Marija Dobrilovic_Why Trash by SwinArchitecture

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

WHY TRASH? BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS DESIGN THESIS MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247 ARC80003 | DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 : CONTEXT & ISSUES GLOBAL WASTE ISSUES

PERSONAL INVESTIGATION

HYPOTHESIS

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH PRECEDENT RESEARCH & ANALYSIS DIAGRAMS

MATERIAL RESEARCH

CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH

EMBODIED ENERGY INVESTIGATIONS

CONSTRUCTION PRECEDENTS

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS – CONCEPT IDEATION

CONCRETE RESEARCH

MATERIAL PROTOTYPING (DIGITAL + PHYSICAL)

INVESTIGATION RESULTS

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

STRUCUTRAL COLUMNS PRECEDENT

CHPATER 3: PROJECT SCOPE BOROONDARA COUNCIL REASEARCH

BUILDING LOCATION + ANALYSIS

SITE INVESTIGATIONS

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DEISGN CONCEPTS/ITTERATIONS

CHAPTER 5: FINAL OUTCOME FINAL DESIGN CONCEPT

REFERENCES

108

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

CHAPTER 1 CONTEXT + ISSUE

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

GLOBAL WASTE & CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH

“The way we see it, waste is what you call something when you have no idea what to do with it. The fact that waste exists anywhere is more a testament to our lack of imagination than it is to the inherent value of any material”.Gorgolewski, M 2017, Resource salvation: the architecture of reuse, 1st ed., Wiley-Blackwell, Newark In Australia and around the world we are currently facing material shortage and waste issues. With our insane consumption of materials, but lack of regeneration we have created a problem of material scarcity. From preliminary research done, some key factors have been identified as contributors to these issues; • Society’s obsession with the new and the encouragement of disposable culture. • While we are recycling more than ever, oftentimes there is a significant amount of embodied energy in the recycling process. And the materials produced are of lesser value. • There are no systems in place for collecting used materials in order to bring them back into the supply chain. • Products and materials are often designed for a single use. We have many materials circulating through our economy and if materials were reused or re-purposed this scarcity wouldn’t be felt. It’s argued by some that scarcity is a socially and economically constructed condition - for example there is enough food in the world it is just in the wrong place. As a society we need to be finding ways to return products and materials into service - in a way that is not dimmishing their value. “The Circular Economy is one that is restorative and regenerative by design and aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times”. Gorgolewski, M 2017, Resource salvation: the architecture of reuse, 1st ed., Wiley-Blackwell, Newark Today the vast majority of materials used to create the built environment are new and pristine, and our consumer culture leads us to assume that new is best.

In the developed world we can learn from ecological systems and from resource strategies in poorer parts of the world, where materials are more precious and salvaged items are more highly valued. PERMENANCE IN DESIGN In Japanese culture, where architecture was typically created from timber and so easily destroyed by fire and other natural forces, value was embedded in the ideas and not the material reality. In this case it is the style and ideas enshrined in the building that are preserved, although the physical matter is constantly renewed. Whereas, European perminance is often equated with stability, mass and solidity. This alternative view of permanence is represented by the Ise shrine in Japan, which, although originally constructed in the seventh century has been reconstructed in an elaborate ritual approximately every twenty years. This brings into question if this building is 1300 years old or 20 years old? Gorgolewski, M 2017, Resource salvation: the architecture of reuse, 1st ed., Wiley-Blackwell, Newark

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PERSONAL INVESTIGATION STYROFOAM

Following the research on global waste issues and their environmental impact. I encountered a lot of Styrofoam waste packaging in my local environment and was inspired to research the material and find out if there was any potential to create value from something that was entirely worthless and destined for landfill. I quickly discovered that while styrofoam can be recycled it is not meant to go into your household bins, but instead taken to a recycling plant that will accept the material. As this is not commonly known and is an extra step of effort that most people are not taking. Styrofoam is often ending up in our landfills where it’s having harmful impacts on the environment. HYPOTHESIS

(Annual waste data reports | Sustainability Victoria 2021)

- To investigate if we can create Architectural value from Styrofoam Waste - Can we use waste packaging (styrofoam) in construction to reduce the embodied energy of a building and extend the lifepan of styrofoam?

Waste is often overlooked in climate policy agendas. This all changed when China implemented what was effectively a ban on foreign waste imports in 2018, sending shockwaves throughout the global waste exporting industry and shifting waste management to the forefront of global climate debates. (Flowers 2021) It is often underappreciated that transitioning to renewable energy can only address 55% of current global greenhouse gas emissions. The remaining 45% will require a transformation in the volume and method of resource extraction, production and disposal (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2019). In a world with finite resources and a limited capacity for waste absorption, infinite growth in waste generation is incompatible with ecological limits. The global extraction of resources has tripled since 1970, and at current rates is predicted to reach levels far beyond the Earth’s biophysical capacity by 2060. (Flowers 2021)

(Styrofoam Recycling Solutions for Your Business | Rubicon 2019)

(Annual waste data reports | Sustainability Victoria 2021)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: THE PEOPLES PAVILION MATERIAL INVESTIGATION

The temporary People’s Pavilion, the centrepiece of the 2017 Dutch Design Week in Eindhoven, was a bold experiment in sustainability and material reuse that challenged the property industry to re-imagine a circular economy driven future. The peoples Pavilion, Eindhoven was designed by ARUP working closely with Bureau SLA and Overtredes W. With a close to zero carbon footprint, the structure was made from entirely borrowed materials. And no building materials are lost in construction and decommissioning.

creating it. By sorting through plastic waste by colour, a range of different tile colours were manufactured. RETURNING MATERIALS The same way that materials were taken and reuased to create this project, the designs circular approach ensured that the materials from the pavilion could aslo be dismantled and used for other projects. This way of thinking, designing and constructing allowed the materials to retain there value and go back into the construction supply chain.

“A true circular design enables the reuse of the materials at their highest level after functional life.” (People’s Pavillion 2015). This was achieved through the design of easily reversible connections without the need for nails or glue. The pavilion was formed from standard wood beams strapped together with steel strips, which are normally used for palette binding.

ADAPTIVE REUSE & FUTURE PROOFING Through looking at images, its observed that this building is a single story building with incredibly high ceilings. It is not plainly stated in the article why 7m tall columns were used for its conctruction - however, this could be another circular approach prinicple that was consdidered in the design.

BUILDING MATERIALS Other materials used to compose this structure were seven-meter-tall columns made from prefab concrete foundation piles, with steel rods taken and reused from demolished office buildings.

High ceilings may have been used, with the intention that the building can easily be repurposed for other commerical functions due to the flexible and spacious structure. Additionally, it works well for its current purpose as high ceilings allow for better artificial lighting control.

Vibrantly coloured interlocking plastic tiles were created from recylces PET bottles donated by local residence, creating a striking facade and allowing the community to take a part in

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

(People’s Pavillion 2015)

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: THE PEOPLES PAVILION MATERIAL FLOW DIAGRAMS

RAW

STRUCTURAL

CABLE

STRUCTURAL

PEOPLES PAVILION

MATERIAL

TIMBER

JOINING

BEAM

STRUCTURE

SYSTEM

(People’s Pavilion / bureau SLA + Overtreders W 2019)

DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY

USE TIMBER FOR

DECONSTRUCT

ANOTHER PROJECT

FOR MATERIAL

& MAINTAINING MATERIAL VALUE

RUBBISH

COLLECTING

FABRICATE

WASTE

INTO TILE

FACADE MATERIAL

BOTTLES

DISASSEMBLE

CREATING VALUE FROM WASTE MATERIALS

USE FOR A PROJECT

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: THE PEOPLES PAVILION CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

GREEN HOUSE ROOF GREEN HOUSE

PEOPLES PAVILION

BORROWED

ROOFING

DISASSEMBLED

BORROWED MATERIAL/

DISASSEMBLED

USE FOR ANOTHER

FOR MATERIAL

PROJECT

STRUCTURE TO BE RETURNED (People’s Pavilion / bureau SLA + Overtreders W 2019)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PLASTIC TILE FACADE FIXED TO WIRE FENCE

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: THE NEST WE GROW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

{3D}

STRUCTURE CABLE TIED - NO SCREWS USED

{3D} Copy 1

Composite columns with steel plate connection

{3D}

Cut section for timber joints

{3D} Copy 1

TIMBER FRAME SITS ON CONCRETE COLUMNS. TIMBER LENGTHS VARY TO CREATE JOINTS TO SLOT IN OTHER COLUMS. WITHOUT THE NEED TO CUT AND DAMAGE THE WOOD

Rev

Fixed with bolts

Timber connection (repeated at 2100mm intervals)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: THE NEST WE GROW CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

(Gallery of Nest We Grow / Kengo Kuma & Associates + College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley - 1 2020)

5 2100

2100

C D 2100

2100

Grid system with timber repeated timber joints

Load Bearing Composite Columns (as per detail diagram)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: STYROFOAM BUILDINGS MATERIAL INVESTIGATION (yan 2014)

While Styrofoam may be most commonly associated with meat trays and disposable coffee cups, the material is considered by many to be a residential building material. Communities composed entirely of Styrofoam are already a reality in progressively minded Japan. These structures have been approved by Japan’s Land and Japanese “dome homes” made from StyrofoamTransport Ministry, and, with the proper permit, they can be erected anywhere in that country, where they are known as “dome homes.” Prefab home manufacturers use the material to construct easy-to-assemble, igloo-shaped modular kit homes. DOME HOME BENEFITS -Does not rust, decay or attract termites. -Earthquake resistant -Can be treated with a flame retardent (does not emit toxic fumes during a fire) - Quick and easy modular construction. -Great thermal insulation properties (cutting heating/cooling costs) - Potential for modern & conventional construction (does not have to be a dome) CONCERNS/ ISSUES FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION The current process of building with styrofoam involves coating it with cement - to increase strength properties and ensure that the material is protected from abrasion. Looking deeper into the issue and investigating

the material use will require more research on other applications/coatings that are possible for the material. The styrofoam being used in dome homes, is not the same styrofoam that is being used for packing. In order to establish a more circular approach, reasearching if it is possible to build with styrofoam packing offcuts would be the best approach instead of relying on brand new prefabricated styrofoam. Additionally, research will be needed to find out limitations or dangers associated with the material and potential fabrication processes. When exposed to heat and or certain acids, styrofoam breaks down, releasing toxic chemicals - this will be a limitation prototyping and exploring the products potential. (Styrofoam - Missouri Poison Center 2022) (StyrofoamTM Homes 2022)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

(Schneider 2021)

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: STYROFOAM BUILDINGS

(Lanks 2012)

MATERIAL INVESTIGATION

(Dutch Design Week 2011: ‘Schizo Vase’ & Other Products by OOOMS - Core77 2022)

SNARKITECTURE: RICHARD CHAI POP UP STORE Brooklyn-based office snarkitecture has designed a pop-up store in collaboration with american fashion designer richard chai under the high line in new york city. While it looks like a simple black box from the outside, the interior features a topographical wall treatment constructed out of white foam that transforms the temporary space into an urban glacial cavern. (erika 2010) The material is carved by hand using a hot wire cutter. With cuts in the material creating texture and a glacial feel the material is also carved out to create practical spaces for displays (shelves, tables, hang bars). After it’s use the material will be returned to be recycled into rigid foam insulation.

(About Dome House | Japan Dome House 2022)

(erika 2010)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

MATERIAL RESEARCH STYROFOAM MATERIAL LIFECYCLE & PROPERTIES INVESTIGATION

Styrofoam cups are convenient because they are cheap and lightweight. We often use them for take-out containers, disposable coffee cups, coolers, and packing materials, but what do they cost the planet? Styrofoam, or polystyrene, is a public health hazard because it hurts the environment and our health (SBToolkit 2022). (erika 2010)

Expanded polystyrene foam (EPF) is a plastic material that has special properties due to its structure. Composed of individual cells of low density polystyrene, EPF is extraordinarily light and can support many times its own weight in water. Because its cells are not interconnected, heat cannot travel through EPF easily, so it is a great insulator. Making EPF involves a number of steps. First, the polystyrene beads undergo pre-expansion, in which they are expanded to give them the proper density. After aging in a storage silo, the beads are fed into a mold and injected with steam, which expands the beads once again and fuses them together. After cooling, the molded EPF is cut to the proper shape and coated with protective epoxy or point. (How expanded polystyrene foam (epf) is made material, manufacture, making, used, structure, procedure, steps, product 2014)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

STYROFOAM (EPF) PRODUCTION DIAGRAM

MATERIAL RESEARCH: STYROFOAM RECYCLING CURRENT PROCESSES INVESTIGATION

POLYSTYRENE

UNDERGO

AGED IN A

POUR INTO

CUT INTO

PROTECTIVE

BEADS

PRE-EXPANSION

STORAGE SILO

MOULD &

SHAPES

COATING OR

INJECT STEAM

PAINT

Similarly to how many construction products are sent to landfill as soon as a building is demolished. Styrofoam packaging is considered entirely useless as soon as the valuables that it holds have been transported. While some styrofoam can be recycled this material often ends up in our landfills as it is not meant to go in your household bins.

STYROFOAM (EPF) LIFE CYCLE DIAGRAM

The material is incredibly lightweight, strong, a good insulator and it has been used in construction before. It does come with its own set of material challenges. It is a flammable material that releases toxic fumes and there will be the added challenge of using “waste” styrofoam which was not specifically designed for construction. However, I believe and will be further investigating how the material lifespan can be extended and the embodied energy of construction reduced if we take existing waste styrofoam and use it in construction.

PRODUCED FOR

USED ONCE TO

PACKAGING

PACKAGE GOODS

SHIPPED WITH GOODS

DISPOSED

RELEASES

INCORECTLY

TOXINS IN LANDFILL

HAZARDS Styrofoam contains Styrene with leaches into foods and drinks served in Styrofoam containers causing contamination. When the same container is exposed to sunlight, it creates harmful air pollutants that contaminate landfills and deplete the ozone layer. When Styrofoam is being manufactured, the process releases large amounts of ozone into the atmosphere, causing respiratory and environmental issues. (Styrofoam Facts: Why Styrofoam is Bad For the Environment 2021) STATISTICS CITATION (Styrofoam Facts: Why Styrofoam is Bad For the Environment 2021)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PRECEDENT RESEARCH: STYROFOAM CONSTRUCTION

30%

500 +

OF STYROFOAM FILLS LANDFILLS GLOBALLY

YEARS TO FOR STYROFOAM TO DECOMPOSE

MATERIAL INVESTIGATION

HOLEDECK Developed for buildings with large construction spans such as schools and hospitals, Holedeck is a concrete waffle slab system that can accommodate electrical cables, plumbing and ventilation ducts within the floor structure rather than hung below. This prevents the need for suspended ceilings, which are installed to hide these services. (Frearson 2012) Benefits - Reduced floor- ceiling thinckess and services can be run through the slab. - Reduces weight of the slab in non load bearing areas. - Less materials used in consturction

RELEASES TOXIC POLLUTENTS

HEALTH RISKS FOR PEOPLE AND ANIMALS

Could this principle of reduced material in construction be applied with a styrofoam mould made from waste material? SIPS SIPS are a modern alternative to traditional timber framed construction and function as the structural element for walls, roofs, and suspended floors. They consist of two outer layers of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) sandwiched around an Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) core. Combining two layers of the impact resistant and high strength OSB with a thick insulating layer of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), the resultant SIPs are strong, quick to erect and well suited to the residential construction industry. The panels are termite resistant and outperform timber stud and metal framed construction in both acoustic and thermal ratings. (Structural Insulated Panel Systems (SIPS) | WoodSolutions 2022) Is there a way that this could be created using styrofoam waste materials (instead of brand new materials)?

(https://www.facebook.com/ archellocom 2022)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

RESEARCH: EMBODIED ENERGY COMPARING & QUANTIFYING DATA

STYROFOAM DISOLVING Polystyrene is a polymer made up of the monomer styrene. It is a hard, solid plastic used in many appliances. When polystyrene beads contain an expanding agent and are steam heated, they soften and expand up to forty times their original size to form polystyrene foam which is 98% air. The Royal Society of Chemistry explains that when polystyrene foam comes into contact with acetone, it is softened and releases the air and therefore collapses. This means that this is a physical change because there has been no chemical change to the polystyrene. Since it is largely air that is released, there is unlikely to be exposure to toxic gases from this source. The greatest risks in this activity are exposure to the acetone and its flammability. (Acetone and polystyrene foam | ASSIST 2019)

(Home - ACME Panel Structural Insulated Panels - SIPs 2022)

Aproximate external wall embodied energy (calculation is indicative only & requires refinement through checking acurate dimmensions and wall composition)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

RESEARCH: EMBODIED ENERGY

DIGITAL FABRICATION DIAGRAM

COMPARING & QUANTIFYING DATA

Comparing embodied energy of a standard flat slab of concrete 150mm to a styrofoam mold concrete pour. The styrofoam in this instance is used to form part of the framework for the concrete and create voids that will reduce the amount of concrete needed in the slab.

Computer Packaging - taken from office waste

To develop this further additional research will need to be done on concrete thickness standards and investigation of how much concrete can be voided from the structure safely.

EMBODIED ENERGY - 150MM CONCRETE SLAB

Modeling the styrofoam waste component

Duplicating the packaging in 5x5m slab arrangment

Creating 5x5m styrofoam moulded slab for embodied energy for analysis

Voiding the Packaging from the concrete slab

By using packaging styrofoam we are lowering the embodied energy of the concrete as well, as we are not creating a styrofoam product to serve only this purpose. The formwork is made from waste materials. Additional calculations to be done to support this research would be to investigate how much embodied energy is required to produce styrofoam to really quantify this circular approach.

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

RESEARCH: EMBODIED ENERGY CALCULATIONS & COMPARISONS

PERSPECTIVE SECTION - STYROFOAM

EMBODIED ENERGY - STYROFOAM/POLYSTYRENE (150W X 2000L X 3000H)

VOIDED CONCRETE SLAB

50 YEAR SERVICE LIFE - 100 YEAR PERIOD

Packaging used to create a formwork to void areas of concrete

EMBODIED ENERGY - 150MM CONCRETE SLAB (STYROFOAM VOIDED)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

EMBODIED ENERGY - STYROFOAM/POLYSTYRENE (150W X 2000L X 3000H) 1 YEAR SERVICE LIFE - 100 YEAR PERIOD

RESEARCH: EMBODIED ENERGY BUILDING MATERIALS OVERVIEW

Embodied energy values for materials in the following table. The energy amount is expressed in megajoules per kg. These figures may vary based on: -Where & how the material is produced -Manufactured using recycled materials -Percentage of recycled materials used -Transport + Installation For example, materials of high monetary value, such as stainless steel, are almost certain to have been recycled many times, reducing their embodied energy compared with virgin materials. (Embodied energy | YourHome 2017) EMBODIED ENERGY - SIPS PANEL (150W X 2000L X 3000H) 50 YEAR SERVICE LIFE - 100 YEAR PERIOD

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPS & XPS FOAM Two of the most frequently installed types of rigid foam insulation are expanded and extruded polystyrene (EPS and XPS). Both serve the same basic function: providing a means to manage the passage of heat in a building system. (Comparing Polystyrenes: Looking at the differences between EPS and XPS 2016) XPS is manufactured in a continuous extrusion process that produces a closed cell form of foam insulation. EPS, on the other hand, is manufactured by expanding spherical beads in a mold and then using heat and pressure to fuse the beads together. (Comparing Polystyrenes: Looking at the differences between EPS and XPS 2016)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

MATERIAL IDEATION: DESIGN WITH WASTE WASTE STYROFOAM AS INSULATION MATERIAL

Styrofoam Waste Packaging Beads

Pour into wall cavity to create insulation

ISSUES/QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER & RESOLVE • Gravity will make all the styrofoam peanuts sink to the bottom of the wall. • If the plaster of the wall were to be damaged all of the peanuts would spill out of the wall....how can this be prevented? • Can the peanuts be connected/fabricated in a way that they become panels that can be prefabricated for the wall? • Would this require too much energy/how would this be achieved? • Styrofoam is flammable and releases toxic fumes when burnt - how can this be prevented? • Biodegradable Packaging Peanuts & how frequently are they used? • Could our insulation be produced from this biodegradable waste packaging material?

(Embodied energy | YourHome 2017)

Reduced Embodied Energy of overall construction - Insulation did not have to be made

(Biodegradable Packing PeanutsWhat You Need To Know 2020)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS PRECEDENT RESEARCH

(UNIQUE 2018) RECKLI CUSTOM FACADE DESIGNS Reckli creates custom concrete panel facades. The forms are usually originally modeled in plaster or designed using a computer. Image templates and digital drawings are cut using a CNC machine, drilling texture into the boarding. The plaster is sealed with separating wax and given a shell frame. In a similar process, we could use styrofoam waste packaging to create voids and patterns in the concrete. The framework for pouring the concrete would need to be considered and designed in a more flexible way to be adaptable to different sizes of styrofoam waste packaging.

(UNIQUE 2018)

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS PRECEDENT RESEARCH

INSULATED CONCRETE FORMWORK WALL SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTION FORMWORK RESEARCH Formwork means the surface of the form and framing used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is self-supporting. Formwork includes the forms on or within which the concrete is poured and the frames and bracing which provide stability. The design of the final concrete structure can have a major effect on the ease of formwork construction and the health and safety of people during construction. Generally the more basic and simple the final concrete structure, the safer it is to construct, erect and dismantle the formwork. An experienced formwork designer should be consulted during the design of in-situ concrete structures to enable the health and safety risks during formwork construction and dismantling to be considered in the design. (Formwork and falsework - Information sheet | Safe Work Australia 2021) Formwork should should be: - Rigid, watertight, braced, and tied together to maintain position and shape during construction, and - Able to be removed easily and safely without damaging the formed concrete, or have components that remain as part of the finished structure so the rest can be removed without damaging the structure.

(FormPro® Insulated Concrete Formwork (ICF) Wall System 2020)

Formwork drawings should include: - Formwork and Formwork joints - Sealing Procedures - Ties - Size and spacing of framing - Details of proprietary fittings - Bond breakers The formwork designer should determine the vertical pour rates for walls, columns, and other vertical concrete elements before completing the formwork design.

Details of the construction method and erection sequence should be included on the formwork drawings where appropriate. Where special methods like external vibration are involved the formwork design should allow for any resulting additional structural loads. Where formwork is to be re-used, the formwork design should ensure form strength is retained after allowing for the deterioration of materials through use, handling, and storage.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

TRADITIONAL TIMBER AND PLYWOOD FORMWORK Not as reusable as steel. The timber gets damaged. A spin on traditional steel formwork would be the way to go for desiging for dissasembly and reuse.

(Johnston 2017) TRADITIONAL TIMBER AND PLYWOOD FORMWORK Ties can be used to design for dissambly so that the the walls/formwork can be pulled appart.

(Johnston 2017) PLASTIC FORM LINER TO CREATE A RIBBED PATTERN

FLEXIBLE FORMWORK CONCEPT SKETCHES

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

SIP PANEL - CONCEPT SKECTHES

SIP PANEL CONCEPT SKETCHES Exploring different ways/connections to create SIP panels from styrofoam. Avoiding glue and investigating how to create panels that can be dissassembled and reused.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCRETE RESEARCH GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE

BILLION TONES OF CEMENT ARE PRODUCED

2ND

SECOND MOST USED SUBSTANCE ON EARTH

4-8%

OF THE WORLDS C02 EMISSIONS COME FROM

ANUALLY

To further reduce the amount of embodied energy of the building geopolymer concrete will be implemented. Geopolymer concrete reduces the amount of embodied energy by replacing porland cement with fly ash and blast furnace slag (from metal production). Portland cement has a high embodied energy as it requires heat to produce. By replacing this material element with waste materials a more sustainable concrete is produced.

(AFTER WATER)

ADVANTANGES OF GPC - Improved strength and durability - Reduced CO2 emissions - Reusing waste materials - More resistant to fire and corrosion (Parathi, Nagarajan & Pallikkara 2021) Portland cement based concretes (standard concretes) account for five to eight percent of the world’s manmade greenhouse gas emissions, which is quite a significant amount. Using geopolymer concrete in place of standard concretes means that eighty percent less greenhouse gases are produced. (hipages Australia 2018) PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION Concrete is formed when portland cement creates a paste with water that binds with sand and rock to harden. Portland cement is obtained by heating limestone and clay or other silicate mixtures at high temperatures (>1500°C) in a rotating kiln. The resulting clinker, when cooled, is mixed with gypsum and ground to a highly uniform fine powder. (Hotza & Maia 2015) Statistics (Ortiz 2022) (Watts 2019)

x 25

CONCRETE

SINCE 1950, THE WORLDS CEMENT PRODUCTION HAS INCREASED BY x25

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

MATERIAL PROTOTYPING DIGITAL EXPLORATION

Moveable parts system

SIP PANEL CONCEPT SKETCHES Inspired by moveable elements of gym equipment - a sip panel framework was designed to have flexible elements that can move to accomomodate different size/shape styrofoam waste packaging. (Administrator 2022) WALL PERSPECTIVE See connection detail next page.

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC DETAIL

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

MATERIAL PROTOTYPING DIGITAL EXPLORATION

SIP PANEL CONCEPT/ DETAIL DRAWINGS

With the current design, the form ties are not quite working. As there is an airgap/hollow section between the frames that are form tied together. This means that the wall system will have the pull to collapse in on itself. This system will have to be re-developed to resolve this issue.

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

MATERIAL PROTO-TYPING DIGITAL EXPLORATION

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE DETAIL 3 EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE DETAIL 1

As the previous design iteration of SIP panels with styrofoam packaging waste had some issues/challenges, the new iteration was designed to simplify the system. The use of the form ties to hold both sides together was eliminated and a frame was developed. The frames are intended to have a male-female joint system and slot together to create a wall. No glues are used to hold the Styrofoam in place - as glue dissolves the material. But also because the plywood is left untarnished through this design. Internally the system was inspired by gym equipment’s racking systems, so that different-sized packaging elements can be slotted into the wall system.

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE DETAIL 2

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING

MATERIAL PROTOTYPING VOID FORMER - CONCRETE

TEST A PACKAGING CORNER COMPRESSION

TEST B To explore if it was a feasible idea, I experimented with creating a block of concrete and using styrofoam waste packaging as a void former. I discovered that the styrofoam was challenging to cut with saws, as the teeth of the saw tended to rip and tear the material. This made it difficult to cut precisely. I instead ended up using a kitchen knife, with a smooth blade instead of anything with a jagged edge. Also, hotwire cutting was off limits as the material releases toxic fumes. Overall the prototype yielded a successful result, however, this still brought into question if it would be possible to

As materials are treated quite roughly on construction sites and void formers are stepped on/walked over during slab pouring, it was important to test the strength properties of the material to see how it would perform.

PACKAGING SIDE WALL COMPRESSION

A strength test was conducted using Swinburne Protolabs Hydraulic Press Machine, to assess the compressive strength of the material.

replicate it on a larger scale.

TEST C STYROFOAM BLOCK - MATERIAL TESTING COMPRESSION

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10/5/2022 2:45:45 PM

Method description Graph 1

RESULTS

Specimen 1 to 3

The main takeaway from the compression test was that the Geometry of the Styrofoam Packaging performed differently. The corner was the strongest and withstanding 75kg of force before breaking. And the sides of the packaging were weaker and we saw a failure through bending. And test C with just a solid block of the material - didn’t particularly give any significant results as the material just became more and more compressed.

Load [kN]

1.5 1.0

Specimen #

0.5

1 2 3

0.0 0

20 30

Extension [mm]

Graph 2

1.0

30 20

0.5 0.0

10 0 0200 400

Measurement Load [kN] Extension [mm]

0.4

0.3

0.2 0.1 0.0

10 5 0 050 100

Time [s]

Extension [mm]

Specimen 2 Load [kN]

Load [kN]

1.5

Extension [mm]

Specimen 1

Measurement Load [kN] Extension [mm]

Time [s]

Load [kN]

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0 0 240 060 80

Extension [mm]

Specimen 3

Measurement Load [kN] Extension [mm]

Time [s]

Results table 1 Specimen label 1 2 3

Spec1 Corner 1 Spec1 Edge 1 Spec1 Small Block

Thickness [mm] 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000

Width [mm] 10.00000 10.00000 10.00000

Page 1 of 2

However, this did help me to identify that not all packaging would be suitable for use in construction as void formers. But, it helped to narrow down the selection to fruit packaging. As the geometry of the fruit packaging is smaller - this will increase its strength. It is also more solid allowing us to void more concrete with this type of packaging.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCRETE STRUCTURE SPAN WIDTHS / THICKNESS RESEARCH

Looking at concrete systems that utilize a void formers to

WAFFLE SLAB CONCRETE

understand slab thickness requirements and span widths

- The thickness of waffle slab recommended is 85 to 100

to design building structural grid.

mm while the overall depth of slab is limited to 300 to 600 mm.

BUBBLE DECK APPLICATION INFORMATION

- The width of beams or ribs provided in waffle slab are

BubbleDeck precast concrete slabs are suitable for use

generally 110 to 200 mm.

in all building types especially open floor designs such as

- Spacing of ribs recommended is 600 to 1500 mm.

commercial, educational and institutional buildings.

- Reinforced waffle slabs can be constructed for the span up to 16 meters while beyond that length prefabricated

Although the technology can be adjusted to suit almost any

waffle slab is preferable.

floor slab arrangement - most building uses fall into the

(Waffle Slab or Ribbed Slab Construction Procedure and

slab categories shown in the table below.

Advantages - The Constructor 2017)

(BubbleDeck Precast Concrete Slabs - Suitable for all Building Types - Technical Specifications 2022)

Waffle slab concrete can be In-situ, precast or prefabricated.

GEOMETRY PARAMTERS & SPANS

Current life cycle loops see fresh new styrofoam being produced to be used as void formers or as packaging and then being sent straight to landfill after only a single use. FOR STYROFOAM PACKAGING VOID FORMERS - WE WOULD BE LOOKING AT THIS CATAGORY OF SLAB THICKNESS AND SPAN BASED ON THE PACKAGING SIZE.

But if we could alter that life cycle by taking packaging waste and using it in construction, we can extend the lifespan of styrofoam, re-divert it from going straight to landfill, and reduce the embodied energy of the building.

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PRECEDENT RESEARCH STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

Throughout the “Great Workroom,” a series of the thin, white dendriform columns rise to spread out at the top, forming a ceiling, the spaces in between the circles are set with skylights made of Pyrex glass tubing. (Johnson Wax Headquarters by Frank Lloyd Wright (613AR) — Atlas of Places n.d.) The construction of the Johnson Wax building created controversies for the architect. In the Great Workroom, the dendriform columns are 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter at the bottom and 18 feet (550 cm) in diameter at the top, on a wide, round platform that Wright termed the “lily pad.” This difference in diameter between the bottom and top of the column did not accord with building codes at the time; they deemed the pillar’s dimensions too slender at the base to support the weight. (Johnson Wax Headquarters by Frank Lloyd Wright (613AR) — Atlas of Places n.d.)

(Lloyd 2022)

Building inspectors required that a test column be built and loaded with twelve tons of material. The test column, once it was built, was not only tough enough to support the requested weight but Wright insisted that it be loaded with fivefold the weight. (Johnson Wax Headquarters by Frank Lloyd Wright (613AR) — Atlas of Places n.d.)

(Lloyd 2022)

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CHAPTER 3 PROJECT SCOPE

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

SITE ANALYSIS: BOROONDARA COUNCIL PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

Site Analysis Overlays Planning Zone: - Public Use Zone - Education (PUZ2) Planning Overlay: - Design & Development Overlay (DDO) - Design and Development Overlay - Schedule 15 (DD015) Property is not located in a bushfire prone area, and there are no herritage/environemntal overlays on the property. Looking at the Bundoora Planning Scheme to anticipate the needs of existing and future communities in the area. A number of important planning factors have been identified that I believe can be addressed through exploration of design using waste materials. Bundoora council aims to plan for future development with; - Economic viability -High standards of environmental sustainability -Prevention of land, water, air and noise pollution - Waste minimisation and resource recovery The following Maps identify key feature and zoning/ planning of the site ( and the broadeder council of Bundoora). Burwood Road has been identified as a commercial corridor with Glenferrrie station as a high traffic activity centre. The environmental open space framework planning scheme has identified a future biodiversity corridor that will run through our site. With the design focus being to build with waste materials the aim will be to significantly reduce the environmental impact of our building. Being considerate of pollution, embodied energy, refurbushing and reusing. An overall, circular approach to design will tie in with the desired plannning schemes of Bundoora Council.

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BOROONDARA ACTIVITY CENTRE NETWORK FRAMEWORK PLAN

BOROONDARA COUNCIL STRATEGIC

(@planninginformationservicesvicgov/planning-schemes-portal 2022)

FRAMEWORK PLAN

(@planninginformationservicesvicgov/planning-schemes-portal 2022)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPEN SPACE FRAMEWORK PLAN

02.04-5 26/05/2022 C354boro

BOROONDARA PLANNING SCHEME

Environment and open space framework plan

BOROONDARA COUNCIL PRECINCT/ ZONING

(@planninginformationservicesvicgov/planning-schemes-portal 2022)

PLAN - ACTIVITY STRUCTURE PLAN

(@planninginformationservicesvicgov/planning-schemes-portal 2022)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

SITE ANALYSIS - BUILDING CONDITION BOROONDARA COUNCIL PROPERTY HEIGHTS MAP/SIGNIFICANT SIGHTS

BUILDING EXTERIOR - BRICK / CFC / GLAZING

(@planninginformationservicesvicgov/planning-schemes-portal 2022)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

BUILDING INTERIOR

1. Existing Building Site (Swinburne SR) 2. Current building does not consider access to traffic from Glenferrie station 3. The building does not egage with pedestrian movement and campus activities. 4. Being a small 2-storey building surrounded by other much taller buildings, the SR is often overlooked.

When we were given this brief we found that - no one knew what or where the SR building was…. Which is odd because it’s at the very heart of Swinburne.

MARIJA DOBRILOVIC 101093247

This location has a buzz of activity throughout the year with events running outside. The new design proposal needs to consider how to engage the community and also provide shelter for these events.

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCEPTUAL MASSING: INNOVATION HUB DESIGN PROCESS

CHAPTER 4

MODEL 1.1

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Some rough massing was done to generate ideas to resolve current issues with the building. Taking into consideration pedestrian access from key pathways and Glenferrie station - as well as the potential for active frontages to the building.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCEPTUAL MASSING: INNOVATION HUB DESIGN PROCESS MODEL 2

MODEL 1.2

Similarly extruding the approximate existing building area and cutting away to create community spaces. And extruding to create prominence in the building form along key pedestrian areas.

In this iteration, we have cut away a significant amount of the building to create a pedestrian flow between two key entry points (from the campus courtyards and Glenferrie station footpath). A downside of this form is that this would require significant demolition of what is existing and drive up the embodied energy.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCEPTUAL MASSING: INNOVATION HUB DESIGN PROCESS

MODEL 3

MODEL 3.1

In this massing form, we are extruding a wing and creating an access point for pedestrians to walk through the building. By encouraging this movement through the building we establish a greater student connection to the site which was previously lacking.

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CONCEPT MASSING

PROGRAMS SKETCHES

CHOSEN MASS MODEL

GROUND FLOOR I decided to proceed with developing massing iteration 3 as I believe that it has the potential to resolve current issues with the SR building. Making it more recognisable and connected with the campus community. And with further exploration of the form, we can assess and aim to keep a significant amount of the existing building.

MASSING DEVELOPMENT

Developed further through program connection diagrams the massing and the floor plan of the building were developed. (See next page for program diagrams) Following the initial planning principles of extruding volumes for active frontages along key pedestrian areas. Considering connectivity and movement. Light to the building and community spaces.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PROGRAMS SKETCHES

PROPOSED FLOOR PLANS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

PROGRAMMING + EXISTING & PROPOSED

LEVEL 1 FLOOR PLAN

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

PERSPECTIVE VIEWS CALCULATIONS REVISED

CLIPPING PLANE ANIMATION

EMBODIED ENERGY

STANDARD CONCRETE EMBODIED ENERGY

LEGEND

(1000 x 300 x 1000mm)

EXISTING TO RETAIN PROPOSED WORKS

CONCRETE STYROFOAM VOIDED (1000 x 300 x 1000mm)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CALCULATIONS REVISED

EMBODIED ENERGY

DIAGRAMMING RESULTS

STANDARD SIPS PANEL (1000 x 150 x 3000mm)

STANDARD STYROFOAM (1000 x 150 x 3000mm)

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

This concept was designed to look like packaging boxes discarded. The abstract heap creates an interesting form to work with however while developing further I found that internally the forms were quite challenging to work with and created a lot of spaces that were not particularly useable.

Further developing the massing basded on site analysis research and refining issues found with previous massing models.

3 2

1. Landscape area 2. Facade not interactive - will encourage pedestrians to keep walking past it + creates a narrow corridor effect 3. Views from the gallery 4. Awakard and unuasable space

2 3

1. Views from the gallery 2. Facade does not make use of views and northern sunlight. 3. Awkard geometry creates unusable space

1. Taking original building footprint. 2. Extrude up by a level to accommodate the increase in programs. 3. Extend the building to allow for better pedestrian activation and building presence. 4. Lift up the form to allow for undercover communal space below. 5. Windows to key activity and view areas. 6. Developing landscaped community areas

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

2 4 1 7

Internally we can keep a significant amount of the existing structure with the simple addition of bifold doors that will allow the space to be transformed.

Previously the SR building was quite a traditional and inflexible learning environment. However, for this building to stand the test of time, flexible arrangments are required to evolve with learning and teaching pedagogy.

1. Undercover community program space 2. Structural columns 3. Concrete facade using styrofoam packaging void former 4. Community stairs to be landscaped 5. Space-intensive programs on the upper level where new development works take place.

(lower levels that are being refurbished have a limited ceiling height - hence why the space-intensive programs were placed on the upper level) 6. Styrofoam packaging used as slab void former 7. Undercover access to the building

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

2 1

The undercover area was lifted up to begin exploring different forms and to create a more open and inviting space. this had the added benefit of creating another landscape seating area on top. Sketching up a concept to allow for a ramp in the staircase and access to the upper levels from this area.

1. Gallery space - encouraging community access to upper levels of the building. 2. Following compression test research the type of packaging used for void formers was changed.

3. Styrofoam voided slab design continues internally. 4. further development of landscape staircase 5. Building name/campus wayfinding

The staircase and ramp are to ‘spill out’ and be more engaging to people walking past along a key pedestrian pathway. More columns will be added in the public space to encourage people to linger and experience the building through the creation of obstacles.

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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

1. Exploring different aperture and pattern between open and indented forms in the facade 2. landscape community staircase design. 3. Curved and elevated overhang 4. Increase in columns

3 1

2 4

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

CHAPTER 5 FINAL OUTCOME

My project, ‘Why Trash?’ explores if we can create

To begin addressing this issue, my project ‘Why

architectural value from styrofoam waste packaging.

Trash?’ proposes taking a single-use, and mass-

While simultaneously reducing the embodied

produced product - styrofoam waste packaging and

energy of a building and reducing the use of valuable

rediverting it from landfills to create architectural

construction materials.

value.

In Australia and around the world we are facing material shortages and waste issues. With our insane consumption of materials, lack of regeneration, and obsession with all things ‘new’, we have created a problem of material scarcity.

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BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

GROUND FLOOR - EXISTING + NEW

LEVEL 1 - EXISTING + NEW

Similarly to how materials are often discarded after a single use. Buildings are often discarded when they are no longer desired.

LEGEND

For our brief, the Swinburne SR building is no longer fit for use and we will be transforming it into a new innovation Hub for Swinburne. With all these considerations for how to reduce embodied energy in construction - the project is being approached as a refurbishment and extension to try and keep as much of the existing structure as possible.

EXISTING TO RETAIN PROPOSED WORKS

101

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LEGEND EXISTING WALLS TO REMAIN PROPOSED WALLS EXISTING AREAS TO REMAIN

EXSISTING GEORGE BUILDING TO REMAIN Rev

Des

OUTDOOR COMMUNITY SPACE

CLASSROOM

COMPUTER LAB OFFICE

LIFT

CODE

SUITABIL

STATUS

PURPOSE

SMALL MEETING

SERVICES

STUDY SPACE

www.auto OPEN OFFICE

PROJECT

FLEX DISCOVERY

LECTURE

Proje

LIFT

TITLE

TOILETS

LE CLIENT

N 0

1000

2500

5000

DRAWN BY

SCALE: 1:100 @A1

Author

CHEC

Chec

SCALE (@ A1)

As indicated

LEGEND

DRAWING NUMBER

LEGEND

EXISTING WALLS TO REMAIN

A011

EXISTING WALLS TO REMAIN

PROPOSED WALLS

EXISTING AREAS TO REMAIN

ROOFTOP COMMUNITY SPACE

Rev

Description

Date

Rev EXSISTING GEORGE BUILDING TO REMAIN

GEORGE BUILDING AIRLOCK

CAFE KIOSK

Description

LECTURE

UP TO LEVEL 1

CONFERENCE

OFFICE

MEETING

STORE LIFT LIFT BREAKOUT

STUDENT HUB/COMMUNITY

PRE-FUNCTION THROUGH TO GEORGE BUILDING

OFFICE

CODE

SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION

STATUS

PURPOSE OF ISSUE

BREAKOUT

SERVICES

COMMS/SERVER

ACC W/C

CODE

SUITABILITY DESCRIP

STATUS

PURPOSE OF ISSUE

OFFICE

WOMENS TOILET ACC CHANGE ROOM

CO-WORKING

www.autodesk.com/revit LIFT

STORE

AIRLOCK

CLASSROOM

MAKERSPACE/ DISCOVERY WORKSHOP

GALLERY

www.autodesk.com PROJECT

Project Name

MENS TOILETS STORE/CLNR

LECTURE

PROJECT

CO-WORKING

Project Na

LIFT

STORE STORE

TITLE

GROUND FLOOR 0

1000

2500

5000

CLIENT

Owner

SCALE: 1:100 @A1

DRAWN BY

To support the new extension to the building. Concrete slabs have been created using styrofoam waste packaging as void formers, with columns that become an architectural feature in the public space.

Author

A commercial aspect was added to the building - in the A010 form of a cafe to encourage activity outside of events. To retain as much of the existing structure as possible bifold doors were installed to create flexibility in the space and allow for different learning /working arrangements for years to come.

LEVEL 2 N

CHECKED BY

Checker

SCALE (@ A1)

As indicated

DRAWING NUMBER

1000

2500

5000

CLIENT

Owner

SCALE: 1:100 @A1

DATE

01/23/07

PROJECT NUMBER

Project Number

1/11/2022 10:15:29 PM

To create a community-driven project and break away from institutionalised design. There is an elevator accessible from the landscaped staircase and ramp to the build-

REV

DRAWN BY

Author

ing. Which encourages people to explore the building. And creates community engagement spaces throughout the A012 whole building.

CHECKED BY

Checker

SCALE (@ A1)

As indicated

DRAWING NUMBER

PROJE

Project

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105

GEORGE BUILDING

1 2 5

1000

2500

5000

Description

Date

SCALE: 1:100 @A1

Rev

North 1 : 100

CODE

SUITABILITY DESCRIPTION

STATUS

PURPOSE OF ISSUE

www.autodesk.com/revit PROJECT

Project Name TITLE

ELEVATION CLIENT

Author

CHECKED BY

Checker

SCALE (@ A1)

1 : 100

DRAWING NUMBER

200

500

1000

A013

DATE

10/16/2022

PROJECT NUMBER

Project Number

REV

LEGEND

2/11/2022 11:09:35 PM

DRAWN BY

Owner

SCALE: 1:20 @A1

200

500

1000

1. STYROFOAM VOIDED 2. CONCRETE COLUMN 3. SIP PANEL 4. STYROFOAM WASTE PACKAGING 5. INSULATION 6.TEXTURED CONCRETE FACADE 7. MARMOLEUM FLOOR FINISH

SCALE: 1:20 @A1

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL 1 : 20

The void form and column construction is continued through the northern side of the building, where all the building extensions and additions have taken place. Continuing the style through the front facade.

This white concrete style ties into buildings like the AMDC and ATC. While also adding the twist of innovation with construction systems, paving the way for Swinburne to achieve its sustainability goals over the next few years.

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL Copy 1 2 A similar only does styrofoam have insulation properties - but it 1 : 20design language has been used internally with the structural columns and styrofoam void forms. And the SIP panels (made from styrofoam waste packaging) are used in spaces such as the gallery, as not

also provides more acoustic comfort to areas where loud programs and high traffic takes place.

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To conclude, with a bit of imagination, a lot of research, and stumbling upon a mountain of styrofoam waste packaging, we can create architectural value from a material that would have just gone straight to landfill.

The idea behind this concept is that people experience and encounter the architecture and construction systems before entering the building. And through the use of these columns, we create obstacles

in the public space which encourage people to dwell, linger and experience the building before choosing whether to enter.

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REFERENCES

BUILDING WITH WASTE MATERIALS | THESIS

Acetone and polystyrene foam | ASSIST 2019, Asta.edu.au, viewed 18 August 2022, <https://assist.asta.edu.au/question/4466/acetone-and-polystyrene-foam>. About Dome House | Japan Dome House 2022, I-domehouse.com, viewed 14 August 2022, <https://www.i-domehouse.com/about_dome_house/>. Annual waste data reports | Sustainability Victoria 2021, Sustainability Victoria, viewed 15 September 2022, <https:// www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/research-data-and-insights/ waste-data/annual-waste-data-reports#:~:text=2.37%20 million%20tonnes%20of%20waste,per%20cent%20 from%202018%E2%80%9319.>. Administrator 2022, Reeplex Commercial Power Cage, Dynamofitness.com.au, viewed 29 September 2022, <https:// dynamofitness.com.au/apl1101b-reeplex-commercial-power-cage?gclid=CjwKCAjw4c-ZBhAEEiwAZ105RfyWUW0mC4Z_eQHP257QAkKAytgXL6p_rjEZKPEVca0jzjkLJl99VRoCE3gQAvD_BwE>. BubbleDeck Precast Concrete Slabs - Suitable for all Building Types - Technical Specifications 2022, Bubbledeck.com. au, viewed 2 October 2022, <https://www.bubbledeck.com. au/specifications>. Biodegradable Packing Peanuts- What You Need To Know 2020, Pela Case, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://pelacase. com/blogs/news/biodegradable-packing-peanuts>. Comparing Polystyrenes: Looking at the differences between EPS and XPS 2016, Construction Specifier, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.constructionspecifier.com/ comparing-polystyrenes-looking-at-the-differences-between-eps-and-xps/>. Drawing New York City Illustration Cityscape Sketch cityscape png download - 1200*1200 - Free Transparent Drawing png Download. - Clip Art Library 2016, Clipart-library.com, viewed 8 September 2022, <http://clipart-library. com/clip-art/new-york-city-skyline-silhouette-sketch-4. htm>. Dutch Design Week 2011: ‘Schizo Vase’ & Other Products by OOOMS - Core77 2022, Core77, viewed 15 September 2022, <https://www.core77.com/posts/21290/Dutch-Design-Week2011-Schizo-Vase-n-Other-Products-by-OOOMS>. Embodied energy | YourHome 2017, Yourhome.gov.au, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.yourhome.gov.au/ materials/embodied-energy>.

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