FUTURE THINKING REHOUSING CHENNAI SLUM DWELLERS Ideas towards promoting discussion around possible routes to improve the design of housing developments in Chennai for former slum dwellers. A brief report on strategies that add design value to the currently deployed construction system and development model aimed at improving construction speed. Strategies include working within the significant economic constraints while avoiding disrupting tried-and-tested procedures. This document collates essential briefing material and design ideas gathered during a December 2019 study tour towards such an integrated design approach.
Author: Professor Marcus White and Chen Canhui Swinburne University of Technology School of Design Summary prepared by Awnili Shabnam and Geoff Kimm Smart Cities Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology 25 May 2020
Smart Cities Research Institute
THE COLOUR OF CHENNAI Executive summary This design proposal was the outcome of a 2019 Swinburne Architecture Program travelling studio to Chennai, the capital city of the South Indian state Tamil Nadu. The study tour was led by Professor Marcus White and Canhui Chen, funded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), through the New Colombo Plan (NCP) mobility program. The travelling studio focused on the challenges of slum clearance and relocation in Chennai. Of particular note was the slum residents’ reluctance and, in some cases, outright opposition to relocating away from their slum area to a zone where new social housing was being developed by the local government. Throughout the tour, students attended a series of lectures and workshops offered by various stakeholders and local authorities such as experts at IIT Madras (IITM) and officials from the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board. Furthermore, the students were given the opportunity to visit a number of slum areas in Chennai, as well as in-progress construction sites for relocation housing developments. The travelling studio participants worked on ideas that could promote discussion around possible routes to improve the design of the developments they were studying. The key challenge was to suggest strategies that would avoid disrupting the current construction system and development model employed by the local contractor aimed at improving construction speed and working within the significant economic constraints. The resulting design proposal in this ‘Colour of Chennai’ travelling studio summary has four principal aims: 1. Create a public interface that promotes local communal activities; 2. Enlarge the central courtyard to increase natural cross-ventilation, sunlight penetration and thermal comfort of the space; 3. Create a compact yet flexible interior layout which accommodates the different needs of the incoming occupants; 4. Construct a balcony and facade design that utilised local construction method and embrace cultural richness. Ultimately, the goal is to bring to the development the translocating residents’ sense of community, optimism, social vibrancy and colourfulness that were so much in evidence within the slum area. Design team: Public space: Alexander Favorito, Anthony Nastasi, Louis Ryan, Rohit Nair; Sustainability studies: Amy Nuccio, Eddy Jameler De Leon, Nicole Farnell; Interior design: Brodie Wilkinson, Mark Detiles, Tara Peters, Tirth Nayak; Facade Design: Anes Abdou, Charles Woolley, Ralph Santos, Ryan Mueller. Supervisors: Professor Marcus White, Canhui Chen. Swinburne University of Technology | Smart Cities Research Institute |Future Thinking: Rehousing Chennai Slum Dwellers
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“The slum we visited, although the infrastructure was nonexistent, there was a sense of optimism, social vibrancy and colourfulness.”
Food
service cores, providing limited scope of natural airflow. •
Building forms and facades were aesthetically unappealing, little effort was made to welcome the new residents. Repetitive modular units presented a dull impression.
•
The authority was reluctant to consider the cultural and social background of the relocated slum-dwellers. As a result, the new development was struggling to create a sense of belonging to them.
•
Building performance in terms of sustainability and energy efficiency was unsatisfactory.
analysing new development Project Facts Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board Division 3 Multi-story Residential Block Project 840 E.W.S Gowthamapuram Scheme 3 Blocks (A, B & C)
No of Storeys
14 Storeys + Stilt
No of Tenements
840
Each Block Units
20 x 14 = 280 nos
Plot Area
1.07 Hect. (or) 2.63 Acres
Religion
Distribution of public facilities surrounding the site.
SITE CONTEXT:
No of Building Blocks
Retail
Existing Condition •
A residential complex composed of three building blocks was under construction to relocate local slum-dwellers.
•
The new development was driven purely by construction speed and economic constraints.
•
They were often led by engineers only and had little input from architects, let alone forthcoming local residents.
•
The housing projects were high density, mass concrete developments, that had little access to natural light and ventilation. The central courtyard was almost blocked by
The existing condition of the new development.
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Urban/ Commercial Axis Nature/ Leisure Axis
Proposed site plan & public access.
PUBLIC SPACE:
promoting social and cultural practices
Social & Community Activity •
Spaces to talk & relax
•
Community gardens
Student Team:
Rituals
Anthony Nastasi Alexander Favorito Rohit Nair Louis Ryan
•
Design Objective: The primary objective was to utilise public space and public interface to integrate the site with its surroundings effectively and to foster and promote local activities. The students investigated predominant social and cultural practices of present slum-dwellers to identify key design elements. Spatial design, careful material choices and urban planning strategies were implemented in the design process to create a space that is environmentally and culturally sensitive and reflects community practices.
Pongal
Design Proposal A comprehensive design proposal was developed considering all the aspects of site features, spatial and physical configuration. Two major axes, commercial and leisure, were proposed across the site to facilitate commercial activities and promote community interaction. Major design interventions included green spaces with organic walkways in the ground level, courtyard garden space, an amphitheater, sky bridges connecting two adjacent buildings and provision of a basketball court.
Cultural Context: Sports •
Cricket net
•
Basketball hoops
Arts Amphitheatre •
Dance recitals
•
Local childcare presentation
•
Performances
Ground level public space.
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1
Proposed building form and ground level activity space.
Courtyard amphitheatre.
Sky bridge connecting two adjacent building blocks.
Courtyard garden space.
Indoor Basketball court.
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Daylight analysis of existing development
Opportunity
Obstruction
Daylight analysis of proposed development
Opportunity
Previous Obstruction
Comparative daylight analysis between existing and proposed developments.
SUSTAINABILITY STUDIES: creating liveable spaces Student Team: Amy Nuccio Nicole Farnell Eddy Jameler De Leon
Design Objective:
the building block, creating an unobstructed circulation of air and ensure adequate light in the interior of individual units. Major design considerations included the relocation of stairs and lifts, repositioning of exhaust vents and introduction of the thermal chimney to remove heat efficiently from individual units. The proposed development was analysed using digital simulation tools and the result showed vast improvement in the lighting level of the units.
Existing Interior
Greatly more liveable spaces were created through sustainability studies of the existing slum clearance high rise development. By analysing lighting levels and ventilation, healthier and brighter apartments were designed to lead to happier communities. Spatial configuration and circulation provisions were reconsidered to ensure the physical and psychological wellbeing of the people.
Environmental Simulations:
Proposed Interior
Digital simulation tools were applied to find out interior conditions in terms of lighting and ventilation. Analysis of the existing development revealed many of the units received inadequate lighting levels. Service cores, composed of lifts and stairs were identified as major obstructions while position of vents provided opportunity to re-design.
Design Proposal: A design initiative was taken to open up the central space of
Comparative analysis between existing and proposed interior space.
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Lift relocation.
Stair relocation.
Introduction of the thermal chimney.
Lift Relocation •
The central lift cores were identified as elements impacting lighting levels and view access across units.
•
The Lifts were relocated to the external sides of the building and positioned at opposite corners to maintain equal access for units.
•
The relocation of the lifts allowed adequate daylight in the central space of the building.
Stair Relocation •
The stairwells were identified as elements obstructing daylight and natural airflow inside the building.
•
The stairs were rotated 90 degrees, aligning to the longer facade of the building.
•
The new orientation of stairs increased central lighting and reduced view obstruction while access remained the same for all units.
Thermal Chimney •
The existing ventilation shafts and lighting wells were identified as areas that could be made more efficient with the addition of thermal chimneys.
•
Each of the current units was appointed one shaft which exposed to the external environment.
•
Each shaft was exposed at the rooftop level and unit level, causing heat to be dispersed throughout the building.
•
By enclosing the shafts and including thermal chimneys, heat could be more directly relinquished from the building.
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The Thermal Chimney
Existing Vent/ Chimney Placement
Proposed Vent/ Chimney Placement
“Cool air enters through the exterior windows and doors cooling the building and is sucked up through the vents by a thermal chimney which is externally heated providing a pulling effect. This method allows natural ventilation and cooling with minimal costs.�
Ventilation Diagram
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INTERNAL LAYOUT: capturing the lifestyle of slum-dwellers Student Team: Brodie Wilkinson Tara Peters Tirth Nayak Mark Datiles
Design Objective: The internal layout was redesigned to suit the lifestyle and social practices of the relocated families. The concept was informed by re-evaluating the existing unit plan, identifying key features and issues, proposing possible alternative solutions and most importantly, gaining an understanding of the residents’ way of life to ensure a connection remained between old space & new.
Design proposal: A design proposal was developed for internal layout considering social and functional aspects of the living condition of relocated families. Social aspects included community living, religion, diversity, individualism, sense of identity and comfort. Storage capacity, security, affordability, multi-dwelling provision, and structural stability were considered as key functional aspects in the design process. The existing apartment layout was re-evaluated in terms of spatial quality, functional arrangement and environmental conditions (light and ventilation). The new proposal considered multi-level sleeping arrangements to reduce the size of bedrooms. The living area and kitchen were combined to form a large space with an adjacent balcony. This arrangement allowed adequate light and ventilation inside the common space. Additionally, the quantity of concrete used in construction could be reduced significantly.
Key Design Aspects: Social aspects Community living Religion Diversity Comfort Sense of identity Individualism Functional aspects Security Affordability Multi-dwelling provision Structural stability Storage capacity
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1
Functional arrangement in proposed layout.
Comparative analysis of functional areas in m2.
Comparative analysis of lighting condition.
Kitchen space in proposed layout.
Living spcae in proposed layout.
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Introduction of patterns and colours to the buiding facade.
FACADE DESIGN: Reviving traditional building elements
•
The new design proposal promoted the use of affordable and sustainable materials.
Precedent Study Extrusion
Student Team:
•
Anes Abdou Charles Woolley Ryan Mueller Ralph Santos
Patterns
Design Objective: Traditional building elements and methods were revived through exploring sustainable facade design options. The idea of breeze blocks, conventional brick arches, culturally meaningful patterns, and murals was investigated and applied in design to achieve a living space that is culturally responsive to its dwellers.
•
Extrusion of certain spaces gives the facade a modular appearance, breaking up the monotony of plain surface.
Patterns provide building facades with unique character and identity, emphasising on local trends.
Colour •
Colour improves the facade aesthetic significantly, adding a sense of uniqueness- a practice that is highly appreciated in Indian culture.
Design Proposal: •
More vents were introduced to facilitate passive cooling through cross ventilation.
•
Adequate daylight access was achieved in the interior spaces by applying translucent (mesh) and permeable (breeze blocks) material.
•
Vibrant and cheerful colours were applied in the building facade, aiming to create an exciting living space.
•
Design options emphasised on cultural references, initiating to develop a stronger sense of ownership in the tenants.
Precedent study: application of colour and extrusion in building facade.
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Breeze Block Ideation •
Generalised religious and cultural symbols and shapes were developed to create a set of universal breeze blocks, to represent people from different religious backgrounds.
•
Compressed Earth Blocks were used to ensure regular temperature and efficient energy consumption.
•
Squares and rectangles represent solidity, stability, and physicality.
•
Squares and circles combined often represent heaven and earth or spiritual and material.
•
In reference to religious beliefs, specific colours were applied to the breeze blocks to achieve prosperity in life.
Concept development and design of breeze blocks.
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Proposed building facade vibrant with colour and patterns.
Balcony Facade
Concept development and design of balcony facade.
Mural
Balcony Mesh
Application of mural pattern in building facade.
Introduction of balcony mesh to ensure adequate light and ventilation.
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“Ultimately, the goal is to bring to the development the translocating residents’ sense of community, optimism, social vibrancy and colourfulness that were so much in evidence within the slum area.�
PUBLIC SPACE Anthony Nastasi Alex Favorito Rohit Nair Louis Ryan
This group will look at the public space in and surrounding the site. This will include looking at creating a space enviromentally and culturally senstive, through spatial design, material choices and urban planning.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Precedent Study The New York City High Line
James Corner Field Operations & Diller Scofidio + Renfro Opened 2009 New York, NY 10011, United States SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PRECEDENT STUDY
Precedent Study The New York City High Line • Public Park • Elevated Public Space • Community Centre • Art, Music, Food, Performance, Gardens
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PRECEDENT STUDY
Site Context Religion Retail Food
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SITE CONTEXT
Culture Sporting Culture
Arts
Cricket Nets Amphitheater Basketball Hoop
Dance Recitals
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Social & Community
Spaces to Talk & Relax
Rituals
Pathways for Rituals
Community Garden
Local Childcare Presentations
Performances
Pongal
CULTURE
Original Site
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
ORIGINAL SITE
Proposed Site Plan & Public Access
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Proposed Site Plan
Ground Level Public Space
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT ON PAGE HEADING
Courtyard Garden Space
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
COURTYARD
Courtyard Amphitheater
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
COURTYARD AMPHITHEATER
Sky Bridges
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SKY BRIDGES
Basketball Court
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
BASKETBALL COURT
Materials Eco Mesh
Rammed Earth
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
• Circulation of air into corridors • Allows for light to pass through • Provides extra green space
• Low carbon emissions • Employees unskilled • Locally produced
MATERIALS
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT ON PAGE HEADING
SUSTAINABILITY STUDIES Amy Nuccio Nikki Farnell
This group will look at the sustainability of existing slum clearance high rise development. This will include analysis of the lighting levels and ventilation, with proposals for improvement.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
BRIEF
TAMIL NADU SLUM CLEARANCE BOARD DIVISION 3 MULTI-STORY RESIDENTIAL BLOCK 840 E.W.S GOWTHAMAPURAM SCHEME SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
LOCATION
1 3 14 840 SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
LOCATION BUILDINGS STORIES + STILT TENEMENTS OVERVIEW OF SITE
DARK ENCLOSED CONCRETE UNWELCOMING SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
INTERIOR SPACE
N SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
EXISTING FLOORPLAN
1200
50
Analysis of the existing development reveals many of the units receive inadequate lighting levels
LUX LEVEL
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
EXISTING LUX ANALYSIS
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
EXISTING INTERIOR
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
EXISTING INTERIOR
OBSTRUCTION OPPORTUNITY
N SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
EXISTING FLOORPLAN ANALYSIS
The central lift core and stairwell are identified as elements impacting lighting levels and view access across units
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Lifts are relocated to the external sides of the building
The lifts are positioned at opposite corners to maintain equal access for units
Relocation of the lifts allows for lighting in building’s centre
LIFT RELOCATION
The central stairwells are identified as elements impacting lighting levels and view access across units
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Stairwells are rotated 90 degrees
Access remains the same for all units
Orientation of stairs increases central lighting and reduces view obstruction
STAIR RELOCATION
The current ventilation shafts and lighting wells are identified as areas which can be made more efficient with the addition of thermal chimneys
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Each of the current units is appointed one shaft which is exposed to the external environment
Each shaft is exposed at rooftop level and unit level, causing heat to be dispersed throughout the building
By enclosing the shafts and including the addition of thermal chimneys, heat can be more directly relinquished from the building
THERMAL CHIMNEY
EXISTING VENT/ CHIMNEY PLACEMENT
PROPOSED VENT/ CHIMNEY PLACEMENT
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT PAGE HEADING THERMALON CHIMNEY DESIGN
Cool air enters through the exterior windows and doors cooling the building and is sucked up through the vents by a thermal chimney which is externally heated providing a pulling effect. This method allows natural ventilation and cooling with minimal costs.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT ON PAGE DIAGRAM HEADING VENTILATION
OBSTRUCTION OPPORTUNITY
N SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
EXISTING FLOORPLAN ANALYSIS
PREVIOUS OBSTRUCTION OPPORTUNITY
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PROPOSED FLOORPLAN
1200
50 LUX LEVEL
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Analysis of the existing development reveals many of the units receive inadequate lighting levels EXISTING LUX ANALYSIS
1200
50 LUX LEVEL
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Analysis of the proposed development reveals that the lighting level of the units is vastly improved PROPOSED LUX ANALYSIS
EXISTING INTERIOR
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PROPOSED INTERIOR
INTERIOR LUX COMPARISON
COVER INTERIOR PROPOSAL
Our group was tasked with a redesign of the internal layout. The concept was informed by looking at the exisiting unit plan, identifying key features and issues, proposing possible alternative solutions and most importantly, gaining an understanding of the residents way of life to ensure a connectvity remained between old space & new. SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
OVERVIEW
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SLUM VISIT
Community Livability Connection Religion Diversity Individualism Home Comfort SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SLUM VISIT
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT HOUSING ON DEVELOPMENT PAGE HEADING
Storage Accelerated build Secure Affordable Structurally Sound Robust Multi-Dwelling SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT HOUSING ON DEVELOPMENT PAGE HEADING
Images
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT ON PAGE HEADING
SINK
BALCONY BEDROOM
WC
SHOWER
KITCHEN/LIVIN G 1 2
ENTRY
ENTRY
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SHOWER
KITCHEN
BALCONY
WC
PROPOSED FLOOR PLAN
PROPOSED FLOOR PLAN
Existing Appartment` Existing Appartment
Proposed Appartment` Proposed Appartment
W/C
Duct
Bathroom
Living Room
W/ C Kitchen
Duct Bedroom
Bathroom Balcony
Living Room Multi-use
Kit chen
Bedr oom
Balco ny
Multi-use
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PROPOSED FLOOR PLAN ANALYSIS
Existing Appartment
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Proposed Appartment
PROPOSED FLOOR PLAN ANALYSIS
15 Meter Cube Concrete 15 Meter CubeVolume Concrete Volume Existing appartment
concrete quantity = 15 m³
12 Meter Cube Concrete 12 Meter CubeVolume Concrete Volume Proposed appartment concrete quantity = 12 m³
20% less Concrete 20% lessvolume Concrete volume
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PROPOSED CONTENT FLOOR ON PLAN PAGE ANALYSIS HEADING
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
VENTILATION DIAGRAM
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
VENTILATION DIAGRAM
KEY PLAN H.
B. A.
D. H.
C.
B.
A.
H. E.
F.
D.
G. C. H.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
H.
LEGEND A. ENTRY
E. LIVING / BED
B. SHOWER
F. KITCHEN
C. VENTILATION RISER
G. BALCONY / LAUNDRY
D. WATER CLOSET
H. CORRIDOR
PROPOSED INTERNAL PROGRAMS
VENTILATION DIAGRAM
KEY PLAN
G. F.
E. F.
H.
A.
E. B.
C.
D.
G. H.
H.
LEGEND A. ENTRY
E. LIVING / BED
B. SHOWER
F. KITCHEN
C. VENTILATION RISER
G. BALCONY / LAUNDRY
D. WATER CLOSET
H. CORRIDOR
H.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
PROPOSED INTERNAL PROGRAMS
VENTILATION DIAGRAM
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
RENDERED PERSPECTIVE
APT - 505
APT - 504
APT - 405
APT - 404
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
RENDERED SECTION OF APARTMENTS
THANKS SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
CONTENT ON PAGE HEADING
FACADE
BREEZE BLOCKS
Contents Design Intention Existing Design Proposal Mood Board Precedents Colours Breeze Block Balcony Facade Balcony Mesh Mural Final Design
This group will present sustainable solutions to the possible design issues of the existing facade of the building, of the social housing project.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Existing Design Possible issues with current facade: • Limited ventilation. • Minimised sunlight into building. • Brutal, unapproachable appearance. • No cultural reference. • Neglects the identity of residents. • Poor energy efficiency.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
PAGE 4
Design Proposal Proposed solutions for current issues: • Introduce more vents for passive cooling through cross ventilation. • Allow sunlight in habitable spaces by using translucent (mesh) and permeable (breeze blocks) material. • Introduce vibrant colours through our facade. • Have cultural references behind design choices • Create a space that empowers the tenants to customise their own space. To create a stronger sense of ownership • Use affordable and sustainable materials SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Moodboard
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Precedents Extrusion Extrusion of certain spaces gives the facade a modular appearance. This breaks up the brutally plain facade.
Pattern Patterns provide building facades with character. It gives uniqueness and can be easily applied.
Colour Colour not only serves the facade aesthetic, but also gives the residence a sense of uniqueness through varied colour use, something very important within Indian homes.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Colour f09998
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Mehe Baba Love
Anti-Septic Values Sanctity
19bebf
ff692b
1c6ac4
Sacral Chakra Joy and Happiness
New Beginning Courage and Selflessness
Lord Krishna Immortality
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Breeze Block Ideation Squares and rectangles represent solidity, stability and physicality.
Combined completed designs to create elaborate patterns.
Generalised religious and cultural symbols and shapes to create a set of universal breeze blocks, to accomodate for a variety of religious residents.
Compressed Earth Blocks used for energy efficiency and temperatue regularity.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
Squares and circles combined often represent heaven and earth or spiritual and material.
Specific colours chosen for a positive livelihood of residents.
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Breeze Block Ideation
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Balcony Facade Traditional Roof Tiling in Tamil Nadu
Balcony elevation.
Section of balcony.
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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Balcony Facade
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
PAGE 13
Balcony Mesh
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
PAGE 14
Mural
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
PAGE 15
Final Design
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
PAGE 16
SLUM CLEARANCE PROPOSAL
FACADE AND BREEZE BLOCKS
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