgsf] ¿kdf xf]Og ‘k[YjLdf :ju{ v8f ug]{ pkfosf] ?kdf’ x]y{] . o;sf/0f #) dfr{ ;g\ !*$^ sf] lbg a;]sf] a|;]N; ;ldltsf] a}7sdf rsf]{ ljjfb eof] / k"0f{ ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] l:ylt b]lvof] . dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] j]6l\ nËsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] rsf]{ cfnf]rgf ug'x{ b“' } lglZrt j}1flgs ljrf/ / ;xL lzIfflagf dhb'/x¿dfem hfg' wd{ k|rf/sf] kmf];f| ] / em"6f] v]nh:t} xf], To;df Ps eljiojQmfnfO{ k7fpg] / c? ;a} cf“vf lrDn]/ a:g] dflg;x¿sf] hdftsf] ?kdf x'g5 ] eGg'eof] . cGtdf a|;]N; ;ldlt;“u ;DalGwt ;a} ;dfhjfbL / sDo'lg:6 bnx¿nfO{ j]6l\ nË;“u ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] va/ k7fOof] / ax';ª\Vos kIfn] dfS;{ / P+uN] ;s} b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;dy{g u¥of] . ‘;Rrf ;dfhjfb’ sf Ps k|ltlglw hd{g kqsf/ x/dfg lqmu]n] cd]l/sfdf ‘lkk'N; l6«Ao'g’ -hgtfsf] k| l tlglw_ gfdsf] cvaf/ lgsfn] /

;fDojfbsf] unt k|rf/ u/] . To; klqsfn] ;a}nfO{ Ps Ps 6'qmf hldg lbP/ ;fDojfb :yfkgfsf] sNkgf uYof{] . dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] lqmu]nfO{ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf ;a} sDo'lg:6nfO{ snl°t ug]{ sfd u/]sf] egL cfnf]rgf ug'e{ of] . ltgLx¿n] x/]snfO{ /fhf, dxf/fhf / wd{/fh agfpg] ;kgf af“8h ] :t} xf] egL dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] cfnf]rgf ug'e{ Psf] lyof] .

Ol6g sfa]6 sf] x'g\ < k|mfG;]nL pRrf/0fdf PTo]g sfa]6 Ps k|mfG;]nL sfNklgs ;dfhjfbL / k]zfn] Ps kqsf/ lyP . pgsf] hGd ! hgj/L !&** df k|mfG;df ePsf] lyof] . pgn] !( cf}F ztfAbLsf] 5}6f}+ / ;ftf}+ bzsdf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngdf efu lnPsf lyP . pgL zflGtk"0f{ sNkgfjfbL ;fDojfbsf Ps l;4fGtsf/ lyP . pgL ‘Osfl/of’ elgg] Ps ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] sNkgf uy]{ . pgn] ‘Osfl/ofsf] ofqf’ gfds k':ts n]v,] h'g ;f¥x} rlr{t k':ts lyof] . pgn] ‘hgtf’ gfdsf] klqsf k|sfzg u/] . To; ;dodf pgL ;f¥x} rlr{t lyP . pgL sf/vfgfaf6 lgsflnPsf sflnu9 / dhb'/x¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbGy] . qmfOi6]nL wd{sf] ‘:j0f{ lgod’ nfO{ pgL Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ rfxGy] / JolQmut ;DklQsf] 7fp“df ;a}sf] ;DklQ ;dfhsf] ;fd"lxs agfpg rfxGy] . k]zfn] pgL Ps jlsn / kqsf/ lyP . pgsf a'af sfnLu9 lyP . k|mfG;]nL qmflGtsf] pyn–k'yndf pgn] ljleGg e"ldsf v]ns ] f lyP . pgL Ps If]qsf] GofoflwjQmf, ljb|f]xL ;ldltsf] Ps g]t[TjbfoL JolQm / ‘hgtf’ klqsfsf ;+:yfks lyP . To; klqsfsf rf/ nfv kf7s lyP . k]zfn] jlsn ePsfn] pgL n'O{ lkmlnksf] ;/sf/df sf]l;{sf k|fGtsf ;xGofoflwjQmf eP . ;g\ !&*( b]lv !*#) ;Ddsf] ‘k|mfG;]nL qmflGtsf] Oltxf;’ n]v/] pgL ?9Ljf9L ljrf/sf] lj/f]wdf cufl8 a9] . To;sf/0f pgn] GofoflwjQmfsf] kb u'dfP . ;g\ !*#! df k|mfG;s} sf]tb] f]/ eGg] lgjf{rg If]qaf6 pgL k|ltlglw;efdf r'lgP / kl/jt{gjfbL kIfdf pleP .

45

Oltxf;sf] k':tsdf ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w u/]sf] d'2fdf !*#$ df $^ jif{sf] pd]/df pgnfO{ kf“r jif{sf] nflu b]z lgsfnfsf] ;hfo eof] . sfa]6n] a]nfotdf /fhg}lts z/0f lnP . Toxf“ pgL yf]d; df]/ -!$&*–!%#%_ sf] ‘:jKg nf]s’ -o"6f]lkof_ af6 k|efljt eP . yf]d; df] / a] n fotsf /fhgLlt1, sNkgfjfbL ;fDojfbsf ;'?cftL k|ltlglwdWo] Ps lyP .

To:t} a]nfots} sfNklgs ;dfhjfbL /f]j6{ cf]a]g -!&&!–!*%*_ sf k':tsx¿ / pgsf sNof0fsf/L sf/vfgfsf dhb'/x¿nfO{ lbOPsf] ;x'lnotx¿af6 sfa]6 k|efljt eP . cf]a]g klg a]nfotsf Ps rlr{t sfNklgs ;dfhjfbL lyP . To;a]nf k|mfG;sf Ps k|l;4 sfNklgs ;dfhjfbL rfN;{ ˆo'l/P -!&&@–!*#&_ af6 klg pgL k|efljt lyP . sfa]6n] klg Ps ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] sNkgf u/], hxf“ k"0f{¿kn] lgjf{lrt k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] zf;g u5{ / Toxf“sf] cfly{s If]qsf] ultljlw ;a} ;/sf/af6} ;~rflnt x'G5 . x/]s kl/jf/ To; ;dfhsf] ;b:o x'G5 . Toxf“ JolQmut ;DklQ x'b“ g} / ;a} ;DklQ ;dfhsf] x'G5 . pgn] To; sfNklgs ;fDojfbL ;dfhnfO{ ‘Osfl/of’ gfd lbP . ;f] ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] n]vs ] f] k':tsnfO{ pgL Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{ rfxGy] .

‘Osfl/of’ df k'h “ LjfbL pTkfbgsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{ dhb'/x¿sf] ;xsf/L lyof] . s]xL n]vsx¿n] To; ljifodf dxTj lbPgg\ eg] dfS;{ / Pª\uN] ;n] ‘Osfl/ofsf] ofqf’ nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] hfgsf/Ldf lnP . % jif{sf] b]z lgsfnfkl5 !*#( df pgL k|mfG; kms]{ / ;fDojfbL ;dfh :yfkgf ug]{ cfGbf]ngdf nfu] . ;g\ !*$! df ‘hgtf’ nfO{ k'gM k|sfzg u/] tyf qmfOZr]nL wd{sf] ;dfgtfaf/] pgsf] b[li6sf]0fdf klg rrf{ / 5nkmn g} eO/xGYof] . pgn] lh;; qmfOi6 / qmfOZr]nL wd{af/] kf“r efu;Ddsf] k':ts n]v] / 5fk] .

Ol6g sfa]6 ;g\ !*$^ / $& df k|mfG;]nL ;dfhnfO{ ;'wf/af6 ‘;fDojfb’ nfu" ug]{ pgn] ;kgf b]v] . pgn] !*$* df ;+/f cd]l/sfsf ‘;fDojfbL’ ;dfh jf ‘Osfl/of’ :yfkgf ug{ s'/f ldNg] k|mfG;]nLx¿nfO{ cd]l/sf nu] . ‘Osfl/ofnL’ ;dfhdf sfa]6 !) jif{sf] lglDt k|dv ' 5flgP . To;a]nf pgL ^) jif{sf lyP . # km]ac |' /L ;g\ !*$* df Go" cf]nG]{ ; / 6]S;f;sf] 8nf;df #@) Ps8 jf em08} ^%) la3f e"lddf sfd yflnof] . ljleGg vfnsf dflg;x¿ x'g' / k|mfG;]nL ;'ljwfdf a;]sf / cd]l/sfsf a~h/ hUufdf sfd ug'k{ bf{ tLg efusf] Ps efu ;dy{sx¿ k|mfG; kms]{ . af“sL ePsf !$@ k'?if, &$ dlxnf / ^$ hgf s]6fs]6LdWo] @) hgf af6fd} emf8fkvfnfn] d/] . ;g\ !*$( df ldl;l;kL gbLsf] 5]pdf gf]ef] (Nauvoo) df !@ Ps8 hUuf lsg] / sfa]6 Ps jif{sf] lglDt Psdtn] g]tf r'lgP . !*%% ;Dddf pgn] Toxf“ 46

Ps s[lif ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/] . lzIff–;+:s[ltk|lt rfv /fVg] x'gfn] pgn] gf]ef] Osfl/ofnL ;d"xdf %)) hlt ;b:ox¿af6 /fd|f] v]tLkftL ljsf; u/] . k;n, ljBfno, kL7f] lk:g] sn3/ -3§_, sf7 lrg]{ ldn :yfkgf u/] . /S;L agfpg] Ps e§L, cª\uh ]| L / k|mfG;]nL efiffsf ;dfrf/kqx¿ rnfP, #( hgfsf] ;ª\uLt / afhf ufhfsf] 6f]nL agfP . gfr3/ / $))) k':tsx¿ ePsf] To; /fHosf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] k':tsfno klg agfP .

Osfl/of ;dfhdf zlgaf/sf] lbg ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ e]nf eP/ cfkm\gf ;d:ofx¿dfly 5nkmn uy]{ . 5nkmndf dlxnfx¿n] klg efu lnGy] t/ dlxnfx¿sf] dtflwsf/ eg] lyPg . k'?ifx¿sf] dfq} dtflwsf/ lyof] . To;f] t o'/f]k / ;+;f/s} ToxL l:ylt lyof] . Toxf“ wfld{s ultljlw x'“bg} Yof] / g}ltstf tyf nf]ssNof0faf/] cfOtaf/sf] lbg s'/fsfgL x'GYof] .

To; ;d"xsf] @)) dfOn 6f9f klg To:t} ;fDojfbL ;dfh :yfkgf ul/of] . ;g\ !*%! df sfa]6 ^# jif{sf lyP . k|mfG;df pgsf k'/fgf ;fyLx¿n] pgnfO{ 7uLsf] d'2f nufP .

ToxL ;fn dO{ dlxgfdf pgL k|mfG; kms]{ . h'nfO{ dlxgfdf cbfntaf6 pgL lgbf]{if ;fljt eP . ;g\ !*%@ df pgL gf]ef] Osfl/ofdf kms{b+ f s]xL dflg;x¿n] ;'tL{ / /S;L vfg yfn]sf lyP, dlxnfx¿ /fd|f /fd|f n'uf nufP/ lemlnldnL ug{ yfn]sf lyP tyf ;fd"lxs ;DklQnfO{ lghL ;DklQ ug{ vf]Hb} lyP . @# gf]eD] a/ ;g\ !*%# df pgn] $* j6f lgodx¿ agfP/ /S;L / ;'tL{ vfg aGb u/fP . t/ s]xLn] lzsf/ v]Ng / df5f dfg{ kfpg'kg],{ Hof;ndf klg ukm;km ug{ kfpg'kg]{ cflb dfu /fvL sfa]6nfO{ ;j{;QfjfbL, cl:y/ / efj's eGb} cfnf]rgf ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !*%% df ;dfhsf] ljwfgdf kl/jt{g ug{ vf]Hbf sfa]6 cfhLjg cWoIf aGg vf]h]sf] eGb} ;dy{sx¿n] x8\tfn u/] . To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;fd"lxs efG5f 3/ aGb u/fP . %@^ hgfsf] ;d'bfodf ldl;l;kL gbLsf] kf/Laf6 cfPsf tyf cfly{s ¿kn]

kLl8t k|mfG;af6 cfPsf %& hgfnfO{ ;d'bfodf ;fd]n ug{ dfg]gg\ . tL gof“ cfuGt'sx¿n] k|mfG;sf] ‘hgtf’ sfof{ n oaf6 k} ; f lnP/ cfPsf lyP / To;n] c;dembf/L a9fof] . ;g\ !*%^ df sfa]6n] n]vs ] f] ‘cd]l/sL ;dtf ;dfh’ k':tsdf plNnlvt >d ljefhg / vfBfGg ljt/0fsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;d'bfodf ax; rls{Psf] atfOof] . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]kl5 sfa]6n] !*%^ cS6f]j/ dlxgfdf !*) hgf ;b:ox¿;“u gf]ef] 5f]8] / tLg ;d"x u/L Go" a|dg] , ld;f}/L / To;sf] glhs} ;]G6 n'O;df uP . * gf]eD] a/ ;g\ !*^% df ^* jif{sf] pd]/df sfa]6nfO{ x[bo3ft eof] . ld;f}/L uPsf pgsf ;d"xx¿sf clGtd ;d"x labf ePsf] s]xL lbgkl5 pgL lat] . !% km]ac '| /L ;g\ !*%* df sfa]6sf pQ/flwsf/L d]sf{8]/sf] g]t[Tjdf pgsf] c:t'nfO{ ;]G6 n'O;sf] klZrddf ;dflw:y ul/of] . d]sf{8/] k]zfn] Ps jlsn lyP . r]N6xfd eGg] Tof] 7fp“ ‘;fDojfbL ;dfh– Osfl/ofnL j:tL’ sf] ¿kdf sfod /x\of] . ljleGg :yfgdf :yflkt tL ‘;fDojfbL ;d"xx¿’ ;g\ !**# ;Dd 6'6km"6 x'“b} cl:tTjdf /x] . ;g\ !*(* cyf{t\ :yfkgfsf] $^ jif{;Dd sf]lg{ª eGg] 7fp“df cl:tTjdf /x\of] . klZrdL Olndf]; ljZjljBfnosf] k':tsfnodf Osfl/ofnL cWoogsf] Ps s]Gb| 5 . Toxf“ ;dfhjfbL ;dfhsf] sfuhkq / clen]vx¿ ;ËflnPsf 5g\ . gf]ef] P]ltxfl;s ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf s]xL b:tfj]h / k|df0fx¿ klg k|blz{t 5g\ .

cGwsf/n] 5f]ks ] f] ;dodf s] uLt–;+uLt klg u'l~hG5 < cjZo, Toltv]/ klg u'l~hG5 t/ c“Wof/f] ;dosf] ljifodf . a6f]N{ 6 a|V] 6 47

gf6s

;Nnfxsf/sf] n'ufdf 7u ;d"x < lgh{nf x' g ' x ' G 5 . pxf“ x ¿ b' j } /fhg} l ts ;Nnfxsf/ / ljZn]ifsx¿ x'g'x'G5 .

klxnf] b[Zo -d]o/ cfkm\gf] sfo{sIfdf s]xL n]lv/x]sf] x'G5 .

Pshgf lkpg xftdf sf8{ / Pp6f kq lnP/ d]o/sf] sf]7fdf k:5 ._ lkpg M -gd:t] ub}_{ d]o/ ;fa, aflx/ 6fO{ / ;'6 nufPsf k9]–n]vs ] f tLghgf ;/x¿ cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

-sf8{ / kq lb+b_} pxf“x¿n] cfkm\gf] kl/rokq / Pp6f kq klg lbg'ePsf] 5 . d]o/ M -rZdf, 6fO{ / ;'6 nufPsf] d]o/ uDeL/ d'bf| df kl/rokq lnP/ x]5{ / k9\5_ 8f= s[i0f/fh zdf{–/fhg}lts ;Nnfxsf/ . -vfd vf]nL lr¶L x]5{ / k9\5_ . ‘d b'Oh{ gf ;fyL;“u cfPsf] x',“ d klxn] c~rnfwLz / dGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbGy]+ . b]zdf k|hftGq / u0ftGq cfPkl5 d]o/, k|bz ] sf d'VodGqL / ;+;b ;b:onfO{ klg ;Nnfx lbg] u5'{ . ;Nnfxsf] xfdL s'g} z'Ns jf kfl/>lds lnGgf},+ b]z ;]jf xfd|f] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .’

-lkpglt/ x]/]/_ . pxf“x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ Nofpg" .

-lkpg aflx/ hfG5_ -Ps}l5gdf lkpgn] 8f= s[i0f/fh zdf{ / c? b'Oh { gf ;xof]uLnfO{ klg ;“u} Nofp“5 ._ 8f= s[i0f/fh zdf{ M -d]o/nfO{ cbjsf ;fy clejfbg u5{ / cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿sf] kl/ro u/fp“5_ pxf“ ;fyL 8f= /d]z pkfWofo x'gx' G' 5 / pxf“ 8f= /fds[i0f vqL

d]o/ M -tLg}hgf;“u kfn}kfnf] xft ldnfp“5 / lkpgnfO{ lrof Nofpg O;f/f u5{ ._ tkfO{+x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf :jfut ug{ kfp“bf v';L nfUof] . ca tkfO{x+ ¿sf] s] ;Nnfx 5, atfpg'xf]nf .

8f= zdf{ M tkfO{s + f] cg'ux| n] d ;f¥x} v';L / pT;flxt ePsf] 5' . ;aeGbf klxn] d]o/h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf ljhoL eP/ gu/jf;Lsf] ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ kfpg'ePsf]df d awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . d]/f] klxnf] ;Nnfx xf] – lxhf]sf d]o/n] u/]sf ;a} sfdx¿sf] ;dLIff cfjZos 5 / tL sfdx¿af/] gsf/fTds¿kn] ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5 . tL sfd / of]hgfx¿ /fd|f] ePsf] eP b]zdf o:tf] pynk'yn x'g] g} lyPg . k'/fgf d]o/n] egf{ u/]sf ;a} ;Nnfxsf/ / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ labf lbg'kb{5 / lgjf{rgdf ;xof]u u/]sf Jofkf/L, a'l4hLjL / c? ;xof]uLx¿sf] Pp6f ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt agfpg' cfjZos 5 . bf];|f], klxn]sf d]o/n] ljleGg sf/0fn] lgsfn]sf, labf lbPsf / k|df];g gu/]sf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'gM axfnL, km]l/ sfddf kms{g cfu|x / a9'jf ug'{kb{5 . ltgLx¿ pT;flxt eP/ tkfO{+sf] /fd|f] ;]jf ug]{5g\ .

48

d]o/ M olb ltgLx¿ cof]Uo, sfd gug{] jf vfnL 8f= /d]z pkfWofo M -6f]kL ldnfp“b}_ d]o/Ho"nfO{ emu8f nufpg] vfnsf / hgtfnfO{ b'Mv lbg] / e|i6 klxn] awfO{ lbg rfxG5' ¤ eP klg k'gM axfnL ug]{ < d]o/;fa, tkfO{+h:tf] o'js gu/lktf aGg kfpg' tkfO{+sf] efUo / gu/jf;Lx¿sf] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .

8f= zdf{ M xf], d]o/ ;fx]a, xf/]sf] l;kfxL+ a9L xf]l;of/ -cfkm\gf] sf]6 ldnfp“b}_ xfd|f x/]s lbgx¿ p:t} x'G5 eg]h:t} klxn] x08/ vfPsf sfd rf]/, e|i6frf/L, x'Ggg\ km]l/O/xG5g\, x/]s jif{ Sofn]G8/ ablnPh:t} hglj/f]wL cflb g/fd|f dflg;x¿ a9L xf]l;of/Lk"j{s lxhf]sf d]o/n] pkof]u u/]sf ;a} d]r–6]a'n, sfk]{6, sfd u/L cfkm\gf] of]Uotf / sf}zn b]vfpg nfnflot k+vf, lx6/ / em\ofnsf kbf{x¿;d]t abNg' cfjZos 5 . x'g]5 g\ . kbf{sf] /· / ;fdfgsf] rxsn] klg d]o/Ho"sf] sfd ug] { pT;fxdf j[ l 4 x' G 5 eg] cfuGt' s / d]o/ M -cln cfZro{ x'b“ _} csf]{ ;Nnfx s] xf] < kfx'gfx¿ tkfO{+sf] JolQmTjaf6 k|efljt eP/ gu/sf 8f= zdf{ M cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt km]/]kl5 :KjfOn hgtfsf] sfd kmQ] x'G5 . a? ;fdfg hf]8hfd ug{ l;:6dcg';f/ dflyNnf kbx¿df cfkm\gf dflg; /fv]h:t} tyf s'g sDkgLsf] ;fdfg ;:tf] / c;n x'G5 d]o/ ;fan] cfkm\gf dflg;x¿ / gftfuf]tf /fVg' plrt eGg]af/] xfdLnfO{ cg'ej 5, xfdL oxf“;Dd Nofpg] x' G 5 . aGbf]a:t ug{]5f}{+, lan k]d]G6 kl5dfq u/] klg x'G5 .

Wofg lbP/ ;'lglbg' ePsf]df wGojfb ¤ ;xof]usf] d]o/ M clg s] kf6L{sf ;fyLx¿ /fVg'xG' g < lglDt tof/ 5f}+ .

8f= zdf{ M /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x¿ dxŒjfsfª\IfL x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ dGqL, k|wfgdGqL, /fi6«klt cflb 7"N7"nf kbdf hfg] p2]Zon] g} /fhgLltdf nfu]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f tL /fhg}lts sfo{stf{n] tkfO{+nfO{ c;kmn kf/L csf]{ lgjf{rgdf cfkm" d]o/ x'g vf]hd] f cfZro{ dfGg'kg]{ 5}g . d]o/ M s] c? b]zdf klg o:t} x'G5 < 8f= zdf{ M xf] , d] o /Ho" ¤ elgG5– cd] l /sfsf] pk/fi6«kltsf >LdtLn] ;w}+ /fi6«klt b'36{ gfdf d/]sf], xTof ePsf] / s8f /f]un] d/]sf] ;kgf b]V5g\ / cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\ /fi6«klt eO{ cfkm" b]zsf] klxnf] dlxnf x'g rfxG5g\ . ca d cfkm\gf] ;fyL 8f= /d]z pkfWofonfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Nnfx k|:t't ug{ cg'/f]w u5'{ . d]o/ M x'G5 ¤ 49

d]o/ M -csf]{ JolQmlt/ O;f/f ub}_{ tkfO{s + f] ;Nnfx ;'Gg rfxG5' . t];f| ] JolQm M d]/f] gfd 8f= /fds[i0f vqL xf] . d}n] Hof]ltifzf:q klg cWoog u/]sf] x'b“ f s'g} ;ef ;Dd]ng / /fd|f] sfdsf] lglDt z'ed'xt" { ldnfpg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ljZjf; u5'{ . d]o/;fasf] /flzcg';f/ vfg–kfg, ;'Tg] sf]7f cflbsf] klg zf:qcg';f/ ldnfpg' cfjZos 5 .

-d]o/sf] xftsf cf}n+ fx¿k|lt Oª\lut ub}_{ d]o/ ;fasf] ;'Gb/ xftsf cf}n+ fx¿df cf}7+ Lx¿sf] sdL b]V5' . tkfO{s + f] hGd ldlt / /flz x]//] ;'gsf] cf}+7Ldf s'g xL/f, df]tL jf kTy/ cfjZos 5, zf:qcg';f/ u/]df x/]s sfd ;kmn x'G5 / zq'x¿ klg gf; x'g]5g\ .

-d]o/sf] dgsf] s'/f] a'em\g] k|oTg ub{_} cfh} csf]{ e]6\g] ;do lbg'eof] eg] ;f] ;dodf

d tL ;a} cf+7} L / dfnf;d]t lnP/ cfpg] 5' / d]o/Ho"sf] Dof8dsf] lglDt klg ;'gsf] xf/sf] gd'gf lnP/ cfpg] 5' . cr]n ;'gdf cg]s /;folgs j:t' ldnfpg] x'“bf k;nsf] ;fdfg k|of]u ug'{x'Gg / ?k, /·, pd]/ / /flz x]/]/ To;sf] klg aGbf]a:t xfdL u5f}{+, d"Nosf] kL/ g} gug'{xf]nf . dlxnfx¿sf] >[ªu\ f/ / k'?ifx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ cf}7+ Ln] klg JolQmTjsf] rds a9fpg] x'b“ f d]o/Ho"sf] k|efj a9\g] s'/fdf d k"0f{?kn] ljZj:t 5' . o;sf/0f ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ lbg'xG' 5 eGg] dnfO{ k"/f ljZjf; 5 . wGojfb ¤

slt k[i7sf] agfpg] cflbaf/] ltgLx¿;“u} 5nkmn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fwf/0f¿kn] nueu % b]lv !) nfv ?k}of“;Dd nfUg] cg'dfg 5 . t/ d'VodGqLHo"sf] hLjgL kl5 k|wfgdGqL / /fi6«klt x'g] nIf0f;d]t emNsg] u/L n]Vg'kg{] cfjZostf xfdLn] b]Vof}“ .

To;dWo] Pshgf k'?if / b'Oh{ gf dlxnf 3f]:6 /fO6/ (Ghost Writer) x'g5 ] g\ . Dof8d / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ljifodf klg pNn]v ug'{ pko'Qm nfu]sf] x'b“ f vr{ cln a9\g] ;Defjgf 5 d'VodGqLHo" ¤ -d'VodGqLn] 8f= /d]z pkfWofonfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg O;f/f u5{ ._

d]o/ M -tLg} hgfnfO{ kfn}kfnf] x]/]/_ tkfO{+x¿af6 d t ;f¥x} k|efljt eP“, ;Nnfxsf] lglDt wGojfb ¤ cfjZos x'gf;fy} d kmf]g u/]/ tkfO{+x¿nfO{ b'Mv lbp“nf ¤ wGojfb ¤ -kbf{ v:5_

8f= /d]z M cl:t d'VodGqLHo";u“ e]6k] l5 @–$ hgf;“u 5nkmn u/]“ . d}n] Pshgf ev{/ @% jif{sf] o'jfnfO{ e]6,“] p;n] cª\uh]| L ;flxTodf Pd=P= u/]sf] ;fy} p;nfO{ hfkfgL / sf]l/ofnL efiffsf] klg sfdrnfp 1fg 5 . ;]jfsf] cj;/ ldn]df pm v'zL x'g]5 / a8f] b[Zo b'O{ nfos JolQmTjsf] 5 . csf{ b'Oh{ gf ljjfx gePsf dlxnf;“u klg s'/f -k|b]zsf] d'VodGqL uDeL/ d'b|fdf s]xL n]Vg u/]“ . ltgLx¿ b'a} /fhgLltzf:q / cy{zf:qsf 8an a;]sf] 5 . Ps xftn] snd ;dfO{ csf]{ xft lgwf/df PdP x'g\ . cª\uh ]| L efiffdf @–# j6f tflndsf] klg /fVb} ;f]r dUg x'G5 . 8f= zdf{, 8f= /d]z pkfWofo cg'ej 5 . cGt/f{li6«o s'6g}lts 1fg klg 5 . / 8f= /fds[i0f vqL leq k:5g\ – lkpg;“u} . tLg}hgfn] d'VodGqLnfO{ gd:sf/ u5{g\ / tLg}hgfnfO{ cufl8sf] d'VodGqL M To;f] eP d tLg}hgf;“u ef]ln g} e]6 d]rdf a:g] O;f/f u5{ ._ u5'{ . ltgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] kfl/>lds slt vf]Hg] x'g,\ To;af/] s]xL s'/f eof] < 8f= zdf{ M ;do lbg' e Psf] d f wGojfb 5 d'VodGqLHo"nfO{ ¤ of] xfd|f] bf];|f] e]6 xf] . xfdLn] 8f= /d]z M lghL ;lrj eP/ sfd ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5, cl:tsf] 5nkmnaf/] ;f] r ljrf/ u¥of} + . d} n ] cfkm\gf dflg;, kf6L{sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{, gftfuf]tf d'VodGqLHo"sf] hLjgL n]Vg]af/] Ps 3f]:6 /fO6/ / ljb]zLx¿;“u klg ;do ldnfP/ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'“bf laxfg * ah]b]lv ;f“em * ah];Dd sfd ug'{kg]{ / (Ghost Writer) ;“u s'/f ul/;s]sf] 5' . ;a};“usf] s'/fsfgLsf] lnlvt jf /]s8{ /fVg'kg]{ x'“bf d'VodGqL M p;n] d]/f] hLjgL n]vgdf slt k};f lng] ;/sf/L tnaeGbf cln a9L dfu]sf 5g\ . eGof] < d'VodGqL M x'G5, To;af/] ;f]Rg ;lsG5 . -8f= 8f= zdf{ M w]/} xf]Og, klxn] 3f]i6 /fO6/ slthgf ldnfpg], /fds[i0f vqLnfO{ O;f/f u5{ ._ 50

8f= vqL M d'VodGqLHo", d}n] $ hgf Ps–b'O{ gDa/sf lgdf{ 0 f Joj;foLx¿ / $ hgf k| f ljlws jf OlGhlgo/x¿;“u s'/fsfgL u/]“ . ltgLx¿sf] egfOdf k|bz ] sf ;a} lgdf{0f sfo{ ltgLx¿s} sDkgLnfO{ lbPdf 7Ls ;doleq sfd ;DkGg ug]{ / kf6L{ / d'VodGqLHo"nfO{ u/L @) nfv e]6L r9fpg ;Sg] atfP . ;fdfgsf] klg d"No a9]sf] tyf clVtof/df klg w]/} ph'/ kl//x]sf] x'b“ f klxnfh:tf] 6fn\6n' u/]/ sfd ubf{ dGqLHo"sf] klg abgfd / sDkgLsf] klg ab\gfd x'g] atfp“5g\ .

;f+;b M d}n] To;f] sxf“ eg]sf] x'“ / ¤ dGqL;“u e]6/] tkfO{x+ ¿sf] k}/jL ubf{ kf6L{n] yfxf kfP dnfO{ cln bafa k5{, d]/f] afWotf a'lemlbg';\ g ¤

8f= vqL M To;df d'VodGqLHo"n] lrGt} lng'kb}{g, of]hgfx¿ xfd|f] xftdf lbPsf] v08df %) k|ltzt ;f+;bHo"x¿nfO{ k'¥ofp“nf / sfd Ps b'O{ jif{sf] lglDt 6l/xfN5 .

8f= zdf{ M clxn] ;a} sfo{stf{ k9]nv ] s ] f 5g\ . kf6L{ g]tfx¿n] cfkm\gf] 3/, kl/jf/ / 5f]/f5f]/Ldfq x]/s ] f] a'lemxfN5g\ lg ¤ s]xLn] d'v vf]N5g\ t sf]xL af]Nb}gg\, w]/} ePkl5 lj:kmf]6 x'G5 .

8f= zdf{ M dfggLoHo", tkfO{+ klg klxn] t xfdLh:t} Jofkf/L x'gx' G' Yof], kf6L{nfO{ yfx} lyPg . kf6{g/x¿;“u s'/f gldn]kl5 t tkfO{s + f] s'/f aflx/ cfof] lg ¤ tkfO{+ sltsf] u'Kt¿kn] sfd ug'x{ G' 5, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 lg ¤ ‘;k{sf] v'§f ;k{n] dfq b]V5’ eg]sf] oxL xf] . xf], tkfO{+sf] kf6L{df tkfO{+af/] sfo{stf{dfem /fd|f] 5lj d'VodGqL M clg xfd|f ;f+;bx¿sf] lgjf{rgdf ePsf] agfpg ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . vr{ c;'n pk/ ug]{ / pkrf/ vr{ s]–s;/L ldnfpg] ;f+;b M lsg < xf], d}n] a'em\g} ;lsg“ ¤

d'VodGqL M To;f]eP ;f+;bHo"x¿nfO{ tkfO{x+ ¿;“u ;f+;b M d}n] s'/f a'lemg“ ¤ e]6/] s'/f ldnfpg eg"n “ f.

-tLg}hgf cfkm\gf] sfd ;kmn ePsf]df v'zLn] 8f= zdf{ M tkfO{s + f sfo{stf{x¿ tkfO{e+ Gbf rnfv 5g\ . xf“:b} labf x'G5g\ / kbf{ v:5 ._ clxn]sf sfo{stf{nfO{ bafa lbPdf xf“s lbg] vfnsf 5g\ . g]sfdf cfh z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ ¥ofv¥ofv kf/]sf b[Zo – tLg 5g\, sfo{stf{nfO{ s/f]8f}“ ?k}of“ af“8b\ f klg ¤ tkfO{s + f] -;f+;b cfkm\gf] 3/sf] sf]7fdf ;dfrf/kq x]l//x]sf] af]nL jrg / Jojxf/ b]pjfsf] eGbf km/s 5}g . xf];\ x'G5 . tLg}hgfsf] k|j]z, clejfbgsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{xf]nf ¤ eG5g\ – ‘sfo{stf{ gf]s/rfs/ xf]Ogg\, :jod\;j] s x'g\ . l;4fGt, kf6L{cg'zf;g / ljwfg;Ddt x'G5 ._ sfd ul/G5 . s;}sf] x}sd dfb}gf}+ . ;f+;b M tkfO{x+ ¿sf] ljifodf u[xdGqL;“u s'/f /fv],+ ;f+;b M xf], tL sf] x'g\ eGg] d}n] yfxf kfO;s]“ . pxf“n] s]xL af]Ng'ePg, kl5 km]l/ s'/f u/f}n+ f ¤ 8f= zdf{ M Pshgf xf]Og, w]/} 5g\ . hxf“ hxf“ tkfO{n + ] sfd ug'e{ Psf] 5, tL tL 7fp“df tkfO{s + f] Jojxf/af/] u'gf;f] 5 .

-;f+;b d'v c“Wof/f] kf5{ / r"k nfU5 ._

8f= zdf{ M dfggLoHo", tkfO“ r'gfjeGbf cufl8 d t ;lsP“, d}n] s]xL gkfpg] eP“ eg]/ lg/fz eP/ a:bf xfdLn] tkfO{s + f] Jofkf/L ;fyLsf] 3/df u/]sf ;a} s'/fsfgL yfxf kfof},“ t/ cfh s'/f gldn]h:tf] 5 dfggLoHo" ¤ 51

nfv ?k}of“ rGbf lbP/ d ‘sfª\u;]| ’ eP“, sfª\u;]| xf/]kl5 d k| w fgdGqLsf] sDo' l g:6 kf6L{ d f nfu] “ . d] / f ;fyLx¿nfO{ cGo ;fgf–/fhg}lts bnx¿df klg k7fPsf] 5' . dxŒjfsfª\IfL, kbnf]n'k / gof“ n'uf nufpg] ;d|f6x¿ xfdLn] lrg]sf 5f}“ . xfd|} k};f vfP/ xfd|} ;f+;b – o:tf sDo'lg:6 / jfdkGyL s'/fx¿ s;/L vf]O/f] vg]df xfdLn] To;sf] hjfkm lbg hfg]sf 5f}“ . yfxf kfpg'eof] < ;f+;b M -em:s]/, crDd dfGb}_ nf}, cfh d]/f] csf]{ sfo{qmd 5, kl5 s'/f 8f= /d]z M xfdL Jofkf/L xf}“, xfd|f] l;4fGt eg]sf] gfkmf xf], c? xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . gfkmfafx]s c? u/f}“nf ¤ labf ¤ -kbf{ v:5 ._ bfloTj 5}g . xfdLn] s'v'/f kfngaf6 sfd ;'? u¥of}“, kl5 7]s]bf/L u¥of}“, clg O“6fe§fdf k};f nufgL u¥of}“, cfhef]ln 3/–hUuf / ko{6g pBf]udf klg nufgL ub}{5f}“ . lu6L–afn'jf, b]zL / ljb]zL /S;L cflb k};f cfpg] x/]s j:t'df nufgL u5f}{+ . xfdLn] lgjf{rgdf lhTg] kf6L{nfO{ &) k|ltzt k};f lbG5f}“ eg] c?nfO{ @) k|ltzt / ;fgf kf6L{nfO{ % k|ltzt, @ k|ltzt P;hL / Ps k| l tzt lbG5f} “ . u[ x dGqL, pBf] u dGqL, jfl0fHodGqL ePsfnfO{ xfdL a9L rGbf lbG5f}“ . /ftsf] of] ;do Psk|sf/n] xfdL c3f]/L afaf xf}+ . ef/tsf] /fhgLltdf cGwsf/ / ;Ggf6fsf] ;fd|fHo df]bL o;/L g} dfly p7]sf t x'g\ lg ¤ xfjf, x'/L / kfgLsf] Ps5q /fh -;f+;b cfkm\gf] ;·t unt JolQmx¿;“u ePsf] p8fO{ nfG5 ls sf]/f]gf, Tof] tfh cg'ej u5{ / 8f= /fds[i0f vqLnfO{ x]5{ ._ km}nfp“5 ls gof“ cfzf ;a}lt/ cfh ¤ 8f= /d]z M sfo{stf{nfO{ cfkm\gf] kbsf] wfs b]vfP/ xKsL–bKsL ug]{ ;do uof] dfggLoHo" ¤ Pshgfsf] lglDt ;w}“ #–$ hgf kl5kl5 nufpg' /fd|f] sfo{zn} L xf]Og . cfnf]rgf ;xg g;s]kl5 cfnf]rgf ug{ 5f]85 \ g\, cfnf]rgf gug'{ eg]sf] ktg ;'? x'g' eGg] cy{ nfU5 .

b'O{ 6'qmf

8f= vqL M kf6L{sf] ljwfg Psflt/ 5 clg sfd ug]{ z}nL csf]{lt/ 5, ldN5 s;/L ;f+;b Ho" < d]o/, k|bz ] ;ef ;b:o, hgk|ltlglw / ;f+;b kf6L{sf] cfb]z– lgb]z { gdf a:g'kg]d{ f lgjf{lrtx¿af6 kf6L{ / :jod\;j] s sfo{stf{nfO{ af“Wg vf]hd] f aUuLsf] k5fl8 3f]8f /fv]h:t} x'g5 ] , ;dod} a'l4 k'¥ofpg' /fd|f] ¤

!.

Pp6f efg'eQm 3f“;Laf6 k|/] 0ff kfp“5 csf]{ efg'eQm sf]/f]gfdf sld;g x;'5{ ¤ @. efg'eQmsf] b]z xf] eGg 8/ x'g] ef] s'g rflx+ eg]df nfhn] lgx'l/g' kg{] ef] ¤ #.

So'jfaf6 t s] l;SYof} /, Tof] t 6f9f ef] lxhf]em}“ pxL 3f“;Lsf] s'jfaf6 l;s] k'UYof] ¤

;f+;b M tkfO{x+ ¿ cfh v'a /fhg}lts s'/f ub}{ x'gx' G' 5, dnfO{ crDd nfu]sf] 5 ¤ 8f= vqL M d klxn] k~r lyP“, k~rfot 9n]kl5 %–!)

52

;dLIff

Pp6f ;flxlTos cfwf/lznfM x:tlnlvt …qmflGtÚ P;cf/ qmflGt t]/f] wd{ xf] qmflGt t]/f] sd{ xf] qmflGt lr/fu afn]/ nDsg' t]/f] nIo xf] . o'jf hf]zn] cf]tk|ft] of] sljtf+zn] ‘qmflGt’ klqsfsf] d"nefj tyf p2]Zo k|ltljlDjt u5{ . ljleGg /·sf] ;+of]hg u/L klqsfsf] uftf a'4jL/n] tof/ kf/]sf x' g\ . o; klqsfsf ;Dkfbs k"0f{ axfb'/ j}B, k|wfg ;Dkfbs O{Zj/nfn / ;x–;Dkfbs wgdfg x'g\ . tLg o'jsdWo] k"0f{axfb'/ j}B / wgdfg ->]i7_ cfh klg n]vg If]qdf ;lqmo 5g\ . j}B sfJo If]qdf / >]i7 syfsf] If]qdf cfh klg snd rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L g]kfnefiffsf] dfWodaf6 /rgf–sd{df cu|;/ 5g\ . O{Zj/nfnsf] w]/} jif{ cufl8 g} b]xfj;fg eO;s]sf] 5 . of] x:tlnlvt klqsf ;fg]{ sfo{ k[yr' /0f -a}B_ af6 ePsf] pNn]v 5 . k[yr' /0f a}B :jod\ Ps lzIff;]jL of k|fWofkssf] ?kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . klqsfdf pNn]lvt ;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] rf/}hgf sf= /f]lxtsf bf}t+ /L Pj+ ;xsdL{x¿ lyP . klqsfsf] klxnf] k[i7 ‘qmflGt’ kl/jf/sf] z'esfdgf ;Gb]zaf6 k|f/De x'G5 . bf];|f] k[i7df ;Dkfbs d08n / k|sfzssf] gfd /ftf] /·n] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] t];|f] k[i7df ljifo–;"lr /flvPsf]

eQmk'/sf kl/jt{gk|]dL h'emf¿ o'jfx¿n] hg cWoog d08nsf] :yfkgf lj=;+ @)!! df u/] . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo / k| h ftGq :yfkgfsf] k|eftsfnLg kl/j]zdf ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf ;flxlTos If]qdf o'jfx¿sf] ;lqmotfaf6 ;dfh pT;flxt x'g' :jfefljs xf] . hg cWoog d08nsf gjhjfgx¿n] x:tlnlvt ;flxlTos dfl;s ‘qmflGt’ @)!$ ;fn j}zfv !% ut] zlgaf/sf] lbg k|sfzg k|f/De u/] . gof“ k':tfsf tL k|ltlglw o'jfx¿ ;DejtM /f0ffx¿sf] PstGqLo zf;gsf] cGTodf dfq ;Lldt x'g rfx“b}gy] . tL csf]{ qmflGtsf] tof/Ldf h' 6 \ g rfxGy] . ;ft ;fnsf] ;Lldt kl/jt{gdf ;Gt'i6 eO{ a:g' o'usf] cfjZostf ga'em\g' / ljZjsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; qmd cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sg' 7xl/g]af/] tL o'jfx¿ cjut lyP eGg] k'i6\ofO{+ x:tlnlvt ‘qmflGt’n] k]z u5{ . rLgsf] o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g cyf{t lrlgof“ ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] ce"tk"j{ ;kmntfaf/] hfgsf/ / To;af6 k|efljt o'jf k':tfn] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] ;kgf b]Vg' cgf}7f] ljifo h¿/ xf] O g . aln/x] s f] lr/fu af] s ] / qmflGt–kydf nDsg] ;ª\ s Nk ug] { efj emNsfpg] ;' G b/ cfs[ l t;lxtsf] uftf /x] s f] of] x:tlnlvt klqsfsf] k[i7e"lddf O{Zj/åf/f /lrt sljtf+z lbOPsf] 5– 53

cufl8 ;fg{ vf]Hg]n] zf;sx¿af6 cg]s lsl;dsf oftgf ef]Ug'kg]{ / cgfjZos kL8f Pjd\ bdg vKg'kg]{ cg]sf}“ b[i6fGt k]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] /rgfsf] ljrf/kIf / pbfx/0f;lxtsf] ts{ ;zQm dfGg ;lsG5 . kl/jt{gsf kIfw/x¿ zf;s ju{af6 k|tfl8t x'g] t/ 8f“8f–sf“8f gf£b} ;"of]b{ o ePem},+ kx/fx¿ gf£b} 5x/fx¿ em/]em}“ kl/jt{g em'lNsg] / gof“ ljrf/ km}lng] csf6\o ;To lgaGwdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k"0f{axfb'/ a}Båf/f lnlvt g]kfnefiffsf] syf ‘u+u' Vjla’ -;'ls;s]sf] cf“;_' n] tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] sf?l0fs lrq hLjGt 9·df k|:t't u5{ . ul/aL, ef]s, /f]u, zf]s / cefj g} cefjn] lkN;]sf] ;dfhaf/] dfld{s 9·df n]lvPsf] syfn] cfh klg w]/s } f] dg 5'g] lglZrt 5 . cf}iflw pkrf/sf] cefj / ef]sf] kl/jf/sf] lrq0f hlt x[boljbf/s 5 Tof]eGbf klg ;Gtfgsf] d[To' / :jod\ c;xfo elQmdfofsf] j]bgfn] el/k"0f{ lhGbuLsf] cGTosf] j0f{gn] tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] sxfnLnfUbf] kl/j]znfO{ ;–b[io x]/s ] f] kf7snfO{ cg'et" x'g5 ] . ;"ok{ t| fk /f0ffsf] ‘lxDdt gxf/ Û’ / lji0f'k; | fb g]kfnLsf] ‘o'js’ sljtf k7gLo 5g\ . k[yr' /0f a}Båf/f cg'lbt k|l;4 n]vs lk|G; qmf]kf6lsgsf] ‘gj o'jsf]+ ;]+ bf] aft]’+ -lxGbL k':ts_sf] ‘8fS6/’ klg k|/] 0ffbfoL 5 . /f]ux¿ s]jn cf}iflw pkrf/af6 dfq lgsf] kfg{ ;Dej gx'g] a¿ To;sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s sf/0f kQf nufO{ ToxL+af6 pkrf/ yflng'kg]{ rrf{ o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhdf JofKt zf]if0f, cGofo, bdgg} w]/} /f]ux¿sf] sf/0f x'g] / Ps 8fS6/ klg Ps ;dfhjfbL agL /f]ux¿sf] d"n sf/0f;Dd k'u/] pkrf/ ug{ ;s] ;dfhsf] 7"nf] ;]jf ;flat x'g] ;zQm ljrf/ n]vdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;lxb u+ u fnfnsf] ;ª\ l IfKt lrgf/Ln] o'jfx¿df hf]z yKg], k|hftGqk|lt k|d] hufpg] / alnbfgLk"0f{ hLjgsf] cy{ atfpg] 5 . /rgfsf n]vssf] gfd eGg] pNn]v 5}g .

5 . hDdfhDdL #^ k[i7sf] klqsfdf !@ j6f /rgf ;+slnt 5g\ . cfgGb b]j -e§_ sf] sljtf ‘km]l/ Tof] lbg s:tf] xf]nf <’ klqsfsf] cu|efudf lbOPsf] 5 . sljtfdf kl/jt{gsf] Jou| k|tLIff emlNsG5 eg] sljsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] cfzf ;'Gb/ 9·df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5– emf/kft, lxnf]dn } f], p8L auL ;a ;fkm xf]nfg\ lgd{n, ;'Gb/ xn'sf afgf, k[YjLdfly b]lvPnfg\ k"j{ lIflthsf] v'nf kmf6sdf, nfn /lj emNs]nfg\ /Qm k|efsf] bf];Nnfn], wtL{ cfdfnfO{ l;“ufnf{g\ . ;dfhdf JofKt zf]if0f, bdg, cGofo–cTofrf/sf] cGTo ;Dej 5 / ;'Gb/ ;dfh lgdf{0ffy{ ;ª\3if{ / qmflGtsf] cleef/f jxg ug{ gof“ k':tf tof/ x'g cfx\jfg o; sljtfdf ul/Psf] 5–

cfhfbLsf] lau'n km'Qm}, o'js ljBfyL{ nDs]nfg\ ;'Kt gf/L k6'sf s:b}, lz/ p7fO{ ufpnfg\ ..#..’ bfdf]b/ k|;fb ‘lshf’ sf] sljtf ‘ca dfgjx¿ p7\g] 5g\ .’ df k'“hLklt ju{ / sfdbf/ ju{aLr eLif0f ;ª\3if{ x'g] / zf]lift ju{sf] ljho cjZo+efjL ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ljho;Dd k'Ug hgtf Psh"6 eO{ hfuL p7\gk' g]{ slj atfp“5g\ . g]kfnefiffdf n]lvPsf] k"0f{dfgsf] n3'syf ‘5+u' a'l4’ -ltd|f] a'l4_ df cf;gf+ bfh' / cf;gf+ bfh'x¿dfly eO/x]sf] zf]if0f tyf cGofoaf/] ;fgf] lrq ptfl/Psf] 5 . ;'on { fnsf] sljtf ‘dzfn’ df gof“ o'u Nofpg dzfn afNb} o'jf cl3 a9\g cfx\jfg ul/Psf] 5 .

O{Zj/nfn lnlvt g]kfnefiffsf] lgaGw ‘df/’ df gof“ ljrf/sf] kIfw/tf cfjZos /x]sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhdf gjLg ljrf/, ;f]r tyf lrGtg 54

‘hg;flxTo ;flxlTos dxf/yLx¿sf] sndaf6 sd dfq r'lxPsf]’ x'gfn] ‘hg;flxTo tyf hghLjgnfO{ k|/] 0ff lbg] hLjgjfbL ;flxTo rflxPsf]’ dgg u/L ‘qmflGt’ cf/De ul/Psf] ;DkfbsLodf pNn]v 5 . ;DkfbsLosf] clGtdlt/ n]lvPsf] 5– ‘eQmk'/sf o'jsx¿sf] ;flxTodf cfPsf] gof“ hf]znfO{ 6]jf lbg Ps klqsfsf] cfjZostf lyof], oxL cfjZostf k"lt{ ‘qmflGt’n] ug]{ xfd|f] wf/0ff 5 .’ klqsfsf] clGtd k[i7df ‘qmflGt’ sf] p2]Zo / lgod k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;df hDdf !^ j6f a'“bf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . cfheGbf ^@ jif{ cufl8 k|sflzt of] x:tlnlvt klqsf cfsf/ k|sf/df ;fgf] b]lvPtf klg o;n] lbg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z, k|sfzg sfo{df ;+nUg o'jsx¿sf] pT;fx cfh ;Dem“bf klg Tolt s} ;/fxgLo 5 . k|ultzLn ;flxlTos cfGbf]ngsf] of] aLpm lyof] eGg' Gofof]lrt x'g]5 . of] Pp6f ultnf] cfwf/lznf lyof] eGg' cltzo'lQm x'g] 5}g . oBlk of] slt j6f of slt cª\s;Dd k|sflzt eof] eGg] tYo aflx/ cfpg} af“sL 5 . Pp6f oyfy{ h¿/ :jLsfg{' k5{ ls ‘qmflGt’ sf] k|sfzg ;“u;“u} w]/} o'jsx¿n] ;flxlTos cleofgdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ub}{ hgkIfLo cfGbf]ngnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofP . kl/j]z ;fk]If d'Nofª\sg ug]{ xf] eg] o;df /x]sf eflifs cz'l4 of q'l6 Tolt uDeL/ dfGg ;lsGg . h] h:tf] ePtfklg ‘qmflGt’ Pp6f ;flxlTos b:tfj]h xf] eGg' unt x'g] 5}g . cGo k'/fgf x:tlnlvt of s'g} k|sfzgaf/] cfh k]ml/ k|sfzdf NofO{ 5nkmn rnfP/ gof“ k':tfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;s] pT;fxsf] ;~rf/ x'gs ' f ;fy} Oltxf;sf k[i7 nf]k x'g] vt/faf6 hf]ufpg ;lsGYof] . o; sfo{df cfjZos k|of;sf] lglDt ;Dj] b gzLn tyf lhDd] j f/ JolQmx¿sf] cu|;/tfsf] ck]Iff x'g' :jfefljs xf] .

a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] ?b| 1jfnL s'lxof] Eofu'tf] Ps k|bl" ift s'jf eof] cu'jf hf] lyof]] P]n] To} af6f] xu'jf eof] sfn] sfn] ldnL efn] b]znfO{ agfOof] dfg]g nfh xUg]n] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] sfl6of] s]sem}“ b]z rfl6of] / r6fOof] eGb} xif{ a9fO{+ xf] lgwf{ hLj s6fOof] dG;fpg egL AjfF;f dxfef]h nufOof] dfg]g nfh vfg]n] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] u¥of}“ cfb]z tfd]nL h] h] ug{ v6fOof] vf]Sbf dflnsn] jf jf eGb} tfnL 76fOof] s}n] afFb/ gflrof] s}n] ;k{ grfOof] dfg]g nfh gfRg]n] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] lsGbf xhf/sf] j:t' nfv s/f]8 xflnof] a]Rbf s/f]8sf] dfn sf}8Lsf df]n kmflnof]] ;d[l4 eGg' o:t} xf] eGb} wGbf rnfOof] dfg]g nfh n'6g\ n ] ] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] cu:tL v~r'jf u5{g\ vfgs} dfq uGyg s] lbPF b]zsf lglDt s;}sf] 5}g lrGtg cfuf] tfKg egL cfˆg} 3/ 5fk|f] hnfOof] dfg]g nfh emf]:+ g]n] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] b]v/] iff]8zL ;Qf r'XofO{ ¥ofn tKtk a[4cf>ddf a:g] ;Gof;L u5{ of] x7 h;/L klg To} /fd|L iff]8zL aw' rflxof] dfg]g nfh dfUg]n] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] s] u/f];\ lzion] lzIff rf]g{] dfq} l;s]kl5 s'/f pvfgs} dfGbf klg dx lems]kl5 rfl6g' kb{Yof] xft 3f/} k/Gt' rfl6of] dfg]g nfh rf6\gn ] ] a¿ b]Vg] nhfOof] e}/xjf

55

syf

lj8Dagf Û /fdbofn bDktLsf 5f]/L ePgg\ . pgsL kTgL s[i0fKof/Ln] eujfg\ lrqu'Kt gefs]sL x}g\ . t/ b'O{ 5f]/f dfq eP . ;do cg'¿k 5f]/fx¿ a9\b} uP . k9\b} uP .

7"nf] 5f]/f] aLaLP;\ u/]/ Aofkf/df nfUof] . ;fgf] 5f]/f] OlGhgLo/ eP/ hflu/df . /fdbofn sfo:y lzIfsaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q eP . 3/ v'zxfn lyof] . /fdbofnn] 5f]/fx¿ xl/ / s[i0fsf] ljjfx Ps} nugdf ldnfP/ u/L lbP . ef]h et]/ a8f] eJotfk"js { u/fP . a'xf/Lx¿ g} 3/sf 5f]/L eP . c;fWo dfof uy]{ a'xf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo:y bDktL . a'xf/Lx¿sf x/ cfjZostf k"/f ul/lbGy] /fdbofn . csf]{ jif{ 7"nL a'xf/L b'O{ hLpsL eO{ . 3/df v'zLsf] axf/ cfof] . ;f;" s[i0fKof/Ln] 7"nL a'xf/Lsf] olt x]/rfxdf nflug\ ls a'xf/LnfO{ sf]7faf6 lg:sg ;d]t lbOgg\ . a'xf/Lsf x/ cfjZostf sf]7fd} k'¥ofO{ lblGyg\ . ;do cg';f/ 3/df klxnf] ;Gtfg nIdLsf] ¿kdf gfltgLsf] hGd eof] . a"9f] /fdbofn cfkm\gf gft]bf/, 5/l5d]s, ;fyLefO ;a}nfO{ gfltgL hGd]sf] va/ lbg n8\8" lnP/ 3/3/ k'u] . gfltgL klg tLg jif{sL eO{ . j;Gt k~rdLsf lbg 3/d} cIf/f/De u/fP/ gfltgLnfO{ d06]Zj/L egf{ ul/lbP . afh] /fdbofn gfltgLnfO{ cfk}mF :s'6/df :s'ndf 5f8\g lng hfGy] .

5f]/f a'xf/Ldf klg k|d] k|r/' dfqfdf lyof] . ;w}“ xfFl; v'zLd} /xGy] 5f]/f a'xf/L . sfG5f 5f]/f hflu/sf] sf/0fn] a'xf/L ;lxt aflx/ x'GYof] .

Ps lbg 7"nf] 5f]/f xl/n] Pp6f k|:tfj /fdbofn bDktLsf] ;fd' /fVof] – /hgL Û lbgel/ 3/df

ljho ;fu/ Tolts} a:5] . cfdfn] 3/sf] sfd klg ug{ lbg' x'Gg eG5] . To;}n] p;nfO{ aLaLP;\ k9\g SofDk;df egf{ ul/lbg] xf] ls < /fdbofnnfO{ cfkm\gf] dgsf] s'/f 5f]/fn] elglbof] h:tf] nfUof] . p;n] ;xif{ :jLs[lt lbof] . ca 7"nL a'xf/L /hgL SofDk; hfg yfnL . gfltgL :s'n . a'xf/Ln] /fd|} c° NofO{ aLaLP;\ k|yd jif{ pQL0f{ u/L . aLaLP;\sf] låtLo jif{ klg /fd|} c°n] pQL0f{ u/L . t];f| ] jif{bl] v a'xf/L /hgLsf] ;do s]xL kl/jt{g eof] . 3/af6 rfF8} SofDk; hfgyfnL . SofDk;af6 3/ cfpg] ;do l9nf x'g yfNof] .

Pslbg a'xf/Ln] 3/df SofDk;af6 Ps xKtfsf] nflu Ph'sz ] g 6'/ hfg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 s] ug]{ eg]/ ;f]wL .

56

3/af6 ;xh} :jLs[lt eof] . xKtf lbg kl5 3/ cfpg' kg]{ a'xf/L cfOg . yk xKtf lbg klg cfOg . clg aNn vf]hL eof] a'xf/Lsf] . /fdbofn ha SofDk; k'u/] a'em] – SofDk;af6 yfxf nfUof] – Ps lbgsf] lglDt aLaLP;\ t];f| ] jif{sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 6'/df nluPsf] lyof] . 5fqf /hgL klg 6'/df uPsL lyOg\ . To;kl5 /hgL SofDk; cfPsL 5}g .

7"nf] 5f]/fn] ;'/fs nfpFb} hfFbf crDdsf] tYo kQf nfUof] . Pp6f /fs]z yfkf gfd u/]sf] ;xkf7L s]6f];Fu /hgL xf]6n ] df a;]sL /lx5 . xf]6n ] sf] sf]7fd} k;]/ nf]Ug] xl/n] :jf:gL /hgLnfO{ Ps emfk6\ lbP/ ;f]Wof] – t}n F ] xfd|f] o:tf] a]OHhtL x'g] sfd s] sf/0fn] ul/; < d df s] sf] sdL 5 < k]ml/ xfd|f] 3/df tFnfO{ s] ;'ljwf 5}g < /hgLn] slQ nfh 8/ gdfgLsg hjfkm lbO{ – s'g} sf/0f 5}g Û ltdLdf s'g} sdL klg 5}g . ltdL k"0f{ 5f} . 3/df dnfO{ c;'ljwf klg lyPg . t/ ltd|f] h:t} dfof /fs]zsf] klg nfUof] . ltdLx¿ b'j}sf] dfofdf d kunL h:t} ePF . To;}n] o:tf] eof] .

5f]/L h:t} dfof u/]/ kflnPsL a'xf/Laf6 o:tf] a]OdfgL < /fdbofnnfO{ ljZjf;} nfu]g . k]ml/ 3/af6 /hgLnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] /f]stf]sg} lyPg Û 5f]/L h:t} :jtGq lyO{ a'xf/L /hgL Û t/ klg a'xf/L /hgLaf6 o; k|sf/sf] cljZj;gLo ljZjf;3ft\ s;/L eof] < /fdbofn kl/jf/n] s]xL a'em\g} ;s]g .

3/ / dfOtL kIfdf 5nkmn eof] . dfOtL kIf lg/fz lg/fz / df}g lyP . csf]{ xKtf a'xf/L /hgL 3/ k:g nfu]sL lyO{ – a"9f] ;;'/f] /fdbofnn] 9f]sfd} pleP/ /hgLnfO{ 3/ k:g /f]s nufpFb} eg] – ca of] 3/ ltd|f] /x]g . a'xf/L /hgL To; If0f kms]/{ uO{ . s]xL ;do kl5 s]xL dlxnfx¿nfO{ lnP/ cfP/ elg – dnfO{ d]/f] 5f]/L Û rflxof] . a"9f] ;;'/f]n] v/f] hjfkm lbP – tF a]x\ofnfO{

d]/L 5f]/L b] eGg nfh nfUb}g < hf Û tFnfO{ d]/L gfltgL x]g{ klg lbGg, 5'g klg lbGg Û n}hfg] t s] s'/f < dlxnfx¿n] gfafns ;Gtfgx¿df cfdfsf] xs nfUg] dlxnf clwsf/sf] ts{ /fv] . a"9f] /fdbofnn] 7f8f] :j/df k|ltjfb ub}{ /hgLnfO{ cf}n + f 78\ofpFb} eg] – cbfntaf6 tFnfO{ t]/f] 5f]/L lbg' eGg] cfb]z NofO; eg] lbG5' Û gq lbGg hf Û h] ug{ ;S5; u/ Û ca t}n + ] ug{ afFsL g} s] 5 / < xfdL cbfnt hfG5f}+ eGb} ;a} dlxnfx¿ kms]/{ uP . a'xf/L /hgL cbfnt t uO{g . t/ Tof] x/fe/f v'zxfn 3/df lxhf] cfh j;Gtn] n'sfdf/L v]Nb}g . e}/xjf

uLt P;cf/ x]/, cfh xfd|f] :jtGqtf km]l] / vf]:g vf]Hb}5 o'uf}b“ l] vsf] xfd|f] cl:tTj cem} d]6g\ vf]Hb}5 . hdLg ldRof], gbL vf]:of], ahf/ sAhf ub}5 { afn'jf6f/ 7ux¿ p;}sf] Ozf/fdf gfRb}5 . d}bfgdf cfuf] emf];L lxdfn–kxf8 tfSb}5 l;+xb/af/sf] l;+x cfh s]jn a'V“ ofrf aGb}5 . ‘cR5' vfP“ aR5' vfP“ em';] jf?nf]’ eGb}5 g]kfnLsf] n8\g] tfutsf] k/LIff pm ln“b5 } . xf]z u/f}“ g]kfnL xf], Oltxf; xfd|f] d]l6Pnf hfuL p7f}“ b]zeQm xf], u/f}“ eljiosf] km};nf .

57

;dLIff

kq;flxTo l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df xh'/a'afsf lr7L ;'Gb/ jf;L ljifo k|jz ] M d"ntM ;flxTosf rf/ ljwf 5g\ . tL rf/ ljwf cGtu{tsf ljleGg xf“ufx¿ klg cfkm}df df}lns ljwfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g ;ª\3if{/t 5g\ . tLdWo] kq;flxTo klg leGg ;+/rgfTds cl:tTjsf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] lgaGwfTds ljwfsf] xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] km"njf/Ldf kq;flxTosf km"nx¿ x'sf{pg, a9fpg / ;hfpg ldlxg]tL Ps tk:jL x'g\ – xl/axfb'/ >]i7 . g]kfnL kq;flxTosf] cfugnfO{ ;f}Gbo{jfg, d"Nojfg / cy{jfg agfpg xl/axfb'/ >]i7n] gof“ kq;flxlTos s[lt lbPsf 5g\ – xh'/a'afsf lr7L . kq;flxTo n]vgdf l;kfn' xl/axfb'/ >]i7sf] xh' / a' a fsf lr7LnfO{ kq;flxTosf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df cWoog ug{' jf~5gLo ePsf]n] oxf“ ;dLIffTds rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . kq;flxTosf/sf] kl/ro M ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdfkm{ t g] k fnL ;dfhdf dfS;{jfbL r]tgf lkmhfpg ;fwgf/t xl/axfb' / >] i 7sf] vf; gfd gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ -!((^_ xf] . gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ g]kfnL k|hftflGqs, b]zelQmk"0f{ / sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf OdfGbf/ / ;Ddflgt gfd

xf] . /fhgLlts 8a'df sf= /f]lxt gfdaf6 ;'kl/lrt gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]“ g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf x'g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg /fhgLltsdfWod ;“u;“u} efiff ;flxTosf] dfWodaf6 klg ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'of{pb“ } cfPsf xl/axfb'/ >]i7n] g]kfnL kq;flxTosf] pGgogsf] nflu ;d]t oyf]lrt of]ubfg :yflkt u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ aGg] efOalxgLnfO{ lr7L, ;fOG; / 8fS6/L k9\g] efOalxgLnfO{ ljb]zdf a;]sf bfh'sf] lr7L, OlGhlgo/ / j}1flgs aGg rfxg] efOalxgLnfO{ lr7L, dfu{ lgb{]zgaf/] efOalxgLnfO{ lr7L / h]nsf lr7Lx¿ o;cl3 g} k|sflzt u/]/ >]i7n] g]kfnL kq;flxTosf] prfO / e08f/ ;d[4 kf/]sf 5g\ . >]i7n] km"6s/ kq;flxTo n]vgdf klg hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . @)&! b]lv @)&% ;Dddf >lds ;fKtflxsdf k| s flzt 5flgPsf km' 6 s/ kq;flxTosf] ;°ng g} xh'/a'afsf lr7Lsf] ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . >]i7sf syfTds, sljtfTds / e"ldsf n]vgdf ;d]t kq;flxTo k9\g kfOG5 . >]i7sf] /f]lxtsf] gfdaf6 k|sflzt h]nsf lr7Lx¿dflysf] zf]w g} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf kq;flxTo ;DaGwL klxnf] zf]w ePsf] hgfOPsf] 5 .

58

kq;flxTo kl/ro M kqsf] 9ª\u 9f“rfdf n]lvPsf] ;flxTonfO{ kq;flxTo elgG5 . Ps JolQmn] csf{] JolQmnfO{ s'g} ;Gb] z , pkb] z , dgsf] efjgf n] v L k7fOPsf] cleJolQmnfO{ kq elgG5 eg] To;df ;flxlTostf ePdf Tof] kq;flxTo x'G5 . g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]z ;xfotfdf klg kq;flxTo eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu s;}n] s;}nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L n]lvPsf] ;Gb]zd"ns /rgfsf] ¿kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf]zdf elgPsf] 5, ‘b'O{ leGgfleGg} zAbx¿af6 ldn]/ ag]sf] o; kq;flxTodf o'UdzAbsf] Jo'Tklt vf]Hg' cfjZos 5}g .’ ;flxTosf] k"jj{ tL{ eP/ afn;flxTo, nf]s;flxTo, ofqf;flxTo cflb cg]s zAb ag]h:t} kq;flxTo klg ag]sf] b]lvG5 . hLjgL, b}lgsL, ofqfj[tfGt, ;+:d/0fn] h:t} kq;flxTon] klg l;h{gfTds ;flxTosf] ¿k lnPsf] 5 . tL ;a} lgaGw ljwfsf leGg leGg ¿kx¿ ePtf klg tL ca df}lns ljwf jf cGo :jtGq ljwfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'b“ 5 } g\ . ;flxTo k|sfzdf s]zjk|;fb pkfWofon] ;'Gb/ / ;'¿rLk"0f{ z}nLdf n]lvPsf kq g} ;flxlTos b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] rrf{ ub{} kq;flxTo Ps :jtGq ;flxlTos ljwfsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5 eg]sf 5g\ . bof/fd >]i7 / df]xg/fh zdf{åf/f lnlvt g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;df kq;flxTonfO{ cGo uB ¿kx¿ cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7Lsf n]vs xl/axfb'/ >]i7n] ‘kq;flxTo s;}nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L dgsf] efj cleJolQm ug{] Pp6f ;flxlTos ljwf xf]’ eg]sf 5g\ . lr7Ldf hgo'4sf] e"ldsfdf O{Zj/rGb| 1jfnLn] k|l] ift / k|i] fs pNn]v geP / To;sf] 7]ufgf geP kqsf] ;+/rgf aGb}g eg]sf 5g\ . 7]ufgf g;d]l6Psf kq;flxTo klg 5g\ . oBlk k|i] fs / k|fksnfO{ ;Daf]wg gul/Psf] /rgf kq;flxTo x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] k|fksnfO{ ;Daf]wg / k|i] fs;lxt ;flxTo n]lvg' g} kq;flxTosf] df}lns klxrfg xf] . cGo ;flxlTos ljwfaf6 kq;flxTonfO{ 5'Tofpg] ljz]iftf xf] . xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf kq;flxTosf tTj M ;flxlTos l;h{gfdf ljifoj:t', efiffz}nL, P]ltxfl;stf / zLif{s k|foM ;a} ljwfsf ldNg] ;femf

tTjx¿ x'g\ . tL afx]s klg ljwfut klxrfg :yfkgf ug{] tTjx¿ klg x'G5g\ . kq;flxTosf] df}lns cl:tTj hgfpgnfO{ /rgfdf k|fks, ;Daf]wg, k|i] fs, ldlt / 7]ufgf nufot leGg tTj x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf k|fks, k|fksnfO{ ;Daf]wg, k|i] fs, k|fkssf] 7]ufgf, k|i] fsn] kq n]vs ] f] ldlt h:tf kq;flxTosf df}lns tTjnufot ;flxTosf ;femf tTjx¿ ljifoj:t', efiffz}nL, P]ltxfl;stf / zLif{s cflb oyf:yfg k|oQ' m ePsf 5g\ . kq;flxTodf x'gk} g{] tTjdf jofg gul/P klg k|i] fsaf6 k|fkssf]df s;/L kq k'Uof] xf]nf eGg] rf;f]sf] ljifo x'G5 . To;}n] sltko kq;flxTodf kq ;+ki]| f0f dfWod ;d]t v'nfPsf] x'G5 . k|frLg kq;flxTodf afbn, xf“; / k/]jfnfO{ b't agfP/ kq k7fpg] u/]sf] k/Dk/f b]Vg kfOG5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] o'udf dfG5]sf] xftxft} jf dfgj hgzlQm k|of]u x'g] x'nfs nufotsf] t];f| k] If pkof]u gu/L klg kqsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7Lsf] 7fp“7fp“df Od]n k|fKt ePsf] / @* cf}“ kqsf] cGTodf ‘cfhnfO{ olt g} eof], ca cs{f] Od]ndf .’ n]lvg'n] ca kq;flxTosf] dfWod cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlw Od]n klg x'g ;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7L km'6s/ kq;flxTox¿sf] ;°ng s[lt xf] . km'6s/ kq;flxTo eP klg ;a} kqx¿df xh'/a'af k|i] fs / gfltgfltgfx¿ k|fks ePsf]n] xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf s[ltut zLif{s dfq lbOPsf] 5 . k|sfzsLodf pNn]v ePsf] k"j{ k|sflzt >lds ;fKtflxsdf h:t} x/]s kqdf 5'6f5'6} zLif{s sfod /fv]sf] eP kf7snfO{ ;xh x'GYof] . cWoogsf] nflu ;'gdf ;'uGw eg]h:t} x'GYof] . xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf xh'/a'afsf] 7]ufgf pNn]v geP klg g]kfnaf6 lr7L k7fPsf] xf] eGg] a'em\g s'g} sl7gfO em]Ng' kg{] b]lv+bg} . gfltgfltgfsf] 7]ufgf ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sf xf] eGg] bf];f| ] kqdf pNn]v ePaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . gof“ jif{ @)!% sf] z'esfdgf lbg] cj;/af6 ;'¿ ul/Psf] kqx¿df !( k'if @)&! b]lv #! c;f/ @)&^ ;Ddsf ldltx¿ 5g\ . xh'/a'afn] gflt gfltgfnfO{ kq n]vs ] f] x'“bf kqx¿df :g]xk"js { ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kqx¿s} aLr aLrdf klg ;Gbef{g';f/ ;Daf]wg ul/Psfn] xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf ld7f; el/Psf] kfOG5 .

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gof“ jif{ ;g\ @)!% sf] cj;/df dfofn' cd/ / cd[tfnfO{ z'esfdgf lbg n]lvPsf] klxnf] kqdf g} cGt//fli6«o ljifo pTyfg ul/Psf] 5 . ‘cd]l/sfsf]’ nf]l/8faf6 So'jf p8\g] w]/} xjfO{ p8fg ePsf] / #) 8n/d} So'jfsf] /fhwfgL xjfgf k'Ug]’ ;dfrf/n] v'zL nfu]sf] eGb} So'jfnL ;dfhjfbL b]zsf] l:ylt j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;f7L jif{;Dd gfsfaGbL nufPsf] ;+/f cd]l/sfn] cfk\mgf gful/sx¿ ljleGg b]z 3'd/] So'jf k'uL ;:tf]df :jf:Yo pkrf/ lng yfn]kl5 gfsfaGbLdf s]xL ;'wf/ Nofof] . So'jf / ;+/f cd]l/sfaLr l;wf xjfO{ ;]jf ;'¿ u¥of] . s/f]8f}+ cd]l/sL hgtf gfsfaGbLsf lj/f]wL 5g\ tfklg ;fd|fHojfbL zf;sx¿n] So'jf;“usf] ;f}xfb{ ;DaGw hf]ufO /fv]g . So'jfnL ;ª\3if{ / b[9tf g]kfnLhgsf] nflu klg lzIffk|b 5 . @& cf}“ kqdf So'jfsf] qmflGtk"j{ l:ylt ^) nfv hgtfdf Ps nfv Ifo/f]u kLl8t /x]sf]df lkm8]n Sofi6«f] / r] Uj]ef/fnufot So'jfnL hgtfn] kl/jt{g NofPsf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhjfbL rl/qsf] 7Ls ljk/Lt k'hLjfbL ;dfhdf kb / k};fsf] wfs b]vfpg] / kx'r“ sf] b'¿kof]u ug{] u5{g\ . bf];f| ] kqdf OdfGbf/Lk"js { :jf:Yo ;]jfdf nfu]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ dGqL / ;f+;bsf] kx'“r b]vfO ysf{pg] u/]sf] u'gf;f] cfPsf] j0f{g 5 . k'“hLjfbL b'Zrl/q t ;+/f cd]l/sfdf emg\ JofKt 5 . t];f| ] kqdf dfofn' cd/ / cd[tfnfO{ xh'/a'af ;Nnfx lbG5g\, ‘ltdLx¿ s] e|ddf gkg{' eg] ;+/f cd]l/sfsf lgj{frgdf o:tf] k};f af“l8Gg jf clgoldttf x'Gg eGg] g;f]Rg' .’ ;dfhdf c¿nfO{ s] s:tf] c;/ knf{ gknf{ ;f]Rb} g;f]rL cfk\mgf] /dfOnf]sf] nflu hf“8 /S;L vfg] clg 7"nf]7n " f] cfjfhdf uLt ahfP/ xNnf drfpg] k'h “ LjfbL ;+:sf/af/] rf}yf] lr7Ldf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . k'h “ LjfbL Joj:yfdf x'g] JolQmjfbL ;f]r / >dsf] ;Ddfg gu/L k“h ' LnfO{ dfq dxTj lbg] k|jl[ ts} sf/0f bIf / pRr :t/sf hgzlQmn] klg ;Ddfg / cj;/ kfp“bg} g\ . lzIff / :jf:Yo h:tf] dfgj hLjgsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf klg kl/k"lt{ ug{ kfO“bg} . rfxgf / of]Uotf eP/ klg nIo xfl;n ug{ jl~rt x'G5g\ . o;n] ;dfhdf ljs[lt hGdfp“5 . ‘PdljljP; kf; u/L b'O{

xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf Ps hgf cjsfz k|fKt lzIfssf dfWodaf6 kq;flxTosf/ xl/axfb'/ >]i7n] cfk\mgf dgsf] efjgfnfO{ kf7s;fd" ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g\ . gfltgfltgfx¿sf] ¿rL bz{fPsf 5g\ / gfltgfltgf a;]sf] 7fp“ ;+/f cd]l/sfaf/] ;d]t xh'/a'af cfkm} g} af]n]sf 5g\ . n]vssf] efjgf cGo kfqaf6 kf]Vg nufpg' n]vsLo lx;fan] Gofok"0f{ dflgGg . o;dfg]df xh' / a' a fsf lr7Ldf xl/axfb' / >] i 7sf] n] v sLo OdfGbfl/tf emlNsPsf] 5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf kq n]vs xh'/a'afsf] rl/q lrq0f klg ePsf] kfOG5 . xh'/a'afsf] rl/q lrq0fn] Pshgf lzIfs cjsfz k|fKt u/]kl5 klg b]z / hgtfk|lt lrGtgzLn / lhDd]jf/ x'gk' g{] st{Joaf]w u/fPsf 5g\ . ;fy;fy} cfh b]znfO{ t'R5 ;Dem]/ ;+/f cd]l/sfnufot klZrdf b]zdf knfog x'g] o'jfk':tfnfO{ cWoogkl5 g]kfnd} kqsfl/tfnufot k]zfsf dfWodaf6 b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{] cfbz{efj phfu/ kf/]sf 5g\ . cfh b]z / g]kfnL ;dfh cfTdxLgtf / r/d lg/fzfefjaf6 lgZk6 cGwsf/tkm{ ws]ln“b5 } . o:tf] gsf/fTds ;dodf klg xh'/a'afsf lr7Ln] g]kfnL x'gs ' f] uf}/jaf]w u/fPsf 5g\ . ljb]zL e"lddf xf]Og, g]kfnd} Gofok"0f{ eJo / ;d[4 ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfzf hufOlbPsf] 5 . b]znfO{ /;ftndf k'¥ofpg] JolQm, ;+:yf / /fhgLlts bn dfq xf]Og, b]zdf cfd'n kl/jt{g Nofpg lrGtgzLn, lqmofzLn akmfbf/, l;4fGtlg:7 JolQm, ;+:yf / /fhgLlts bn /x]sf] oyfy{jfbL cfbz{ klg k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf] s6';To dfq xf]Og, ;dfh hfg'kg{] cfbz{sf] oyfy{ lrq0f ug{' g} ;flxTosf] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb xf] . To;}n] xh'/a'afsf lr7Ln] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL wf/nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 eGg ws dfGg' kb{g} . xh'/a'afsf lr7Lsf] ljifoj:t' Jofks 5 . kqn]vg cjlw rf/ kf“r jif{aLrsf /fli6«o cGt//fli6«o If] q df ePsf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{ s / ;f+:s[lts 36gf nufot ljljw ljifoaf/] rrf{, l6Kk0fL, ljZn]if0f / lgisif{nfO{ ljifoj:t' agfOPsf 5g\ . ;fy;fy} tL 36gf;“u hf]l8P/ cfpg] Oltxf;, JolQmlrq ;d]t ljifoj:t'leqsf cª\u agfOPsf 5g\ .

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5 . ef/tLo zf;sx¿ ;fd" cflz{jfb yfKg] g]kfnL zf;sx¿sf] sf/0f g} ef/tn] g]kfnsf] ;'Id Joj:yfkg ug{ yfn]sf] :jod\ zf;s bns} g]tf :jLsf5{g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{] a]nf ef/tLo b"t cfP/ g]kfnL g]tfx¿ r]tfjgL lbP . b]znfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]/f xfnL sdhf]/ agfpg] ef/tLo s'6gLlt tf]k] 8'ª\uf gLlt ePsf] cf7f}+ lr7Ldf :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k'“hLsf] O{zf/fdf g]kfnL zf;s bnx¿ gflr/x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] hgtGq / u0ftGq ef/ts} gjpklgj]z ag]sf] bzf}+ kqdf JofVof 5 eg] gjf}+ kqdf g]kfnsf] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, oftfoftsf d'Vo ;fwgx¿, xjfO{ ;]jf, Jofkf/, lzIff, b}lgs kqklqsf / ko{6g pBf]u;d]t ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k'h “ Lsf] k|efjdf /fVg] ef/tLo gLlt gabn];Dd g]kfnL hgtfsf] d'Vo zq' ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k“h ' L g} x'g] bfaL ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf] uf}/jnfO{ Wj:t agfpg] zf;s bnx¿n] g} /fh ul//x]sf] g]kfnL /fhgLltdf ;r]t j'l4hLjL / sfdbf/ hgtfn] g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{df Psh'6 eO{ sfdbf/ hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu cgj/t cfjfh p7fp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . sfdbf/ hgtfnfO{ /fqL sIffaf6} ;fIf/ agfPsf] g]dlskf ca ‘lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg >d;“u ldnfpg]’ lzIffsf] nflu ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug{ ;ª\3if{/t /x]sf] ;f]xf| +} kqdf hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf gfltgfltgfnfO{ ‘b]zsf] o:tf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]/ ltdLx¿ lg/fz gx'g" . k'“hLjfbL Joj:yf cª\ufn]sf ;a} b]zx¿sf] ult o:t} xf]’ eGg] bf];|f] kqd} ;Nnfx lbOPsf] 5 . cfk\mgf] p2]Zo / ljrf/sf] nflu alnbfg lbg tTk/ P]ltxfl;s k'¿ifx¿ ;'s/ftnufotsf] pbfx/0f lbO{ kfrf}+ kqdf ‘Jofks hgtfsf] ;f+:s[lts :t/ p7fpg] si6;fWo sfddf gof“ k':tfsf OdfGbf/ /fhgLlts sfo{st{fx¿n] x/ k|sf/sf] ;ª\3if{df cfkm"nfO{ cAan bhf{sf] ;flat ug{ k|lta4 eP;Dd b]z lalu|g] 5}g’ eGg] w'|j;TonfO{ cufl8 ;fb{} gof“ k':tfnfO{ cfzf hufO st{Joaf]w u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfnL /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngdf hlt kl/jt{g eP klg hgtfsf] hLjgdf s'g} kl/jt{g gcfPsf] dfq xf]Og, kl/jlt{t Joj:yf ;d]t :yL/ x'g g;Sg'sf] /x:o vf]tNb} cf7f}+ kqdf ‘ljb]zLs} lxtsf]

jif{ Ps c:ktfndf sfd ug{] cAan gDa/ NofPsf ul/a 5fqn] Pd8L k9\g] cj;/ kfp“bg} .’ kGw|f+} kqdf :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . k'h “ LjfbLx¿ cfk\mgf] /jfkm sfod /fVg hgtfsf] Gofolrt cfGbf]ng bafp“5g\ . dhb'/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ wf]sf lbG5g\ . b]zleq dfq xf]Og, Pp6f b]zn] csf{] b]znfO{ ;d]t bafp“5g\ / tL ;fd|fHojfbL b]zsf] ¿k cfp“5g\ . ;fd|fHojfbL b]zx¿n] ;dfhjfbL b]zsf] k|efjaf6 hf]ufpg x7ft ef/tnfO{ ‘:jtGq’ agfof] . oBlk cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf a]nfotn] cfk\mgf] k“h ' Lsf] k|eT' j sfod g} /fv] . gof“ pklgj]z nfu" u/] . kq gf}df ;fd|fHojfbL b]zx¿sf] c;nL cg'xf/ ptfl/Psf] 5 . cTofrf/Lx¿n] wd{ / g}ltstfsf] gfddf klg zf]if0f g} u5{g\ . kq g+ !# df ‘wd{ / g}ltstf Pp6} n¶Lsf] b'O{ 6'Kkf x'g’\ elgPsf] 5 . k'h “ LjfbLx¿n] hlt;'s} ;fd|fHojfbL cd]l/sfnfO{ ;Eo, ljsl;t / cfbz{ b]zsf] ¿kdf em\ofnL lk6] klg ‘;+/f cd]l/sf ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] sf/fuf/ xf] / ;aeGbf dfgj clwsf/ xgg\ x'g] b]z xf], xTof / lx+;fsf] u9 xf]’ egL s6';TonfO{ pbfª\uf] kfl/Psf] 5 . ;f]xf| +} kqdf ;fd|fHojfbL 7"n7\ n " f b}lgs klqsfx¿n] hgtf / a'l4hLjLx¿sf ;dfrf/ klg 5fKb}g, a¿ nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ 8n/ lnP/ lj1fkg 5fK5g\ elgPsf] 5 . 6«Dk /fi6«kltdf cfPkl5 u|Lg sf8{ glbg] / le;fdf klg s8fO u/]sf] 5 . #)÷#% s/f]8 hg;ª\Vof ePsf] ;+/f cd]l/sfn] Ps s/f]8 a9L cfk|jf;LnfO{ ltgLx¿s} b]zdf kmsf{pg] eg]sf] hals Ps c/j #@ s/f]8 hg;ª\Vof ePsf] rLgn] Ps} aRrf kfpg] gLltnfO{ v'sn ' f] agfPsf] t'ngfTds ljj]rgf ;qf}+ lr7Ldf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/f cd]l/sfdf uf]nL sf08 rln/xG5 / lgbf{i] f dfG5] dl//xG5 . To;sf] Pp6f k|dv ' sf/0f 8]9 ;oeGbf a9L b]zsf b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L :yfgdf cd]l/sL ;}lgs cv8f t}gfy ug{' xf] eGg] aL;f}+ lr7Ldf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf ckf/ hn;|ft] 5 . w]/} hn;|ft] x¿ ef/tLo zf;sx¿s} sAhfdf uO;s]sf] 5 . dflyNnf] s0ff{nL / c¿0f t];f| ] klg ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k'h “ Lsf] kf]Ntfdf uof] . nufgL af]8{nfO{ ef/tLo Psflwsf/ k'h “ Lsf] gof“ Ph]G6 agfOPsf] klxnf] lr7Ld} rrf{ ul/Psf] 61

p2]ZonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] gfddf ul/Psf] ;ª\3if{sf ef8fsf g]tf / sfo{st{fx¿k|ltsf] 3[0ff / ju{zq'sf] ¿kdf ;ª\3if{ ug{] c7f]6 g} k|d'v c:q xf]’ eGg] ;}4flGts dfu{bz{gn] gfltgfltgfx¿nfO{ pmhf{ ykL lbPsf] 5 . cWoog jf /f]huf/s} nflu ljb]z uPsf o'jfx¿n] ;f]xL b]zsf] efiffsf ;flxTosf] cg'jfb u/]sf] ;'Gg gkfPsf] u'gf;f] ub{} t]x|f}+ kqdf g]kfnL sfdbf/ hgtf r]tgf:t/ psf:g g;f]Rg] k|1f k|lti7fg / lzIff dGqfnok|lt cfqmf]z kf]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]x|f}+ kqdf xh'/a'afn] gfltgfltgfx¿sf] cWoogkl5 b]zsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ h'g;'s} sfd / 7fp“df uP/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ tof/ x'g lgb{]zg lbg' ePsf] 5 . clGtd kqdf gfltgfltgfnfO{ of]Uotf / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{'sf] cy{ ‘hf]/Lkf/L jf cfk\mg} txsf] ljb]zL clwsf/Lx¿sf cufl8 pleg ;Sg] / ltgLx¿n] NofPsf k|:tfjnfO{ cfk\mgf] lxt / clxtsf] ljZn]if0f u/L 5nkmn / lg0f{odf k'Ug cAan bhf{sf] k|bz{g ug{' xf]’ eGg] cYof{OPsf] 5 . o;/L xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf ljifoj:t'sf] ljljwtf kfOG5 . uDeL/ ljifoj:t'nfO{ klg ;/n / af]wuDo efiffz}nLdf k|:t't ug{' kq;flxTosf/ xl/axfb'/ >]i7sf] ljz]iftf xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf klg sfod 5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7Ldf ;d]l6Psf k|To]s kqx¿n] P]ltxfl;s dlxdf ufPsf] 5 . ktgf]Gd'v k'h “ LjfbL Joj:yfsf ljs[t kIfnfO{ pbfª\uf] kfg{] / sfdbf/ hgtfsf] :ju{ ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfk|lt df]x hufpg] clg ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{] si6;fWo ;ª\3if{df xf]ldg pT;flxt kfg{] Ps dfS;{jfbL lrGtssf] st{Jo klg xf] . xh'/a'afsf lr7Lx¿df sfdbf/ hgtfsf] x'sd' sfod x'g] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] dlxdf ufg ePsf] x'b“ f ljifoj:t'n] dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{ r]tgfnfO{ klg pTyfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . kq;flxTosf] jlu{s/0fdf xh'/a'afsf lr7L M kq;flxTonfO{ tLg j6f ljz]iftf p2]Zo, cfsf/ / ;Daf]wgsf cfwf/df jlu{s/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . To;f] t c¿sf] kq x]g'{ x'Gg eGg] dfGotf klg 5 . To;}n] kq n]vgsf] a]nf g} ;fj{hlgs k|sfzg ug{] jf gug{] p2]Zosf] cfwf/ kq;flxTosf] jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . xh'/a'afsf

lr7L ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu k|sfzg ug{] p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] kq;flxTo xf] . kq;flxTodf s'g} s'g} Pp6} kq g} s[ltut ¿kdf nfdf] / s'g} 5f]6f] cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . xh'/a'afsf lr7L km'6s/ kq;flxTox¿sf] ;ª\sng s[lt xf] . kq;flxTosf] ljz]if u'0f g} s;}nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;flxTo l;h{gf ug{' xf] . ;flxlTos /rgfsf] ¿kdf k|sfzg ug{] p2]Zo g/fvL cfk;L ;DaGwsf] uf]Ko va/sf] nflu n]lvPsf sltko kqx¿ klg sfnfGt/df kq;flxTosf ¿kdf k|sflzt x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] kq;flxTodf jf:tljs ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] / sfNklgs ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] cfwf/df klg kq;flxTosf] jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . xh'/a'afsf lr7L sfNklgs ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] kq;flxTo ju{df kb{5 . lgisif{ M xh'/a'afsf lr7L kq;flxTosf/ xl/axfb'/ >]i7sf] Ps km/s kq;flxlTos s[lt xf] . k|sfzg ug{] p2]Zon] n]lvPsf eP klg o;cl3sf >]i7sf kq;flxTo s[ltx¿ nfdf] cfsf/sf] / Pp6} ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t 5g\ eg] h]nsf lr7Lx¿ k|sfzg ug{] p2]Zo g/flvPsf] s[lt xf] . xh'/a'afsf lr7Lx¿sf] ljifoj:t' ljljwtfo'Qm 5 . ;flxTonfO{ /fhgLlts xltof/sf] dfGg] kq;flxTosf/ xl/axfb'/ >]i7n] xh'a'afsf lr7Ldf klg cfkm\gf] j}rfl/s b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;':ki6 k|sfz kfg{] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . gfkmfsf] lglDt k' h LjfbL sDkgLx¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ xftdf lnP/ k]6«f]nsf] d'No a9fpg], hgtfnfO{ b'Mv lbg], wd{ / hftsf] n8fO“sf aLp 5/]/ o'4 e8\sfpg] clg xltof/ a]r/] gfkmf lng] k'h “ LjfbLx¿, ;fd|fHojfbL b]zk|lt 3[0ff hufpg / b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g] clg ul/a b]zx¿;“u klg xft]dfnf] u/]/ ldqjt ¿kdf cfly{s ljsf; ug{] / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] sfdbf/ ju{ / ;dfhjfbL b]zk|lt ;befj hufpg xh'/a'afsf lr7L ;kmn 5 . ‘x':;'n] 9fs]sf] laxfgL ;"os { f] pbo;“u} kmf6\g5 ] / ;+;f/sf] cufl8 gof“ ljZj k|:t't x'g5 ] . Tof] gof“ ;"on { fO{ Nofpg] k|of; ;dfhjfbn] u5{’ eGg] e/f];f hufpg xh'/a'afsf lr7L ;kmn 5 .

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xfdLn] x]g]{5f}F km}h cxdb km}h xfdLn] x]g5{] f},“ xfdLn] klg lgZro klg xfdLn] klg b]Vg]5f}“ ToxL k|lt1f ul/Psf] lbg n]lvPsf] uGtJo Tof] k':tsdf xfdLn] x]g{] 5f},“ xfdLn] klg .

km}h cxdb km}h kfls:tfgsf slj x'g'x'GYof] . pb'{ efiffdf snd rnfpg] pxf“ dfS;{ j fbL x' g ' x ' G Yof] . pxf“ ;f]leot ;ª\3n] lbg] cTofrf/ / qm"/tfsf] kxf8 ha n]lgg zflGt k'/:sf/af6 pmgh:t} kfgLdf aUbf b]Vg]5f}“ k'/:s[t x'g'ePsf] lyof] . xfd|} v'§fsf] tn, zfl;t xfdL kfls:tfg sDo' l g:6 e" l d km' 6 ] s f] k| l tWjlg d' 6 ' kf6L{sf] g]tT[ jbfoL e"lddf km'6\nfh:tf] /xg' e Psf km} h ‘b zf;sx¿sf] 6fpsfsf] kfls:tfg 6fOD;’ sf cfsfzdfly ;Dkfbs x'g'x'GYof] . d]3sf] uh{g x'b“ fsf] k|ltWjlg kfls:tfgdf ;}lgs zf;s lhof pn xfdLn] b]Vg] 5f},“ xfdLn] x]g5 {] f}“ . xssf] bdgsf/L zf;glj¿4 kfls:tfgL vfnL O{Zj/sf] gfd af“sL /xg]5, hgtfsf] cfGbf] n gsf] 5n / ;Demgf O{Zj/sf] /xg]5, pxL bz{s / ;fIfL klg /xg]5, qmddf n]lvPsf] ‘xfdLn] ‘d ;To x'’“ sf] ho hosf/ x'g5] x]g{] 5f}’“ sljtf lgs} rlr{t sljtf xf] . ;g\ !(*^ df snfsf/ Osan hf] d x'“ / ltdL klg xf} afgf]n] of] sljtfnfO{ ;fª\uLlts k|:t'lt lbPkl5 o;sf] rrf{ cem r'lnof] . clg O{Zj/sf cfkm\g} dflg;n] To;otf blIf0f Pl;ofdf ePsf ljleGg cfGbf]ngx¿df of] sljtfsf] ug]5{ zf;g hf] d x'“ / ltdL xf} rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;8ssf] df]rf{df cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ pmhf{ lbg] of] xfdL x]g5{] f},“ xfdL klg b]Vg]5f}“ ¤ sljtf x/]s kl/jt{gsfdL cfGbf]ngsf] uLt ag]sf] 5 . ef/tdf xfn cg' j fb M lqml:rgf rfn" gful/stf ;+zf]wg P]g -;LPP_ lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf km}hsf] of] sljtfn] lgs} rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . nfdf] Oltxf; / uf}/j af]ss ] f] of] sljtfnfO{ cª\uh]| Laf6 lqml:rgfn] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug'e{ Psf] 5 .

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Pd;L;Llj?4 ;+/f cd]l/sL ;/sf/ nfO{ g]dlskfsf] lj/f]wkq dxfdlxd /fi6«klt 8f]gfN8 6«DkHo", ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sL ;/sf/, jfl;ª6g, ;+oQ ' m /fHo cd]l/sf .

agfpg vf]hs ] f] g]kfnLnfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g] 5}g . ;+;f/sf ljleGg efudf t}gfy ;+/f cd]l/sL ;}Go cv8f g} ljZj zflGtsf] lglDt 7"nf] vt/f xf] eGg]af/] ljZjs} Gofok]d| L hgtf k|:6 5g\ . g]kfnL hgtf o; If]qdf cd]l/sL ;}Go cv8f lgdf{0f xf];\ eGg] kIfdf 5}gg\ . Pd;L;L tyf ;}Go /0fgLltcGtu{tsf] cg'bfgdf n'ss ] f] ;+/f cd]l/sL g]tT[ jsf] ;}Go u7aGwgsf] xfdL :ki6 zAbdf lj/f]w ub{5f}“ . b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf Pjd\ :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug{ xfdL g]kfnL hgtf x/bd ;ª\3if{/t /xg] 5f},“ h'g Oltxf;df nfdf] ;dob]lv ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}“ . xfdL k'gM hf]8sf ;fy eG5f}“ ls g]kfnL hgtf ;fd|fHojfbL cTofrf/, bdg of o'4df xf]Og b]zleq zflGt, Pl;ofdf zflGt tyf ljZj zflGtk|lt b[9 5g\ . Pl;ofdf Wj+z dRrfpg] of o'4 e8\sfpg] cyjf xltof/ Jofkf/dfkm{t ljZj zflGtdf vnn k'¥ofpg] s'g} klg k|:tfj xfd|f] lglDt :jLsfo{ 5}g . /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ;Dk|et' fsf] /Iff, zflGt tyf ;d[l4sf] kIfdf lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{/t g]kfnL hgtfsf] efjgf;“u Pd;L;L ;Demf}tf k6Ss} d]n vf“bg} . g]kfnL hgtf ;x– cl:tTj, cfk;L ;xof]udf ljZjf; ub{5g\ . xfdL To:tf] ldqjt\ ;DaGwsf] kIfdf 5f}“ h'g cfk;L nfe, ;dfgtf / cfk;L ;Ddfgsf] alnof] hudf cfwfl/t xf];\ . t;y{, g]kfn ;/sf/;“usf] Pd;L;L ;Demf}tf vf/]h ug{ / g]kfnsf] ;Dk|eQ' fsf] oyf]lrt ;Ddfg ug{ ;+/f cd]l/sL ;/sf/nfO{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}“ . of] sbd b'j} b]zsf] lglDt lxts/ x'g5 ] . of] a'l4dfgLk"0f{ kfOnfn] dfq nfdf] ;dob]lv sfod /x“b} cfPsf] g]kfn / ;+/f cd]l/sfaLrsf] ;DaGw tyf g]kfnL hgtf / ;+/f cd]l/sL hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg] 5 .

dfk{mt, dxfdlxd /fhb"t, ;+/f cd]l/sL /fhb"tfjf; dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f},“ g]kfn . dxfdlxdHo" , g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf xfdL g]tf–sfo{stf{ tyf ;dfhsf] ljleGg If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ gful/sx¿ /fhwfgL ;x/df cfh ck/fx\g lj/f]w ¥ofnLkZrft\ ;+/f cd]l/sL /fhb"tfjf; cufl8 e]nf ePsf 5f}“ . ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] ;x;|fAbL r'gf}tL kl/of]hgf -Pd;L;L_ / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf o; If]qsf] zflGt / ljsf;cg'sn" gePsf]n] pQm ;Demf}tfsf] lj/f]w Pjd\ eT;{gf ub}{ dxfdlxd cd]l/sL /fi6«klt 8f]gfN8 6«Dksf] gfddf n]lvPsf] lj/f]w–kq dxfdlxd;dIf x:tfGt/0f ug{ xfdL oxf“ e]nf ePsf xf}“ . ljut kf“r dlxgf otfb]lv Pd;L;L ;Demf}tfsf] vf/]hLsf] dfu ub}{ ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] lxGb–k|zfGt /0fgLltlj?4 g]kfnL hgtf lg/Gt/ cfjfh p7fp“b} 5g\ . of] ;Demf}tf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jfy{ljk/Lt 5 . o;n] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf tyf /fli6«o :jtGqtfdfly cf“r k'¥ofpg] 5 . g]kfnL hgtf of] ;Demf}tfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ . g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfn] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf c;+nUgtfsf] gLlt cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] huhfx]/ 5 . ;f/f ljZjnfO{ cjut 5 ls g]kfnn] s'g} klg ;}lgs u7aGwgdf slxNo} ;xeflutf hgfPg / hgfpg] rfxgf;d]t slxNo} b]vfPg . Pd;L;L ;+/f cd]l/sfsf] lxGb–k|zfGt /0fgLltcGtu{tsf] ;}lgs kl/of]hgf klg xf] . g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtf ;t{;lxtsf] ;xfotfdf ljZjf; ub}g{ g\ . s'g} klg cfj/0fdf g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k g]kfnnfO{ :jLsfo{ 5}g . s'g} zlQm /fi6«n] g]kfnL e"ldnfO{ ‘l:k|· af]8’{

g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;zQm cfjfhsf ;fy, k|]d ;'jfn ;lrj, g]dlskf ;b:o, ;ª\3Lo ;+;b\ @)&^÷!!÷!# 64

Your Excellency President Donald Trump The Government of United States of America Washington DC, United States of America.

base. We unequivocally oppose the idea and intention of the US government behind the MCC and the aid of military strategy. Nepalese will ever combat to safeguard its sovereignty and freedom as we have long been doing in the history.

We would like to reiterate that Nepalese people firmly believe in peace; inside the country and in Asia, and in the world rather than imperialist hegemony or war. We can never accept any proposal that would lead to war or disaster in Asia or harm the peace of the world.

The MCC compact is starkly juxtaposed with the sentiment of Nepalese people who have long been struggling for national freedom, safeguarding sovereignty, peace and prosperity. Nepalese believe in co-existence, co-operation and developing friendly relations with all on the strong ground of dignity, equality and mutual benefit.

Therefore, we strongly urge the US government for the immediate withdrawal from the MCC compact with Nepal government and honor the sovereignty of Nepal. It would be a wise step for both that would prove

C\O Your Excellency Ambassador, Embassy of United States of America Maharajgunj, Kathmandu Nepal Excellency, We, the leaders and cadres of Nepal Workers & Peasants' Party (NWPP), and people from different walks of life after the protest rally in the capital city this afternoon, have gathered in front of the US embassy in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu to handover to your Excellency the protest letter written in the name of the president of the US, denouncing the agreement between the US's Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) and Nepal Government. People's struggle demading the termination of the MCC compact and protesting the IndoPacific Strategy of the US have intensified across the country for the last five months.

The agreement is not only against the national interest of Nepal but also harms the sovereignty and national freedom of the country. Nepalese people refuse to accept the compact as Nepal and Nepalese people always adhere to the non-alignment policy in the international sphere.

The entire world knows very well that Nepal has never joined any military alignment and never wishes to join. It's an open secret that MCC is the project under the Indo-Pacific Strategy of the US government. Moreover, Nepalese do not believe in any aids with conditions. Interference in our domestic affairs in any disguise is never welcome. Making our peaceful land a spring board for achieving ulterior purposes by any power is never acceptable. The people of the world are quite aware that the presence of the US military base in different parts of the world is the main source of threat to the world peace and are against any US military

to be harmless in the long term relation between Nepal and the US and between Nepalese and people of the US. With the united voice of the Nepalese People Prem Suwal Secretary, NWPP Member of Federal Parliament 25th February 2020

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