Jayden Von_After Life by SwinArchitecture

After life: Single use products as architectural components Design Research Studio D, Thesis Semester 2, 2022 Swinburne University of Technology, School of Design and Architecture Waste not, Want not - Designing for Circularity Jayden Von, 102054559

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

ABOUT ME

CONTENTS

My name is Jayden Von. I am a 5th year architecture student currently studying a Masters of Architecture at Swinburne University of Technology. I was born in Melbourne, Australia, where i completed my high school studies in 2017. Although during my childhood years i was raised in Bairnsdale, Australia which is in a rural area. Architecture for me is very powerful as it can be interpreted in many forms and systems. In design their are endless possibilities that can influence ones behavior in a certain space and how they decide to interact with the building or environment, creating unique experiences for users that influences ones behaviour and how they feel or move throughout the space. Being a designer myself, i believe it is important to have a purpose or reasoning behind a design so the functionality can be maximised to its full potential, rather then purely designing for the sake of the appearance or aesthetics. The importance of the design can be adapted from multiple issues or events that surround our society alike social, political, cultural or environmental means.

Throughout my studies in university, i was involved in many architectural collaborative learning experiences that presented me with many opportunities to work on physical and digital platforms to generate successful projects that have allowed me to grow and improve my skills in architecture. I believe the design process is fundamental in producing quality work and is essential in challenging how we think of ideas that can be further pushed into better enhancing human experiences to improve the quality of life. In my past involvement with design studios i have experience in using Adobe Softwares such as: Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign, this also extends my ability in using many design softwares like, Revit, ArchiCAD, Rhino, and Sketch Up. Furthermore, these have allowed me to use extensions like Grasshopper and Ladybug throughout the design process to strengthen final outcome. I also have been given the opportunity to learn Enscape and Lumion to produce quality renders that capture spacial environments.

Chapter 01 - Research ��5-36 Chapter 02 - Site ��37-53 Chapter 03 - Program �� 54-70 Chapter 04 - Building Systems �� 71-96 Chapter 05 - Proposal �� 97-173

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

THESIS ABSTRACT

The project investigates plastic waste in the form of single-use products to address the issues on the early stage of production in the design of a product. It focuses on the duality and durability of plastic items that circulate in our daily lives and are contributing towards environmental waste. The building aims to educate the community on single-use products as architectural components by repurposing plastic products to portray the functional details of an object. It promotes products that can be multipurpose as architectural details, prolonging the life-cycle as building elements.

01 RESEARCH CIRCULARITY

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

GLOBAL BACKGROUND WASTE ISSUE On a global scale concerns around the negative impacts directly attributable to the building sector intensify, as population growth increases and natural material resources deplete. As the building industry remains the largest global consumer of raw materials, its affect on the environment is impacted negatively as it is a major contributor. COVID-19 has provided important insights into the hazards of failing to diversify and risk-manage supply chains, notably for the construction industry as import and offshore manufacturing have stalled even while government infrastructure expenditure has dramatically expanded. Demand for materials and supplies increases as more building projects hit the market, which has an effect on both availability and cost. Construction and demolition (C&D), debris has been estimated to be around one-quarter of the national waste stream, which is the total waste generated in the United States in one year (Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2016). Waste streams are used to track the types of trash produced. Concrete, asphalt, timber, and other building wastes, for instance, are all measured separately in the C&D waste stream. Different countries have various approaches to garbage management. In fact, several nations sell waste materials on the open market like commodities since recycling and recovery can lead to thousands of new jobs in the region. For instance, the UK exports several thousand tonnes of waste annually, yet recycles about 90% of C&D waste (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs 2018).

Researchers forecast debris management plans and sculpt trade regulations using trash streams. China, a major importer of recyclables and waste from abroad, recently severely restricted the sorts of waste and local enterprises that are permitted to import that rubbish, creating problems for nations that depend on the revenue from waste exports. By 2025, the annual global production of construction waste is anticipated to exceed 2.2 billion tonnes (Transparency Market Research). C&D trash is estimated to make up 23% of the country’s waste stream (BTS). Waste from concrete, asphalt concrete, wood, brick and clay tiles, gypsum drywall, asphalt shingles, and metal are all included in the C&D waste stream. Some of these materials, such as concrete and metal, can be recycled or used again quite affordable. Brick, clay, and gypsum drywall, on the other hand, are significantly less recyclable and end up in landfills in much greater amounts. Up to 30% of all building supplies brought to a normal construction site may be wasted (ScienceDirect). Landfills receive more than 75% of all building debris, including bricks, drywall, asphalt shingles, clay tiles, and wood (EPA). Recycled materials are used substantially in the majority of construction projects. In comparison to asphalt concrete, which is now almost entirely recyclable, steel, one of the most widely used building materials in the world, is made up of 93% recycled steel waste. Access to environmentally friendly resources is now even simpler thanks to “material banks” that store recovered building materials for future use.

(RMIT University 2019)

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON Construction

CHALLENGES CIRCULAR ECONOMY What is the Circular Economy? The circular economy is a system solutions framework that tackles global issues, facing challenges on climate change, biodiversity loss, waste and pollution. It is an economic system that adapts to methods of revitalising, repurposing, renewing, and recycling preused materials and resources which are introduced back into the cycle to get a second life-cycle or extended lifetime. In a circular economy, economic activity improves and restores the health of the entire system. The idea acknowledges how crucial it is for the economy to function well at all scales for large and small firms, for organisations and individuals, locally and worldwide.

LINEAR ECONOMY

10-15% Linear economy In current society despite our attempts in tackling a circular approach to improve the economy, the built environment today still continuous ‘to be designed around the linear take-make-dispose model’(ARUP). This model affects the building industry in multiple strains through construction waste, building space occupancy, energy consumption, and material end of life suitability. A building materials lifecycle in a linear economic system, can be seen typically as a ‘cradle to grave’ movement which follows a set path rather then continuous. As the building material has reached its end of life it usually is downcycled to a lesser value component, or disposed of as waste in landfill. Within this linear system the process of the building material begins by being sourced from a natural resources, where it is then produced through the use of manufacturing and energy consumption, serving its lifetime and finally disposed.

Of building materials are wasted during construction.

TAKE

MAKE

DISPOSE

Manufacturing Process

Product Waste

Space Occupancy

35-40%

Of European offices are not utilised during working hours.

50%

Of residential dwellers report living in too much space.

Technical Nutrients

Energy Use

20-40%

Of energy in existing buildings can be profitably conserved.

End of Life

35-40%

Biological Nutrients Of demolition materials end up in landfill. Most materials are deemed unsuitable for reuse as they contain toxic elements.

Technical and Biological Nurtrients are combined together, where energy from Finite Resources are involved.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES

Eliminate waste and pollution

Circulate products and materials (at highest value)

Circular Economy Within the circular economic system, the lifecycle of a building material usually moves from ‘cradle to cradle’. This method involved is designed to change the lifecycle of the material where its value within the economy is extended, although the traditional method of manufacturing and producing the building materials remains the same. The circular economy system creates new opportunities for the building materials to be upcycled, or a chance at being repurposed in new construction contributing towards minimal building waste, new resource use, manufacturing costs and CO2 emissions. Principles of Circular Economy In architecture circular economy can be simplified into three main principles that is to ‘design out waste and pollution’, ‘keep products and materials in use’, and ‘regenerate natural systems’. In terms of the built environment these principles drive the design of a building material through its transition to renewable energy and materials that are repurposed back into the economy on a path of minimal impact.

Technical Nutrients

Circular Economy

Circular Built Environment ‘The built environment has a crucial role to play in the global economy, creating prosperity, innovation and growth’.

Regenerate natural systems

Living Systems with Energy from Renewable Resources.

Biological Nutrients

MA-ARC | THESIS SECTORS GENERATING THE MOST WASTE (2018-2019) 22.7

12.7 million tonnes of construction waste was generated.

MASONRY MATERIALS

METALS

ORGANICS

PAPER & CARDBOARD

PLASTICS

GLASS

12.5

0.8

1.2

2.5

2.6

2.5

Construction

16.8%

6.5

5.9

5.6

6.6

5.9

7.9

12.3

15.3

12.2

14.6

12.8 million tonnes of manufacturing waste was generated.

13.8

16.9%

2018-19

20.2

22.1

TEXTILES, LEATHER & RUBBER (F)

HAZARDOUS WASTE

ASH FROM COAL-FIRED POWER STATIONS

2016-17 (%)

2018-19 (%)

49.3

51.2

58.2

59.3 51.3

54.2

64.3

70 55.6

16.3%

12.4 million tonnes of households waste was generated.

2017-18 (%)

65.4

51.2

Households

66.9

14.4%

10.0 million tonnes of Electricity, Gas and Water services waste was generated.

12.6

26.6

26.1

18.9

14.2

28.1

25.8

Electricity, Gas and Water services

10 0

MASONRY MATERIALS

METALS

ORGANICS

PAPER & CARDBOARD

PLASTICS

GLASS

TEXTILES, LEATHER & RUBBER (B)

The graphs on the left highlight the Waste generation by waste materials and Recovery rate by waste product in latest period 2018-2019 (Australian Bureau of Statistics). Waste Materials It can be seen that masonry materials generates the most waste typically linked towards the building industry, with plastic, glass, and textiles generating lesser waste. The amount of plastic waste generated is 2.5 million tonnes, where only 9% was sent for recycling (227,000 tonnes), while 84% was sent to landfill (2.1 tonnes). Recovery Rate Around 60% of products became recovered waste (45 million tonnes), where masonry materials, metals, and paper/cardboard accumulated the highest recovery rates. The categories with lowest recovery rate were plastic as a high proportion was sent to landfill, textiles, and hazardous waste.

RECOVERY RATE WASTE PRODUCT RECOVERY RATEBY BY WASTE PRODUCT

75.5

Construction Industry In architecture and construction industry 27 million tonnes of waste is produced (National waste report 2020). 20 million tonnes of that building waste ends up in landfill every year. As most these building materials are not given the opportunity to be introduced an extend life, this can and has been causing serious environmental problems within our communities.

2017-18

75.8

The construction industry uses a significant amount of materials in buildings, which creates high demand for natural resources. This includes manufacturing materials like steel, cutting down trees for timber, or mining resources for plaster, essentially accumulating more embodied energy as the industry is constantly going through inflation. With growing concerns for the future material sufficiency will not be enough for all of the necessary structures that are required to be built on time and could potentially require additional cost or funding.

Manufacturing

73.4

Most major cities in Australia have experienced a large increase of material rate in construction over the past 10 years, where new developments, housing, commercial buildings, and other structures are projecting at an incline rate.

78.7

Australian Waste On a local scale Australia’s waste generation, management, and economic response is rising, generating 76 million tonnes of solid waste (10% increase since 2016-2017). More than half of the waste was sent for recycling (38.5 million tonnes), while 27% was sent to landfill for disposal (20.5 million tonnes).

2016-17

81.4

LOCAL WASTE ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

WASTEWASTE GENERATION BYWASTE WASTE MATERIAL GENERATION BY MATERIAL

76.2

HAZARDOUS WASTE (B)

ASH FROM COAL-FIRED POWER STATIONS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BENEFITS REUSING WASTE PRODUCTS AS BUILDING MATERIALS Recover materials for new products Many of the economically relevant elements that are included in construction and demolition waste can be sold directly or used to create new goods or to produce energy, such as reusable aggregates, bitumen, brick, cardboard, concrete, metals, mineral wool, and wood. Cost effective potential By choosing to recycle building waste, you can sometimes avoid paying disposal and landfill costs as well as for new materials. In some circumstances, using recycled materials or repurposed building components can cut down on both the cost of travel and, consequently, the pollution caused by transportation, in addition to construction costs associated with buying new materials. Saves energy Recycling building materials results in a reduction in the use of energy and natural resources. For instance, the extraction and processing of raw materials to make plastic takes a significant amount of energy, creating CO2 emissions as well as having an influence on transportation (from overseas). Recycling, on the other hand, can lessen this since it requires fewer labor-intensive procedures to transform them into useful resources.

01.

02.

03.

REDUCE LANDFILL

LESS PRODUCTION ON NEW MATERIALS

ENDLESS SUPPLY CHAIN

Decreases waste in landfills As landfill is filling up solutions for reducing this major environmental issue is needed. We need to discover proactive solutions for landfills and other ways to handle construction waste. Recycling this garbage will allow it to be reused in the future, and the materials can then be utilised once more for the same purpose or changed into something new. Essentially their will be a reduction in landfill as the products lifecycle would extend and be repurposed. There would be a reduction in the need to produce new building materials. As we can use these already existing waste products and find a new use in construction. The waste products would act as an endless supply chain that is easily accessible due to the deconstruction of buildings and large amounts of waste produced which is generally not recycled as its easier to consider waste.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

MATERIAL PLASTIC What is Plastic? Plastic is a polymeric substance with moulding or shaping potential that is typically produced by applying pressure and heat. Plastics may be produced into a wide range of products due to their plasticity, in which is frequently combined with other special properties including low density, low electrical conductivity, transparency, and durability. It is divided into two classes: Thermoplastics, such as polythene and polystyrene, may be melted and created repeatedly, whereas thermosetting plastics, which can be known as thermosets, are destroyed after they have been made as opposed to being melted by heat. In addition to the polymer resin, most plastics generally include stabilizers, antioxidants, colorants, reinforcements, and fillers to increase mechanical qualities like stiffness. Some plastics just contain the polymer resin (to protect against aging, light, or biological agents). The creation of low-cost biodegradable plastics and plastic alternatives is a key area of industrial research because traditional plastics are not biodegradable; recycling polymers, particularly thermoplastics, has grown into a significant business. Types of Plastic Plastic can be seen under the assumption as a single material. Even though their are over hundreds of type of plastics, we only interact with a some on a regular basis.

1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE) One of the most frequently used plastics, in food packaging and fabrics since it is durable, lightweight, and typically transparent (polyester). 2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Overall, polyethylene is the most commonly used plastic around the world, although it is divided into three types: high density, low density, and linear low density. HDPE is excellent for pipes, containers, and other building components, due to its durability and resistance to chemicals and moisture. 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) This tough, stiff plastic is ideal for use in building and construction since it resists chemicals and the elements, and it is frequently used in high-tech applications like wires and cable because it doesn’t carry electricity. Because it is immune to germs, simple to disinfect, and offers single-use applications that prevent infections in healthcare, it is also commonly employed in medical applications.

6. Polystyrene (PS or Styrofoam) This plastics properties is stiff which allows for an inexpensive type and excellent at insulating. It has led to its widespread use in the building, food, and packaging sectors. Polystyrene is regarded as a hazardous plastic, much like PVC where it can easily release poisonous poisons like the neurotoxic styrene.

7. Other This category serves as a catch for all additional plastic products that don’t fit into any other six categories or are blends or other sorts. These plastics are not often recyclable.

• • •

PET

HDPE

PVC

LDPE

OTHER

Polyethylene Terephthalate

High-Density Polyethylene

Polyvinyl Chloride

Low-Density Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Polystyrene

Other

Water bottles Jars Caps

• • •

Shampoo bottles Grocey bottles Bags

• •

Cleaning products Sheetings

• •

Bread bags Plastic films

• • • •

Yogurt Cups Straws Hangers

4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) LDPE is a variant of HDPE, where it is softer, clearer, and more malleable. It is frequently utilised in corrosion-resistant work surfaces and other items. 5) Polypropylene (PP) One of the strongest type of plastics with slight flexibility, as it can withstand heat better than certain others. It is perfect for food packing and storage containers that are intend to house or generate heat.

TYPES OF PLASTIC CLASSIFICATION

• • •

Take-away Hard packaging Toys

• • •

Baby bottles Nylon Cds

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON PLASTIC WASTE ISSUES

ISSUE WITH PLASTIC PLASTIC WASTE

3.5

$419

13%

MILLION TONNES

MILLION

RECYCLED ONLY

Plastic used in Australia in 2018-2019

Estimated economic value per year, by not recovering all PET and HDPE plastics

84% of Plastic is used and sent to landfill

MILLION TONNES Australia’s annual plastic consumption is single-use plastic

130000

TONNES

DOUBLE

Of plastic leaks into the marine environment each year in Australia

Use of plastic is increasing and will double by 2040

Data Sourced from the ‘National Plastic Plan 2021’

Plastic Waste Australia The 75.8 million tonnes of solid waste generated in Australia in 2018-19, 2.5million tonnes of the waste generated was plastic where only 9% was sent for recycling (227000 tonnes) and 84% was sent to landfill (2.1 tonnes) (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020). These plastic waste contained high density polyethylene (HDPE) with 32% that has the potential to be recycled, although disposed of in landfill where it does not break down under the exposure to sunlight. The largest contributors towards plastic waste was households, supplying 47% (1.2million tonnes) with manufacturing at 15% (380000 tonnes) (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020). More concerningly, of this plastic approximately 130000 tonnes leaks into the environment each year.

36%

Plastic Waste Victoria On a deeper dive locally, Victoria 15.33 million tonnes of waste was managed in Victoria(2018-19 period), with the amount of waste diverted from landfill for recovery was 10.77 million tonnes and 4.57 million tonnes sent to landfill(Sustainable Victoria 2021). Of this waste 0.14 million tonnes of plastic was recovered for reprocessing in Victoria, where 28% (40,000 tonnes) was PE-HD (high-density polyethylene), 18% (26,000 tonnes) was PET (polyethylene terephthalate), 18% was (25,000 tonnes) PE-LD/LLD (low-density polyethylene), and 16% (22000) was PP (polypropylene) (Sustainable Victoria 2021). Although there are still plastic waste that ends up in out landfill and environments even with these figures of recovery, how can we implement a solution to recover more plastic.

RECYCLED ONLY Of PET Plastic Bottles in Australia

373

MILLION Approximately 373 million plastic bottles end up in the trash every year locally

26000 TONNES

18% of PET Plastic bottles and packaging, recovered in Victoria 2018-2019

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PRECEDENT PET PAVILION, Project.DWG & LOOS.FM Use: Pavilion / Meeting space Location: Enschede, The Netherlands Year Completed: 2014 Project Size: 227m2 The PET pavilion is a temporary structure within a community park located in Enschede, Netherlands. It is a system built with the use of plastic waste as a building material and focuses on issues of sustainable building, recycling, and waste through reconfiguration of buildings that are built or used. The structure uses elevated framework consisting of two monumental slabs in a steel framework. 40,000 plastic bottles are housed in a double-walled transparent corrugated sheets from floor to celling with bottles caps attached to bottlenecks to support the system. The pavilion’s interior is home to interactive art and exhibition events with the goal of promoting accessibility and waste. Additionally, the space is used as a community meeting place and hosts neighbouring council forums, impacting the local social realm. The pavilion shows that a temporary building can serve its purpose through reused and recycled materials without losing material value in comparison to permanent structures. The idea of recycling plastic bottles and exploiting there characteristic within a structure to aid in local communities realms, can be seen as sustainable whilst reducing waste. (Santos 2017)

(Santos 2017)

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PRECEDENT HEAD IN THE CLOUDS, STUDIOKCA Use: Pavilion / Public gathering space Location: Governors Island, New York, United States Year Completed: 2013 Project Size: 74m2 The Head in the Clouds pavilion was located on New York’s Governors Island where it was a cloud-shaped structure that acted as a main gathering space for FIGMENT’s 2013 summer-long exhibition. The award winning proposal created a space out of desires for a “place to dream in the city of dreams”. The pavilion was made of 53,780 used recycled bottles, collected over several months from organisations, businesses, schools, and individuals locally. Visitors are able to enter the space to observe the light and colour filtering through the bottles from the inside out. Seating areas are created at the base, with the structure being supported by sand, water, and a curved aluminium frame. The design is composed of several 1 gallon jug “structural pillows” for the outside and 16 and 24 ounce water bottles lined with various concentrations of organic blue food colouring inside. As a sign of a visual and physical example of recycled plastic bottles being used for a structural system, it also demonstrates a process of creating structures that provides a viable design and construction strategy fro a more sustainable way of living and building. This structural string network could potentially be introduced into the proposed design. (STUDIOKCA n.d.)

(STUDIOKCA n.d.)

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PRECEDENT ECOARK, MINIWIZ Use: Public museum Location: Taipei, Taiwan Year Completed: 2010 Project Size: 5200m2 The EcoArk Pavilion located in Taipei, Taiwan is the worlds first nine story building made from 1.5 million recycled plastic bottles. These recycled plastic bottles are known as Polli-Brick which is the building material in the public structure developed by MINIWIZ. EcoArk was originally a principle structure for the ‘2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition’ and now a public museum, that hosts a variety of fashion shows, music video filming and public events. The building is quite large scale where the public space covers six basketball court, weighing 50% less than a conventional building. Although the design is strong enough to withstand the forces of nature, including fire and earthquakes, whilst providing comfortable internal environments of natural ventilation, an exterior waterfall, and Polli-Bricks high insulation properties. The facade has embedded solar panels that captures energy during the day time allowing for EcoArks LED lighting system to run at night. As a system that represents future of green buildings, the Eco Ark pavilion is a high appraised benchmark that adheres to the mantra of “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle”. (Miniwiz S.E.D. Co. Ltd. n.d.)

(Goldapple 2020)

(Miniwiz S.E.D. Co. Ltd. n.d.)

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

ECOARK FACADE STRUCTURE ELEMENTS POLLI-BRICK Exploring deeper into the building material Polli-Brick development by MINIWIZ, is revolutionary and 100% recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Polymer. This materials properties portray translucency, natural insulation, and durability that represents a lighter alternative for curtain walls at a lower expense to a conventional curtain wall. The system itself is a modular 3D honeycomb self interlocking structure that creates a strong connection without the need of any further chemical adhesives.

EXPLODED COMPONENTS

POLLI-BRICK

INTERLOCKING SYSTEM

A high performance module is created through a unique tooling system by MINIWIZ, where they have completely reconfigure a pre-form injection and stretch blow molding line. The products crossindustry R&D hybridization keeps the recycle process economically efficient during mass manufacturing, which dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to that of conventional glass and steel structures.

04.

The unique shape of the Polli-Brick can be assembled into a standard size or rectangular modules that allow for transportation to be easily shipped or installed. Additionally, the Polli-Brick comes with performance enhancement film that enforces the panel strength whilst providing UV, water, and fire protection. PC coating makes the panels scratch resistant.

03.

02.

01.

MICRO SCALE - FACADE STRUCTURE

01. Nano treated PC hard coat 02. Prefabricated POLLI-Brick assembly 03. Fastening joints 04. Structural sub-framing

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

ECOARK FACADE STRUCTURE MODIFICATION The facade structure of EcoArk’s system has been deemed successful in recycling plastic bottles. With further exploration it poses the question of what other bottles or jars can form something similar by using the same elements? At a local scale Sustainability Victoria’s annual waste data reports has highlighted some concerning statistics where Victoria’s annual waste has increased by 3.4% from 2019 to 2020 due to Covid. 2.37 million tonnes of waste was collected by the council from households with 15.86 million tonnes more than the previous year. Specifically, in 2019-2020 a total of 388,300 tonnes of glass waste was collected with 22.5% sent to landfill. A total of 627,600 tonnes of plastic waste was collected with 77.7% sent to landfill. In this process the utilisation of plastic and glass bottles have been explored to be placed in a similar facade structure to create a curtain wall. This design focuses more on a prefabricated honeycomb system that allows for the placement and connection between the bottles, rather than further modification to the materials itself that involves a self interlocking system. Dependant on the size of the bottles the honeycomb design ranges to the glass or plastic bottle, which is then slotted in between the holes. Using elements from EcoArk system Nano treated PC hard coat screen is attached to both sides of the honeycomb with the bottles assembled, then connected by fastening joints and finally to the structural sub-framing. After testing out the exploration of glass bottles and plastic bottles, the pattern and colour created by both is quite unique to the eye. Although the material properties may differ compared to Polli-Brick through the translucency and structural strength.

EXPLODED COMPONENTS

POLLI-BRICK

COMPLETED STRUCTURE

HONEYCOMB MOLD SYSTEM

04.

GLASS BOTTLES SLOT IN

PLASTIC BOTTLES SLOT IN 03.

02.

01.

GLASS BOTTLE PATTERN

PLASTIC BOTTLE PATTERN

01. Nano treated PC hard coat 02. Prefabricated Honeycomb system assembly with bottles 03. Fastening joints 04. Structural sub-framing

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

MATERIAL FLOW DIAGRAM PLASTIC BOTTLES

01.

01. Oil Extraction 02. Refinery 03. Plastic pellets 04. Bottle Pre-forms 05. Shaped into bottles 06. Water filling 07. Transported to store 08. Purchased to user 09. Waste 10. Landfill 11. Recycled 12. Factory melted down 13. New life

02.

03.

04.

05.

09.

08.

07.

06.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Process This diagram focuses on the stages involved to create a plastic bottle with respective to the materials after life. At the beginning crude oil is extracted from the earth as it is a source of raw material from making plastics. This crude oil is then sent to a refinery where the oil is cleaned and gets separated into lighter components. At a plastic factory the oil is transformed into plastic pellets, then bottle preforms which are ready to be blown into shape. Within the same facility the pre-forms are heated by the machines and formed into bottles. These bottles are transported to a bottling plant that fills the bottles up with water. The bottles are later purchased and consumed from a store where generally the product ends up at a household. Depending on the user the bottle then follows one of either 2 paths where it gets thrown away into the rubbish bin and ends up in landfills or in the environment. Alternatively, the bottle is recycled and brought to a factory that re-purposes the plastic for use of a new material, or turns them into other plastic items for a new life.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

EMBODIED ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS Embodied Energy Embodied energy is a calculation of the total energy required to produce a material or product. A buildings embodied energy is determined by adding up all the energy involved to create the materials that make up the structure with an overall environmental impact. In addition to the services provided by the economy to support these operations, it also includes the energy consumed in mining, manufacturing, and transporting the raw materials. The total embodied energy required for a building involves the total energy needed for manufacturing of all the materials utilised in the initial construction stage (initial embodied energy), and energy used to transport materials to site. It also includes the production of all the components used during building maintenance or repairs (recurrent embodied energy) and consists of the energy accumulated on site during construction, repairs or renovations. The amount of energy that is embodied in a building can be alter or change depending on the materials selected and construction methods used, since embodied energy varies significantly on the choice of material. When a building reaches the end of its useful life, the ability of certain materials to be recycled or reused could benefit to recover the embodied energy.

How is embodied energy measured? Embodied energy is measured as the quantity of non-rewable energy per unit of building material, component or system. It can be expressed in megajoules (MJ) or gigajoules (GJ) per kilogramme (kg) or tonne (t) or square metre (m2), however the calculation procedure is intricate and uses a variety of data sources. Why reduce embodied energy? Over the course of a buildings serviceable life, embodied energy must be taken into account. Generally, a higher embodied energy building material or system may be justified since it lowers the building operating energy requirements. For instance, while having a high embodied energy, aluminum, a strong materials with a long service life, may be the best choice. The embodied energy of the building materials will become more significant as a buildings energy efficiency rises, decreasing energy usage. Reducing embodied energy Embodied energy should be balanced with other aspects including climate, material accessibility, and transportation costs when designing buildings and choosing building materials.

EMBODIED ENERGY AND OPERATIONAL ENERGY USE OF A BUILDING

Embodied Energy / Operational Energy Comparison As one aspect of a building’s energy use is embodied energy. The other is operational energy, which is the energy used to operate the house, including for heating, cooling, lighting, and appliance use. Material Consideration Importantly, the choice of material should consider both the embodied energy of the material and how the design of a building can affect the operational energy use. This can be seen generally, by reducing the use of materials with high embodied energy unless they are essential to cutting operational energy; for example sourcing locally to cut transportation energy. Existing materials are reused, reducing the need for new materials and resources. Although if new materials are required, choose materials with high proportion of recycled content. The design of the building should be applicable for a long building life with easy disassembly processes to allow for reuse and recycling of materials.

Initial embodied energy for construction

Energy to produce materials

Recurrent embodied energy for renovations, maintenance or repairs

Operational energy use

Recovery of emboided energy (recycling of materials

To be mindful and considerate of the embodied energy and operational energy utlised within a building.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MATERIAL PERFORMANCE EMBODIED ENERGY OF MATERIALS Embodied energy of Materials In general, a materials embodied energy increases with how thoroughly it has been processed. Typical buildings use lots of materials with low embodied energy (like bricks and wood) and smaller amounts of high embodied energy elements (such as steel). As energy efficiency improvements within the manufacturing industries can have the most significant impact on lowering embodied energy of materials, due to manufacturing processes accounting for the majority of the energy in materials. The large differences in the environmental effects of renewable and fossil fuel-based energy sources are important to take into account as the energy sources utilised manufacture materials. The graph highlights common Australian materials and the embodied energy associated. These figures should be used with caution due to the material being dependent on where and how it made, causing the actual embodied energy to vary. Savings will change based on the amount of recycled content and manufacturing processes used, with materials manufactured with recycled content to employ lower embodied energy. Lastly, when comparing virgin materials with high monetary value materials (such as stainless steal) are almost certain to have undergone many recycling processes, lowering their embodied energy.

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON Embodied Energy

PET

EMBODIED ENERGY OF COMMON MATERIALS

84MJ Embodied Water

Steel - corrugated sheet

180L

42.9

Low density polyethyene (LDPE)

136

High density polyethyene (HDPE)

147MJ Embodied Water 172L Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emission 6.4kgCO2e

147

Plasterboard 10mm

15.1

Particleboard

18.7

Paint - water based

111

Paint - solvent based

124

Medium density fibreboard (MDF)

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

34.3

Hardwood - kiln dried

26.9

Glasswool insulation

57.5

Glass - flat

28.5

Fibre cement sheet

18.3

Double glazing - flat(4:12:4)

66.8

Concrete 25MPa

High-Density Polyethylene Embodied Energy 155MJ

Polystyrene

155

Plywood

Embodied Energy

Data are sourced from: Crawford, Stephan, and Prideaux (2019).

Polystyrene (EPS)

Granta Design Ltd, 2011. Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) Database.

38.8

Softwood - kiln dried

Polyethylene

HDPE

79.6

Steel - structural

Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emission 2.33kgCO2e

TYPE OF MATERIAL TYPPE OF MATERIAL

Embodied Water 841L Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emission 8kgCO2e

1.1

Concrete roof tile

4.3

Clay brick

3.5

Ceramic tile

18.9

Carpet - Wool

140

Carpet - Nylon

198

Aluminium

358 0

100

150

200

250

EMBODIED Mj/kg EMBODIED ENERGY ENERGY Mj/kg

The data and figures are sourced from: Crawford, Stephan, and Prideaux (2019).

300

350

400

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

02 SITE ANALYSIS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

VICTORIA

SITE LOCATION

Swinburne SR Building located in Victoria, Australia

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON SWINBURNE CAMPUS

SITE SWINBURNE, HAWTHORN

Park St

The SR Building is situated within Swinburne Hawthorn campus, where it is generally smaller in scale compared to its neighboring buildings such as the George building. It is located on the north-east side of the Swinburne campus, along side the train tracks where it sits as a central hub to Swinburnes community.

Site

SITE / SR BUILDING

Burwood Rd

Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus, Call-out

William St

Wakefield S t

HAWTHORN

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

Park St

Wakefield S t

Site

SITE / SR BUILDING PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT METROPOLITAN TRAIN LINE

Burwood Rd

Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus, Call-out

William St

The diagram highlights the site access from the major roads that surround the building. This can be seen as the pedestrian movement where the significant access would be entering from Wakefield st, John st and Williams st. The site has walking trails connecting to the building, which is not far from Glenferrie station. This route also links the location to Glenferrie Road, a well known attraction in Hawthorn that is lined with shops and restaurants. While also being connected to all four adjacent streets, which allows students and passersby to access any area nearby.

SITE ACCESS

John St

SITE SWINBURNE SR BUILDING

SR BUILDING

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

SITE SWINBURNE SR BUILDING

PERSPECTIVE IMAGES

The site is two stories high and is currently being used for Nursing and Occupational therapy classes, with an additional dance studio within the building. These images provided are views into the existing structure where materials like clay brick as the exterior wall structure and glazed windows appearing on the north and eastern side of the building. Vegetation also surround the building with large trees and scrubs.

01 02

North View

North-West View

03 04

North-East View

06 05

Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus, Call-out

North-East View

South-East View

South-West View

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

SITE ROADS

d oo rw

Rd Gl

ld fie

fer

rie

e ak W

illi

r Pa

SITE / SR BUILDING ROAD NETWORKS

MA-ARC | THESIS

SITE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

Stop 73

Stop 74

Stop 75

SITE / SR BUILDING TRAM LINE GLENFERRIE STATION

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

CONNECTION TO COUNTRY SWINBURNE, HAWTHORN The acknowledgment of country is important to showing respect to the traditional owners of the land. The Wurundjeri People of the Kulin Nation are the traditional owners of the land on which Swinburne’s Hawthorn campus is located. Connection to country can be given back by thinking about these elements when designing. The sites central location to Swinburnes campus creates a great opportunity to install and education the community on connection to country through these elements.

HERITAGE COMMUNITY

LAND

CULTURE

PLANTATION

ANIMALS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON BUILDING MATERIALS

EMBODIED ENERGY OF SR BUILDING

Energy Aluminium Sheet 1.6mm

The diagram highlights the existing building structure and materials utilised. To grab an understanding of the materials embodied energy used in the SR building, further analysis were conducted and found that the concrete slabs and aluminum sheets generated the most energy in all the sectors.

Water

Initial wastage

Initial

1200000

700000

Double Glazing - Flat Glass

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

600000

1000000

500000

800000

400000

100000

kgCOe

EMBODIED ENERGY SR BUILDING

600000

300000

80000

60000

40000 400000

200000

Double glazing - flat glass Facade

Aluminium sheet - 1.6 mm Insulation

Clay brick

Concrete 25 MPa Building Structure

Double glazing - flat glass Facade

Aluminium sheet - 1.6 mm Insulation

Clay brick

Concrete 25 MPa

Building Structure

Double glazing - flat glass Facade

Clay brick

Aluminium sheet - 1.6 mm Insulation

Concrete 25 MPa

Clay Brick

20000

200000

100000

Building Structure

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

Amenities

03 PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT & MASSING

• • •

Accessible WC WCs Kitchenette

12m2 50m2 8m2

• • • •

Circulation Fire Stairs Lifts Circulation Stairs Entry / Airlock

• • • •

Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces Agora 70m2 Lecture Theatre (small) 140m2 Co-working spaces (flexible spaces) 36m2 Gallery Space 140m2

37.5m2 32m2 20m2 30m2

• • • • • • •

Meeting Rooms and Office Space Meeting Room Large 50m2 Meeting Room Small 20m2 Break Out Space/Lounge 50m2 Open Office Space 140m2 Project Specific Office Space 70m2 Meeting Rooms/Small Presentation Spaces 24m2 Office Medium 24m2

• • •

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Community Engagement Function Space 120m2 Pre Function Spaces 30m2 Flexible “discovery” spaces 100m2

• • • •

Miscellaneous Server Rooms Communications Bicycle Parking Refuse

32m2 20m2 36m2 30m2

Iteration 1 looks at accompanying the community engagement and learning spaces, with circulation at the south-west corner, and co-working and presentation spaces central in the building. Iteration 2 focuses on a central circulation within the building, with meeting rooms spread throughout the levels and offices on the top. Iteration 3 highlights a central community engagement and learning space, with meeting rooms and offices along the western wall, prioritizing the co-working and presentation spaces along eastern face which is exposed towards the public. Iteration 4 follows a central circulation to the building with amenities nearby. The miscellaneous is located along the western wall due to the coverage of the neighboring building. Meeting spaces are spread through each level with offices on the top floor. Coworking and presentation spaces are exposed at both the north and east walls.

Miscellaneous

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces

Amenities

Circulation

Meeting Rooms and Office Space

Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces

Miscellaneous

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces

Amenities

Circulation

Meeting Rooms and Office Space

Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces

Miscellaneous

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces

Amenities

Circulation

Meeting Rooms and Office Space

Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 04.

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 03.

MA-ARC | THESIS

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 02.

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 01.

Miscellaneous

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces

Amenities

Circulation

Meeting Rooms and Office Space

Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

DRAFT PROPOSAL MASSING BREAKDOWN

01. Set required program / massing (Iteration 04) within site boundaries.

02. Extrude slab form with intersecting program massing.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

03. Extend and cut out massing to create depth in building.

04. Create curves and fillet edges to apply similar language to plastic bottles.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

05. Generate more curves and filleted edges, increasing complexity.

06. Implement structural framework system for plastic facade system.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

DRAFT PROPOSAL FACADE BUILDING SYSTEM As a way to extend the life of a single use plastic bottle, a couple precedent I looked into for a structural façade system is recycled PET plastic bottles that are used as a structure that provides comfortable internal environments of natural ventilation, high insulation properties. Also recycled plastic bottles that create a pavilion through a structural frame, attached by string netting. Lastly a temporary structure with recycled plastic bottles that are used to public.

EcoArk, MINIWIZ, 2010 - Public Structure made of Polli-Brick.

Head in the Clouds, STUDIOKCA, 2013 - Pavilion made of recycled bottles through a structural frame and string netting.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH HUB

Pet Pavilion, Project.DWG & LOOS.FM, 2014 - Temporary structure with recycled plastic bottles, used as a public space in a shared community.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON 03.

03.

PROGRAM REFINEMENT ARRANGEMENT PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 01.

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 02.

02.

Circulation Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Meeting Rooms and Office Space Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces Amenities Miscellaneous

This program arrangement looks into a more hybrid building with the programs interacting with the students on each floor, splitting up the lecture theatre on level 1 to community engagement rooms. It follows a central core with nearby wc, offices are spread on level 2-3 with service rooms and communication spaces are allocated along the western wall as they are cannot be seen. Gallery spaces are spread out on level 1 and 2 with community engagement rooms and flexible spaces are located on the eastern face to allow with the public interaction and present potential facade.

02.

01.

Circulation 00.

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Meeting Rooms and Office Space Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces Amenities Miscellaneous

The program arrangement allows for more movement around the building with free flowing circulation, highlighting a central core with spacing for movement between programs. Offices are located on the top level to allow for a more private integration. Gallery/ Exhibition spaces are exposed to the northern wall with views to he public interactions.

01.

00.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON 03.

03.

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 03.

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT 04.

02.

Circulation Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Meeting Rooms and Office Space Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces

This program arrangement allows for a hybrid building as the entry core is located on the northern face and programs scattered towards the view. The office spaces and presentation rooms have been spread between level 2-3 with integrated community engagement and learning space that allow for a more diverse range of users to access the different levels rather then a set expectation.

02.

01.

Circulation 00.

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Meeting Rooms and Office Space Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces

Amenities

Miscellaneous

Similar to program arrangement 02, this arrangement follows the same ground floor and level 01 with a central core that has programs situated around. The co-working spaces has been slightly altered to allow for each level to represent a specific sector such as educational, learning, and offices.

01.

00.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

04 BUILDING SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM INSPIRATION - VOID FORMING CONCRETE VOID FORMING

BUBBLE DECK SLAB

What is void forming? To create a space between the concrete foundation and the soil, or to shield the foundation from the heave of the underlying soil, void forms are sacrificial formwork components. They provide a temporary or permanent support formwork for freshly poured concrete until it develops sufficient strength to carry its loads. By using void forms, less concrete is used and decreases soil excavation.

What is a bubble deck slab? Bubble deck’s is an innovative concept that uses new technology to manufacture hollow or foam filled plastic spheres (voided biaxial slab) to replace a significant amount of concrete slabs. The balls are compacted together and sit between the top and bottom meshes following a cell like structure to reduce dead weight of up to 35% in concrete slabs, ultimately reducing the building structure and foundations.

Types of void forms Their are different types of void forms for specific uses. 1. Degradable void forms, uses biodegradable material such as molded paper and corrugated paper. It provides strength until the fresh concrete achieves sufficient strength to support itself. 2. Non-Degradable void forms, is produced from materials such as metal, wood, styrofoam, and plastic. It lays a foundation thats permanent. 3. Collapsible void forms, are manufactured from materials which are damaged under the pressure of expansive soil. They have the ability to withstand fresh concrete pressure but also flexible to resist expanding soil pressure. 4. Non-Collapsible Void Forms, are used for foundations that allow adequate strengths to resist uplift forces of soil expansion exerted on the forms. It is used under the grade beams only.

Material specification The bubble deck’s use concrete with the a standard grade of above M20-M25. It also uses steel reinforcement for lateral and vertical support with the plastic spheres that are made from recycled HDPE (High-density polyethylene). Structural properties Bubble deck slabs provides not only environmental benefits but also many strength qualities to the building. It has compressive, flexural, and shear strength, durable, and excellent sound insulation.

Advantages of void forms Void forming is beneficial in a sustainable environment as it can absorb expanding soil volume, reduce the amount of concrete needed, create more stable slabs, and reduce soil excavation. (Malti 2010) (Saiful Bouque 2020)

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM 01 FLOOR - 3L MILK JUGS ITERATION 01 This building system explores the possibilities of a concrete slab that utilities 3L milk jugs. Inspired by void forming, the floor system is compressed against each other and is secured in by the structural elements like steel reinforcement. The plastic milk jug is a HDPE (High-density polyethylene) type plastic which hold the same material properties as bubble deck plastic spheres. Iteration 01 looks at the milk jugs in a vertical up right stance with a minimum floor slab of 400mm, and interaction 02 following a horizontal position reduce the minimum slab to 300mm.

VOID FORM

SET HEIGHT 400mm MINIMUM SLAB 3L MILK JUG DIMENSIONS

ITERATION 02

VOID FORM

SET HEIGHT 300mm MINIMUM SLAB

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM 02 WALL PARTITION PLASTIC CONTAINERS

ITERATION 01 - FLAT WALL

ITERATION 02 - CURVE WALL

NO GAP This building system focuses on plastic takeaway containers which are a HDPE (High-density polyethylene) type plastic as a wall partition. It looks at stacking the plastic containers vertically, similar to bricks with different iterations that test the form from a flat wall, curved wall, and concaved wall. The iterations look into introducing gaps that reduces the density and creates holes for private or semi private features.

NO GAP

3000mm

NO GAP

3000mm

50mm GAP

3000mm

100mm GAP

3000mm

100mm GAP

50mm GAP

3000mm

50mm GAP

PLASTIC CONTAINER DIMENSIONS

ITERATION 03 - CONCAVE WALL

100mm GAP

3000mm

MA-ARC | THESIS

BUILDING SYSTEM INSPIRATION PLASTIC BOTTLES

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

THE COLA BOW, PENDA

KMART, LOCAL RETAIL STORE

Use: Exhibition, Pavilion Location: Beijing, China Year Completed: 2013 Project Size: n/a

More than 17,000 recycled plastic bottles were braided into the shape of the Coca-Cola logo in order to produce the cola-bow installation, a work of public art. By using rubbish and transforming it into a shelter, the installation attempts to make a statement against plastic pollution. Looking into the construction side, it can be seen that the design uses an aluminium framing that allows it to bend and present these curves. The bottles are screwed on and attached to the steel mesh wire which also is attached to the structure and is flexible to the bend.

(Furuto 2013)

From a personal approach, working at Kmart has allowed me to see these plastic bottles being sold and consumed by customers. These one off bottles that have inspired me to use in my systems to find a way to reuse the function into a building element. The translucent properties and tough PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) strength can potentially be taken advantage of in the sense of compression or as a compact system.

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM 03 FACADE - PLASTIC BOTTLES This building system uses plastic bottles that are PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) type. They have been combined together to create a facade where the bottles are positioned along side each other revealing a distorted face. The bottles are connected to a steel mesh wire by being screwed on through the bottle caps. The steel mesh wire is attached to the brackets where they are also connected to the aluminium sub-framing. This facade system can potentially wrap around the building to install shading into specific spaces or initiate an entry canopy for users to pass through.

PLASTIC BOTTLES

STEEL MESH WIRE

BRACKETS FASTENING JOINTS

STRUCTURAL ALUMINIUM SUB-FRAMING

PLASTIC BOTTLE

FACADE SYSTEM

FACADE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON 1

BUILDING SYSTEM 04 WALL PARTITION PLASTIC BOTTLES

Compressed plastic bottles are compacted together in this wall partition system, providing semi-private to private qualities and still allowing light to pass through. The plastic bottles are a PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) type plastic which can be recycled in future uses. The wall panel is designed as a 1x3 meter form that can be connected along side each other to increase the length of the wall, ultimately exploring a new function of the plastic bottles through its architectural qualities when compressed together to create segregation between spaces.

PLASTIC BOTTLE

WALL PARTITION SYSTEM

SYSTEM CONNECTION

MA-ARC | THESIS

BUILDING SYSTEM 05 INSPIRATION ICE-CREAM TUBS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BIMA MICROLIBRARY, SHAU INDONESIA Use: Library Location: Cicendo, Indonesia Year Completed: 2016 Project Size: 160m2

The building is a small scale library that caters for people that have interests in books and reading, adding a sense of identity and a source of pride within the neighborhood. The design looks at 2000 ice cream buckets that has had the base cut out for cross ventilation and daylight access. The buckets were then positioned between vertical steel ribs that ran from the floor to the ceiling and were angled outward to deflect rain. Moving forward i look at how i can ustilise this product in the form of a architectural competent.

(SHAU Indonesia 2016)

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM 05 WALL PARTITION ICE-CREAM TUBS

ITERATION 01

ITERATION 02

ITERATION 03

STRAIGHT TUBS

ANGLED TUBS

ROTATED TUBS

The building system utillises ice-cream tubs that have been bolted together against panels that stand vertically. The ice-cream tubs are a PP (Polypropylene) type of plastic which can tolerate quite some strength. These bolts are implemented twice on each side of the tub to allow for rotation so it can be angled at certain planes.

ICE-CREAM TUB DIMENSIONS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM 06 CEILING - ICE-CREAM TUBS

ITERATION 01

ITERATION 02

ITERATION 03

Similar to the previous system (06) this ceiling system also uses ice-cream tubs that have been bolted together against panels, however are positioned horizontally. The ice-cream tubs are a PP (Polypropylene) type of plastic which can tolerate quite some strength. The two bolts allow for the tubs to be angled and also adjusted in positioning, where it can be seen in the iterations. These tubs look at the single use of storing food but also as a building system that creates depth in the ceilings.

ICE-CREAM TUB DIMENSIONS

CASCADING TUBS

ANGLED TUBS

ELEVATED TUBS

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON ITERATION 02

ITERATION 01

BUILDING SYSTEM 07 CEILING - PLASTIC BOTTLES Similar to building system 03 the ceiling system uses plastic bottles that are connected to steel mesh wire where it is then attached to ceiling tubes. The plastic bottles are a PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and allow for lighting to pass through when positioned on the roof. The iterations explore a flat system compared to a curved formed which creates a more complexed system when passing by.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

PLASTIC BOTTLE

CEILING SYSTEM - FLAT

CEILING SYSTEM - CURVED

PLASTIC BOTTLES

STEEL MESH WIRE

CEILING PIPING TUBES

MA-ARC | THESIS

BUILDING SYSTEM INSPIRATION COAT HANGERS The next system focuses on coat hangers which are heavily used and purchasable from retail stores. Whilst working at Kmart i see these items being utilised to hang products such as tops, pants, shirts, and shoes, which the products are then purchased with the hangers where the users would discard of it at home as waste. These retail hangers can be recycled if the user decides to discard in the store bin allocated for recycling as these hangers are have quite a sustainable cycle due to being sent back to the manufacturer to be reused with new products until broken which it then ends up as waste.

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON COAT HANGER VARIATION 01

COAT HANGER VARIATION 02

BUILDING SYSTEM 08 CEILING - COAT HANGERS

This ceiling system looks into two variations. Variation 01 uses purchasable coat hangers, where as variation 02 uses retail clothes hangers which both systems have been stacked together in rotations to create a ceiling building element that allows for a new function to hang or attach products when in place. As mentioned early the coat hangers are a PP (polypropylene) type of plastic which cannot be recycled so once the product is damaged it end up as waste. CEILING SYSTEM 01

CEILING SYSTEM 02

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

05 PROPOSAL ‘CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH HUB’

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PLAN SITE PLAN

Wakefield S t

4 The proposed site plan shows the location of the project and scale in context with the surrounding buildings and nearby railway line. Significant roads that pass by the site are Wakefield St and John St. These roads accumulate a lot of transport and foot traffic where users engage with the deign when passing by. The Gorge building is also a significant building that affects the site as it is quite large with the projects western wall being situated next to it.

2 1

CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH HUB

COMMUNITY GATHERING SPACE

GEORGE BUILDING, GS

SWINBURNE PLACE SOUTH, SPS

TB BUILDING

AGSE BUILDING

STUDENT RESIDENCES, 44WM

AD BUILDING

AR BUILDING

John St

10 RAILWAY

10m 20m

50m

100m

100

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

101

BUILDING FORM BREAKDOWN

01. Existing SR building and landscape.

02. Slab Block

102

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

03. Removal of massing and built form.

04. Extrusion of mass to form building heights.

103

104

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

05. Extend and cut out massing to create depth in building based of programs.

06. Create path division to enhance community engagement on ground level.

105

106

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

05. Extend and cut out massing to create depth in building based of programs.

06. Create path division to enhance community engagement on ground level.

107

108

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

07. Create curved edges and fillet edges.

08. Winter Solstice, removing mass to allow for sunlight to enter the building.

109

110

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

09. Structural components, concrete flooring with stairs and lifts.

10. Secondary structure, walls, windows, doors.

111

112

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

12. Skin facade panels, building system application.

13. Landscape and access.

113

114

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PROGRAMS ARRANGEMENT

Level 03 is more of a semi-private sector that consists mostly of meeting rooms and office space as well as a community engagement 03. space open to the public.

The program arrangement engages with the central core providing use to the surrounding programs that circulate around. Community engagement, learning and co-working spaces have been integrated on each level to prioritise the collaboratively between spaces. Offices are situated on the top level to allow for some semi-private spaces whilst the major community function spaces are spread between three floors.

Level 02 revolves around community education with focuses on co-working, community engagement, and presentation 02. spaces.

Level 01 is learning based as it mainly looks into community engagement and learning spaces.

01.

PROPOSED PROGRAMMING

The ground floor allows for an open circulation with co-working and learning spaces.

00.

• • • •

Circulation Fire Stairs Lifts Circulation Stairs Entry / Airlock

• • • • •

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Agora 70m2 Lecture Theatre (small) 140m2 Co-working spaces (flexible spaces) 36m2 Exhibition/Gallery Space 140m2 Balcony space

• • • • •

Co-working spaces and Presentation Spaces Community Engagement Function Space 120m2 Pre Function Spaces 30m2 Flexible “discovery” spaces 100m2 Swinburne Store 100m2 Discovery workshop space 40m2

• • •

Amenities Accessible WC WCs Kitchenette

12m2 50m2 8m2

• • •

Miscellaneous Communications & Server Rooms Bicycle Parking Refuse

40m2 20m2 30m2

• • • • • • •

37.5m2 32m2 20m2 30m2

115

116

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PLAN GROUND FLOORPLAN The ground level has a main lecture theatre and a segregated Swinburne Store front. In this disconnected space it also consists of a workshop for the community to use. The store acts as a front for Swinburne to sell products utilising the building elements to engage with the public.

ENTRY / AIRLOCK

CIRCULATION STAIRS

LIFTS

ACCESSIBLE WC

COMMUNICATION / SERVER ROOM

FIRE STAIRS

REFUSE

DISCOVERY WORKSHOP SPACE

1 10

10 SWINBURNE STORE 11 LECTURE THEATRE

12 FLEXIBLE CO-WORKING SPACE

1m 2m

10m

20m

117

118

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PLAN LEVEL 01 FLOORPLAN Level 01 engages with the exhibition/gallery space and agora that’s open to the community, consisting of an eastern balcony and flexible co-working space that’s suitable to cater for the surrounding programs.

LOBBY

CIRCULATION STAIRS

LIFTS

ACCESSIBLE WC

COMMUNICATION / SERVER ROOM

FIRE STAIRS

AGORA

EXHIBITION / GALLERY SPACE

10 FLEXIBLE CO-WORKING SPACE

11 EASTERN BALCONY 01

11 2 8 7

1m 2m

10m

20m

119

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PLAN LEVEL 02 FLOORPLAN Level 02 adapts a larger scale of users through the gallery space and function spaces that are linked. It provides the community with spaces that allow for sharing and learning.

LOBBY

CIRCULATION STAIRS

LIFTS

ACCESSIBLE WC

COMMUNICATION / SERVER ROOM

FIRE STAIRS

KITCHENETTE

EXHIBITION / GALLERY SPACE

10 PRE FUNCTION SPACE 11 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT FUNCTION SPACE

2 9

12 OFFICE MEDIUM

1m 2m

10m

20m

121

122

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PLAN LEVEL 03 FLOORPLAN Level 03 consists of offices spaces and meeting rooms that more accustomed to the Swinburne staff, holding a semi private level with a public northern rooftop balcony for the community.

LOBBY

CIRCULATION STAIRS

LIFTS

ACCESSIBLE WC

COMMUNICATION / SERVER ROOM

FIRE STAIRS

KITCHENETTE

BREAK OUT SPACE / LOUNGE

10 OPEN OFFICE SPACE

11 MEETING ROOM SMALL

12 MEETING ROOM LARGE 13 PRESENTATION SPACES 14 PROJECT SPECIFIC OFFICE SPACE

15 NORTHERN ROOFTOP BALCONY 02

14 11

1m 2m

10m

20m

123

124

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

125

SECTION A-A N

This section captures the central core of the building with the vertical stairs and lifts, showing the connection between each level as users interact and occupy the spaces.

1m 2m

10m

126

MA-ARC | THESIS

VOID FORMING

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM FLOOR - 3L MILK JUGS FLOOR SYSTEM

FLOOR SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Moving into the projects proposed building systems. This floor system is a 300mm concrete slab that uses 3L plastic milk jugs which are a HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) type plastic, holding strength properties that can with stand pressure. This essentially is void forming in concrete, as it decreases the volume and reduces weight while maintaining the strength. 2

HDPE

PLASTIC TYPE

7mm STEEL REINFORCING MESH

27 x 3L MILK JUG

7mm STEEL REINFORCING MESH

50mm REBAR SPACES

WOODEN SIDES + BASE , TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

3L MILK JUG DIMENSIONS

300mm CONCRETE SLAB - SQUARE METER m2

CONCRETE SLAB - SQUARE METER m2

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

27x

3L MILK JUGS

27 x 3L Milk jugs used in a square meter Total of 0.097m3

BASE + APPLIED 50mm REBAR SPACES + 7mm STEEL REINFORCING MESH

APPLICATION OF 27 x 3L MILK JUGS

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

32%

CONCRETE SAVED

FLOOR SYSTEM - SQUARE METER m2

0.2m3 of Concrete is needed in a square meter

APPLICATION OF CONCRETE - SLAB

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

24%

215m3

TOTAL MILK JUGS

TOTAL CONCRETE SAVED

Total Floor Volume 668.42m3 Total Concrete needed 453.39m3

The the impact of this floor building system allows for the use of milk jugs architectural qualities and subsidised into concrete floors. The base consists of applied 50mm rebar spacing and steel reinforcing mesh where within a square meter, there are 27 milk jugs used which is 0.1 cubic meters. The milk jugs are secured and lock in by steel reinforcing mesh which is then combined together the panels to create the mould. In this square meter 32% of concrete is saved, where only 0.2 cubic meters is needed. When applying this system to the total building floors we are saving 24% of concrete needed, with a total floor volume of 667 cubic meter and only 453 cubic meters is used.

0.2m3 CONCRETE IN A SQUARE METER

APPLICATION ON EACH LEVEL

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM WALL PARTITION PLASTIC BOTTLES

WALL PARTITION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The next building system is a wall partition that consists of compressed plastic bottles which are a PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) type plastic. It consists of an aluminium structural sub framing with compressed plastic bottles that are held together by treated PC hard coat sheet, which are then tightened in by the bracket fastening joints to ensure compression. It explores the cluster of plastic bottles and its combined architectural qualities when compressed together to create segregation and privacy between spaces.

PET

PLASTIC TYPE

BRACKETS FASTENING JOINTS

NANO TREATED PC HARD COAT

COMPRESSED PLASTIC BOTTLES

STRUCTURAL SUB-FRAMING

BRACKETS

NANO TREATED PC HARD COAT

ALUMINIUM PLATE

M10 x 200mm STAINLESS HEX HEAD BOLT

8 7

6 5 4

PLASTIC BOTTLE

COMPRESSED PLASTIC BOTTLES

135

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MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PRIVATE

TRANSLUCENT

This wall partition is allows for separation or division between programs to create private or semi-private spaces. When in contact with light the system can cast a prominent shadow through the translucent affects of the clustered bottles. The significance of this systems allows for the product to be enhanced when placed together using its architectural qualities to break up space whilst still installing privacy between spaces.

WALL PARTITION SYSTEM - SEPARATION

SEMI-PRIVATE

SUNLIGHT CONTACT ON SYSTEM WALL PARTITION SYSTEM - DIVISION

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MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

In this render we can see the function space that utilises the wall partitions whilst being in contact with sunlight. The compressed plastic bottles create a unique casting of shadows that break up the space.

Level 02 Function Space

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEM CEILING - COAT HANGERS

CEILING SYSTEM COMPONENTS This building system works on the ceiling consisting of coat hangers which are PP (Polystyrene) plastic type. There are two variations that involves coat hangers, variation 01 looks at the products that are purchasable in retail stores.

PC HARD COAAT

50mm TIMBER PANELS

18mm ALUMINIUM PIPE

COAT HANGER TYPE 01

PLASTIC TYPE

100

COAT HANGER VARIATION 01

CEILING SYSTEM 01

CEILING SYSTEM

141

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MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

CEILING SYSTEM COMPONENTS Variation 02 looks at coat hangers that are utilised in retail stores and are similar to the previous variation where the coat hangers are PP (Polystyrene) plastic type.

PC HARD COAAT

50mm TIMBER PANELS

18mm ALUMINIUM PIPE

COAT HANGER TYPE 02

PLASTIC TYPE

100

COAT HANGER VARIATION 02

CEILING SYSTEM 02

CEILING SYSTEM

143

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MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

SYSTEM

APPLICATION

01. CEILING SYSTEM

02. HANG/ATTACH PRODUCT ONTO CEILING SYSTEM

FUNCTION

The ceiling systems function works by assisting in exhibition/gallery spaces through hanging or attaching the product on, which allows for users to engage with the product and building system as an architectural component.

03. CEILING SYSTEM COMPONENT IN USE WITH PRODUCT

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON 1

Began by sourcing out the needed tools and materials such as the coat hangers, 45x90mm pine, 10x1mm aluminium tube, drill bits, and handsaw.

Measured and marked out the positioning on where to drill.

Repeated to measure and mark out the placements for drilling on the second timber member.

Using a drill, i created a smaller sized hole to start the process to prevent the timber from splitting on the two timber members.

Increased the drill bit size to 10mm and created larger holes to allow for the aluminium tubes to sit in between.

Using the handsaw, i cut the aluminium tube down to size into 6 pieces.

Once the materials were all cut, i began assembling the ceiling system prototype.

The aluminium tubes were first placed inside the holes in one timber member.

Next the coat hangers were placed in between the aluminium roads and locked in against each other.

Finally the other timber member was placed onto to secure the ceiling system together.

PROTOTYPE DOCUMENTATION

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PROTOTYPE CEILING BUILDING SYSTEM The designing of the ceiling system lead to building a 1:1 scale prototype. This to allowed for a thorough understanding in the building systems connection details and further testing the products duality in the form of an architectural component.

NOT TO SCALE

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

In this render we can see how the ceiling system works in the gallery space by holding up the product and engaging with the users.

Level 01 Gallery Space

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

BUILDING SYSTEMS FACADE APPLICATION

WALL PARTITION SYSTEM - COMPRESSED BOTTLES

CEILING SYSTEM - COAT HANGERS

With these building systems they are versatile and flexible where it is also applied on the facade in 2 variations. Facade variation 01 uses the wall partition system with the compressed plastic bottles and facade variation 02 uses the ceiling coat hanger system that have been rotated vertically, where both can be utilised and interacted with in certain spaces.

FACADE SYSTEM VARIATION .01

FACADE SYSTEM VARIATION .02

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BUILDING SYSTEMS FACADE INTERACTION

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

SWINBURNE STORE

How it works is the Swinburne store program can use this as an opportunity to hang clothing or products onto the facade system on event days. This will essentially create engagement of the community and interaction between the store, students and building through the facade systems as a building element.

01. STORE OPPORTUNITY

02. HANG/ATTACH PRODUCTS ONTO FACADE SYSTEM

03. INTERACTION BETWEEN STORE, STUDENTS, AND FACADE SYSTEM

155

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

SECTION B-B

157

30mm Flooring Room for services

Room for services

3400

Bracket fastening joints

Insulation M10 x 200mm Stainless Hex Head Bolt 300

300mm Concrete Aluminium facade panel 90x35 Floor joists

3100

PC Hard coat sheet Compressed plastic bottles Double glazing

3000

400

30mm Flooring Right angle cleats

Room for services

Aluminium facade panel

400

Coat Hanger Insulation PC Hard coat sheet 90x35 Floor joists 3000

156

SCALE 1:100 @A3

18mm Aluminium tube

300mm Concrete

SCALE 1:20 @A3

158

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

In this render it captures the Swinburne store occupying the facade systems with products that involve and further engage the community. Specifically situated on John St walkway as it draws high foot traffic throughout the day.

Swinburne Store Interaction

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

PROTOTYPE 3D MODEL As a prototype i have printed a 3D mass model of my project at a scale of 1:250. This allowed for a better understanding of the form of the design in a real life perspective.

NOT TO SCALE

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

RENDER PERSPECTIVES

Wakefield Street View

163

164

MA-ARC | THESIS

Northern Walkway

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

165

166

MA-ARC | THESIS

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

South East View

167

168

MA-ARC | THESIS

John Street View

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

169

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

Circular Economy Research Hub

171

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

WHAT IF? FROM PRODUCT TO BUILDING COMPONENT

CONCLUSION SUMMARY

CLOTHES HANGERS

Overall, the project thoroughly investigates plastic waste products which have been repurposed and designed to eliminate its single use functionality, extending the products life-cycle as a building element. Through the process of in depth research and system exploration, the materiality of plastic is studied and tested against plastic items that have been attempted to be applied in the building systems to turn one off objects into architectural components. The building stands as an educational facility that educates the community on single-use products as architectural components by repurposing plastic products to portray the functional details of an object. It has been found that the architectural qualities of these products can contribute a lot more towards architectural integrity when its function is portrayed as dual purposed or multipurpose. Ultimately, these bottles and coat hangers are purchasable and available at retail stores, so what if they are used like these systems from a product to a building component? The building is only a small-scale test on these products that are currently being used as single use functions and this project (Swinburne store) is essentially a gateway in educating people on the functionally of objects which will continue the line of research in products as architectural components to prolong the life-cycle and reduce environmental waste that end up in landfill.

BUILDING COMPONENTS

PLASTIC BOTTLES

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MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE | JAYDEN VON

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