Elsa Bourdon_Slow Fashion

THESIS: WASTE NOT, WANT NOT PROJECT: SLOW Fashion

BY ELSA BOURDON STUDENT NUMBER: 103146237 STUDIO CO-ORDINATORS: CANHUI CHEN & PETAR PETROV SEMESTER 2, 2022 SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR My names Elsa Bourdon and I’m a 28 year old Master of Architecture soon to be graduate. I also hold a Cert IV in Residential Drafting, a Diploma of Building Design and a Bachelor of Integrated Design (majoring in Architecture) from the University of Western Australia.

I am passionate about circularity principles, model making, computer design, & Japanese architecture.

I have previously worked at a drafting company in France but currently looking for work within the architecture field in Melbourne. I started studying architecture as I had a passion for understanding how construction works & drawing skills and believe that those are both important to a successful architect. I have also been honoured to receive two letters from the Dean of Swinburne University of Technology for my results throughout the Masters program.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH

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CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL AND LOCAL WASTE RESEARCH GLOBAL AND LOCAL WASTE RESEARCH LOCAL MELBOURNW WASTE STATISTICS

10 - 13 14 - 15

CHAPTER 3: PRECEDENT AND MATERIAL RESEARCH PRECEDENT AND MATERIAL RESEARCH 16 - 25 LINEAR AND CIRCULAR MODELS 26 - 27 PRECEDENTS 28 - 31 CHAPTER 4: SITE RESEARCH SITE RESEARCH 32 - 37 SITE ARTWORK 38 - 39 SURROUNDING AREAS 40 - 41 MAPPING 42 - 43 SOLAR STUDY 44 - 45 ABOUT MELBOURNE HOUSE 46 - 47 CHAPTER 5: MID SEMESTER REVIEW INITIAL CONCEPT 48 - 51 UPCYCLING/RE-USE 52 - 53 MASSING ITERATIONS 54 - 55 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 56 - 57 PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP 58 - 59 PROGRAMMING 60 - 61 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 62 - 63 CHAPTER 6: CONTINUED RESEARCH & SITE STRUCTURAL DEMOLITION 64 - 67 FABRIC WALL DETAIL 68 - 71 MODEL MAKING 72 - 77 CHAPTER 7: FINAL CONCEPT THE CONCEPT 78 - 87 PROGRAM 88 - 89 FLOOR PLANS/SECTION/RENDERS 90 - 113 FLEXIBLE FLOORING & MODEL MAKING 114 - 121 REFERENCES 122 - 125

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CHAPTER 1 circular economy research

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CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH

The Re-Use Atlas by Duncan Baker-Brown The concept of waste in the built environment is something that we imagine has been existing in our society for generations, but in actuality it is thought that the concept was created in 1861 in the UK where resources were so wealthy and easy to find that they could make new materials without being worried about the waste and impact of the final product.

Another important factor to consider in the governments stand on climate change and waste is their own economic interests and the security of their own resources, which is one of the main reasons for their not being much progress in the legislation and laws created for climate change. For this reason the concept of cradle to cradle design is beneficial to the everyone as not only does it allow for opportunities of creativity to test out new materials but in doing so also allows for the planet to re-heal by not using more of it’s limited resources.

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An example of one of Duncan Baker-Brown’s first cradle to cradle designs with an a+ green

(Baker-Brown, 2017)

then insulated with a cellulose insulation created with waste paper. The house is completed with an entirely solar tiled roof and a rain water harvester to supply the home with electricity and water.

(Baker-Brown, 2017)

certification was for Grand Design’s Live, named the house that Kevin built. The project was built in 6 days and had many different systems to consider the impact of the building for it’s entire life span. The house has 2 constructions systems, the first is Mod-cell which are prefabricated panels made of timber and infilled with straw or limecrete, which has great thermal resistance and mass. The second system is Facit, a system constructed with 12mm ply sheet which is then laser cut in a way to ensure the least amount of wastage will happen, and are

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Within the Re-use Atlas, Baker-Brown highlights that there are 4 steps to a circular economy: recycling waste, re-using waste, reducing the amount of material used and lastly the circular economy. The last option in the list is bury and burn, and Recycling waste into a new material is the first step, whilst it is a step forward, the amount of energy needed to convert the old material into a new one usually involves processes which don’t allow for the waste product to be re-purposed later and must be disposed of at the end. During this process though, the waste product is considered a valuable resource and lessens the amount of that waste product being found in landfill for

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a period of time.

A case study given by the book is waste products being converted into building materials with different techniques and materials. The most popular building materials made out of waste is insulation as the only important factor is the performance of the product, and insulation can be made from waste cotton or wool, hemp, denim, flax or recycled newspaper.

Whilst insulation is important, a lot of research is going into the skin of the building and finding a way to replace traditional construction methods. An example of this is Newspaper wood which was created in Norway, where newspaper is rolled up into a tube and glued together with a solvent free glue to create a material which resembles a timber log. Another example is Ecovative, a company which creates organic materials, one of which is the myco board which is a replacement for engineered wood and made from mycelium which are mushroom roots and agricultural waste, removing any toxic chemicals in a process which would usually use toxic glues and formaldehyde.

Re-using waste is the next level of recycling, by re-using organic or man-made materials and not having to go many energy consuming processes to get them back to

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a usable state, unlike recycling.

Another important factor is that by reusing waste, design for disassembly is an easier consideration for the final design effectively making it a circular process. An example of a successful recycling project is Hub 67 by Lyn Architects, which was a temporary community center created from the materials which were collected in shipping containers after the London Olympics in 2012. The entire project was completed from the remains of the food kiosks, various events, food vending machines and a bank and was completed in 12 weeks.

(HUB 67 / LYN Atelier 2015) (Hy-Fi, 2014)

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The third step of circularity is reducing the amount of building material so that materials which are potentially not made from recycled or re-purposed materials but because of the limited materials and the considerations of standardized sizing to stop material wastage.

Oslo Urban Mountain by Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects uses both re-use and reduce concepts for the existing office tower. The project brief needed two extra towers and 29,000m2 more, but mainly to improve the building performance to go an outstanding BREEAM certification. 90% of the existing building material was taken out of the building and 80% of that is reused, for the glazing, 50% of the glass from the old building

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(Frearson 2011) was reused in the project and the other 50% of the glass was converted into foamglas insulation for the new project. Whilst the reuse and recycling of the material is crucial, the main reducing factor of building materials was significant for both the cost to the client but also the embodied energy and emissions created by various building materials Lastly, the most important step is a circular economy, which are projects which are created with zero waste during its entire life cycle, from the creation of it to the use or reuse of the product. Hy-Fi organic compostable tower by the Living is an organic installation located at MoMa PS1 in Long Island, New York.

The tower was constructed with 10,000 bricks grown from a combination of chopped up corn stalks and mushroom mycelium.

These bricks were tested to last in an outdoor testing and didn’t change their impressive structural strength and water resistance. The main benefit of these bricks is that they are grown in 3 days and do not require any heat to be cured compared to bricks, so the entire process is circular.

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(Myco Board - MaterialDistrict 2021) (SHL – Urban Mountain 2013)

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CHAPTER 2 global and local waste research

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GLOBAL AND LOCAL WASTE RESEARCH

Globally, there are 107 billion units of apparel and 14.5 billion pairs of shoes purchased in a year, and since the pandemic those figures have nearly doubled. The interest in fashion has also greatly increased with a 60% increase in purchases by consumers by 2010, but the average person only wears 40% of their clothes. The textile industry worlfwide is responsible for 10% of the worlds carbon emissions per year.

(Wintermeier 2022)

Textile waste scheme at High Point shopping centre (Wintermeier 2022)

Compared to the rest of the world, Australia is the second largest consumer of clothing, with an average of 57 new items a year (more than one a week). On top of this each Australian throws around 23 kilos of clothing into landfill, and with the 800 thousand tonnes of textiles thrown out by year, only 15% go to second hand stores and 7% are recycled.

The picture to the right was one of the 10 items of clothing found in the CBD in a 10 minute period.

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local melbourne waste statistics

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CHAPTER 3 precedent & material research

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PRECEDENT AND MATERIAL RESEARCH (HUB 67 / LYN Atelier 2015) The Circle House project by 3XM consists of 60 public housing units in Lisbjerg, Denmark. The main focus of this project is the circularity within the design, and consider how the traditional business models can be renewed and create legislation to support behind it.

The project itself has anaylsed the distribution chains, business cases and models and framework conditions. The most interesting part is that the building supplies are that they are heavily advertised by each distributor.

The first house which was built using their construction method is in Copenhagen, and showcases the materials, building layers and all the products which would be used. The space is now used as a meeting space for 3XM to show different companies the endless possibilities of their products.

The three main materials that are used in visible portions of the project are expanded cork boards, shingles from upcycled plastic waste and tile and wood shingles which were reused and burnt to make them stronger.

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(HUB 67 / LYN Atelier 2015)

Expanded cork boards, by Amorim Isolamentos. Shingles from upcycled plastic waste, by Bureau SLA and Overtreders W. Tile and wood shingles, burned for natural impregnation by Komponent 103146237

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Each piece slots into each other and are joined with mechanical joints. The pieces can be easily joined together and because of this make for a flexible and adaptable space with endless possibilities

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reconsidered design

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CONSTRUCTION & RE-USE

Stuff - Changeable floors finishes, carpet made from abandoned fishing nets and have a buy back plan, furniture created to be disassembled and reassembled to extend life-cycle, textiles can be converted to building insulation, furniture also made from recycled products

Space - Walls and construction are flexible so internal layout can change, kitchens are built as modules so you can swap them with your neighbor, paint usedfloor is Stuff - c hangeable finishes, text lime based so it’s non toxic for users, ceilings are also c onverted tocan insulation flexible and made from PET plastic, floor be sold back to manufacturer

Spac e - walls and c onstruc tion are fle

Services - windows are easily recyclable and can be replaced or changed easily, easy floor replacement, es and - windows services such as air ductsServic are visible therefore c an be pulled ap easy to repair or replace as needed, rec yc led heating can be leased to reduce the time where heating does not need to be used.

Skin - eac h c omponent c an be remo Skin - each component of replac the skined can be removed easily and has a material passport for future use and reuse, roof membrane made from recycled bitumen and Struc ture - only mec hanic al mixed with olivine to neutralize atmospheric CO2, walls c onnec tions are used. are created with rock wool,remove made from re-purposed bathroom fittings, copper used in walls for plumbing can be recycled, old ventilation ducts are used for facade details, all exterior skin can be changed easily Structure - mechanical connections used everywhere, concrete has been recycled, all sealing made from metal, binding materials are made with lime which is easy to remove, screw piles used to not affect ground floor plane and easy to move house.

(HUB 67 / LYN Atelier 2015)

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or e

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ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES

linear and circular models

The current model used in the building industry is the linear model which requires a biological and/or technical input, to manufacturing, to after it’s been used goes to landfill.

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Tec hnic al Input

Biologic al Input

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Circular economy aims to stop any more materials from going to landfill but reusing both technical and biological inputs in a circular fashion.

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PRECEDENT

PRECEDENT

An example of using textiles, whilst this example is virgin textiles is the Versatile Hanbok Creates Space

by Farming Architecture located in Seoul, South Korea.

Another example is the Albury Summer pavilion by Rafello rossilli, in Albury NSW. Built in 2021, the outer skin was re-purposed plastic found in the tip and created a plastic skin.

It was constructed in 2015, and is an exhibition space to showcase the Hanbok a South Korean garment. Fabric was used as a skin for walls to allow for light in the building, whilst also having the possibility of moving the walls for flexibility and adaptability in the future life of the building.

The insulation was clothing and accessories also found at a tip which were hung and compressed into the frame.

(Power 2021) (Versatile Hanbok Creates Space / Farming Architecture 2017)

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PRECEDENT

FabBrick was created by French architect Clarisse Merlet. She felt concerned about the effects of pollution caused by not only the building industry but also the textile industry which is one of the biggest contributors to CO2 emissions in an industry worldwide.

The bricks are created by compressing the shredded textiles in a mould, then the shreds are mixed with a binder (in most cases a glue). The final product is then cured and sent to the client.

The best part of the bricks is that besides the energy to shred the fabric, there is very little input needed to create them, and are also non toxic as the binder used is in ecological glue. The bricks also hold an impressive mechanical resistance close to that of a block of concrete, and also has excellent insulation qualities as well as thermal and acoustic Clients can choose which colours and textiles can be used in the brick, making each use of the brick individual for clients. She has created bricks for big brands in France such as Levi’s Frances Headquarters and a few stores, the Kilo shop which is a popular op shop in Paris.

(Staff 2021)

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CHAPTER 4

site research

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S I T E RESEARCH

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Site Located Completed

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ARTWORK on

Whitehart

Lane

in

2021

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Flash Forward is an artist program with the intention to revitalize and reconnect the popular Melbourne lane ways. The main purpose is to showcase the many artists in Melbourne, whilst also re-activating lane ways which were lesser known (Whitehart Lane being one of them). There are 40 different artworks located in the city. This specific mural was created by Shay Bakar, a multidisciplinary artist, is a testament to the graffiti and music culture in Melbourne.

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SURROUNDING

A R E A S

LT BOURKE ST

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SITE ACCESS

MINOR ROADS MAJOR ROADS PEDESTRIAN ACCESS SITE

Due to site being in the city center, it is very accessible from Elizabeth St, Queen St & Little Bourke Street.

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SURROUNDING AREAS LT BOURKE ST

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

HERITAGE OVERLAY

PUBLIC TRANSPORT SITE

HERITAGE SITES SITE

RETAIL OVERLAY

LARGE RETAIL MEDIUM RETAIL SMALL RETAIL

The site is surrounded by two different main tram rails, and also located close to Melbourne Central train station.

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There are multiple heritage sites surrounding Melbourne House. Whilst MH is not registered as heritage it is considered to be highly valuable.

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Around the site there are multiple department stores, 3 stores with multiple levels and 28 smaller retail stores. There is one op shop 5 km away.

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Solar study LT BOURKE ST

9AM

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12PM

5PM

9AM

12PM

SUMMER SOLSTICE

SUMMER SOLSTICE

As shown above, during the summer the site gets a lot of sunlight, except when it’s later in the afternoon where it is partially covered by the Oaks Melbourne on Collins Hotel.

As shown above, during the winter months the site is majoritarily covered by the Me Bank Tower and also various retail stores located next to it. Therefore considerations to light are important.

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5PM

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about Melbourne house The site I chose is the Melbourne House, located at 360 little Bourke st in the Melbourne CBD. Built in 1923 in a inter-war chicagoesque style, the factory was originally used as a bike factory, which then started producing radios and televisions.

After being a factory, Melbourne House was converted to a mixed use building with mainly offices and storage on the upper levels and a retail store on the ground floor but the store Paddy Pallin closed this location and moved in 2019.

In 2019, Bate Smart proposed a 23 story hotel to replace the factory and was then campaigned against by the CBD locals as they saw the heritage value of the Melbourne Hotel and consider it an important part of Melbourne’s history. Another proposal is underway by Roxy Pacific but is getting strong push-back from the City of Melbourne due to the previous campaigning.

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(Pin page 2020) Melbourne House in reconstruction phase 1955.

(Chart House c1940 and Melbourne House 1923, Little Bourke Street 2018)

(Bates Smart’s history-inspired Park Hotel design | Architecture & Design 2019).

Proposed Batesmart redevelopment

(Melbourne 2021). Proposed Batesmart redevelopment

(Wilmot 2017)

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CHAPTER 5

mid semester presentation

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initial concept RECYCLE

BIOLOGICAL INPUT

MANUFACTURE

PURCHASE

USER WEARS

WASTE

OP SHOP

How can we help change textile waste into different outputs which can help with the building industry material shortage?

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My project aims to create a circular economy model by converting different textiles into either building material or to be reused/ recycled into new products which will be sold on site.

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Selected up-cycling/ re-use options in Melbourne house

ultr traatouch

fab brick brick

unssw un

RECYCLE FAB BRICK - developed by French architect Clarisse Merlet, uses shredded textiles and non toxic glue to create bricks UltraTouch - insulation panels created with denim textiles

new ne w textile

UNSW - developed by Professor Veena Sahajwalla, uses shredded textiles, glass and binders to create tiles New textile - recycling shredded textiles and creating new textiles for the workshop RE-USE

materia teriall testing

Material Testing - testing material strength and possibilities to see what industry can use them Patagonia - gets faulty products and fixes them to sell again, so each jacket has an endless life-cycle

burned out out

pat ataagoni goniaa vinti andrew andre ws

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Vinti Andrews - uses offcuts of fabric to create one of a kind pieces which require no new material Burned Out - a buy back program for clothing, where people sell old t shirts and Burned out fixes them to get a unique vintage t shirt which are highly sought after

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MASSING ITERATIONS

ITERATION

1

Cafe on corner for street activation, gallery placed on first floor for public access, workshops on 3rd & 4th floor, office on 5th floor.

ITERATION Retail on corner for tion, cafe inside on workshop activation

For each iteration I had two limitations, the first is that retail space and cafe are to be located on the ground floor plane for street activation. The second is that the bar will be located on the rooftop to pay tribute to the popular Melbourne culture of rooftop bars.

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ITERATION

3

street activa- Retail on corner for street activation, ofground floor, fice and workshop combined on 2nd, to retail. 3rd & 4th floor, gallery on 5th floor

KEY:

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STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

ORIGINAL BUILDING

WALLS TO BE KEPT

INTERNAL STRUCTURE TO BE KEPT

The construction of the building is quite simple, with a 5m x 5m column grid with supports, a rendered double brick wall construction, and internal walls are all timber wall frames and removable ceiling grid tiles. For the future construction, the concrete floors will be converted to a more flexible flooring solution, and the interior layout reconfigured, but the main structural components will be retained.

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program

relationship

PRE-FUNCTION SPACE

FUNCTION SPACES

MATERIAL TESTING

GALLERY BAR

PRESENTATION SPACE

WORKSHOP

PROJECT OFFICES

BIKE PARKING WASTE GENDERLESS BATHROOM

SMALL WORKSHOP

MEETING ROOM LARGE OPEN OFFICE SPACE BREAKOUT SPACE

MEETING ROOM SMALL

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RETAIL SPACE

ENTRY/LOBBY

OFFICES

CAFE

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programming

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groundfloor p l a n

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CHAPTER 6 continued research & site

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STRUCTURAL DEMOLITION

KEY:

Removal Quantities:

TO BE CHANGED TO BE REMOVED

1054 bricks per floor on stairwell 1819 bricks per floor in bathrooms 6419 bricks for patio area on fourth and fifth floor 815m2 of metal sheeting 820m2 of reinforced concrete per floor TOTALS: 14,122 bricks removed 815m2 of metal roofing sheets 4100m2 of reinforced concrete

All floors removed to allow for flexible flooring solutions All internal bathroom walls to be removed

RE-USE OPTIONS For the bricks - the bricks can be used in the construction of the bar upstairs For the metal roofing - sent to be recycled and re-used For the concrete - concrete to be broken down and re-used as a mortar component on the bar

East of building will be changed to allow for patio access

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fabric

HALF WALL OPTION

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wall

details

DOOR & WALL OPTION

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FULL WALL OPTION

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fabric wall d e t a i l s Inspired by the Albury Summer Pavilion by Raffaello Rosselli, the fabric wall was created to store all the donated textiles. Whilst users walk through the building they will see the walls which are slowly filling up, and can reflect on their own consumption habits to not add more textile waste.

Each wall is created with a steel frame and polycarbonate sheeting to allow for users to see the fabric through the wall. The door & wall option has a small storage space above the door for longer textiles which do not fit on the custom built hangers for the wall.

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model making P r o c e s s

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fa b b r i c k m a k i n g P r o c e s s To create the bricks, I shredded denim which was given to me

by Levi’s Australia, after meeting their Head of Sustainability. I shredded the denim into small pieces and mixed them with an water epoxy resin. I then poured the mixture into silicone molds to recreate the FABBRICKS discussed previously.

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CHAPTER 7 final concept & presentation

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EXTERIOR VIEW

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THE CONCEPT How can we help change textile waste into different outputs which can help with the building industry material shortage?

My project aims to create a circular economy model by converting different textiles into either building material or to be reused/recycled into new products which will be sold on site.

The architecture and architectural elements within the site forces the users to reflect on the over consumption of textile goods whilst also giving opportunities to learn how to extend the life cycle of fashion goods, and ways to re-use textiles in an appealing way, converting unwanted products to a valuable product.

OUTPUTS: Material/building material testing Workshop area for public

Bricks created from scraps New textiles Insulation

New clothes created from old clothes 82

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CURRENT WASTE DISPOSAL

Currently, retail stores and residents of Melbourne only have 4 places to dispose of their textile wastes. The main recycling sites are located in Dandenong, Brunswick & Collingwood, and a landfill waste site located in

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West Melbourne. The landfill is the closest and easiest way to dispose of textile waste so therefore means most of the clothes will end up in landfill unless another solution is found.

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proposed WASTE DISPOSAL

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Melbourne House is a place for all retail stores and Melbourne residents to donate old dead stock, faulty products, old clothes or any textile waste and convert it to different items.

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PROGRAM

Melbourne House’s programming was created to emulate a day of shopping in the city.

The user starts off in the café for a coffee and brunch. They then move through the retail spaces and workshop to fix their old clothing items and purchase second hand ones.

The program then moves to the office/private workshop spaces for the people who run Melbourne House.

The user then moves up to the gallery to view textile art exhibitions, and finally end the day with a meal and a drink at the rooftop bar.

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FLOOR

PLANS

1:200 @ A1

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6

4 3

3 7 5

5

1

2

5

5

1

1 - CAFÉ 2 - FABRIC CHUTES 3 - RETAIL 4 - PRIVATE RETAIL 90

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5 - GENDERLESS BATHROOMS 6 - PUBLIC WORKSHOP 7 - PRIVATE WORKSHOP

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FLOOR

PLANS

1:200 @ A1

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11 11

11 9

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5 17

5 12

1

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8

5 - GENDERLESS BATHROOMS 8 - GENERAL OFFICE SPACE 9 - BREAKOUT SPACE 10 - CO-WORKING SPACE 11 - MEETING ROOM 12 - KITCHEN AREA

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13 - GALLERY SPACE 14 - STORAGE/STAFF AREA 15 - RECEPTION AREA/OFFICE 16 - ROOFTOP BAR 17 - KITCHEN 18 - BAR SLOW FASHION

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section SCALE: N/A

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cafe SCALE: N/A

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café VIEW

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retail SCALE: N/A

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retail VIEW

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street activation & chutes

Fabric chutes are located on Whitehart Lane so that members of the public and stores can drop their textile waste easily and conveniently in the city center

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workshop SCALE: N/A

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rooftop bar SCALE: N/A

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rooftop VIEW

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FLEXIBLE FLOORING SOLUTION

TIMBER FLOORING

POLYCARBONATE FLOORING

To allow for a flexible/adaptable flooring solution, the floors are converted to flexible flooring solutions depending on the needed use of the building in the future. The flooring systems are inspired by SpeedFloor systems and use either CLT timber or polycarbonate flooring 114 103146237

STAIRCASE COMPONENT

solution depending on the need. The polycarbonate option is used mainly to allow for light to penetrate through the building especially due to the lack of direct sunlight during the winter months. The staircase is made of re-reinforced concrete and can be placed anywhere.

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FLEXIBLE FLOORING SOLUTION The floor in Melbourne House alternate between the CLT floors and the polycarbonate flooring.

The polycarbonate sheets are placed majoritarily in the rear of the building to allow for the sunlight to go through the building with the transparent roofing.

The lower levels have more polycarbonate flooring to also allow for users to see what’s happening on the upper floors, mainly into workshop areas

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POLYCARBONATE SHEETING

SPEEDFLOOR BEAMS

SLOT IN TIE RODS

STEEL ANGLE

EXISTING CONCRETE BEAM AND COLUMN

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FINAL MODEL The final model is a mixed media model using wood, PLE 3d printing, powder 3D printing & acrylic sheets.

The bricks which were developed were made using approximately 30g of jeans for the smaller bricks and 70g of denim for the larger brick and epoxy resin.

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references Chart House c1940 and Melbourne House 1923, Little Bourke Street 2018, Storey of Melbourne, Storey of Melbourne, viewed 12 November 2022, <https://storeyofmelbourne.org/2018/10/24/chart-house-c1940and-melbourne-house-1923-little-bourke-street/>.

Wilmot, B 2017, Singapore groups make beeline for Australian hotels, Realcommercial.com.au, realcommercial.com.au, viewed 12 November 2022, <https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/singapore-groups-make-beeline-for-australian-hotels>.

Pin page 2020, Pinterest, Pinterest, viewed 12 November 2022, <https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/94505292159684839/>.

Bates Smart’s history-inspired Park Hotel design | Architecture & Design 2019, Architecture & Design, viewed 12 November 2022, <https:// www.architectureanddesign.com.au/news/bates-smart-history-inspiredpark-hotel>.

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